PDF COMPILED BY SAAD PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS 1 Student Book‘bushes by Pearson Educaton Lnted 0 Stand, London, WC2A OFA. ‘we searsenglaseraas cam ‘Copies focal specication fora Parson quaicatons may be found on the ‘webate ie: quaiteatora pearson com “ext © Pearson Eaveaton Usted 2018 Ee by Ere ral Designed by © Poarson Education Lins 2018 ‘ype by © Tach-St Lc, Galea UK Crit iutations & Pearson Esveaton Lied 2018 ttuswstod by © Tech Set i, Gateshead, UK (Cone design by © Pearson Esato Lirited 2018, “The igs of Greg Alto, Jack Barelaugh ln Betton, Gordan Daves, eth Gailck, Dari Golo", Aisa Macpnerse, Anne MeAtoo, Bronwen Mora, 'SuNcholson, Dane Over, doe Pen, Kh Pledge, Cong Sn, Joe Sirakowsh, "Huy Sth. 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Mathematical argument, + Rigorous and con: nguage and proof sistent approach throughout + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols 2. Mathematical problem-solving + Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated into the main exercises + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies, inerpet est * Challenge questions provide extra stretch 3. Transferable skills te + Transferable skills are embedded throughout this book, in the exercises and in some examples The Mathematical Problem-Solving Cycle specify the problem } S calle infomation proces and J ent nformation + These skills are signposted to show students which skills they are using and developing Finding your way around the book Each chapter starts wth a lst ot Laaraing tjectves “Te Per koowledge check helps make Sure you are ready to start the chapter Glossary terms wil be Identtie by bola blue text, cn thei first appearance Ps Pyne FV NU aL) Each chapters mapped tothe pscifcaton conte for #25), ‘eterno “The real world applications of the maths you are about t learn Be highlgedat the stat of the chapterECO ACIS Serbysten worked | ‘amples fecus onthe oy typos of questions you't need to tackle Tanwteabe cue we signposted were ‘hey naturally occur inthe exercises and ‘exampies raise questions are caretly graded Sa thy increase in ificuty and gradually bring you up to exam standard Erscises are packed with exam-syle ‘Questions to ensure you are ready for tho exams Frebier-scking boxes provi hts] [Each ooclon boghe [chatonge bow give tos and statepes and atch out | [than explanation ou a chance to ecko Exam-style questions boxes hight areas wher students | [andy leamng pokes [Some more aiticut ate flagged with (@) _sften ose mars in hor exams uestons, Problem-solving questions are flagged chapter ene with Chapter ruin with ® and a Summary of key points [Atarovery ow crapters, a Revow exerts Rate ot ememsaieycartomntageam a os of exam -se questions Exam practice Mathematics International Advanced Subsidiary/ ‘Advanced Level Pure Mathematies 1 [Atul practice paper at the back of the book helps you prepare forthe rel thingPe UP UD PCs LCs} QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW Qualification and content overview Pure Mathematics 1 (P1) is a compulsory unit in the following qualifications: International Advanced Subsidiary in Mathematics International Advanced Subsidiary in Pure Mathematics International Advanced Level in Mathematics International Advanced Level in Pure Mathematics Assessment overview The following table gives an overview of the assessment for this unit. We recommend that you study this information closely to help ensure that you are fully prepared for this course and know exactly