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k ε2
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2

¡ ¢
k(x, t) = (γ − 1)(t + t0 )1−νγ C − Cγ (x − x0 )2 (t + t0 )−2µγ +
¡ ¢
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5#N*,+)* t > −t0 , t0 ∈ R, x0 ∈ R µγ =

Q 2γ−3 5γ−3 WQ /13N' a = Gb/ j {a, 0} ?
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+
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2 $=3 Q
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

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x
k(x, 0) = k0 (x), ε(x, 0) = ε0 (x),
Kg24+ x ∈ R
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0 0
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2

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Ae2 Ae2 x
k= 2µ
f (ζ), ε = 2µ+1
g(ζ), ζ =
t t e 1−µ
At
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µ ¶0
α
f2 0
f + (1 − µ) ζf 0 + 2µf − g = 0, 0 < ζ < 1 
T? S(?  

µ ¶0
β
f2 0
g + (1 − µ)ζg 0 + (1 + 2µ)g − γ
g2
= 0, 0 < ζ < 1, 
T? S(? R 

g f
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f 0 (0) = 0, g 0 (0) = 0 
T? S(? 

f (1) = 0, g(1) = 0,
f2 0 f2
f (1) = 0, g 0 (1) = 0, 
T? S(? P

g g
-0/ .c*,3 -)2H*,3N% d +)*!-.#N*Z% ; G GH*,-.+ ; /13N'OB824G 7A/4B,-.3N*8%)%21KF-.#N*Z% d 7 7 24+.-21K_%)24< d -.$&243N%`?
$=UW*,3 -.#N*7 2T%.$=-.$=UW*7A/1+0/1GH*,-)*,+)% α, β, /13N' γ, 5*!/1$=G -)2@%.#N2V5 -.#N**Lj$&%.-)*,3NB8*21K µ
KM24+5# $&B0# -)#N*,+)*$&%
/ 7 2T%)$=-.$=UW*Z%)24< d -.$&243 (f, g) -)2 T? S(?  EC T? S(? P L?





R
 % " 
 
 
)  "

#N* k−ε
GH29' *,< B`/13 : *!' *,+.$=Uc*8' Kg+)24G -.#N*!$=3NB824G 7 +)*8%)%.$ : <&*
/`U$&*,+DC
9-)2 .W*8%*  d /1-.$&243N%
 
∂u i
X ∂u i ∂p
ρ + uj =− + η∇2 ui , (N S)
∂t ∂xj ∂xi
j
5#N*,+)* u(x, t) +)*,7 +)*8%)*,39-)% -.#N*iUc*L<&29B,$=- ; Uc*8B,-)24+ A*,<&']Q p(x, t) $&%\-.#N* 7 +0*,%0% d +)* A*,<&']Q ρ $&%m-.#N*"' *,3N%.$=- ; B8243N%.-0/139-`Q
B B

η
$&%-.#N*Z' ; 3A/1G $&B!U$&%)B82T%.$=- ; Q /13N' ν = η $&%-.#N* .$=3N*,Gb/1-.$&B!U$&%)B82T%.$=- ; ?

24-.$=3 e (N S) /1+)* ' *,+.$=Uc*8' K +)24G -.#N* *  d /1-.$&243N%JKM24+B8243N%0*,+.U4/1-.$&243h21K_Gb/4%)%`QNGH24GH*,39- d GOQ /13N'6*,3N*,+.e ; Q
ρ

5*!#A/`UW*!-.#A/1-
∂ρ X ∂ρ
+ u =ρ
X ∂uj
= 0.
T ? T? 

j
∂t ∂xj dxj
j j
 7 7 < ; $=3 eb%.-0/1-.$&%.-)$=B`/1<F/`UW*,+0/1eT$=3 eb-)2 (N S)
7 +)29' d B8*8%J-.#N*Z* ; 3N24<&' %J*  d /1-.$&243N%`l
à !
∂ui X ∂ui ∂u0i 0 ∂p X ∂τij
ρ + ρuj +ρ uj = − + (R)
∂t ∂xj ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj
j j

5$=-.#
u = ū + u0
5+.$=-.-)*,36$=3O-.#N*GH*`/1367 < d % d B,- d /1-.$&243h' *8B824G 7 2T%.$=-.$&243mQ τ = η ³ ∂u
D
i
+
∂uj
´Q
ij
/13N'6/`Uc*,+0/1eT$=3 eb%0/1-.$&%.K ; $=3 e -.N# *+ d <&*8%% d G Gb/1+.$=I`*8'>/4%Kg24<=<&2V5J%`l
∂x j ∂xi
P ∂τ
η∇2 ui = j ∂xijj ,



 v + w = v̄ + w̄





 āv = av, a =
B8243N%.- /139-

 T? T? R 
ā = a 




 ∂v ∂v̄ 24+ s = t

 ∂s = ∂s , s = xi


 vw = v̄ w̄
KM24+/1+ : $=-.+0/1+ ; A*,<&' % v /13N' w.
B

24GH* B8243N%)*  d *,3NB8*8%21K T? T? R /17 7 <=$&*8' -)2


u
/1+)*


 ui uj = ui uj + u0i u0j

 T? T? 
ui uj uk = u0i u0j u0k + u0i u0j uk + u0j u0k ui + u0k u0i uj + ui uj uk 



 ∂ui ∂ui ∂u0i 0
∂t ui − ∂t ui = ∂t ui .
# d %JG d <=-.$=7 < ; $=3 e (N S)
:9; ui
/13N'6/`Uc*,+0/1eT$=3 eH5* N3N' /B

ρ
∂ui
ui + ρ
X ∂ui
uj ui = −
∂p
ui +
X ∂τij
ui . 
T? T? P

∂t ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj

j j
Y d <=-.$=7 < ; $=3 e (R)
:9; ui
eT$=Uc*8%


  
 
∂ui X ∂u i ∂u 0 
 ∂p X ∂τij
i 0
ρ ui + ρuj ui + ρ uj ui  = − ui + ui ,
∂t  ∂xj ∂xj  ∂xi ∂xj
j  | {z }  j
∂
∂xj ( i j )
u0 u0
24+*  d $=UT/1<&*,39-.< ;

T? T?42
X ∂ui X µ ¶
∂ui ∂p ∂τij ∂Tij 
ρ ui + ρ uj ui = − ui + ui + ui 
∂t ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj
j j
5$=-.# Tij = −ρu0i u0j
+)*,7 +)*8%)*,39-.$=3 eb-.#N*ZB824G 7 243N*,39-)%21K-.#N*Z* ; 3N24<&' %J%.-.+)*8%)%Gb/1-.+.$^j T
?
 ; % d : -.+0/4B,-.$=3 e T? T?42 iKg+)24G T? T? P "5*!#A/`UW*





 
 
 
∂u0 Xµ ∂ui ∂ui
¶
∂p0 X ∂τij0 ∂Tij   T? T? 
ρ i u0i +ρ uj ui − u j ui =− u0i +  u0 − ui  
∂t ∂xj ∂xj ∂xi  ∂xj i ∂xj 
j j  | {z } 
 
∂ ( τ 0 u0 ) ∂u0
ij i i 0
∂xj
− ∂x τij
j

5#N*,+)*

∂ui
ui =
∂ui ∂u0
ui + i u0i 
T? T?  

∂t ∂t ∂t

∂p
ui =
∂p
ui +
∂p0 0
u 
T? T?43 

∂xi ∂xi xi i

∂τij
ui =
∂τij
ui +
∂u0i 0
τ 
T? T? 

∂xj ∂xj ∂xj ij

/13N'

uj
∂ui
ui − u j
∂ui ∂u0
ui = u0i i uj +
∂u0i 0 0
ui uj +
∂u0i 0 ∂u0
uj ui + u0j u0i i 
T? T? `S 

∂xj ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj

:9; -.#N*Z/VUW*,+0/1eT$=3 eb+ d <&*8%`?

9$=3NB8* τ 0 u0 +)*,7 +)*8%)*,39-)%-.#N*U$&%)B82 d % -.+0/13A%DKg*,+21K - d + : d <&*,39-*,3N*,+.e ; NQ / UW*,+ ; .% Gb/1<=<  d 1/ 39-.$=- ; =$ 3 B82439-.+0/4%.-
-)26-.#N*b-)*,+.GH% +)*8%.7 243N%.$ : <&*bKM24+ -.#N* - d + : d <&*,39- -.+0/13N%.Kg*,+ 21JK - d + : d <&*,39- ,* 3N*,+.e ; $=3 T? T? LQF$=- $&% N3 *,eT<&*8B,-)*8']?
ij i



# d % T ? T?  : *8B824GH*8%



à ! à !
∂u0i 0 X ∂u0 X ∂u 0 ∂ρu 0 u0
i j ∂u 0 ∂p 0 X ∂u0 ∂T ij
ρ u +ρ u0i i uj + ρ i u0i u0j + ui + ρu0j u0i i = − u0 − i 0
τ + ui
∂t i ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj xi i ∂xj ij ∂xj
j j j

P
:9; d %.$=3 e T? T? `S LQ 24+



 
 ¡ ¢ 
T? T? 
2
ρ  ∂( ) X∂ u
u0i
i ∂p0 0 ρ X ∂ ³ 02 0 ´ X 
02 0 0
 ∂ui τ 0 + ρu0 u0 ∂ui  . 
+ uj  = − ui − ui uj −  ∂xj ij | {z 
} ∂xj 
j i
2 ∂t ∂xj xi 2 ∂xj
j j j
−Tij

d G G $=3 e 2VUc*,+ i Q T? T?  : *8B824GH*8%/13O*,3N*,+.e ; : /1<k/13NB8* *  d /1-.$&243>21KF- d + : d <&*,39- A2V5Zl

 .D

  Ã ! Ã !
ρ +
X ∂k ∂k
uj  = −
X ∂
p0 u0j +
ρ X
u02 0
X ∂u 0
Tij i − ρ²
T? T? `R 
i uj + 
∂t ∂xj ∂xj 2 ∂xj
j j i i,j
5#N*,+)*!-.#N*!- d + : d <&*,39- .$=3N*,-.$&BZ*,3N*,+.e ; $&%' * N3N*8'6/4%
6B

k=
1X 0 2
(ui ) 
T? T?  

2
i
/13N' -.#N*!+0/1-)*Z21K'($&%)%)$=7A/1-.$&243621K-.#N*- d + :Nd <&*L3-*,3N*,+.e ; $&%
µ ¶
ε=
1 X ∂u0i 0
τ =
ν X ∂u0i
+
∂u0j 2
. 
T? T? ,P

ρ ∂xj ij 2 ∂xj ∂xi

i,j i,j
%.$=3 eO-.#N* # ; 7 24-.#N*8%0*8%Kg+)24G   Kg24+Z-.#N*HB,<k/4%)% 21K d $&' A2V5 d 3N' *,+ B8243N%.$&' *,+0/1-.$&243mQ -.#N*H*  d /1-.$&243 KM24+
D D

- d + : d <&*,39-*,3N*,+.e ; : /1<k/13NB8*!+)*8' d B8*8%)- 2

µ ¶
∂k ∂ ∂k
= ck −ε (K)
∂t ∂x ∂x
5#N*,+)* c $&%-.#N*- d + : d <&*,39-*,3N*,+.e ; *Lj(B0#A/13 eW*ZB829* B,$&*,39-`?
9$=G $=<k/1+.< ; -.#N*!*  d /1-.$&243 Kg24+-.#N* : /1<k/13NB8*Z21K -.#N*


k
- d + : d <&*,39-*,3N*,+.e ; '($&%)%.$=7A/1-.$&243O+0/1-)*KM24+ A2V5J%J$&%
D

µ ¶
∂ε ∂ ∂ε
= cε −U (E)
∂t ∂x ∂x
5 #N*,+)* c $&%H-.#N*O- d + : d <&*,39- *L3A*L+)e ; '($&%)%)$=7A/1-.$&243 +0/1-)*6*Lj B0#A/13 eW*6B829* B,$&*,39- /13N' U > 0 $&%H-.#N*O+0/1-)*621K


ε
#N24GH24eW*,3 $=IV/1-.$&2T3>21K-.#N*Z'($&%)%.$=7A/1-.$&243O+0/1-)*T?
 ;
24<=GH24eW24+)2VU  %"%.$=G $=<k/1+.$=- ; # ; 7 24-.#N*8%.$&%`Q c , c , /13N' U B`/13 : *J*Lj7 +0*,%0%)*8'@$=3 -)*,+.GH%i21K -52 .$=3N*,Gb/1-.$&B
k ε
 d /139-.$=-.$&*8%`l &
< ,
* 3 T
e .
- # 1
/ N
3 ' 0
B A
# 1
/ 0
+ 4
/ ,
B )
- ,
* .
+ &
$ .
% .
- $&BZUc*,<&29B,$=- ; , 5#N*,+)* T = LV −1 = -.$=GH*W?J ; T? T?  J/13N'

L= V = 


T ? T ? ,P LQ


[k] = L2 T −2

[ε] = L2 T −3 .

