CM = Rs Charges for 650) kWh = Rell 1656 a ‘Total anual bill = Rs (440 + 656) = 10% = Rel 125 to Fquivalent fat rate = Re TT = Re 0 Feunple ©. The following two tariffs are offered (4) Rs 100 plus 15 paive per unit (P) A flat rate of 40 paise per unit 7 At what consumption is first tariff economical Solation Let che the number of units at which charges due to both tariffs become 104015. = O3r O1Se = 1) X= 100015 = 666-67 units or = Solution. Lete(> 400) be the number of units taken Per annum for which the annua] ‘o both tariffs become equal Annual charges due to first tariff = Rs30+0032) Annual char 's due to second tariff Rs [10-06 x 400) «(2 —. 400) x0.05] = RS(4+005 4 As the charges in both cases are ‘equal, 30+0034 = 44005, or = es 1300 kWh 0-05 6-03 Example 5.5. a ‘An electric supply company having @ maximum 18% 10" units per annum and the supply consume! annual expenses including capital charges ure. For fuel Fixed charges concerning generation Fixed charges concerning Rs 28 lakhs Mansmission = Rs 32 lakhs and distribution Assuming 90% of th Rs 28x 10° Rs 32x 10° RSO-1 90x 10° =Rs 9x 10° Rs (28 + 3249) 10"= Rs 69x 10° Scanned with CamScanner‘This cost has to be spread over the aggregate maximum demand of all the consumers i.e., 75 MW. Cost per KW of maximum demand " Rs, 92 2 charges, Cost of fuel (90% = RS 09x 90% 10° = Rs 8110" 854% of units generated = 085% 18 10"= 153% 107 kWh Units delivered to consumers ‘This cost is to be spread over the units delivered to the consumers, CoskWh = Ry SEL _ Re 9.053= 5.3 paise 15-3%10 iff is R892 per kW of maximum demand plus 5-3 paise per kWh. Esample 5.6. A generating station has a maximum demand of 75 MW and a yearly load factor of 40%. Generating costs inclusive of station capital costs are Rs. 60 per annum per kW demand plus 4 paise per AWh transmitted. The annual capital charges for transmission system are Rs 20,00,000 and for distribution system Rs 15,00,000 ; the respective diversity factors being 1-2 and 1.25. The efficiency of transmission system is 90% and that of the distribution system inclusive of substation losses is 85%. Find the yearly cost per kW demand and cost per kWh supplied : (i) at the substation (ii). at the consumers premises. Solution. Maximumdemand = 75MW=75,000kW Annual load factor = 40%=04 65) Cost at substation, The cost per kW of maximum demand is to be determined from the total annual fixed charges associated with the supply of energy at the substation. The cost per kWh shall be determined from the running charges (a) Annual fixed charges Generation cost = Rs 60X75 x 10°=Rs4-5 x 10° Transmission cost = Rs2x10° Total annual fixed charges at the substation = Rs (4-5+2)x10°=Rs65x 10° b rious substations ¢ station x Diversity factor he aggregate maximum demands by litted to substation is 4 paise. As the mitted, 0:9 kWh reaches the sub- Scanned with CamScanner122 per er KW maximum dem, Hence at substation, the cost is Ms 7222 per annum per emand, Py per kWh. \ > ‘4 iggy (ostat consuner premises, ‘The total annual fixed charges at consumer’, tdi a fen Sun of annual fixed charges at substation (ie, Rs 6-5 % 10°) and annual fixed charye for We RSLS 10°) Total annual fixed charges at consumer's premises . = R954 15) 10"= Ry 8x 10 ere} Seregate of maximum demands of all consumers, = May, demand on Substation x Diversity factoy hw = (9010) 1:25 = 1125 10 RW “Annual cost per kW of maximum demand a Be 112-510 As the distribution efficiency is 85%, therefore, for each kWh delivered from Substatio O85 AWh reaches the consumer's premises, Cost per kWh at consumer's premises = Costper kWh at substation _ 4-45 _ 23 pais | . 