what to expect in the assessment. Co ee Pl: Pure Mathematics 1 335 9% of IAS 5 ‘Thour30mins | January, june and October Paper code wnann/or | 1624 WL Fist assessment January2019 IAS ~ International Advanced Subsidiary, AL ~ International Advanced A Level Assessment objectives and weightings aaa reson Recall, select and use their knowledge of mathematical facts, concepts and techniques ina ao variety of contexts. Construct rigorous mathematical arguments and proofs through use of precise statements, logical deduction and inference and by the manipulation of mathematical expressions, including the construction of extended arguments for handling substantial problems presented in unsteuctured form, Recall, select and use their knowledge of standard mathematical models to represent situations in the real world; recognise and understand given representations involving standard models; present and interpret results from such models in term ofthe original situation, including discussion of the assumptions made and refinement of such models CComprehend translations of common realistic contexts into mathematics use the results of. ‘204 | calculations to make predictions, o comment on the context; and, where appropriate, read 56 critically and comarehend longer mathematical arguments or examples of applications, Use contemporary calculator technology and ather permitted resources (such as formulae ‘805 | booklets or statistical tables) accurately and efficiently; understand when not to use such sm technology, and its limitations. Give answers to appropriate accuracy. 30% 10%Cee UTE WEES Wl ead Relationship of assessment objectives to units ene co Marks out of 5 30-35 25-30 515) 5-10 155 & 40-465 335-40 20 Say ee Calculators Students may use a calculator in assessments for these qualifications, Centres are responsible for making sure that calculators used by their students meet the requirements outlined below. Students are expected to have available a calculator with atleast the following keys: 4-2 4. »,In.x,e%, xf, sine, cosine and tangent and their inverses in degrees and decimals of a degree, and in radians; memory. Prohibitions Calculators with any of the following facilities are prohibited in all examinations: + databanks + retrieval of text or formulae + built-in symbolic algebra manipulations + symbolic differentiation and/or integration + language translators + communication with other machines or the internetune e@ Extra online content Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you. SolutionBank SolutionBank provides worked solutions for questions in the book. Download all the solutions as a PDF or quickly find the solution you need online. Use of technology Epler mor deta -dsalde Drees problems and consolidate your understanding, ‘graphically using technology. Use pre-made GeoGebra activities or Casio GeeGebra CASIO. GeoGebra-powered interactives Graphic calculator interactives B_[EXE]:Show coordinates Interact with the maths you are learning Explore the maths you are learning and gain using GeoGebra's easy-to-use tools confidence in using a graphic calculator Calculator tutorials Our helpful video tutorials will guide you through how to use tw.accessthe function press your calculator in the exams. They cover both Casio scientinc © pea = wen) G) e a \ and colour graphic calculators. ene ees eee eet EDD work out each coefficient quickly using Step-by-step guide with audio instructions thé, and power functions on your calculator, (on exactly which buttons to press