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    Independencia Linear

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    Chinoque

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    of 6
    CHAPTER 7 LINEAR INDEPENDENCE 7.1. Background Topics: linear combinations, span, linear dependence and independence. 7.1.1. Remark, Some authors of linear algebra texts make it appear as if the terms linear de- pendence and linear independence, span, and basis pertain only to finite sets of vectors. This is extremely misleading. The expressions should make sense for arbitrary sets. In particular, do not be misled into believing that a basis for a vector space must be a finite set of vectors (or a sequence of vectors). While it is true that in most clementary linear algebra courses the emphasis is on the study of finite dimensional vector spaces, bases for vector spaces may be very large indeed. I recommend the following definitions, 7.1.2. Definition. Recall that a vector y is a LINEAR COMBINATION of distinet vectors x1, ..., Xp if there exist scalars a1, ...an such that y = STZ, agxy. Note: linear combinations are finite sums. The linear combination S7f_; a4X« is TRIVIAL if all the coefficients a1, ...0, are zero. If at least: one ax is different from zero, the linear combination is NONTRIVIAL. 7.1.3. Example. In R? the vector (8,2) is a linear combination of the veetors (1,1) and (1, because (8,2) = 5(1, 1) + 3(1, -1). 7.1.4, Example. In R® the vector (1,2,3) is not a linear combination of the veetors (1, 1,0) and (1,-1.0). 7.1.5. Definition. Suppose that A is a subset (finite or not) of a vector space V. ‘The SPAN of A is the set of all linear combinations of elements of A. Another way of saying the same thing: the SPAN of A is the smallest subspace of V which contains A. (That these characterizations are ‘equivalent is not completely obvious. Proof is required. See problem 3 in chapter 6, We denote the span of A by span A. If U = span A, we say that A SPANS U or that U is SPANNED BY A. 1) 7.1.6. Example. For each n = 0, 1, 2, ...define a function py on R by pa(x) = 2". Let P be the set of polynomial functions on RR. Tt is a subspace of the vector space of contimious functions on R. Then P = span{po, Pi, P2-.-}- The exponential function exp, whose value at sr is e*, is not in the span of the set {Po,P1,P2 +++} 7.1.7, Definition. A subset A (finite or not) of a vector space is LINEARLY DEPENDENT if the zero vector 0 can be written as a nontrivial linear combination of elements of A; that is, if there exist vectors x1,.-.,%, € A and scalars ay,...,4, not all zero, such that SO}, aux; = 0. A subset of a vector space is LINEARLY INDEPENDENT if it is not linearly dependent, ‘Technically, itis a set of vectors that is linearly dependent or independent. Nevertheless, these terms are frequently used as if they were properties of the vectors themselves. For instance, if S = (x1,...,%n} is a finite set of vectors in a vector space, yon may see the assertions “the set S is early independent” and “the vectors x1, ...X, are linearly independent” used interchangeably. 7.1.8. Example. The (vectors going from the origin to) points on the unit circle in R? are linearly dependent. Reason: If x = (1,0), y = (—4,99), and 2 = ($, 8), then x+y + (-1)z =0. a 4s 7. LINEAR INDEPENDENCE, 7.1.9. Example. For each n =0, 1, 2, ...define a function py on R by pa(ct) =". Then the set {Po,P1,P2,---} is a linearly independent subset of the vector space of contimuous functions on R. 7.2, EXERCISES 9 7.2, Exercises (1) Show that in the space R the vectors x = (1,1,0), y = (01,2), and 2 = (3,1,—4) are linearly dependent by finding scalars a and § such that ax + dy +2=0. Answer: = a= (2) Let w = (1, 1,0,0), x = (1,0,1,0), ¥ = (0,0, 1,1), and z = (0,1,0,1). (a) We can show that {w,x,y,z} is not a spanning set for R* by finding a vector w in R¢ such that u ¢ span{w,x,¥,z}. One such vector is w= (1,2,3,a) where a is any number except ; (b) Show that {w,,y,2} is a linearly dependent set of vectors by finding scalars a, 7, and 6 such that aw +x +7y +62 Answer: @ (b= (c) Show that {w, x, y,} is a linearly dependent set by writing z as a linear combination of w, x, and y. Answer: 2= w+ ox +__y. (8) Let p(x) = 2? + 2x ax? 1, The set {p,q,r} is linearly dependent if 3, a(x) 20? — 30 +4, and r(x) (4) Show that in the vector space RS the vectors x = (1,2, —1), y = (3, 1,1), and 2 = (5, -5,7) are linearly dependent by finding scalars a and 3 such that ax + By +2 =0. Answer: a =__, 8 (5) Let fa(x) = sin, f(x) = cos(+7/6), and a(x) = sin(x—r/4) for 0

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