2
 ; (K)
Q
· µ ¶¸
∂ ∂k
ck = L2 T −3
∂x ∂x
5# $&B0#O$=G 7 <=$&*8%
[ck ] = L2 T −1 .
#N*,+)*LKM24+)*TQ(KM24+J'($=GH*,3N%.$&243 <&*8%)%B8243N%.-0/139-)%`Q α > 0,
/13N' δ 1 , δ2 ,

ck = αk δ1 εδ2 .

  d /1-.$=3 eb7 2V5*,+)%21KF-.#N*K d 3N'N/1GH*,39-0/1< '($=GH*,3N%.$&243N%`l


 L: 2 = 2δ1 + 2δ2
 T : −1 = −2δ − 3δ
1 2

5* N3N' -.#A/1-

/B Q
δ2 = −1 δ1 = 2
QA/13N'
k2
ck = α .
ε

9$=G $=<k/1+.< ;
[cε ] = L2 T −1
/13N'

· ¸
∂ε
= [U ] = L2 T −4 .
∂t
#N*,+)*LKM24+)*TQ 5$=-.#6B8243N%)-0/139-)% β
/13N' γ
Q(-.#N*Z'($=GH*,3N%.$&243A/1<F/13A/1< ; %.$&% ; $&*,<&' %
k2
cε = β
ε
ε2
U =γ
k
/13N' :9; /17 7 < ; $=3 e (K)
/13N' (E)
Q5*#A/`UW* (KE)
?  3 /1<=-)*,+.3A/1-.$=UW*!' *,+.$=U4/1-.$&243O21K (KE)
$&%B,$=-)*8' $=3 2 Q ,P E ?


    (& 

%.$=3 e t
$=3O7 <k/4B8*Z21K ζ
/13N' a>0
/ B8243N%.-0/139-`Q 5*!3N24-)*!-.#A/1- d 3N' *,+J-.#A*Gb/17 7 $=3 e

f → af
g → ag
1
t → a2 t


T? S(?  : *,B824GH*8%


à µ ¶0 !
f2 0
a α f + (1 − µ) tf 0 + 2µf − g = 0
g
/13N'O%.$=G $=<k/1+.< ; KM24+ T? S(? R 


à µ ¶0 !
f2 0 g 2
a β g + (1 − µ) tg 0 + (1 + 2µ)g − γ = 0.
g f
3N' *8*8' T? S(?  EC T? S(? R _/1+)*$=39U4/1+.$k/139- d 3N' *,+"-.#N*JGb/17 7 $=3 eNQ95$=-.# -.#N*B8243N%.-0/139-)% α, β, γ, /13N' µ d 3A/1<=-)*,+)*8']?





# d % 5$=-.#N2 d - <&2T%0%_21K eW*,3N*,+0/1<=$=- ; 5*Gb/ ; -0/ .c*TQTKg24+_$=3N%)-0/13NB8*TQ f (0) = 1 /13N' -.#N*,3H5*3N24-.$&B8*-.#A/1- T? S(?  EC




T? S(? R J#A/4%/ d 3 $  d * %)24< d -.$&243N%243NB8* 5* B0#N292T%)* µ /13A' f (0) . - * 5$=<=<%.#N2V5 -.#A/1-5* B`/13aB0#N292T%)* µ /13N'


f (0) %)2 -.# /1- : 2 d 3N'N/1+ ; B8243N'($=-.$&243N% T? S(? P /1+)*Z%0/1-.$&% A*8'6/1-J%)24GH*!7 2T%.$=-.$=UW*!7 24$=39-`Q t ?_ #N*,3O5*5$=<=<m3N*8*8'
g(0)
 4B
 0
-)2 +)*8%)B`/1<&*Z%)2@-.#A/1- t : *8B824GH*8% H?
g(0)

0
# d %J5*!5$=<=<m#A/`Uc*
f (t ) = 0
/13N' g(t ) = 0,
0 0

: d - d %.$=3 eH-.#N*!Gb/17 7 $=3 e 1

t0 → a 2 t0 = 1,
5* N3N'
/B

1 1
a2 =
t0
/13N'O%)2
1
a= .
t20
3 +)*8%)B`/1<=$=3 e t0
5*!5$=<=< /1<&%)2 %)B`/1<&*
f→
f /13N' g→
g
.
t20 t20


 - * K d +.-.#N*,+3N24-)*@-.#A/1- :9; G d <=-.$=7 < ; $=3 e T? S(?  :9;

 g Q G d <=-.$=7 < ; $=3 e T? S(? R :9;

 f Qm/13N'>KM24+.G $=3 e -.#N*,$=+
'($ ]*,+)*,3NB8*!5*!#A/`Uc*
α β


µ ¶ µ 0 ¶ µ ¶
d f2 ¡ 0 0
¢ gf f g0 2µ 2µ + 1 g2 g2
f g − fg + (1 − µ) t − + fg − − +γ =0
dt g α β α β α β
24+*  d $=UT/1<&*,39-.< ;

µ ¶ µ ¶µ ¶ µ ¶
d 2 dθ (1 − µ) 2 dθ 2 2µ + 1 2µ αγ − β 0 1 1
f g + tg =g − θ− +(1−µ)tf g − ,
dt dt α dt β α (2µ + 1)α − 2µβ β R(α? S(? 


5#N*,+)* θ $&%J' * N3N*8'O-)2 : * f ?

6B

%.$=3 e T? S(? 5*!B`/136*Lj(7 +)*8%)% T? S(?  EC T? S(? R "$=3O$=39-)*,eT+0/1-)*8' KM24+.G /4%
g
  
  

α
f2 0
f + (1 − µ)tf =
Z t
(g − (3µ − 1) f ) ds 
R(? S(? R 

g 0

µ ¶
f2
β g 0 + (1 − µ)tg =
Z t
γ
g
g−
3µf
ds. 
R(? S(?

g 0 f γ

3
 %  &
  , 
 + ,
( 

 d +J7A/1+.-.$&B d <k/1+/4%)% d G 7 -.$&243N%243 -.#N*!7A/1+0/1GH*,-)*,+)% α, β,

/13N' γ
/1+)*Z% d B0#O-.#A/1-

β > α, 3α > 2β, γ >

3
. 
R(? T?  

2
- *5$=<^<]<k/1-)*,+' *,GH243N%)-.+0/1-)*3 d GH*,+.$&B`/1<=< ; -.#A/1-%024< d -.$&243N% (f, g)
*Lj$&%)-243 < ; $^K α $&%3N*,$=-.#N*,+-)292 : $=e@3N24+
-)292H%.Gb/1<=<f?
β

- *5$=<=< : *!$=39-)*,+)*8%.-)*8'O$=3 -.#N*!+0/13 eW*Z21K θ (0)

Kg24+eT$=Uc*,3 µ
' * N3N*8' :9;
6B

γ
< θ (0) <
αγ − β
, 
R(? T? R 

2µ + 1 (2µ + 1)α − 2µβ

5#N*,+)* µ
Kf/1<=<&%5$=-.# $=3

µ ¶
Gb/ j 1
,
1
< µ < 1. 
R(? T? 

3 2(γ − 1)
- * : *,eT$=3 :9; ' *,GH243N%)-.+0/1-.$=3 e 5# ; $&%@/>3A/1- d +0/1<B8243N'($=-.$&243mQ 9: ; <&292 .$=3 e 1/ -@-.#N* B`/4%0* 5#N*,+)*
γ > 3

?  %)% d G $=3 e α = β Q]$=-$&%!B,<&*`/1+!-.#A/1- θ = γ − 1 $&%Z/ %)24< d -.$&243 -)2 (R ? S(?  L? # d % :9; % dN: %.-.$=- d -.$=3 e
2

α=β 

θ = f =γ−1
=$ 39-)2 T? S(? R 5*#A/`Uc*


g

µ ¶
β (γ − 1) 2¡
gg
¢
0 0 0
+ (1 − µ)tg + 1 + 2µ −
γ
g = 0 0 < t < 1. 
R(? T? P

γ−1
%.$=3NB8* f 0 = (γ − 1)g 0 .
39-)*,eT+0/1-.$=3 e /13N'6/17 7 < ; $=3 e T? S(? EC T? S(? P "-)2 R(? T? P LQ







(1 − µ)
Z 1 µ
tg 0 (t)dt + 1 + 2µ −
γ
¶Z 1
g(t)dt = 0 
R(? T?42 

0 γ−1 0
24+
µ ¶Z 1
γ
3µ − g(t)dt = 0.
γ−1 0
#N*,+)*LKM24+)*TQ

µ=
γ

R(? T? 

3 (γ − 1)
/13N'O%)2 :9; R(? T? P LQ



µ ¶
2¡ ¢
0 0 γ0
β (γ − 1) gg + (1 − µ)tg + 1 − g=0
3 (γ − 1)


24+
¡ ¢0
β (γ − 1)2 gg 0 + (1 − µ) (tg)0 = 0.

# d %J$=39-)*,eT+0/1-.$=3 e /1ec/1$=3h/13N'6/17 7 < ; $=3 e T? S(? EC T? S(? P eT$=UW*8%






(1 − µ)
g 0 (t) = − t
β(γ − 1)2
/13N'O%)2
1−µ ¡ ¢
g(t) = 2
1 − t2
2β(γ − 1)
5#N*,+)* g > 0 $^K 1 − µ = 2γ−3 > 0 ? # d % :9; R(? T? LQ($^K 

3
<γ<∞
-.#N*,3 1
< µ < 1.
 d .+ -.#N*,+3N24-)*!-.#A/1- γ > 3 $=G 7 <=$&*8%
3(γ−1) 2 3

3
αγ − β > α − β > 0,
2
:9; -.#N*Z/4%0% d G 7 -.$&243N%243 α
/13N' β;
/13N'6/1<&%)2

(2µ + 1) α − 2µβ > 0

/4% <&243 e 4/ % µ < 1 , 5# $&B0# $&% -.+ d * :9; 3α > 2β

/13N' R(? T? L? # d % R(? T? R ' * N3N*8%/7 2T%.$=-.$=Uc*$=39-)*,+.UT/1<



 6B

d 3N' *,+ R( ? T?  /13N2(' −1R(? )T? LQN%)2

β
α
 
 

γ αγ − β
<
2µ + 1 (2µ + 1)α − 2µβ
/4%<&243 e /4%

µ>
1
. 
R(? T?  

