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    111 views12 pages

    Thick Pressure Vessels and Cylinders

    Uploaded by

    yash

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The McGraw-Hill companies Cylinders and Pressure Vessels 78 From Eqs (22.16) and (22.17), the stresses are as follows: (22.18) (22.19) and the stresses are given by, o,=-P, (22.20) PDEs DP = ODD (2221) (D; ~ DF) ‘The variation of principal stresses across the cylinder wall thickness is shown in Fig. 22.6(b). 22.7 AUTOFRETTAGE Autofiettage is a process of pre-strssing the cylinder before using it in service. It is used in case of high-pressure cylinders and gun barrels. When the cylinder is subjected to intemal pressure, the circumferential stress (c) at the inner surface limits the pressure capacity of the eylinder. In the pre- stressing process, residual compressive stresses are developed at the inner surface. When the eylinder is loaded in service, the residual compressive stresses at the inner surface begin to decrease, become zero and finally become tensile as the pressure is gradually increased, There are three methods of pre- stressing the cylinder. They areas follows: (@ A compound cylinder consists of two concentrie eylinders with the outer eylinder shrunk onto the inner one, This induces compressive stresses in the inner cylinder. The compound eylinder is extensively used in practice (i) The second method consists of overloading the cylinder befor it is put into service. The overloading pressure is adjusted in such a way that @ portion of the cylinder near the inner diameter is subjected to stresses in the plastic range, while the outer portion is still in the elastic range. When the pressure is released, the outer portion contracts exerting pressure on the inner portion which has tundergone permanent deformation. This induces residual compressive stresses at the inner surface. Im the third method, a wire under tension is closely wound around the cylinder, which results in residual compressive stresses. ‘Autofiettage increases the pressure capacity of the cylinder. It has another advantage. The residual compressive stresses close the cracks within the cylinder resulting in increased endurance strength, i 228 COMPOUND CYLINDER ‘Acompound cylinder, consisting of a cylinder and a jacket is shown in Fig. 22.7(a). The inner diameter of the jacket is slightly smaller than the outer diameter ‘of the eylinder, When the jacket is heated, it expands sufficiently to move over the cylinder. As the jacket cools, it tends to contract onto the inner cylinder, which induces residual compressive stresses. There isa shrinkage pressure P between the cylinder and the jacket. The pressure P tends to contract the cylinder and expand the jacket as shown in Fig. 22.7 () and (e) Fig. 22.7 Compound Cylinder The tangential strain (¢), for the jacket is aiven by, __ change in circumference (0, riginal creumference _ HDs +8,)— "Dy xD, or ont ® D; The McGraw-Hill companies 776 _Design of Machine Elements ‘The tangential strain (g)_ forthe eylinder is given by, HD, -m(D; ~6,) ee = ( aD or © 1 also, 6), = lm -uo,) © From (a) and (c), (6, -u9,] or Fie, - 49,1 @ where PO} + DE La) {from Eq, 22. s=* propa (om ba 229) o.=-P (from Eq. 22.8) ‘Substituting the above values in Bq. (d), © Similarly, = o From (b) and (f), &. Bee Ele Hed Peta, -no,) or E Ho, ® where = Pw} +d (DB; - BF) a, 22.21) oa? (€. 