0-85 (OD Fe Hence at consumer's Premises, the cost is fs. 71-11 per annum per kW maximum lemand ply 23 paise per kWh. Example 5 Determine the load factor at which the cost of supplying a unit of e sel and froma steam station is the same ifthe annual fired and running charge Station Fixed charges Diesel Rs 300 per kW Steam Rs 1200 per kW 'Y Supplied in one year is 100 units ie., ectricity fray e8 Are as follows Running charges 25 paivenwh | 625 puiseA JOOKWh, Let be the load f Solution. Suppose en at which the cost of supplyi factor | & a unit of electricity i the same for diesel and steam station | Diese! Station, | 00 kWh | Avera er = OW or aKW | Average power = 0 AWH oor iany Maximum demand = 20114 yyy | Fixed charges = Rs 300 x 2:01 Running charges = Rs 100x025 = Fixed and running charges for 100 kWh 2 Sh (2 +25) _ Steam station, 0-014 13-68 Fined charges = Rs 1200 x 0-1 gy 13-68 Running charges = Rs 100x0.0625=Rs625 | Fixed and running charges for 100 kWh 7 +i) Scanned with CamScannerAs the two charges are same, therefore, equating exps, (i) and (i), we get. 342 495 = 13:68 4 6.25 L L or 10:20 _ gas * 1 = W261875=05472= 5472 TUTORIAL PROBLEMS 1. Aconsumer hay a maximum demand of 100 MW at 60% load factor, If the tariff is Rs 20. per kW of maximum demand plus 1 paise per kWh, find the overall cost per kWh {1.38 pase] 2. ‘The maximum demand of a consumer is 254 at 220 V and his total energy consumption is 9750 kWh. If energy is charged at the rate of 20 paise per kWh for 500 hours use of maximum demand plus $ paise per unit for all additional units, estimate his annual bill and the: equivalent flat rate. [Rs 900; 9-2 paise} 3. Aconsumer has an annual consumption of 2 < 10° units. The tariff is Rs 50 per kW of maximum demand plus 10 paise per kWh, (i) Find the annual bill and the overall cost per kWh if the load factor is 35% (i) What is the overall cost per kWh if the consumption were reduced | Ny 25% with the same load factor ? | Gi What isthe overall cost per KWh if the load factor were 25% with the same consumption asin (i)? | TEV RS 23.400 51-7 paise Gi) 1-7 paise Uli) 12-28 paise] | 4 Daily Toad of an industry is 200 KW for first one hour, 150 kW for next seven hours, 50 kW for next eight | houryand TW for remaining time, If tariff in force is Rs. 100 per KW of maximum demand per annum | plus $ paise per kWh, find the annual bill. [Rs 50,2583) A consumer requires one million units per year and his annual load factor is 50%, ‘The tariff in force is Rs, 120 per KW per annum plus 5 paise per unit consumed, Estimate the saving in his energy costs if he improves the load factor to 100%. IRs 13.692] 6. An industrial undertaking has a connected load of 100 KW, The maximum demand is SO kW. On an average, each machine works for 60 per cent time, Find the yearly expenditure on the electricity if the tariff is Rs 10,000 + Rs 1000 per KW of maximum demand per year + Re 1 per kWh. IRs 613600) Psample 5.8. Calculate annual bill ofa consumer whose maximum demand is 100KW, p.f lageing and load factor = 60%. The tariff used is Rs 75 per KVA of maximum demand plus per kWh consumed. Solution. 8 paise Units consumed/year = Max. demand x L.F.x Hours in a year (100) x (046) x (8760) kWh. 256% 10° kWh Max. demand inkVA. = 100/p.{.