CHAPTER 3 ELEMENTARY MATRICES; DETERMINANTS 3.1, Background Topics: elementary (reduction) matrices, determinants. ‘The following definition says that we often regard the effect of multiplying a matrix M on the left by another matrix A as the action of A on M. 3.1.1. Definition. We say that the matrix A ACTS ON the matrix M to produce the matrix N if N = AM. For example the matrix [? acts on any 2 x 2 matrix by interchanging (swapping) 10 ste rome 0 1) fa 6) _ fe di terom bean ° 1} [¢ §]= [2 4 3.1.2, Notation. We adopt the following notation for elementary matrices which implement type I row operations. Let A be a matrix having n rows. For any real mumber r #0 denote by M,(r) the nxn matrix which acts on A by multiplying its j* row by r. (See exercise 1.) 3.1.3. Notation. We use the following notation for elementary matrices whieh implement type IT row operations. (See definition 1.1.1.) Let A be a matrix having n rows. Denote by P,; the n xn matrix which acts on A by interchanging its i and j* rows. (See exercise 2.) 3.1.4. Notation. And we use the following notation for elementary matrices which implement type III row operations. (See definition 1.1.1.) Let A be a matrix having n rows. For any real number r denote by Ej;(r) the n x n matrix which acts on A by adding r times the j'" row of A to the i" row. (See exercise 3.) 3.1.5. Definition. Ifa matrix B can be produced from a matrix A by a sequence of elementary row operations, then A and B are ROW EQUIVALENT, Some Facts about Determinants 3.1.6. Proposition. Let n EN and Myxn be the collection of all n xn matrices. There is exactly one function det: Maxn —+R: Av det A which satisfies (a) det Jy =1. ) If AE Max and A’ is the matrie obtained by interchanging two rows of A, then det A’ = det A (0) AE Maxn; € € R, and A’ is the matrir obtained by multiplying each element in one row of A by the number e, then det A’ = cdet A. (@) If AE Man, €€ RB, and A’ is the matrix obtained from A by multiplying one row of A by © and adding it to another row of A (that is, choose i and j between 1 and n with i # j and replace ajy by a;4 + cay, for 1 R described above is the n x n DETERMI- NANT FUNCTION. 3.1.8. Proposition. If A = then | for a € R (that is, if A € Mix1), then det A =a; if A € Maya, det A= annaz2 ~ ar2aar. 3.1.9. Proposition. If A,B € Mun, then det(AB) = (det A)(det B). 3.1.10. Proposition. If A € Mnxn, then det A! = det A. (An obvious corollary of this: in conditions (b), (c), and (4) of proposition 9.1.6 the word “columns” may be substituted for the word “rows”.) 3.1.11. Definition. Let A be an nxn matrix. The MINOR of the element ajg, denoted by Myx, is the determinant of the (n ~ 1) x (n ~ 1) matrix which results from the deletion of the j*" row and k column of A. The COFACTOR of the element a,,, denoted by Cx is defined by Cin = (-1P +My. 3.1.12. Proposition. If A € Mnxn and 1 1 aje= 41, for |j—k|=1 2oosxr, for j =k. sin(n + Vx Show that det Ay = . Hint, For each integer n let Dy = det An and prove that Dna ~2Dn41 008 + Dy = 0. (Use mathematical induetion.)1 0 ( / / ¢ ¢ ¢ (7) -8, (9) Piz, Bai(1), Bs2(—1), Ma(—3), Bes(—3), Ma(3), Bis(1), Bv2(-1), (11) (a) (b) (13) 100, (a5) —10 (17) 6 (19) (a) (b) () 4, ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES. 3.4. Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises 0 100 o4 oon oo 0 1-20 010 oo 1 00 oO) flood oo 1] joroo 01 0} joo 10 100) [ooon -1 3, 2,3, -2 rat 2 40 1 0 0 0, -72 7 u a