CHAPTER 5 VECTOR SPACES 5.1, Background Topics: real and complex vector spaces, vectors, scalars. In the following definition F may be taken to be an arbitrary field. For this collection of exercises, however, we will be interested in only two cases, F = R (the field of real numbers) and F $C (the field of complex numbers). 5.1.1, Definition. A vector SPACE is a set V together multiplication which satisfy the following axioms: (1) ifx, y EV, then x+y € V5 operations of addition and scalar (2) (k+y)+2=x-+(y +2) for every x, y, 2 € V (associativity); (3) there exists 0 € V such that x +0 =x for every x € V (existence of additive identity); (4) for every x € V there exists —x € V such that x +(—x) = 0 (existence of additive inverses) (5) x+y =y +x for every x, y € V (commutativity); (6) ifa€F and x €V, then ax € V; (7) a(x +y) = ax-+ay for every a € F and every x, y € V: (8) (a +.8)x = ax + Bx for every a, 8 € F and every x € Vs (9) (a8)x = a(x) for every a, 3 € F and every x € V; and (10) 1x =x for every x € V. When F = B we speak of V as a REAL VECTOR SPACE and when F = C we call it a COMPLEX VECTOR SPACE, 5.1.2. Definition, An n x n-matrix is NONSINGULAR if its determinant is not zero.5, VECTOR SPACES 5.2, Exercises (1) Let V be the set of all real numbers. Define an operation of “addition” by By = the maximum of and y for all «,y € V. Define an operation of “scalar multiplication” by oGe=or for alla € Rand x €V. Under the operations and © the set V is not a vector space. ‘The vector space axioms (see 5.1.1 (1)-(10)) which fail to hold are and (2) Let V be the set of all real numbers x such that « > 0. Define an operation of “addition” by e@y=aytl for all x, y € V. Define an operation of “scalar multiplication” by aBe =a for alla €Rand x eV. Under the operations and Gl the set V (is/is not) a veetor space. If it is not, list all the vector space axioms (see 5.1.1 (1)-(10)) which fail to hold. Answer: The axioms which are not satisfied are (3) Let V be R2, the set of all ordered pairs (r,y) of real numbers. Define an operation of “addition” by (u,v) B(z,y) = (ut at loty+)) for all (u,v) and (x,y) in V. Define an operation of “scalar multiplication” by aB(2,y) = (az,ay) for all a € Rand (x,y) € V. Under the operations & and © the set V is not a vector space. The vector space axioms (see 5.1.1 (1)-(10)) whieh fail to hold are ___ and (4) Let V be R2, the set of all ordered pairs (x,y) of real numbers. Define an operation of addition” by (u,v) B (xy) = (ut 2,0) for all (u,v) and (x,y) in V. Define an operation of “scalar multiplication” by aD (ey) =(az,ay) for all a € Rand (x,y) €V. Under the operations & and © the set V is not a vector space. ‘The vector space axioms (see 5.1-1 (1)-(10)) which fail to hold are and (5) Let V be the set of all n xn matrices of real numbers. Define an operation of “addition” by ABB= (AB + BA) for all A, B € V. Define an operation of “scalar multiplication” by eGA=0 for all a € Rand Ae V. Under the operations & and G the set V is not a veetor space. The vector space axioms (see 5.1.1 (1)-(10)) which fail to hold are, and52, EXERCISES 6 (6) Below are portions of proofs of four results about vector spaces which establish the fact that multiplying a vector by the scalar —1 produces —r, the additive inverse of x. Fill in the missing steps and the missing reasons. Choose reasons from the following list. (H) eae (10) )) Vector space axioms, see 5.1.1 (PA) Pam A (PB) Proposition B (PC) Proposition © (RN) Property of the Real Numbers 5.2.1. Proposition (A). A vector in a vector space V has at most one additive inverse. That is, if y and z are vectors in V such that x+y =O and x+%=0, then y = 2. Proor, Suppose that x+y =0 and x+z=0. Then y (reason: yr (x+z) (reason: (reason: (2)) x+y) +2 (reason: __) (reason: (H) ) (reason: (5)) 2 (reason: ). 5.2.2, Proposition (B). If x € V where V is a vector space and x-+x =x, then x = 0. Proor, If x €V and x+x =x, then x=x+0 (reason; __) (reason: (4)) (x +x) +(-x) (reason: (reason: (H) ) 0 (reason: ___). 5.2.3. Proposition (C). If is « vector in a vector space V, then 0x = 0. Proor. If x € V, then Ox = (0+0)x (reason; ___) (reason: (8) ) Thus 0x = 0 (reason: o6 5, VECTOR SPACES 5.2.4, Proposition (D). If-sr is a vector in a vector space V, then (-1)x is —x, the additive inverse of x. Proor. If x V, then x+(-1)-x (reason: (10)) (1+ (-1))-x (reason: ___) 0-x (reason: __) 0 (reason: ). It then follows immediately from that (-1) -x = —x. o In this exercise we prove that multiplying the zero vector by an arbitrary scalar produces the zero veetor. For each step of the proof give the appropriate reason, Choose reasons from the following list. (1)-(10) Vector space axioms 5.1.1 (PB) Proposition 5.2.2 (RN) Property of the Real Numbers 5.2.5. Proposition (E). If 0 is the zero vector in a vector space and is a scalar, then a0 PROOF. Let 0 be the zero vector of some vector space. Then for every scalar a a-0=a-(0+0) reason: @-0Fa-0 reason: It then follows immediately from that a-0=0. o In this exercise we prove that the product of a scalar and a vector is zero if and only if cither the scalar or the vector is zero. After each step of the proof give the appropriate reason. Choose reasons from the following list. (H) Hypothesis. (1)-(10) Vector space axioms 5.1.1 (PC),(PE) Propositions 5.2.3 and 5.2.5, respectively. (RN) Property of the Real Numbers, 5.2.6. Proposition. Suppose that x is a vector and a is a scalar. Then ax = 0 if and only ifa=0 or x PROOF. We have already then ax = ‘To prove the converse we suppose that ax = 0 and that a # 0; and we prove that X= 0. This conclusion results from the following easy calculation: and that if. = 0 or x= X=1-x reason: = (2-2) x reasons: and a : reason: 1 = 2-0 reason: a =0 reason: oO5, PROBLEMS a 5.3. Problems (1) Prove that if V is a vector space, then its additive identity is unique. ‘That is, show that if 0 and O are vectors in V such that x +0 =x for all x € V and x +0 =x for all x € V, then 0 = 0. (2) Let V be the set of all real numbers such that « > 0. Define an operation of “addition” by rBy=ay for all x,y € V. Define an operation of “scalar multiplication” by oBr=a" for alla € Rand €V. Prove that under the operations ® and I the set V is a vector space. (3) With the usual operations of addition and scalar multiplication the set of all nxn matrices of real numbers is a veetor space: in particular, all the vector space axioms (see 5.1.1 (1)~ (10)) are satisfied. Explain clearly why the set of all nonsingular n xn matrices of real numbers is not a vector space under these same operations.