2(γ − 1)
 <&%)2 d 3N' *,+ R(? T?  5*3N24-)*!-.#A/1-



1
<
γ
. 
R(? T?43

2µ 2µ + 1
[\/4%.-.< ; -.#N*Kf/4B,--.#A/1- µ<1
GH*`/13N% θ(0)
B`/13 : * : 2 d 3N' *8'>/4%
γ αγ − β
< θ (0) < .
3 3α − 2β

`S
  ' 
  $%
"(
 

 ; -0/ .$=3 e θ(0) > γ 5*#A/`Uc*Z/1- -.#A/1-

2µ+1 , t=0

g2
(1 + 2µ)g − γ > 0.
f
#N*,3 KM24+ t>0
% d B,$&*,39-.< ; %)Gb/1<=<]5*!#A/`Uc*Kg+)24G



T? S(? R 

µ ¶0
f2 0
β g + (1 − µ)tg 0 < 0.
g
# d % g0 $&%$=3 =$ -.$k/1<=< ; 3N*,ec/1-.$=UW*!Kg24+J% d B,$&*,39-.< ; %.Gb/1<=< t > 0 ?

d 7 7 2T%)$=3 H
e -.#A/1- θ(0) < αγ−β , -.#N*,3 :9; (R ? S(?  5*#A/`Uc* 

(2µ+1)α−2µβ

µ ¶
d dθ (1 − µ) 2 dθ
f 2g + tg <0
dt dt α dt
KM24+ t>0 t
Q % d B,$&*,39-.< ; %.Gb/1<=< /13N'O%)2


θ 0 (t)
$&%$=3 $=-.$k/1<=< ; 3N*,ec/1-.$=UW*T?
 ; /17 7 < ; $=3 eH-.#N* / : 2VUc*Kf/4B,-)%5*!#A/`UW*!-.#N*Kg24<=<&2V5$=3 eb+)*8% d <=-)%`l
/97L7L 

      !#"$ %&&(')+*,%.- "0/132 *   4& - /. 5/ - "6/ -(78--:9%;& / & t
&'<* =/ /
γ −
θ(0) 2µ+1 >0

g 0 (t− ) > 0 
R(? R(?  

while θ 0 (t) < 0, f or 0 < t ≤ t− . 

R(? R(? R 

/97L7L ?>@
      !#"$ %&&(')+*,%.- "0/132 *   4& - /. 5/ - "6/ -(78--:9%;& / &
=/ /
αγ−β
θ(0)
> 0 &'<*
(2µ+1)α−2µβ

t+

θ0 (t+ ) > 0 
R(? R(? 

while g 0 (t) < 0, f or 0 < t ≤ t+ . 

R(? R(? P

 # d % d 3N' *,+-.#N* /4%0% d G 7 -.$&243N%21K W\R!BA[X /1<=-.#A2 d eT# g0 $&%J$=3 $=-.$k/1<=< ; 3N*,ec/1-.$=Uc*TQN$=- : *8B824GH*8%7 2T%.$=-.$=Uc*
: *LKM24+)* θ0 : *8B824GH*8% 0 ?6
9$=G $=<k/1+.< ; $=3VWN ! R 5*H# /`UW*H-.#A/1- θ0 (t), 5# $=<&*b$=3 $=-.$k/1<=< ; 3N*,ec/1-.$=UW*TQ : *8B,24GH*8%
7 2T%.$=-.$=Uc*Z/1-%.Gb/1<=< t /13N' : *LKM24+)* g0 : *8B824GH*8% 0 ?


 243N%)$&' *,+J-.#N* d /4'(+)$^<k/1-)*,+0/1< Q
: 2 d 3N' *8'OUc*,+.-.$&B`/1<=< ; :9;
µ ¶
µ=
Gb/ j 1
,
1 /13N' µ=1
3 2(γ − 1)
/13N' #N24+.$=I`2439-0/1<=< ; :9;
θ(0) =
γ /13N' θ(0) =
αγ − β
.
2µ + 1 (2µ + 1)α − 2µβ
- *!' * N3N* %)*,-)%`l
6B

−
S = {(µ, θ(0)) :
-.#N*,+)*Z*Lj($&%.-)% t−
Kg24+J5# $&B0# R(? R(?  /13N' R(? R(? R #N24<&'




}
+
S = {(µ, θ(0)) :
-.#N*,+)*Z*Lj($&%.-)% t+
Kg24+J5# $&B0# R(? R(? /13N' R(? R(? P #N24<&'




}.
 ; ' * N3 $=-.$&243>-.#N*Z-0247h/13N' : 24-.-)24G : 2 d 3N'N/1+.$&*8%21K Q /1+)* B82439-0/1$=3N*8'6$=3>%)*,-)% S + /13N' S − , 5#N*,+)* S
6B +

/13N' S /1+)* '($&%

.24$=39- /13N']QiB8243N%)*  d *,39-.< ; Qi247 *,3+)*,<k/1-.$=UW* -)2 Q : *8B`/ d %)* 21KB82439-.$=3 d $=- ; 21K-.#N* %)24< d -.$&243N%
−

21K/O'($ ]*,+)*,39-.$k/1<*  d /1-.$&243 5$=-.# +)*8%.7 *8B,- -)26-.#N*b$=3 $=-.$k/1<'N/1-0/(?6 ; W8\R/  /13N' RO-.#N*b%0*,-)% /1+)* /1<&%)2


3N243(CE*,G 7 - ; ?i #N*,+)*LKg24+)*TQN5*!#A/`UW*Z%.#N2V53O-.#N*!*Lj($&%.-)*,3NB8*Z21K_%)24GH* (µ, θ(0)) ∈/ S ∪ S . + −

θ(0)

αγ−β
(2µ+1)α−2µβ
Q

γ
2µ+1

µ
max( 13 , 2(γ−1)
1
) 1

F$=e d +)* Tl  d /4'(+.$=<k/1-)*,+0/1< 5$=-.#6-.#N*-)247>/13N' : 24-.-)24G : 2 d 3N'N/1+.$&*8%+)*,GH2VUc*8'

`R
- *+0*,B`/1<=<m-.#A*KM24<=<&2V5$=3 eH7 +)247 2T%.$=-.$&243OK +)24G 7 <k/13N*!7 24$=39-%0*,--0247 24<=24e ;  2 E QN/ 7 +)2921K_21KF5# $&B0#O$&%$=3NB,< d ' *8'
$=3h"#A/17 -)*,+(?
 - / I  - / - *   &4-  ' " % / &,' 78- {0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1} % " / - (x, y)  #" - 5#"$  - /
5 ;,+
+S& + 
#"  S  -  %&
 % "0/ 78-  / % - 32  - " &('& - / & : I, 78-& <-8* / % - 32 * #"0/. % " % " / -  % " -(& y = 0 #" 
 "6/ - *   -  - "$/ D   S #"$ S % " I * #"0/. % " & * #"0/ % " ' ' 
 % " % " / -  % " -& x = 0
S − +

y = 1.  -
#"$ x = 1.
+ −

#N* 7 +)247 2T%.$=-.$&243h-.#N*,36eT$=Uc*8%-.#N* *Lj($&%.-)*,3NB8* 21Ki/HB82439-.$=3 d d G C -.#A/1-<=$&*8%*,39-.$=+)*,< ; $=3 Q − (S + ∪ S − )

/13N' 5# $&B0# .24$=3N%/ 7 24$=39-243 µ = Gb/ j ³ 1 , 1 ´ -)2b/ 7 24$=3-243 µ = 1 ?
3 2(γ−1)

θ(0)

αγ−β
(2µ+1)α−2µβ
Q

γ
2µ+1

µ
max( 31 , 2(γ−1)
1
) 1

 $=e d +)* R(l__<&24-21KB82439-.$=3 d d G

EK (µ, θ(0)) ∈ Q − (S + ∪ S − )

Q(-.#N*,3
γ αγ − β
< θ (0) <
2µ + 1 (2µ + 1)α − 2µβ
/13N'
µ ¶
Gb/ j 1
,
1
≤ µ ≤ 1.
3 2(γ − 1)
 ; W8\R/ /13N'HR(Q43A*L$=-.#A*L+ g0
3N24+ θ0
G d %.-_B,+)2T%0% 0 N+)%.-`Qc/13N'@%02
B
g0
/13N' θ0
G d %.-U4/13N$=%)# %.$=G d <=-0/13N*82 d %.< ;
24+J3N*,$=-.#N*,+B,+)2T%)%0*8% 0 /1-/1<=<f?


 #N*KM24+.GH*,+B`/13 3N24- : *!-.+ d *TQN24-.#N*,+.5$&%0*!5*ZB82 d <&' N3N' B
t∗ > 0
% d B0# -.#A/1-

g 0 (t∗ ) = 0, θ 0 (t∗ ) = 0, 
R(? R(?42

5# $=<&* g 0 (t) ≤ 0

/13N' θ 0 (t) ≤ 0
Kg24+ 0 ≤ t ≤ t∗
?"
9$=3NB8* g 00 (t∗ ) ≥ 0
Q -.#N*,3 :9; T? S(? R /13N' R(? R(?42





µ ¶0
β
f2 0 ∗
g (t ) + (1 − µ)t∗ g 0 (t∗ ) ≥ 0,
24+
g

g(t∗ )2
(1 + 2µ)g(t∗ ) − γ ≤ 0.
f (t∗ )
 #N*,+)*LKM24+)* θ(t∗ ) ≤ γ ?  <&%02 θ00 (t∗ ) ≥ 0
Q %)2H-.#A/1- :9; R(? S(?  /13N' R(? R(?42 LQ




θ(t∗ ) ≥ αγ−β ?J # $&%
$=G 7 <=$&*8%
2µ+1 (2µ+1)α−2µβ

αγ − β γ
≤ ,
(2µ + 1)α − 2µβ 2µ + 1
/@B82439-)+0/4'($&B,-.$&2436-)2 R(? T? R L?



# d %3N*,$=-.#N*,+B,+)2T%)%0*,%I`*,+)2 /13N'>%)2 g0 ≤ 0 /13N' θ0 = f − f g ≤ 0 Q 1/ 3N'>B8243N%0*  d *,39-.< ; f 0 ≤ 0, Kg24+/4%

0 0

<&243 e /4%-.#N*Z%)24< d -.$&2436$=%' * N3N*8']? - *<k/4%.-.< ; 3N24-)*!-.#A/1- g B`/13 3N24-U4/13 $&%)# : *LKM24+)* f QN%.$=3NB8* θ $&% : 2 d 3N' *8']?
g g 2
6B

,P
    

 (
) 

A24+ (µ, θ(0)) ∈ Q − (S + ∪ S − )

Q(5*Z' * N3N*
6B


$^K
$&%-.#N* N+)%.-I`*,+)2H21K
R(?(? 
/B
 t0 , t0 f, 
T =
 ∞,
$^K_/1<=5/ ; % f > 0 

/13N' Kg+)24G 
R(? (S ? R EC R(? (S ? LQ B8243N%)$='N*L+-.#N*!U4/1< d *8%21K




µ ¶
I=
Z T
(g − (3µ − 1) f ) dt, J=
Z T
γ
g
g−
3µ
f dt. 
R(?(? R

f γ
#N* *Lj($&%.-)*,3NB8* 21K (µ, θ(0)) % d B0#6-.#A/1--.#N*,+)* $&%/H7 2T%.$=-.$=Uc* %)24< d -.$&243>-)2 T? S(?  EC T? S(? P 5$=<=< : * 7 +)2VUW*8' :9;
0 0
 
 

d %)*!21K-.#N*Kg24<=<&2V5$=3 eb<&*,G Gb/4%`l

/97L7L
 I > 0 Q / - " / - & # ' / % #" (f, g) -:9#%& / & #" [0, ∞) ,  % / f ≤ 0, g ≤ 0, θ ≤ 0, #"$ % "
4 * / I = ∞ ?  & TQ J = ∞ ?5 A = {(µ, θ(0)) : I > 0} , / - " A %&  - " % " C #"$
"$#"  -  /12T? "  -8- TQ
0 0 0

%
α (γ + 1) − β
µ≤
α (3γ − 2) − β
-.#N*,3 (µ, θ(0)) ∈ A
?
/97L7L   A 6= C
/97L7L@  "0/ " #"$ #"6/ -   ' "$ 7 2   A Q / - " 4 7 / - *  7(78-& "$ % "
(µ, θ(0)) %;& % % C
&  ' / % " (f, g) / -(78--:9%;& / &
" % / -  % "0/ t &(' * =/ / f ≤ 0, g ≤ 0, θ ≤ 0 , 7 t < t Q   %  -
0
0 0 0
0
f2 f2
f (t0 ) = 0, g(t0 ) = 0, g f 0 (t0 ) = 0, g g 0 (t0 ) = 0.