and what should appear on your caleulator’s screeneel atid \ (eae SSS ie Lae ay linear, quadratic and sim and use the laws of indices Simplify and use the rules of surds Rationalise denominators Puen eed Simplify a duntn + Sinn —2men + mre ~ 3x2 7x12 + International GCSE Mathematics ~5x+2 power of 2: b 222 < @y ‘ International GCSE Mathematics Expand. a 3044) € 6(2x-5)) Write down the hi a 24and16 b © 4xy? and ‘+ International GCSE Mathematics Simplify. ‘€ International GCSE Mathematics ae 5 + pages 2-4 > pages 2-4 > pages 4-6 > pages 6-9 > pages 9-11 > pages 12-13 > pages 13-15, Computer scientists use indices to describe very large numbers. A quantum computer with 1000 qubits (quantum bits) can consider 23 values simultaneously. This is greater than the number of particles in the observable univCra) RTE aes L eS Index laws You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base. + axar=anen + ateaearn cp This isthe index, + (aysam — ‘ rs power or exponent. This is the base. Simplify these expressions: . ares bea eH dea eed f Greet 2x3xrPx es — =6 x P28 =6r cee (°F x 2a? = a® x 2a" = 2x ao xa? = 242 Witten ren tosnpty eines . ce (ams Expand these expressions and simplify iff possible: a -3x(Tx—4) b 3-29) © 4x3x-2x7 +53) d 2x(Sx + 3)-5QN +3)Mees Gey Cara ores ———=a b ya3 - 2 © 4xiSx~ 2x? + 5x9) = 12x" ~ 6x3 + 20x4 eee nteauats ———_ Eee) Oe + 6x= 105-15 Simplify these expressions: ¢ 20x74 Sx oe b a-tagye-1 SE aut view nn EXE) scorns 1 Simplify these expressions: a Sxxt b 2x3 3x2 a 4p? 3 e ae et t 03 2p ae g 10x5 2x? h(pypept i QaP2 20 j Spt sap? ke 2a x 35 Diab? , ” Tab* m 9x? x 302) 3x3 x 2a? x dy 0 Tat x Ga'? p yp +238 4 2a = 3a? x 6a 1 Bat x 2a xaCae PMs assy 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a 9(x-2) bx +9) © -3(4-3)) dx) e -xBx+5) f -sx4x +1) g (4x + 5)r h -3)(5 - 29°) i -2x(5x 4) i Gx-5)7 k 3x4 2)4+(@-7) 1 5x=6-@x=2) mA(c+3d2)- 3Qc+d2) on (PF 432+9)- QP +3P-4) 0 xx? = 2+ 5) Dp Ty°Q= Sy 394) @ -2y°6 = Ty +39) F x= 2) 4 Mx +4) Ge 2) 8 5y-3(4-2x) +6 tx -aG—4x)+7 uw Ax(e+3)-2xBx-7) v3 +1)-S¥Gr-4) 3 Simplify these fractions: a Gxt 10x 2x4? 2x g 882452 @®W expan To find the product of two expressions you multiply each term in one expression by each term in the other expression, Multiplying each of the 2 terms in the first expression by each of the: oF 3 terms in the second expression gives 2 x 3 = 6 terms. ~~ (4 x 2y +3) = dx —2y +3) + 54x 2p +3) = 4x? = axy + 3x4 20v=10y +15, Sx wx 2xy + 23x-10y-+ 15 —— Simplify your answer by collecting like terms. Example @) soereunon Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a (e+ 5+) b (v= 27 +1) © @-yF d (e+ y)Gx-2y-4) L a i+ xt 2) =x? +2x + 5x4 10 =x 47x10 b (x aye? + !Mees Gey Cara 2 ee (3x — 2y - 4) + y(3x- 2y- 4) x2 ~ Duy ~ Axe Bxy ~ 2p? ~ Ay x2 4 ay = Ax = 2y2 =~ Ay, Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a xx +3)x-7) b xGx-3y)@v-y +4) © (x Aiert Dirt 1) a xox + 3x7) (2x* + 3xilx 7) x? — 14x2 + 3x2 - 21x x? — tix? — 21 b x5x- 3yex-y +4) Sx = Buy lex = y+ 4) = 5x2 + 4)~ ~ x= 12) 20x + Yale + 1) - 12(a + 1) 24 x2— x2 — x= 128-12 EXE) wees 1. Expand and simplify if possible: a (+ 4x47) b (v= 3\r+2) © (= 27 @ = 2x43) © (vt 3y4x-) f£ Qx- 4x49) g Qx=3)(x-4) h (3x42 1 Qx+ 82x +3) Jj G+ )Qr+3y-5) k (= DGx=4y-5) 1 (e- 4x +5) m (xt 2y= Dx +3) nm Qxt2y 43x46) 0 (4-ydy-x+3) p Gy + 5)Gx-7 +2) @ (Sp= 2043-4) y= 25-9)Cae PMs assy 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a Sv + w= 4) Hx = 22x +5) © 3(r=3)-3) @ xe er+y) xQx+y)Bx+4) f y(x- Set) g Gx = 24x +2) JT = (2x5) 4 x(Qx + y)(Sx-2) 1 