22.20) Substituting the above values in Ea). (D3 + Bi) a, =— DeP{ Oi + Dh) E |(Di-DR) a The negative sign indicates contraction Neglecting the positive and negative signs and considering only magnitudes, the total deformation (Bis given by ale DE -2e[ with | E | Wi -Di) 2D}(D} - D?) (Dj - D3 D3 — DP) ‘The shrinkage pressure P can be evaluated from the above equation fora given amount of interference (8). The resultant stresses ina compound eylinder are found by superimposing the two stresses—atresses duc to shrink fit and those due to internal pressure. PD E | em Example 22.6 4 high-pressure cylinder consists ‘Ofa steel tube with inner and outer diameters of 20 and 40 mm respectively. It is jacketed by an outer steel tube, having an outer diameter of 60 mm. The tubes are assembled by a shrinking process in such a way that maximum principal stress induced in any tube is limited to 100 Nim’. Calculate the shrinkage pressure and original dimensions of the tubes (E = 207 kNinm). Soluti Given Dy 20mm D,=40mm D,~ 60mm Ohya, = 100 Niemen? = 207 N/mm? Step 1 Shrinkage pressure ‘The maximum principal stress isthe tangential stress at the inner surface of jacket, From Ea, 22.9, piv + D3) or 100 — PUs0® #40") ‘Step IL Original dimensions of the tubes From Eq, 22.22, 5 _fPz)__2DHD} - DP -F Ghai a 38.46)(40) (207%10) =0.0317 mm 2(40) (60% (60° 400 The McGraw-Hill companies Cylinders and Pressure Vessels 777 ‘The dimensions of the tubes are as follows: Outer diameter of inner tube = 40 mm 6, Inner diameter of jacket = 400.0317 39,9683 mm, PDS = DF O; (38.46)(40)*[ 20° Assume the data of Example 22.6 (40? — 20°) ‘and plot the distribution of stresses due to shrink Hoy an internal pressure of 300 MPa, Plot the resultant r siress distribution. and o, =-— | = 20mm D;=40mm Dy "@} = DF i Gry, = 100 Nim? E= 207 KNimm? 0? feo sof] Step I Stresses due to shrink fit (@) Jacket The jacket is subjected to an internal _THE Stesses inthe tube are tabulated as follows: pressure of 38.46 Nimm? due to shrink fit. From Eqs (22.6) and (22.7), (2 “| (Dy -DD) e veseea a 1| Stop Stes deiner pre (6 Ae) as internal pressure of 300 MPa in service, the stresses ~on|(2) | 8 (22.6) nd (60? — 20°) 30 {2-4 (® inner tube The inner tube is subjected to an J extemal pressure of 38.46 Nimm? due to shrink fit. The stresses in the compound eylinder ate rom Egs 22.16) and (22.17 tabulated as follows: The McGraw-Hill companies 778_Design of Machine Elements ry 0 2 i 1 W8 20 22 24 26 28 30 g, 300-197 135 -94 67 -47 -32 21 -12 6 0 375 272 210 169 142 122 107 96 87 8175 Step IIL Resultant stresses shrink fit and these due to internal pressure. They The resultant stresses in the compound cylinder are tabulated as follows: are obtained by superimposition of stresses due to Ter tube Tacket r|@ 2 & Ww | 2% 2 2 2% 2 30 o, [300 213-160 -125 102-35 | 85 38 3s 2 no o [22 1s 13398 7s se | 222s as ts9 a3 Figure 22.8 shows the variation of these Example 22.8 4 tuhe, with 50 mm and 75 mm as stresses. inner and outer diameters respectively, is reinforced bby shrinking a jacket with an outer diameter of 100 ‘mm. The compound tube is to withstand an internal pressure of 35 MPa, The shrinkage allowance is such that the maximum tangential stress in each —— — tube has same magnitude. Calculate Srawses aaete (9) the shrinkage pressure; and eternal pressure (ii) the original dimensions of tubes. Show the distribution of tangential stresses. Assume E = 207 kNimmn?, Given D,= 50mm D,=75 mm Dy= 100mm E=207kNimm? P,=35 MPa ‘The resultant stresses in the tubes are obtained by superimposing the stresses due to intemal pressure and those due to shrinkage pressure. Step 1 Stresses due to internal pressure (Eq. 22.7) Siresses due] ‘sink ft aff chanioortasiee —-0f LES | Radial svess ‘00 Substituting the values of (7), the stresses are as follows: Fig. 22.8. Stress Distribution in Compound Cylinder The McGraw-Hill companies Cylinders