2V5 $^K5*!+)*8%)B`/1<&* t0
-)2 : *8B824GH* 1,
5*!#A/`UW*!-.#N*Kg24<=<&2V5$=3 eb-.#N*824+)*,GOl
 Z9+8;897   % /  β > α, 3α > 2β Q #"$ γ > , / -(78--:9%;& / & µ > 0 &' * =/ / / - $7    - 
 # / #" 5"$ / - & # ' / % #" %;& &'<* =/ / f ≤ 0, g ≤ 0, θ ≤ 0 % " (0, 1).
3

& & -& & -& & ' %

T? S(?  EC T ? S(? P
2
 
 
0 0 0

2
  
($

% *"  

/97L7L
     (     #  #"$ %& &'()+*,%.- "0/132 *   4& - /.  /  - " /  (- 78- -:9#%& / &
&'<* =/ /
γ
θ(0) 2µ+1 t− > 0

g 0 (t− ) > 0

while θ 0 (t) < 0, f or 0 < t ≤ t− .

5 ;,+8+

E K θ(0) = f (0)
= γ -.#N*,3 :9; T? S(? R 5*H#A/`Uc*H-.#A/1-

g 0 (0) = 0
/13N' g 00 (0) = 0.
$ *,+)*,39-.$k/1-.$=3 e

2µ+1 , 

T? S(? R eT$^Uc*8%

g(0)



õ ¶00 µ ¶0 µ ¶ ! µ ¶0
β
f2 0
g +2
f2
g + 00 f2
g 000 0
+(1−µ)g +(1−µ)tg +(1+2µ)g −γ 00 0 g2
=0 
(? T?  

g g g f
5# $&B0#6*,UT/1< d 1/ -)*8'>/1- t = 0 +)*8' d B8*8%-)2 g000 (0) = 0.
EKF5*Z'($ ,* +)*,39-.$k/1-)* (? T?  /13N' <&*,- t = 0 -.#N*,3




β
f 2 (4) g2
g + γ 2 f 00 = 0. 
(? T? R 

g f
 - t=0
5* /1<&%)2).3N2V5 Kg+)24G 
T? S(?  "-.# /1-


α
f 2 00
f + 2µf − g = 0, 
(? T?

g
/13N'O%)2
f 2 00
α f = g − 2µf.
g

2V5+)*8B`/1<=<=$=3 e R(? T?43 LQ -.#N*,3 $=-Z$&% B,<&*8/1+ -.#A/1-


θ(0) > 1 /13N' %)2 g − 2µf < 0
/1- t = 0.
N+)24G 
(? T? 

/13N'O%)2 :9; ( ? T? R g(4) (0) > 0.

2µ

f 00 (0) < 0 


 A24+ t>0
; *,-J% d B,$&*,39-.< ; B,<&2T%)*!-)2@I`*,+)2 Q 5*#A/`Uc*

Rt
g (4) (τ )dτ = g 000 (t) > 0,
/13N'
0
Rt
0 g 000 (τ )dτ = g 00 (t) > 0,
R t 00 0
0 g (τ )dτ = g (t) > 0.

 ; R(? S(?  LQ


θ(0) < αγ−β QA/13N' -.#N*!2 : %)*,+.U4/1-.$&243N%JGb/4' *Z$=3>
*8B,-.$&243hR(? R(Q(Kg24+% d B0# t
(2µ+1)α−2µβ

µ ¶
d 2 dθ (1 − µ) 2 dθ
f g + tg < 0.
dt dt α dt
 # d % θ0 (t) $&%$=3 $=-.$k/1<=< ; 3N*,ec/1-.$=Uc*T?"243N%)*  d *,39-.< ; Q(5#N*,3 θ(0) $&% d %.-eT+)*`/1-)*,+J-.#A/13 γ Q :9; B82439-.$=3 d $=- ; 21K
-.#N*!$=3 =$ -.$k/1<\'N/1-0/ g0 (t) : *8B,24GH*8%7 2T%.$=-.$=Uc*Z/1-%.Gb/1<=< t /13N'O%)2 : *LKM24+)* θ0 = f g−g f : 8* B824GH*8%JI`*,+)2 ?
2µ+1
0 0
g2


  *" 

/97L7L ?>@
      !#"$ %&&(')+*,%.- "0/132 *   4& - /. 5/ - "6/ -(78--:9%;& / &
=/ /
αγ−β
θ(0)
> 0 &'<*
(2µ+1)α−2µβ

t+

θ0 (t+ ) > 0

while g 0 (t) < 0, f or 0 < t ≤ t+ .

5 ;,+8+

N +)24G R(? S(?  "$=-KM24<=<&2V5J%J-.#A/1-J$^K


θ(0) = αγ−β Q -.#N*,3 θ0 (0) = 0
/13N' θ 00 (0) = 0.
$ *,+)*,39-.$k/1-.$=3 e


R(? S(?  5*#A/`Uc*

(2µ+1)α−2µβ



¡ ¢00 ¡ ¢0 ³ ´³ ´ ³ ´
(? R(? 
(1−µ) 2µ+1 2µ αγ−β 2µ+1 2µ
f 2 gθ0 + α tg 2 θ = 2gg 0 β − α θ− (2µ+1)α−2µβ + g 2 θ0 β − α + 
³ ´ 
1 1
+(1 − µ) (f g 0 + tf 0 g 0 + tf g 00 ) β − α

1/ 3N' *,UT/1< d /1-.$=3 e -.#N*6+)*8% d <=- /1- t = 0

eT$=Uc*8% θ 000 (0) = 0
? $ ]*L+0*L3-.$k/1-.$=3 e R(? S(?  b/ %0*8B,243A' -.$=GH*h/13N'




*,UT/1< d /1-.$=3 e /1- t = 0 eT$=Uc*8%

µ ¶
2 (4) 00 1 1
f gθ = 2 (1 − µ) f g − >0
β α
%.$=3NB8* α<β
/13N' g 00 (0) < 0
Kg+)24G 
T? S(? R L?_ # d %KM24+

t>0
% d B,$&*,39-.< ; B,<&2T%)*!-)2 I`*,+)2 Q

Rt Q
θ(4) (τ )dτ = θ 000 (t) > 0
QN/13N'
0
R t 000
θ (τ )dτ = θ 00 (t) > 0
0
Rt
0 θ00 (τ )dτ = θ 0 (t) > 0.

2V5 9: ; R(? S(?  ,Q θ(0) > γ Q]/13N'h-.#N*@2 : %)*,+.UT/1-.$&243N%Gb/4' *@$=3
*8B,-.$&243 R(? R(Q g0 $&%$=3 $=-.$k/1<=< ; 3N*,ec/1-.$=UW* KM24+



% d B,$&,* 39-.< ; %.Gb/1<=< t > 0 ?

2µ+1

 ; B82439-.$=3 d $=- ; 21K -.#N*J$=3 $=-.$k/1<A'N/1-0/(Qc$^K θ(0) $&% d %.-_<&*8%)% -.#A/13 αγ−β QW-.#N*,3 θ0 (t) : *8B824GH*8%i7 2T%.$=-.$=UW*
/1-%.Gb/1<=< t /13N' : *LKg24+0* g0 : *8B824GH*8% 0.
(2µ+1)α−2µβ

3
 
 )
(   

 - / I  - / - *   &4-  ' " % / &,' 78- {0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1} % " / - (x, y)  #" - 5#"$  - /
5 ;,+
+S& + 
#"  S  -  %&
 % "0/ 78-  / % - 32  - " &('& - / & : I, 78-& <-8* / % - 32 * #"0/. % " % " / -  % " -(& y = 0 #" 
 " / - *    -  - "$/ D : S #"  S % " I * #"0/. % " & * #"0/ % " ' ' 
 % " % " x = 0 #"  x = 1.
S − +

y = 1.  - + −

5 ;,+8+
 /4%0*8' 243O-.#N*!7 +)2921K$=3  2 E? @ ; %)*,-.-.$=3 e

  -)2 : *-.#N*ZB,<&2T% d +)* 21KF-.#N*ZB824G 7 243N*,39-21K S −
 M
-.#A/1-B82439-0/1$=3N%-.#N*<=$=3N* y = 0, N
)- 2 : *ZB824G 7 243N*,39-21K I − M -.#A/1-B82439-0/1$=3N%-.#N*!<=$=3N* y = 1 QN/13N' ∆
-)2
: *!-.#N*!$^3-)*,+)%)*8B,-.$&243>21K M
5$=-.#O-.#N* : 2 d 3N'N/1+ ; 21K N Q 5*Z/1$=G -)2H%.#N2V5 -.#N*KM24<=<&2V5$=3 e / : 2 d - ∆ l

• ∆
$&%JB,<&2T%0*8'
• ∆
B82439-0/1$=3N%/ 7 24$=39-243O<=$=3N*8% x=0
/13N' x=1
• ∆⊂D
• ∆
$&%JB8243 3N*8B,-)*8']?
 ; B8243N%.-.+ d B,-.$&243 ∆ = M ∩ ∂N, -.#N*@$=39-)*,+)%)*8B,-.$&243 21K-52OB,<&2T%)*8' %)*,-)%`QmB82439-0/1$=3N% *LjN/4B,-.< ; -.#N*@7 24$=39-)% 243
x=0
/13N' x = 1 -.#A/1- /1+)*@K d +.-.#N*8%.- /`5/ ; K +024G y = 0 $=3 M ?H d +.-.#N*,+`Q\$^K P ∈ ∆, -.#N*,3 P ∈ M /13N'
-.#N*,+)* /1+)*7 24$=39-)%B,<&2T%)*-)2 P $=3 S − ; /1<&%02 P ∈ ∂N /13N' -.#N*,+)*Z/1+)*!7 24$=39-)%JB,<&2T%0*-)2 P -.#A/1-/1+)*!3N24-$=3 S − .

9$=3NB8* S + /13N' S − /1+)*247 *,3 %)*,-)%`Qc$^K P ∈ S + 24+ P ∈ S − -)#N*,3 3N*`/1+ :9; 7 24$=3-)%"G d %.-/1<&%)2 : *$=3 S + 24+ S − ,
5# $&B0#O$&%JB,<&*`/1+.< ; /@B82439-.+ /4'($&BL-)$=2T3m?243N%)*  d *,3-.< ; Q ∆ <=$&*8%J$=3 D, -.#N*ZB824G 7 <&*,GH*,39-21K S + /13N' S − .
E K ∆ $=%J3N24-B8243 3N*8B,-)*8'O-.#N*,3 ∆ = H ∪ K, 5#N*,+)* H, K /1+)*!G d - d /1<=< ; %)*,7A/1+0/1-)*8']QAB,<&2T%)*8'O%)*,-)%`?i
d 7 7 2T%0*
-.#A/1- H /13N' K /1+)*Z%)24GH*!7 2T%.$=-.$=Uc*!'($&%.-0/13NB8*TQ δ, /`5/ ; K +)24G *`/4B0#624-.#N*,+`?
1

K
H δ

0 1

F$=e d +)* (l"

*,-)%J /13N'
%)*,7A/1+0/1-)*8' :9; '($&%.-0/13NB8*Z' *,<=-0/

*,-.-.$=3 e ' 2V53 /HeT+.$&'>21KiB,<&2T%)*8'>% d /1+)*8%21K <&*,3 eT-.# √δ ,
B8243N%.$&' *,+ d %.--.#A2T%)* % d /1+0*,%5# $&B0#h$=39-)*,+)%)*8B,-
2
K.


 K

F$=e d +)*!PNl"+.$&'O21KB,<&2T%)*8'O% d /1+)*8%

 #N* : 2 d 3N'N/1+ ; 21K-.#A* d 3N$=243h21K_-.#N* % d /1+)*8%B`/13 : *Z*Lj(7 +)*8%)%)*8'>/4%/ N3 $=-)*Z3 d G : *,+21K %.$=G 7 <&* B,<&2T%)*8'
(B

B d +.Uc*8%`?![m*,- Q0 : *@% d B0# / B d +.UW* 7 $&B .c*8'hB,<&2T%)*8%)--)2 / 7 24$=39- A ∈ H, 5# $&B0# :9; B842 3N%)-.+ d B,-.$&243 $& % '($&%
D24$=39-
Kg+)24G : 24-.# H /13N' K.