= 10008 = 125 Annual bill = Max. demand charges + Energy charges +R 0-15 X 5-256 10" RAS 2S 10 KW at O-8 pf. lagging with an annual Fmaximun demand plus 10 paise per unit. annual saving if p. . is raised 10 unity? Scanned with CamScannerbill = Demand charg — Rs 50x 300-4 Rs OD 50,000, Rs 15,0004 Rs 50002 Rs 20,000 " Rs 20,000 _ Rg 40 = 0) paise 50,000 When p£. israised to unity, the maximum demand in kVA 2401 = 240 Ry 50% 2404 RS 0:1 50,000 Rs 12,0004 Rs 5,000 Rs 17,000 Annual saving = Rs(20,000~ 17,000) = Bs A000 “The monthly readings of a consumer's meter are as follows : Maximum demand = 50 kW Energy consumed = 36,000 kWh Reactive ener 23,400 KVAR Uf the tariff is Rs 80 per AW of maximum demand plus 8 paise per unit plus 0-5 paise per Unit fog each 1% of power Jactor below 86%, calculate the monthly bill of the consumer. Solution. Flat rate/unit = " Annual bill Fxampte Average load SOW Average reactive power = 2340 32-SKVAR 4x3 le. Suppose 6 is the power factor angl tang = o= Powerfactor cos 4 0-65 or ; 36,000 Power factor surcharge = RTS 86 83.84) 0 Rs 388-8 RS(80%504008% 36,0004 3888) = RS(4000+ 28804 388, € ‘fin force is Rs 150 per AVA of m Consumed. Wthe load factor is 30, fu the overall y Seaton. Suppose the maximum demandis kVA, (When pf. is univ Monthly bill 'aximum demand i and 8 paise per unit Per unit at (i) unity pf. and nee Fand Gi) 0.7 p. 5 " 8760%0 3 = 8 paise = 5748 150 x 100 . RS ise 8760 0-30.x0.7 ~*!S pase = 8 paise B15 +8 10> Scanned with CamScanner97 hours a day for 300 Tariff ons of tariff are available for a factory working Fxample $12. Tivos in a year. voltage supply at S paise per unit plus Ry 4-50 per month per kVA of maximum working de (Hig demand. (id) Low-voltage supply at Rs S per month per AVA of maximum demand plus 5:5 paise per unit. The factory has an average load of 200 KW at OS p.f and a maximum demand of 250 kW at the high voltage equipment costs Rs SO per KVA and the losses ean be taken as 4% reciation charges are 12%, Calculate the difference in the annual costs between same pf. Th Interest and de} the two systems. Solution, () High voltage supply Max. demand inkVA = 250/08=3125 As the losses in /i.. equipment are 4%, therefore, capacity of fv. equipment 3125/0:96= 3255 kVA Capital investment on hv. equipment = Rs50x325-5=Rs 16,275 Annual interest and depreciation Rs 16,275 x0-12=Rs 1953 Annual charge due to maximum kVA demand Rs 325-5 x4-5x 12=Rs 17,577 Units consumed/year = Y= 5x 10° kWh Annual charge due to kWh consumption 05 x5 x 10° = Rs 25,000 Total annual cost = RS(1953+17,577+25,000) (i Low voltage supply. There is no loss of energy as no equipment Max.demand inkVA = 250/08=312:5 Annual charge due to maximum kVA demand = Rs3125x5x12=Rs 18,750 Units consumed/year = 200x8x300=48 x 10'kWh Annual charge due to kWh consumption Rs 0-055 x 48x 10'= Rs 26,400 18,750 + 26,400) = Rs 45,150 is used. 100 per kW. The annual interest and deprecia- stent. The cost of generation for the station re per kWh. 120 per KW maximum demand plus 3 paise much ? Scanned with CamScanner98 Solution, Principles of Pow, Br An onder to determine the cheaper alternative, we shall find the a annual COs in eae & (8) Purchasing diesel ser Capital cast of set RS AO 1000 Rs 400,000) Nnnoal interest ant depreciation on capital investment « = RSAOK OF sity of the tation is 2000 KW and the expected m Uheretine, extra power ta be generated is = 2500-2000 extra AW may, demand = RSS00%75=Rs 37,500 ‘extra AWh consumption = R8005%5:5% 10"= Rs 2,75,009 RS(40,000+37,500+2,75,000) = Rs3.52,500 Rs 40,000, The present ea BS 25004 imum demand af, 4 SOO KW) Annual change due