and Pressure Ves 78 ; a WS aa} Inner tube (Eq, 22.17) sa3s 32422834 ___ po [2] Step IT Stresses due ta ehrinkage pressure (D} = DF) Jacket (Bq. 22.7) crsy [35] . > 75°50), 4? PD; Dy i aL oF a [ar ‘The stresses are as follows: a+ POP [10% r 35 Goo? = 75 | 4 a Las _ | (50) ‘Step III Shrinkage pressure jacket, ‘The stresses are as follows: 58. OP 32.42 + 3.57 P or P=3.62 MPa 375 0 « Les es Step IV Distribution of stresses + ‘The stresses are tabulated as follows: Taner ibe Tacker Ss [rasts | rats | r=s0 SwessesducwoP, | 5835 | 3202 | aza2 | 2338 Siesses duetoP | (367) | C268) | G.57A) | 257%) @-s02Mra | -1303 | -941 | 1292 | 930 Resuttantatesses | 4532 | 2300 | asaa | 32064 Fee 229 tows he rtm fates PD, api -D?) ‘persis E | (DE —DE\D; - DF) sas. Resutant 2.6275) | _ 2075) 400" -50°) 45.92 =| aoo! 755) a5? = 50% (207 x10°)| (100? — 75*\(75* - 50?) 92.64 0.0081 mm 23.84 Shrinkage Fig. 229 Distribution of Tangential Stresses Step V_ Original dimensions of tubes From Eq, 22.22, ‘The inner diameter of the jacket should be (75 -0.0081) or 74.9919 mam, 229 GASKETS A gasket is a device used to create and maintain a barrier against the transfer of fluid across the ‘mating surfaces of a mechanical assembly, Wis used in static joins, such as eylinder block and eylinder head. There are two types of gaskets—metallie and non-metallic, Metallic gaskets consist of sheets of The McGraw-Hill companies Cylinders and Pressure Vessels 785 22.12 THICKNESS OF CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL SHELLS ‘The equations for the thickness of eylindrical or spherical shells are based on the theory of thin cylinders, with suitable modifications, The thickness of a cylindrical shell subjected to intemal pressure, as shown in Fig. 22.16, is given by, =F ey 22.29) 36,0-F The thickness ofthe spherical shel is given by 12 ca 22.30) Jon-Fh where, {= minimum thickness ofthe shell plate (mm) P, ~ design pressure (MPa or Nim") , = inner diameter ofthe shell (em) @, ~ allowable stress for the plate material (Nimm’) 1 = weld joint efficiency CA™ corrosion allowance (mm) ib Fig. 22.16 Cylindrical Shell ‘The allowable stresses for the plate material are ‘obtained from the following expressions: Yield strength (oF 0.2% proof stress) 1s og, = imate tensilestength 30 The factor of safety of 1.5 or 3 in the above expressions is used under the following two operating conditions: the pressure vessel is operating at room temperature; and (ii) the pressure inside the vessel is not fluctuating, For high temperature applications, the values of allowable stresses at design temperature are given in the standard. The values of yield strength (S,) for commonly used carbon and low alloy steels are iven in Table 22.2, ‘The walls of the pressure vessel are subjected to thinning due to corrosion, which reduces the useful life ofthe vessel. Corrosion in pressure vessels is of the following forms: () Chemical attack where the metal is dissolved by a chemical reagent i). Rusting due to air and moisture (iii) Erosion where a reagent flows over the wall surface at high velocities (iv). Scaling or high-temperature oxidation Table 222 Values of yeld strenght Material ‘Sy Nin) TS 2005-196 T 200 2a 205 2B 255 IS 2041-1962 20MoSS 215 20Mn2 290 IS 1S70-196115Cr90MOS: 290 C1SMnZ5, 225 Provision has to be made by suitable increase in wall thickness 10 compensate for the thinning due to corrosion. Corrasion Allowance (CA) is the additional metal thickness over and above that is required to withstand the internal pressure ‘A minimum corrosion allowance of 1.5 mm is recommended unless protective ining is employed. 