K
A
H

Q0

F$=e d +)*2(l" d +.Uc* $&%J'($&%

.24$=39-K +)24G : 24-.#6 /13N'

EK R
&$ %243N*21Km-)#N*7 24$=39-)%243 Q0 B,<&2T%)*8%.-"-)2 A, /13N' Q $&%"-.#N*B824G 7 243N*,39-21K Q0 ∩ I 5# $&B0# B82439-0/1$=3N% R,
-.#N*,3 Q %)*,7A/1+0/1-)*8% A ∈ H ⊂ ∆ K +)24G %)24GH* 7 42 $=39-`Q % / ; B, $=3 I, 5#N*,+)* B ∈ K ⊂ ∆ <=$&*8%$=3h-.#N* % d /1+)*
B824+.+)*8%.7 243N'($=3 e -)2 R.

RTS
 K
A
R
H
B
Q = Q0

F$=e d +)* (l"

9$=G 7 <&*ZB d +.Uc* %)*,7A/1+0/1-)*8%  K +)24G 

*8B`/1<=<=$=3 e -.#A/1- ∆ = M ∪ ∂N, : 24-.# 21K"-.#N* +)*,eT$&243N%Z%)*,7A/1+0/1-)*8' :9; Q B82439-0/1$=3 7 24$=39-)%!$=3 M /13N' N.
EK Q ∩ M = ∅, -.#N*,3 M = M ∪ M , 5#N*,+)* M ∩ M = ∅ /13N' M ∩ M = ∅, M /H+)*,eT$&243a$=3N%.$&' * 21K
1 2 1 2 1 2 1

Q
Q 1
/ N
3 ' M2
H
/ )
+ ,
* T
e &
$ 4
2 a
3 2 d )
- .
% &
$ ' * 1
2 K Q.

 ,
* N
3 8
B T
* Q M1
1
/ N
3 ' M2
1
/ )
+ * 8
B 4
2 9
3 0
- 1
/ =
$ N
3 8
* h
' =
$ h
3 8
* 4
/ 0
B a
# 1
2
K .
- #N* B824G 7 <&*,GH*,39-0/1+ ;
' 24Gb/1$=3N%21K Q, /ZB82439-.+0/4'($&B,-.$&2T3 -)2Z-.#N*/4%0% d G 7 -.$&243 -.#A/1- M $&%iB8243 3N*8B,-)*8']?"
9$=G $=<k/1+.< ; Q9$^K Q ∩ N = ∅, -.#N*,3
N = N 1 ∪ N2 ,
-.#N* d 3 $&243 21K"-52 G d - d /1<=< ; %)*,7A/1+0/1-)*8' %)*,-)%VQ *`/4B0# 21K"5# $&B0# $&%B82439- /1$^3A*,' $=3a-.#N*@+)*,eT$&243
$=3N%.$&' *Z24+2 d -)%.$&' *Z21K Q.  % : *LKM24+)*TQ -.# $&%JB8243-.+0/4'($&B,-)%-.#N*Z/4%0% d G 7 -.$&243O-.#A/1- N $&%JB8243 3N*8B,-)*8']?
#N*,+)*LKM24+)*TQ Q ∩ M 6= ∅ /13N' Q ∩ N 6= ∅, $=G 7 < ; $=3 eb-.#A/1-J5*ZB`/13 N3N'O7 24$=39-)% P ∈ M /13N' P ∈ N
B
M N
5# $&B0#h/1+)* 243 Q. EK5*KM24<=<&2V5 /1<&243 e Q Kg+)24G P -)2 P 5*!5$=<=<\+)*`/4B0# P ∈ Q, 243N* 21K_-.#N*Z<k/4%.-J7 24$=39-)%
N M
$=3O-.#N*!B,<&2T% d +)*Z21K N ?
N

PN
H PN

PM Q

F$=e d +)* l__j$&%.-)*,3NB8* 21KF7 24$=39-)%243 

R2
  ; B8243N%.-.+ d ,B -.$&243 21K%)*,-)% M /13N' N, P ∈ ∂N ∪ M = ∆ $=G 7 < ; =$ 3 e -.#A/1- ∆ ∩ Q 6= ∅, /1<=-.#N2 d eT# $=-
5/4%J/4%)% d GH*8' 7 .+ $&24+-.#A/1- Q $&%'($&%
.24$=39-"Kg+)24G : 24-.# H /13N' K, /13N' -.# d %gK +)24G ∆ ?_*,3NB8* ∆ $&%B,243N3N*8BL-0*,'m?
N

RTR
   *"  

/97L7L
 I > 0 Q / - " / - & # ' / % #" (f, g) -:9#%& / & #" [0, ∞) ,  % / f ≤ 0, g ≤ 0, θ ≤ 0, #"$ % "
4 * / I = ∞ ?  & TQ J = ∞ ?5 A = {(µ, θ(0)) : I > 0} , / - " A %&  - " % " C #"$
"$#"  -  /12T? "  -8- TQ
0 0 0

%
α (γ + 1) − β
µ≤
α (3γ − 2) − β
-.#N*,3 (µ, θ(0)) ∈ A
?
5 ;,+8+
 f K
T
$&% N3 $=-)*!-)#N*,3 :9; ' * N3 $=-.$&243 R(?(?  LQ
B 6B


f (T ) = 0,
# d %Kg+)24G 
R(? S(? R "5*!#A/`UW*


Z T
αf 2 0
f (T ) = (g − (3µ − 1) f ) dt.
g 0
2V5*,UW*,+`QN%.$=3NB8* f
$&%J' *8B,+)*`/4%.$=3 eNQ
lim inf f 0 (t) ≤ 0,
t→T
Kg+)24G 5# $&B0# R(?(? R "eT$=Uc*8%



Z T
I= (g − (3µ − 1) f ) dt ≤ 0.
0
#N*,+)*LKM24+)* :9; -.#N*B82439-.+0/17 2T%.$=-.$=Uc*4Q($^K\5*/4%)% d H
G * I > 0,
-.#N*,3 T =∞
/13N' %)2 f (t) > 0
Kg24+/1<=< t ∈ [0, ∞) .

9$=3NB8* θ = f $&% : 2 d 3N' *8']QN-.#N*,3 g(t) > 0 Kg24+ t =$ 3 [0, ∞) .
-/1<&%)2@G d %.- : *!-.+ d *!-.#A/1-
g

lim (g(t) − (3µ − 1) f (t)) > 0. 

(? PN?  

t→∞
-.#N*,+.5$&%)*Z$^K

lim (g(t) − (3µ − 1) f (t)) ≤ 0 

(? PN? R

t→∞
Q(-.#N*,3
f (t) 1
lim ≥ .
t→∞ g(t) 3µ − 1

R
/13N'O%)2
f (t)
> lim
f (t)
≥
1
.
KM24+ t ∈ [0, ∞).
g(t) t→∞ g(t) 3µ − 1
%)$=3NB8* f $&%J' *8B,+)*`/4%.$=3 eN?i # $&%J$=G 7 <=$&*8%J-.#A/1-
g
Z t
(g − (3µ − 1) f ) ds < 0
0
KM24+/1<=< t ∈ [0, ∞) , 5# $&B0#>B82439-.+0/4'($&B,-)%2 d +/4%)% d G 7 -.$&243O-.#A/1- I > 0.
 <&%)2 QKM24+/1<=< t ∈ [0, ∞) 5*!#A/`UW*!-.#A/1-

(1 − µ)tf (t) ≥
Z t
(g − (3µ − 1) f ) ds 
(? PN?

%.$=3NB8*  ; (? PN? 
0

f0 ≤ 0. 
Z t
(g − (3µ − 1) f ) ds > 0
KM24+ t % d B,$&*,39-.< ; <k/1+.eW*TQ /13N'O%)2
0

K
f (t) ≥ ,
t
KM24+/@B8243N%.-0/139- K > 0.
# $&%J$=G 7 <=$&*8%J-.#A/1-
Z ∞
f dt = ∞

/13N' :9; θ= f
≤ M,
5#N*,+)* M >0
g
Z ∞ Z ∞
1
gdt ≥ f dt = ∞.
M
243N%)*  d *,39-.< ; QN5* N3N' -.#A/1-
<B
= ∞.
I¶
-.#N*,+.5$&%)*TQN$^K 0<I<∞
Q(-.#N*,3
Z ∞ µ Z T∗ µ ¶ Z ∞ µ ¶
g g g
I= f − (3µ − 1) dt = f − (3µ − 1) dt + f − (3µ − 1) dt < ∞
f f f
KM24+ % d B0# -.#A/1-
0 0 T∗

0 ≤ T∗ < ∞
Z T∗ µ ¶
g
f − (3µ − 1) dt ≤ 0
0 f
/13N'
µ ¶
f
g
− (3µ − 1) > 0,
KM24+ t > T ∗.
f
# d %
Z ∞ µ ¶ Z ∞
g
f − (3µ − 1) dt > Kdt = ∞,
f
KM24+J%)24GH*ZB8243N%.-0/139- /@B82439-.+0/4'($&B,-.$&243>-)2 N3 $=-)*T?i #N*,+)*LKg24+)*TQ
T∗ T∗
B
K > 0, I I = ∞.

R1P
 N+)24G / : 2VUc* I>0
$=G 7 <=$&*8%-.#A/1- T = ∞,f >0 g>0
/13N' %02 /13N' KM24+/1<=< t ∈ [0, ∞).
*8B8/1<=< R(? S(? Ll



Z t µ ¶
f2 0 g 3µ
β g + (1 − µ)tg = γ g− f ds.
g 0 f γ

9$=3NB8* θ
$&% : 2 d 3N' *8'
¯ 2 ¯ ³¡ ¢0 ´
¯ f 0¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ g ¯ ≤ ¯M f g 0 ¯ ≤ ¯M 2 gg 0 ¯ = O g 2 .
¯g ¯
#N*,+)*LKM24+)*TQ -.#N*,+)* *Lj$&%.-)%/ %)*  d *,3NB8* {tn }
% d B0#O-.#A/1-
f2 0
g (tn ) → 0,
/4% t → ∞. 
(? PN? P
n
g

2V5 $=-/1<&%02@G d %.- : *!-.#A/1- ³
limt→∞ g(t) − 3µ f (t)
´
>0
fKF3N24-`Q -.#N*,3 KM24+/1<=< t < ∞,
γ

f (t) f (t) γ
> lim ≥
g(t) t→∞ g(t) 3 mu
/13N'O%)2 KM24+/1<=< t,
Z t µ ¶
g 3µ
γ g− f ds < 0
f γ
$=G 7 < ; $=3 e :9; R(? S(? "-.#A/1-
0



f2 0
β g + (1 − µ)tg < 0
g
KM24+/1<=< t < ∞,
/@B82439-.+0/4'($&B,-.$&243>-)2 -.#N*Z/4%0% d G 7 -.$&243O-.#A/1- (? PN? P "#N24<&' %/13N'


g>0
? *,3NB8*!5*!#A/`UW*
γ
lim θ(t) <
t→∞ 3µ
/13N'6/4%J' 243A* / : 2VUW*KM24+ I,
Z ∞ µ ¶
g 3µ
J= γ g− f dt = ∞.
0 f γ

- *3N2V5 5$=<=<m7 +)2VUc*-.#A/1-J-.#N*Z%)*,-

A = {(µ, θ(0)) : I > 0}

$&% 247 *,3m? E K5* A# /VUW*O/h%)24< d -.$&243 f % d B0# .- #A/1- f0 (T0 ) = 0,

0% 2h-.#A/1- (µ , θ (0)) ∈/ A, /13N'$^K5*O/1<&%)2
0 0 0
B8243N%.$&' *,+ /O)% *  d *,N3 B8* {(µ , θ (0))} -)*,3N'($=3 >
e -)2 (µ , θ (0)) ,