Annual change due Total annual cost Purchasing trom grid supply Nonual charge due to extra kW max, demand = Rs500%120=Rs 60,000 sumption = R8003x55x 10" =Rs 1.65, = Rs(60.000+ 1,65,000) = "12.25.00 k. pany offers the follo Anoual charge due to extra kWh co Total annual cost ‘s cheaper by “4. A supply comp 4 "ffs for supply to a factory: () HN. supply at Rs 70 per kv Per annum plus 2 paise per kWh (0) LX. supply at Bs 65 per kVA per anu plus 4 paise per kWh, The cost of transformers and swin ‘hgears for HY, Hon losses are 2%. The annual fired , hharges on runs for 6 hours a day, find the ‘umber of days above y Hence alternative (iiy Example §, W alternate tar wept is RS 50 per AVA and fu tran v. sforma- {he capital cost of HV plang are 15%, If thy te factors hich the factory should pe ‘Tum so that the HN. supply is cheaper, Solution ea Factory load in kW * = No. of working days above which HY, supply is cheaper (TL. Supply. Assume the power itor ofthe load to be unity, Asthe transformation losses are 2%, * Rating of wansformer and switchgear= OOSkVA Rs. 71429 A) =RS7907 5 Rs 018369 Scanned with CamScanner| ae ‘Total annual charges of HLV. supply = Rs(79.07.1 40-1886.) od) (ii) LX. Supply Energy consumed per annum = 0% y*6=6.1y kWh Annual fixed charges of L. V. supply = Rs 65x Annual running charges of L. V. supply = Rs 0.04% 6.xy = Rs 0-24 xy Total annual charges of L. V. supply = Rs (65.04.0249) oo ii) ‘The two tarifls will give equa (and exp. (il), we g nual cost if the factory is tun for y days. ‘Therefore, equa ng exp. TOOT AFOTBIOAY = 65.04 0-24 0y or 14.074 = (057 xy 14-07 _ . 0-057 7247 days i.e. ifthe factory is run for more than 247 days, then H. V. supply will be cheaper. TUTORIAL PROBLEMS }, An industrial consumer has a maximum demand of 120 kW and maintains a load factor of 80%. The tariff in force is Rs. 60 per KVA of maximum demand plus 8 paise per unit. Ifthe average pf. is 08 laggin; calculate the total energy consumed per annum and the annual bill. {8.40.960 k'Vh ; Rs 76,2768) >. Accustomer is offered power at Rs 50 per annum per kVA of maximum demand plus 5 paise per unit. He proposes to install a motor to carry his estimated maximum demand of 300 b.h.p. (metric). The motor available has a power factor of 0-83 at ull load. How many units will be required at 30% load factor and ‘what will be the annual bill ? The motor efficiency is 90%. 1644307 : Rs 46,988.35 3. A factory has a maximum load of 300 kW at 0-72 pf. lagging with an annual consumption of 40,000 units. The tariff in force is Rs 4-5 per kVA of maximum demand plus 2 paise per unit. Calculate the flat rate of energy consumption, What will be the annual saving if p.. is raised to unity? [169 pulse : Rs $25] 4, The monthly readings of a consumer's meter are under ; Maximum demand = 60 kW Energy consumed = 24,000 kWh or React = 15,600 kKVAR Ifthe tariff is Rs 20 per kW of maximum demand plus 3 paise per unit plus 0-1 paise per unit for each 1% power factor below 85%, calculate the monthly bill of the consumer. IRs 1960-4] ‘Compare the annual cost of power supply to a factory having a maximum demand of 500 KW and a load factor of 40% by having the supply from = (i) the factory's own diesel generating plant (ii) public supply. With rey i it i isRs ‘ost of fuel ol is Rs 200 's and maintenance, interest and. staff are RS 15,000 per year. um demand plus 2:5 paise per kWh. can be taken as 3%, Interest and | ecks in a year, find working hours per | [55-42 hours/week] Scanned with CamScanner