2213 _END CLOSURES Formed heads are used as end closures. for cylindrical pressure vessels. There are two types ‘of end closures—domed heads and conical heads ‘The domed heads are further elassified into three ‘groups—hemispherical, —_semi-cllipsoidal torispherical, as shown in Fig, 22.17, Hemispherica heads have minimum plate thickness, minimum, ‘material cost ‘weight and consequently lowes forming required 10 produce the hemispherical shape is more, resulting in increased forming cost. The thickness of the hemispherical head is given by, However, the amount of (22.31) The McGraw-Hill companies 786 _Design of Machine Elements where R; is the inner radius of the cylindrical shel. Ina semi-ellipsoidal head, the ratio of the major axis, to the minor axis is taken as 2:1. The thickness of semi-ellipsoidal head is given by, ca 22.32) 300-027 (6) Torisphercal head Fig. 22.17 Domed Heads From Eqs (22.31) and (22.32), itis observed that the thickness of the semi-llipsoidal head is more (almost twice) than the corresponding hemispheri- cal head, and to that extent, the material cost is more. However, duc to the shallow dished shape, the forming cost is reduced. ‘The length of the straight portion (S)) is given by, S;=3t or 20mm (whichever is more) ‘Torispherical heads are extensively used as end closures for a lange variety of cylindrical pressure vessels. They are shaped by using two radii—the crown radius L and knuckle radius r;, The crown radius L is the radius of the dish, which constitutes the major portion of the head. The knuckle radius is the comer radius joining the spherical crown with the cylindrical ‘shell. Torispherical heads require less forming than semi-cllipsoidal heads. ‘Their main drawback is the local stresses at the two discontinuities, namely, the junction between the crown and the knuckle radius and the junction between the knuckle radius and the cylindrical shel ‘The localised stresses may lead to failure due to brittle fracture. The thickness of atorispherical head is given by, 885 FL on-0.1F, where L is the inside crown radius. ‘The kuckle radius 7 is taken as 6% of the erown radius, CA (22.33) 0.06 L The erown radius Z should not be greater than the ‘outside diameter of the cylindrical shell. Therefore, L E=sm Step 1 Volume of end closure From Fig. 22.21, Spherical T portion Torus 4 fH eB o F y mia o }_____p. Fig. 2.21 Volume of end closure = (volume of spherical portion OACB) + (volume of torus shown by AFD or BGE) (volume of right circular cone shown by OFG). (i) The crown radius (L) is shown by Od or OB Suppose, L=e,D The knuckle radius (r,) is shown by B4 or GB. Suppose, red (@ Volume of spherical portion OACB Height of cap = CH = OH - OH = L—Lcos @ L(1~¢0s 8) From Fig. 22.22(a), 2a@a' Gi) 2g P{Ld-cos $2 [LU-cos8)) Qn = ZF (1-cos8) (©) Right cteular cone Fig. 2222 Volume of torus From Fig. 22.21, ZAFD = ZIFO = (ZAFD\ =. ‘Area of sector AFD = ea (an (212-0) a pe BRO) net p Or From Fig. 22.22(b),, Volume of torus ‘Atea of sector AFD x mD -2r,+ 25] The McGraw-Hill companies 790 _Design of Machine Elements cos = i -(0.6F =08 6 0.6435 radian $= 0.9273 radian (ii) Volume of right circular cone OFG From Fig. 2221 A cD eD =(¢)-c)D ‘ OU=OF cos 0=(c,—c,)D cos 8 2 ay, IF =OF sin 8= (c) =e sin 8 -Fra-o(3) From Fig. 22.22(c), C 1 vel ar 1 [ie 9] Substituting the above values inthe expression (v), Volume of end closure (2) na r(09279| 5] D (0.9273) [(c, -€2)° D? sin? @][(e, - 2) D cos 8] } D008) 1 span? = $1 (@,~42)'D' sin* 6 cos8 ow Substituting expressions (ii), (i), and (iv) inthe OF = 0.1234)" @ expression (), Step H_ Diameter ofylindrical shell Volume of end closure From Fig. 22.21, 2a (1-cos8)

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