5 =
$ .
- # )
% 4
2 < d .
- &
$ 4
2 3N% f % d 0B # .- #A/1- f (T ) = 0,
n n 0 0 n n n
-.#N*,3
lim inf Tn ≥ T0.
n→∞
# $&%!#N24<&' % : 8* B`/ d )% * f > 0 Kg24+ /1<=< t < T , /13N' %)2 5# $=<&* %024< d -.$&243N% fn
/1+)* B,<&2T%)*@-02 f0
KM24+ t < T 0 , fn
0 0
B`/13 3N24-'($&%0/17 7 `* /1+ : L* KM24+)* f ' 29*8%/4% n → ∞.
0

R52
 243N%0*  d *,39-.< ; Qc$^K (µ , θ (0)) ∈ A 5$=-.#bB824+.+)*8%.7 243A'($=3 e %)24< d -.$&243 (f , g ), -.#N*,3 /3N*`/1+ :9; %024< d -.$&243mQ9%0/ ;
0 0 0 0

(f, g),
G d .
% 
- ,
* ^
$ )
- N
# ,
* + : Z
* =
$ 3 A
1
/ N
3 >
' )
% 2 A
&
$ 
%
4
2 7 ,
* 3 J 4
2 J
+ 
5 =
$ =
< F
< 1
/ 
- &
< `
* 4
/ .
% 
- A
# `
/ c
U
 !
* -.#N* : *,#A/`U$&24+-.#A/1- (f, g) $&%B,<&2T%)*
-)2 (f , g ) $=3 [0, Te], 5#N*,+)* f (Te) = 0.  ; (? PN?  "5*!#A/`Uc*-.#A/1- 

0 0

1
lim θ0 (t) <
t→∞ 3µ − 1
: d -$^K (f , g ) $&%B,<&2T%)**,3N2 d eT#@-)2 (f, g)
V2 Uc*,+ [0, Te]
(j $&%.-)%_/ N3 $=-)*U4/1< d *
-.#N*,+)** .B
T ∗,
% d B0# -)#A/1- θ0 (T ∗ ) <
0 0
1
,

5 # &
$ 0
B O
# $=G 7 <=$&*8%J-.# /1- θ(T ∗ ) < 1
.

2V5 θ
GH243N24-)243N*Z$=G 7 <=$&*8%J-.#A/1-
3µ−1 3µ−1

1
lim θ(t) < θ(T ∗ ) < .
t→∞ 3µ − 1
#N*,3 T∗
B`/13 : *!B0#N2T%0*,36%)2@-.#A/1-
Z T∗
(g0 − (3µ − 1)f0 ) dt > 0,
/13N' Z T∗
(g − (3µ − 1)f ) dt > 0,
0 0
/13N'O%)2 I>0
/13N' (µ, θ(0)) ∈ A
?_ #N*,+)*LKM24+)*TQ A
$&%J247 *,3m?
[ /4%.-.< ; 5*H3N24-)*H-)#A/1- $^K θ(t) < 1 Kg24+ /1<=< t≥0
Q -.#N*,3 I =
Rt
(g − (3µ − 1)f ) ds > 0.
 d +.-.#N*,+
Kg+)24G R( ? T? R
3µ−1 0



αγ − β
θ(t) ≤ θ(0) <
(2µ + 1)α − 2µβ
KM24+/1<=< t ≥ 0.
EKF5*!B82 d <&' N3N'6/17 7 +)247 +.$k/1-)* B8243N'($=-.$&243N%%)2@-.#A/1-
B

αγ − β
≤
1
, 
(? PN?42

(2µ + 1) α − 2µβ 3µ − 1
$=-J52 d &< ' : *Z% d ,B $&*,39-KM24+7 +)2VU$=3 e I > 0.

# d %J$=3624+)' *,+ KM24+ (? PN?42 "-)2 : !


* -.+ d *TQ -.#N*,3


(αγ − β) (3µ − 1) ≤ (2µ + 1) α − 2µβ,

/13N'O%)2

µ≤
α(γ + 1) − β
. 
(? PN?

α(3γ − 2) − β
EK (? PN? "#N24<&' %`Q -.#N*,3 (µ, θ(0)) ∈ A.



- *Z/1<&%)2 3N24-)*!-.#A/1-J3N*,5 : 2 d 3N' (? PN? "Kg24+ 


µ
% /1-.$&% A*8%
4B

µ ¶
Gb/ j 1
,
1
<
α(γ + 1) − β
≤ 1. 
(? PN?  

3 2 (γ − 1) α(3γ − 1) + 2β

R
3N' *,+-.#N* /4%)% d G 7 -.$&243N% R(? T?  /13N' $^K$=3 7A/1+.-.$&B d <k/1+


γ> 5 Q(-.#N*,3O$=-J$&%JB,<&*`/1+J-.#A/1-
2
µ ¶
Gb/ j 1
,
1
=
1
<
α(γ + 1) − β
.
3 2 (γ − 1) 3 α(3γ − 1) + 2β
3O24+)' *,+J-)2@7 +)2 UW*
α(γ + 1) − β
≤ 1,
α(3γ − 1) + 2β
5*!3N*8*8'O243 < ; %.#N2V5 -.#A/1-

α(γ + 1) − β ≤ α(3γ − 1) + 2β,

5# $&B0#>/1ec/1$=36#N24<&' % d 3N' *,+ R(? T?  L? #N*!+)*,Gb/1$=3 $=3 e B`/4%)*!21K



3
<γ≤ 5 $&%J%.$=G $=<k/1+`?
2 2

R
   *"  

/97L7L   A 6= C
5  - *5$=<=<m7 +)2VUc*!-.#A/1-J-.#N*,+)*Z*Lj$&%)-)%
;,+8+
/
(µ, θ(0)) ∈ C
-.#A/1-J$&%3N24-J$=3 A.
- *3N24-)*!-.#A/1-J5#N*,3 µ=1
-.#N*!<&*LKg-DCf#A/13N'O%.$&' *Z21K R(? S(? R : *8B824GH*8% 


Z t
f2 0
f = (g − (3µ − 1)f ) ds
g 0
/13N'O%.$=3NB8* f0 ≤ 0
Kg24+/1<^< t Kg24+J5# $&B0#O-.#N*Z%)24< d -.$&2436*Lj($&%.-)%`Q(-.#N*,3
Z t
(g − (3µ − 1)f ) ds ≤ 0.
0
# d % I≤0
/13N'O%)2 (µ, θ(0)) ∈
/A
d %.$=3 e / +)*8% d <=-K +)24G -.#N*!7 +)2921K_21K W\R/ (? fKF5*Z% d 7 7 2T%)* I = 0,

(?42(? 
Z T Z T µ ¶
g 
(g − (3µ − 1)f ) ds = f − (3µ − 1) ds = 0, 
0 0 f
-.#N*,36%.$=3NB8* g $&%J$^3ABL+0*8/4%)$=3 eNQ
f
Z t
(g − (3µ − 1)f ) ds < 0 
(?42(? R

- *Z/1<&%02@3N24-.$&B8*!K +)24G R(? S(? 5$=-.#

0
KM24+ t %.Gb/1<=<\*,3N2 d eT#mQ 0 < t < T. 

µ = 1,
Z t µ ¶
f2 g 3µf
β g0 = γ g− ds
g 0 f γ
/13N'O%.$=3NB8* g0 ≤ 0 Kg24+/4%J<&243 e /4%-.#N*Z%)24< d -.$&2436B82439-.$=3 d *8%-)2 *Lj($&%.-`Q(-.#N*,3 J ≤ 0.
2V5*,Uc*,+`Q(5*ZB`/136*Lj(7 +)*8%)%
RT ³ ´ RT ³ ´
3µf 3µf
J= 0 γ fg g − γ ds = 0 γ fg g − γ − (3µ − 1)f + (3µ − 1)f ds

RT RT ³ ´
3µ
= 0 γ fg (g − (3µ − 1)f ) ds + 0 γ fg (3µ − 1) − γ f ds

= J1 + J2 .
- *3N24-.$&B8*!5#N*,3 µ = 1,
-.#N*!$=39-)*,eT+0/13N'621K J2
$&%
µ ¶
3µ 3
(3µ − 1) − = 2− >0
γ γ
%.$=3NB8* γ > 23 ,
/13N' B8243N%0*  d *,39-.< ; J2 > 0.

R53
 A24+ J1
5*!B`/13O$=39-)*,eT+0/1-)* :9; 7A/1+.-)%J-)2@eW*,-
RT
J1 = 0 γ fg (g − (3µ − 1)f ) ds

¡R s ¢¯¯T R T ³ ´0 ¡R s ¢
= γ fg 0 (g − (3µ − 1)f ) dτ ¯ − 0 γ fg 0 (g − (3µ − 1)f ) dτ ds
0

RT ³ ´0 ¡R ¢
g s
=− 0 γ f 0 (g − (3µ − 1)f ) dτ ds
9: ; ( ?42(?  L?i ; g > 0 /13N' (?42(? R LQ J > 0 5# $&B0#6$=G 7 <=$&*8%J-.#A/1- J > 0. # $&%B82439-.+0/4'($&B,-)%-.#A/1-/ : 2VUc*!5*




1
KM2 d 3N' J ≤ 0.
f

#N*,+)*LKM24+)*TQN$=-G d %.- : *!-.#A/1- I < 0 5#N*,3 µ = 1, /13N'O%)2 :9; (R ? S(? R 



f2 0
α f < −K
g
KM24+J%)24GH*ZB8243N%.-0/139- K > 0.
# $&%$&%*  d $=UT/1<&*,39-J-)2@#A/`U$=3 e
µ ¶
g 1
f 0 < −K
f f
KM24+Z/ B8243N%.-0/139- K > 0.  % g /13N' 1 $=3NB,+)*`/4%0*4Q f0
$&%!$=3NB,+)*`/4%.$=3 eT< ; 3N*,ec/1-.$=UW*TQ]KM24+)B,$=3 e -.#N*H*Lj$&%.-0*L3AB,*H21K/
N3 $=-)*!7 24$=39- t∗ > 0 % d B0#O-.#A/1- f (t∗ ) = 0.
f f
B

R
 
*"  

/97L7L @ ;
% &  "0/ " #"$ #"6/ -   ' "$ 7 2   A Q / - " 4 7 / - *  7(78-& "$ % "
% % C
&  ' / % " (f, g) / -(78--:9%;& / &
" % / -  % "0/ t &(' * =/ / f ≤ 0, g ≤ 0, θ ≤ 0 , 7 t < t Q   %  -
(µ, θ(0))
0 0 0
0 0
f2 0 f2 0
f (t0 ) = 0, g(t0 ) = 0, g f (t0 ) = 0, g g (t0 ) = 0.

5 ;,+8+
 +)24G WN !XN$^K5*<&*,-
(µ, θ(0))
: *!243N*Z21K-.#N* N+)%.-7 24$=39-)%J$=3
/B
C
-.#A/1-J$&%3N24-J$=3 A,
-.#N*,3

I=
Z T
(g − (3µ − 1)f ) dt ≤ 0. 
(?(?  

0
243N%)*  d *,39-.< ; .- #N*!%024< d -.$&243 (f, g) B`/13 3N24-*Lj$&%.-KM24+/1<=< t ∈ [0, ∞) .
fKF3N24-`Q 5*!-0/ .c* f >0
KM24+/1<=< t /13N'
d %)*Z/@-)*8B0# 3 $  d ! * Kg+)24G*W\R!  -.#A/1-
¯ 2 ¯ ³¡ ¢0 ´
¯ f 0¯ ¯ ¯
¯ f ¯ ≤ ¯M f f 0 ¯ = O f 2
¯g ¯
GH*`/13N%J-.#N*,+)*Z*Lj($&%.-)%/@%)*  d *,3NB8* {tn }
% d B0# -.# /1-
f2 0
f (tn ) → 0,
/4% tn → ∞. 
(?(? R 

g
#N*,3
f2 0
0≤α f (tn ) + (1 − µ)tn f (tn ) ≤ I ≤ 0,
g
%)2 I = 0;
/13N' 5*!#A/`UW*
g(T ) − (3µ − 1)f (T ) = 0
%)2

f (t) f (T ) 1
> =
g(t) g(T ) 3µ − 1
KM24+/1<=< t < T.
 ; T? S(? R iKM24+/1<=<


t < T,
Z t
(g − (3µ − 1)f ) ds < 0
0
24+
f2 0
α f + (1 − µ)tf < 0.
g
*,3NB8*
µ ¶
−(1 − µ)t
0 g
f < ,
α f

TS
5# $&B0#mQiKg24+ µ 6= 1, : *8B824GH*8%HGH24+)*6/13N'GH24+)* 3N*,ec/1-.$=Uc*6/4% t /13N' g $=3NB,+)*`/4%)*TQ/aB82439-.+0/4'($&B,-.$&243 -)2a-.#N*
/4%)% d G 7 -.$&243>-.#A/1- f > 0 KM24+/1<=< t ? - #N*,3 µ = 1, 5*Z#A/`Uc*Kg+)24G W8\R/ Pb-.#A/1- f ' 29*8%3N24-*Lj($&%.-243h/1<=<
f

21K [0, ∞).

# $&%J7 +)2VUc*8%-.#N*,+)*Z*Lj($&%.-)% T = t < ∞, Kg24+J5# $&B0# f (t ) = 0 /13N'O%)2
0 0

I=
Z t0
(g − (3µ − 1)f ) ds ≤ 0. 
(?(? 

*Lj(-5*<&*,-
0

B = {(µ, θ(0)) : I < 0} ,

/13N' 5*!5/139-J-)2@7 +)2VUc*!-.#A/1- B

$&%J247 *,3m?

N +)24G WN !  $^K 5*#A/`UW*!/ %024< d -.$&243 f % d B0# -.#A/1- f (T ) = 0, %)2 -.#A/1- (µ , θ (0)) ∈ B, /13N' $^K 5*
0 0 0 0 0
/1<&%)2B8243N%.$&' *,+ /%)*  d *,3NB8* {(µ , θ (0))} -)*,3N'($=3 e-)2 (µ , θ (0)) , 5$=-.#@%)24< d -.$&243N% f % d B0# -.#A/1- f (T ) = 0,
n n 0 0 n n n
-.#N*,3O$=-JG d %.- : *!-.#A/1-
lim inf Tn ≥ T0 .
n→∞
EK 5*!B`/13O7 +)2VUc*-.#A/1-J$=3N' *8*8'
lim Tn = T0
n→∞
-.#N*,3
Z Tn Z T0
(gn − (3µ − 1) fn ) ds −→ (g0 − (3µ − 1) f0 ) ds < 0,
$=G 7 < ; $=3 H
e -.#A/1-J3N*`/1+ :9; %)24< d -.$&243N%/1+)* /1<&%)2@$=3 B.
0 0

d 7 7 T2 %0*JKM24+/ B82439-.+0/4'($&B,-.$&243 -.#A/1- T → T ∗ > T . - * .93N2V5ZQ9#N2V5*LUc*,+`Q-.#A/1- fn
/13N' f0
/1+)*B,<&2T%)*JKM24+
n 0

t<T ,
1
/ N
3 O
' .
% =
$ N
3 8
B * f
&
$ J
% ' 8
* ,
B )
+ `
* 4
/ .
% =
$ 3 N
e Q =
$ 3
f → 0 [T T ] .
0 n n 0, n

2V5 :9; R(? S(? R LQKM24+



t ∈ [T0 , Tn ]

Z t Z T0 Z t
f2
α n fn0 +(1−µ)tfn = (gn − (3µ − 1) fn ) ds = (g0 − (3µ − 1) f0 ) ds+ (gn − (3µ − 1) fn ) ds
gn 0 0 T0
/13N'O%)2
µ 2 Z t ¶0
fn 0
gn = α fn + (1 − µ)tfn + (3µ − 1) fn ds .
gn

9$=3NB8* -.#N*,3
T0

gn0 ≤ 0,
µ ¶0
f2
α n fn0 + (1 − µ)tfn +
Z t
(3µ − 1) fn ds ≤ 0. 
(?(? P

gn T0

2
 f0 fn
t
0 T0 Tn

F$=e d +)*3(l _<&24-2VUc*,+ JS(Q \3

9$=3NB8*
¯Z ¯ ¯Z ¯ ¯Z T n ¯ ¯Z ¯
¯ Tn
fn2 0 ¯¯ ¯¯ Tn fn ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ Tn µ f 2 ¶0 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯
¯ f ds = fn fn ds¯¯ ≤ θn (T0 ) ¯¯
0
fn fn ds¯¯ = θn (T0 ) ¯
0 n
ds¯ −→ 0
T0 g n n ¯ ¯ T0 g n T0 ¯ T0 2 ¯
-.#N*,3 KM24+ T0 ≤ t ≤ T n ,
Z t µ 2 Z s ¶
fn 0
α fn + (1 − µ)sfn + (3µ − 1) fn dτ ds −→ 0.
T0
gn T0

# d % :9; (?(? P LQ



Z s
f2
α n fn0 + (1 − µ)sfn + (3µ − 1) fn dτ −→ 0
gn T0
/1<=GH2T%.-*,Uc*,+ ; 5#N*,+)*Z$=3 [T0 , Tn ] ,
5# $&B0#6GH*8/13A%J-.#A/1-
Z t
gn ds → 0
T0
KM24+ t ∈ [T0 , Tn ] .
 %/ : 2VUW*!5*!5+.$=-)*
Z t Z T0 Z t Z T0
(gn − (3µ − 1) fn ) ds = (g0 − (3µ − 1) f0 ) ds+ (gn − (3µ − 1) fn ) ds → (g0 − (3µ − 1) f0 ) ds
0 0 T0 0

KM24+ t ∈ [T0 , Tn ] .

9$=3NB8* (µ0 , θ0 (0)) ∈ B, I0 =
R T0
(g0 − (3µ − 1) f0 ) ds < 0,
-.# $&%B82439-.+0/4'($&B,-)%
0
Z t
fn2 0
α f + (1 − µ)tfn = (gn − (3µ − 1) fn ) ds −→ 0,
gn n 0
KM24+ T0 ≤ t ≤ T n .
#N*,+)*LKg24+)*TQ limn→∞ Tn = T0
/13N'O%)2 B
$&%J247 *,3O$=3 C.

TR
  243N%0*  d *,39-.< ; Qc$^K (µ, θ(0)) $&% -)2 : *J243N*21K -.#A* N+)%.-i7 24$=39-)%"243
B
C
-.#A/1-i$&% 3N24-i$=3 A
QW-.#N*,3b5*/1<&%02!G d %.-
+)*8%.-.+.$&B,- (µ, θ(0)) ∈/ B. # d % :9; (? (? LQ (µ, θ(0)) $&%J% d B0# -.#A/1-



Z t0
I= (g − (3µ − 1) f ) ds = 0
0
/13N'O%)2
f2 0
α f (t0 ) + (1 − µ)t0 f (t0 ) = 0
g
$=G 7 < ; $=3 eH-.#A/1-
f2 0
α f (t0 ) = 0.
g
[m*,-.-.$=3 e :H * / )% *  d *,3NB8* 243 [0, ∞) -.#A/1- /17 7 )+ 2`j$=Gb/1-)*8% (f, g) 243
{(fn , gn )} [0, t0 )
5#N*,+)* f 0 ≤ 0, -.#N*,3
n

fn → 0
243 [t , ∞) , /13N' /4_% %.$=G $=<k/1+.< ; ' 42 3N*$=3@-.#N*7 +02c21K 21K B : *,$=3 eZ247 *,3mQ f 2
n
fn0 →0
1
/ =
< H
G T
2 .
% _
- *,Uc*,+ ; 5#N*,+)*
0
243 [t , ∞) .
2
g n

0
Z t Z t
f2
α n fn0 + (1 − µ)tfn + (3µ − 1) fn ds = gn ds −→ 0
gn t0 t0
/13N' -.#N*,3 gn → 0
243 [t0 , ∞) .

EKF5*!3N2V5 /4%0% d GH*

Z t0 µ ¶
g 3µ
J= γg − ds > 0,
0 f γ
-.#N*,3>/1- t0
µ ¶
g 3µ
g − >0
f γ
/13N'O%)2

γ
θ (t0 ) < .
3µ
# d %J-.#N*,+)*Z*Lj($&%.-)% T ∗ < t0
Q <k/1+.eW*Z*,3N2 d eT#>/13A' %)-.$=<=<mB,<&2T%)*Z*,3N2 d eT#O-)2 t0
QKM24+5# $&B0#
µ ¶
Z T∗
γg
g
−
3µ
ds > 0,
/13N'
0 f γ
Z T∗ µ ¶
gn 3µ
γgn − ds > 0.
0 fn γ
A24+ t ≥ T∗

gn (t) gn (T ∗ ) 3µ
≥ >
fn (t) fn (T )
∗ γ


/13N'O%)2
Z t µ ¶
gn 3µ
γgn − ds > 0.
fn γ
# d % :9; R(? S(? iKM24+
0

 t ∈ (t0 , ∞),
Z t µ ¶
f2 gn 3µ
β n gn0 + (1 − µ)tgn = γgn − ds > 0,
gn 0 fn γ
/ B82439-.+0/4'($&B,-.$&243h-)2b2 d ++)*8% d =< -)%JK +)24G / : V2 Uc*Z-.#A/1-
H gn → 0
/13N' gn0 ≤ 0.
#N*,+)*LKM24+)* J ≤ 0,
5# $&B0#6$=G 7 <=$&*8%
-.#A/1-KM24+ t < t , % d B,$&*,39-.< ; .% Gb/1<=<\*,3N2 d eTm# Q


0

(?(?42
Z t µ ¶
f2 g 3µ 
β g 0 + (1 − µ)tg = γg − ds < 0. 
g 0 f γ
3624+)' *,+-)2H7 +)2VUW* g(t ) = 0,
5* /4%0% d GH*!-.#A/1- g(t0 ) = g0 > 0
/13N'O#N247 *!KM24+/ B82439-.+0/4'($&B,-.$&243\? # d %
0
KM24+ t < t0

f2
α f 0 + (1 − µ)tf =
Z t
(g − (3µ − 1) f ) ds < I = 0, 
(?(?

g
/13N'O%)2
0

f2 0
α f + (1 − µ)tf < 0,
g
5# $&B0#O$=G 7 <=$&*8%-.#A/1-
µ ¶0
α
f2
< −(1 − µ)tg. 
(?(?  

2
 % t → t0 , g → g 0 ,
%)2@$^K5*$=39-)*,eT+0/1-)* : 24-.#>%.$&' *8%J21K (?(?  iKg+)24G 

t
-)2 t0 ,

f 2 > K(t0 − t),

KM24+7 2T%.$=-.$=Uc*!B8243N%.-0/139- K,
/13A' %02
1
f > K(t0 − t) 2
KM24+/13N24-.#N*,+B8243N%)-0/139- K > 0.

2V5 Kg+)24G (? (?  /13N' I = 0 QA/4%


t → t0

f2 0
α f + (1 − µ)tf ≤ K(t0 − t)
g
KM24+J%)24GH*ZB8243N%.-0/139- K > 0,
/13N'O%)2
f2 0
α f + (1 − µ)tf = O(t0 − t)
g
/4% t → t0
5# $&B0#6$^G 7N<^$&*8%-.#A/1-
f2 0
α f ∼ −(1 − µ)tf.
g

1P

9$=3NB8*
f2 0
g f ff0 limt→t0 f f 0
lim = lim = ,
t→t0 −(1 − µ)tf t→t0 −(1 − µ)tg −(1 − µ)t0 g0
-.#N*,3O$=-J$&%/1<&%)2@-.+ d *!-.#A/1-
f f 0 ∼ −(1 − µ)t0 g0 . 
(?(?43

 ' '($=-.$&243A/1<=< ; :9; $=39-)*,eT+0/1-.$=3 e d 7O-)2 t0

³ ´0
f2
2 f2
lim = lim
t→t0 −(1 − µ)t0 g0 t→t0 K(t0 − t)
KM24+/ 7 2T%.$=-.$=Uc*ZB8243N%.-0/139- K,
/13N' -.# d %
f 2 ∼ K(t0 − t) 
(?(?

/4% t → t0
?_A24+ t < t0
f2 0 f2
β g < β g 0 + (1 − µ)tg < 0,
g g
-.#N*,3
−Kg
g0 <
f2
KM24+J%)24GH* K > 0,
/13N'O%)2 :9; (?(?



−K
g0 <
t0 − t
KM24+/13N24-.#N*,+J7 2T%)$=-.$=UW*ZB8243N%.-0/139- K
?_39-)*,eT+0/1-.$=3 e : 24-.#6%.$&' *8% d 7O-)2 t0 ,
Z t0 Z t0
0 K
g ds < ds
t t s − t0
5* N3N' -.#A/1-
/B

g(t) − g0 > ∞
KM24+/1<=< t < t0
Q(5# $&B0#6$&%3N24-J7 2T%)%.$ : <&*T? #N*,+)*LKM24+)*!$=-JG d %.- : *!-.#A/1- g(t0 ) = 0.

- )+ *,Gb/1$=3N% -)2>%.#N2V5 -.#A/1- J = 0, 5# $&B0# 5$=<=< : * d %)*8' -)267 )+ 2VUc*H-.#A/1- f g0 (t ) = 0 ?- *H-.#N*,+)*LKg24+)* 2
0
% d 7 7 2T%)* J < 0, $=3624+)' *,+J-)2 eW*,-/ B82439-.+0/4'($&B,-.$&243m?" #A/1-J$&%Kg+)24G ( ?(?42 LQKM24+ t < t
g

 0
Z t µ ¶
f2 g 3µ
β g 0 + (1 − µ)tg = γg − ds < 0
g 0 f γ
/13N' KM24+ t → t0
2 2
β fg g 0 + (1 − µ)tg β fg
lim R ³ ´ → ,
t→t0 t
γg g
− 3µ
ds J
0 f γ

52
%)2@-.#A/1-
β
f2 0
g ∼J 
(?(? `S

g
/4% t → t0 .

2V5 d %)$=3 e -.#A/1- g $&%$=3NB,+)*`/4%.$=3 eNQ /4% t → t0
f
µZ ¶
g
(t0 − t) ≤
Z t0
g
ds = o
t0
g
ds . 
(?(?  

f t f t f2
#A/1-J$&%
R t0
<^$=G g
t f ds
=
<=$=G g
f
=
<=$=G
t→t0 R t0 g t→t0 g t→t0 f = f (t0 ) = 0.
t f 2 ds f2
%.$=3 e (?(? `S LQ($=-J$&%-.+ d *!-.#A/1-

 R t0 g
ds ³
R t0
g 0 ds,
#N*,3NB8* 21KF-.#N*Z%0/1GH*Z24+)' *,+`l
t f2 t
µZ t0 ¶ µZ t0 ¶
g 0
o ds =o g ds
t f2 t
/4% t → t0
d %.$=3 eH-.#A/1-
2
β fg g 0
lim →1
t→t0 J
/13N'O%)2 *  d /1<=< ;
2
−β fg g 0
lim → 1.
t→t0 −J
- #N*,3OB824G : $=3N*8'O5$=-.# (? (?  /13N'



µZ t0 ¶
0
o g ds = o(1),
-.# $&%JeT$=UW*8%
t

g
(t0 − t) = o(1). 
(?(? `R

f
# d %J5*!#A/`UW*!-.#A/1-
<=$=G g
f (t0 − t)
=0
t→t0
1
/13N'
<=$=G g
f
= 0,
t→t0 1

$=G 7 < ; $=3 e

(t0 −t)

µ ¶
g 1
=o
f (t0 − t)
/4% t → t0 .
N+)24G 
R(? S(? R 5$=-.#

t < t0 ,
Z t Z t0
f2 0
α f + (1 − µ)tf = (g − (3µ − 1) f ) ds < (g − (3µ − 1) f ) ds = I,
g 0 0


-.#N*,3
Z t0 Z t0 Z t0
f2
α f 0 +(1−µ)tf = (g − (3µ − 1) f ) ds− (g − (3µ − 1) f ) ds = − (g − (3µ − 1) f ) ds < 0.
g 0 t t

(?(?  

N+)24G 
R(? S(? 

µ ¶
f2
β g 0 + (1 − µ)tg =
Z t
γg
g
−
3µ
ds < J, 
(?(? ,P

g f γ
-.#N*,3O5*!#A/`UW*
0

β
f2 0
g + (1 − µ)tg ∼ J 
(?(?  2 

g
/4% t → t0 ,
/13N'O%)$=3NB8*
2 2
β fg g 0 + (1 − µ)tg β fg2 g 0 + (1 − µ)t
lim = lim J
,
t→t0 J t→t0
-.#N*,3 g

β
f2 0 J
g + (1 − µ)t ∼ . 
(?(?  

g 2 g

9$=G $=<k/1+.< ; '($=U$&'($=3 e (?(?  :9;



f
+)*8% d <=-)%$=3
f
α f 0 + (1 − µ)t =
1
Z t
(g − (3µ − 1) f ) ds, 
(?(?   

g f t0
5#N*,+)*
Rt
t0 (g − (3µ − 1) f ) ds
lim =0
t→t0 f
%.$=3NB8*
Z t0
1 g
gds ≤ (t0 − t) = o(1)
f f
/13N'
t

Z t0
3µ − 1
f ds = o(1)
f
/4% :9; (?(? `R L? # d %
t

t → t0 

³ ´
f2 0 0
g α ff − β gg
lim =1
t→t0 − Jg
:9; % d : -.+0/4B,-.$=3 e (?(?  "K +)24G



(?(?   LQ $=G 7 < ; $=3 e


µ 0 ¶
f2 f g0 J
α −β ∼− ,
g f g g
24+*  d $=UT/1<&*,39-.< ;
µ µ ¶¶0
f2 <&24e fα
∼−
J
> 0.
g gβ g


 #N*,+)*LKM24+)*-.#N*iK d 3NB,-.$&243 <&24e ³
fα
´ $&% $=3NB,+)*`/4%.$=3 eNQT5#N$=B0#@$=G 7 <=$&*8%-.#A/1- ³
fα
´0
> 0.
*,3NB8*iKM24+F%)24GH*7 2T%.$=-.$=UW*
B8243N%.-0/139- K
gβ gβ

fα
> K,
gβ
24+JGH24+)*Z%.$=G 7 < ;
f2 2β
> Kg α −1 . 
(?(?  3

g
 ; (?(? ,P /13N' (?(? `S





−β
f2 0
g ∼ −J, 
(?(? 

g
%)2@-.#A/1-
0 ≤ −g 0 < K
g

(?(? RTS

f2
KM24+/ 7 2T%.$=-.$=Uc*ZB8243N%.-0/139- K.
24G : $=3 $=3 e (?(?  3 /13N' (?(? RTS "5*!#A/`UW*





2β
−g 0 < Kg 1− α

5# $&B0#O$=G 7 <=$&*8%

2β
g α −1 g 0 > −K.
# d %
¯ 2β ¯
¯ α −1 0 ¯
¯g g ¯ < K.
39-)*,eT+0/1-.$=3 e d 7O-)2 t0
eT$=UW*8%
¯Z ³ ´0 ¯ Z ¯³ ¯
¯ t0 2β ¯ t0 ¯ 2β ´0 ¯
¯ g α ds¯¯ ≤ ¯ g α ¯ ds < K(t0 − t)
¯ ¯ ¯
t t
%)2@-.#A/1-
2β
g α < K(t0 − t)
24+
g < K(t0 − t) 2β .
α

(?(? R2 

Y d <=-.$=7 < ; $=3 e (?(?  :9;



g,
Z t
2 0
f f + (1 − µ)tf g = g (g − (3µ − 1) f ) ds
t0
5* N3N' -.#A/1-
/B

µ ¶0 Z õ Z ¶2 !0
t0 t
f3 1
³ (1 − µ)t0 f gds + gds .
3 t 2 t0

53

2V5 $=39-)*,eT+0/1-.$=3 eb-02 t0
5* N3N' d %.$=3 e (? (? R2
/B



µZ ¶2
f3
≤ (1 − µ)t0 f
Z t0
gds +
1 t0
g ds2
< K1 f (t0 − t) 2β
α
+1 α
+ K2 (t0 − t) β
+2

(?(? RTR

3 t 2 t
KM24+7 T2 %.$=-.$=Uc*!B8243N%.-0/139-)% K1
/13N' K2 .
EK
α α
+1 +2
K1 f (t0 − t) 2β > K2 (t0 − t) β ,
-.#N*,3 :9; (?(? RTR



α
f 3 ≤ Kf (t0 − t) 2β +1 ,
24+
f ≤ K (t0 − t) 4β
α
+ 12

(?(? R

KM24+J%)24GH*ZB8243N%.-0/139- K
? fK.Q(243O-.#N*Z24-.#N*,+J#A/13N']Q
α α
K2 (t0 − t) β +2 < K1 f (t0 − t) 2β +1 ,

-.#N*,3
α
+2
f 3 ≤ K (t0 − t) β
/13N' -.# d %
α
+ 23
f ≤ K (t0 − t) 3β
KM24+J%)24GH*ZB8243N%.-0/139- K.
- *!3N24-)*!-.#A/1-J$^K
³ α
´
+2
f = O (t0 − t) 3β 3

/4% t → t0 ,
-.#A*L36$=3N' *8*8' $=-%.-.$=<=<]$&%-.+ d *!-.#A/1- (?(? R "#N24<&' %/13N'O%)2



³ α
´
+1
f = O (t0 − t) 4β 2 .

# $&%J$&% : *8B`/ d %)* α+2β

> α+2β /13N' -.# d %
3β 4β

α+2β α+2β
(t0 − t) 3β < (t0 − t) 4β

KM24+ t B,<&2T%)*!-)2 t0 .
#N*,+)*LKg24+)*TQ KM24+J*,$=-.#N*,+B`/4%0*5*!#A/`UW*!-.#A/1-
α+2β
f ≤ K(t0 − t) 4β

/13N' Kg+)24G 
(?(?  2 iKg24+

t → t0 ,
f2 0
β g ∼J
g


 J − α+2β
2
< −K(t0 − t) 2β
f
/13N'O%)2
<&24e (g β )0 = β
g0 − α+2β
< −K(t0 − t) 2β .
g
 ; $=39-)*,eT+0/1-.$=3 e : 24-.#6%.$&' *8%
− α
2β
g < e−K(t0 −t)
%)2@-.#A/1-/4% t → t0
− α
2β
f ≤ M g < M e−K(t0 −t) .
2V5*,UW*,+`Q(Kg+)24G 
(?(?  "5*!#A/4' -.#A/1-


f2 0
α f + (1 − µ)tf < 0
g
g
αf 0 < −(1 − µ) t,
f
/13N'O%)2
f > K(t0 − t).
- *b#A/`Uc* />B82439-.+0/4'($&B,-.$&243 /13N' -.#N*,+)*LKM24+)*TQ_$=-@$&% 3N24-@7 2T%)%.$ : <&*bKM24+ J < 0,
/13N' -.# d % J = 0.

2V5 K +)24G

R(? S(? 

Z t0 µ ¶
f2 g 3µ
β g 0 (t0 ) = γg − dt = 0,
g 0 f γ
5*!#A/`UW*!-.#A/1-
f2 0
β g (t0 ) = 0.
g

PcS
  

(   & "  + 

%.$=3 e1    2(?43525*eT+0/17 #b%)24< d -.$&243N% (f, g)

-02 T? S(?  EC T? S(? P ,QT5# $&B0# /1+)*Kg2 d 3N' d %.$=3 e!-.#N*KM24<=<&2V5$=3 e





%.-)*,7N%`l

•
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