yGx42y-3)2x+ 1), =3) © 3x(v— 22+ 345) m xx +3 y- 5) 2x(Bx — Dax P(x 3)0r+ Ort ND) (x + x= 4) + 3) (x r= DOr= 5) 8 (x= 5)er-4)lx- 3) Qx+ DOe=DO# 1 Qx+3)Gx= DO +2) ¥ Bx-2)2x+ Gx-2) (e+ == x Qx-3y) © 3 The diagram shows a rectangle with a square cut out. TESS ‘The rectangle has length 3x — y + 4.and width x +7. “The square has side length x —2. Use the same strategy as you would use Find an expanded and simplified expression PES eae Sie eee a ei for the area shaded green. [a | sem osm Baye b e h i xiv + 2004 3p-4) k yQx+y- Dirt 5) q t A cuboid has dimensions (x + 2)em, (2x — Lem and (2x + 3)em. Show that the volume of the cuboid is (4x* + 12x° + 5x-6)em’. Given that (2x + 5y)Bx- yQx + y) = ax + bxty + oxy? + db where a, b, ¢ and d are constants, find the values of a, b, ¢ and d. (marks) Crs Expand and simplify (x +))*, ©) Factorising You can write expressions as a product of their factors. |Bemnebace> ' Factorising is the opposite of expanding brackets. Axl + j) = 822 + Axy (v4 5) =x + 15x? + 75x + 125 (e+ 2))0= 53) =22=3ay= 10)? reid)Mesa sey Cara GE ©) ELD wwwss Factorise these expressions completely a axt9 b 8-5 © 8x2 +20 d 9x27 + 15x32 @ 3x8 -9xy- b xe - 5x= xx- 5) ex eee atasines ——— ieee ™ A quadratic expression has the form CEEIEED reat numbers are all the positive and. ax + bx + ewhere a, band care real negative numbers, or zero, including fractions numbers and a # 0. and surds. To factorise a quadratic expression: + Find two factors of ac that add up to o> For the expression 2x? + 5x~3,ae=-6=-1 x and=1+ + Rewrite the b term as a sum of these awe two factors + Factorise each pair of terms: = x(2x-1) +321) + Take out the common factor: = (2x-1(r+3) ae = + y)0-y) CEETEDD an expression in the form x2—y2 is called the difference of two squares. am Factorise: ax-5y-6 bb ate6x48 © Y= TIx- 10d 7-25 e 7-97 a x°-5x-6 ~6 and b= -5 Sox? -5x-6 xt) E(x + 1) x+ Dix 6) vax-Gx-6Cae PMs assy bx rexed axe 4 OK t4xts Exe 2) 4 A(x + 2) B(x yee 4) | © Gx?-Mx-10 5 Gx? = 15x 4 4x10 Bx2x ~ 5) + 2(2x- 5) = (2x- 56x42) = 2% = (2x + 3yN2x- 3y) Factorise completely: a 8-28 bx 25x © x32 1x = x(x + 5)ly - 5) © x8 + Bx? = 10x = x(x? + Bx = 10) n> rote scum 1 Factorise these expressions completely: aves b 6x=24 deed © 48 +20 gxt-iy h 24x j 68-28 K 10) Sy 1352-286 m xt 2x nop 0 ax + 12x p Sy°-20y q 9x7? + 12x! 1 6ab— 2ab? ss Sx*=25xy) t Ie + 8x2 uw 15y = 20y2? y 12x2—30 woytaay x 12y?—4yxMesa sey Cara 2 Factorise a ttay b 2x4 6x ce tele t24 a teave2 e x84 3x40 f toate g e+ Sr+6 hxe—2x—04 i -3x-10 jee 20 k 24542 1 1ox-8 m Sx°- 16x43 n 6x-8y-8 oes ee factor first. For part p, let y= x qe-4 re49 8 4x2-25 t 9x? 25) uw 36x? 4 v 2x¢=50 lox +4 x 15x 42x -9 3 Factorise completely: a x84 2x b x © 8-5x d 8-9 e 12x £84 11x? + 30x g 8 Ix? + 6x h xo - 64x i Sx? 3x j 2x4 13x? + 15x k xo 4x 13x54 27x? + 60% ©) 4 Factorise completely xt ~ y (2 marks) ens Watch out for terms that can be written asa function of function, for example: x= (2, completely 6x3 + 7x? — Sx. (2 marks) © 5§ Factori Write 4x‘ ~ 1332 + 9s the product of four linear factors, (1.4) Negative and fractional indices Indices can be negative numbers or fractions. CEEZD irtionat ‘numbers are those that can be written as @ where b = and b are integers, and bz0, xixxtex! similarly x? x mmterms * You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. » giata CED oie saistne ae pone nt For example: 9! =.9) © am but 9! =-3. ro + @=1a PMs DTV ssc) Simplily: Example @Q))) skiuis Evaluate: ao b 64! © 49! a 25esa ay Given that y Simplity: avert b xSex) do! © oy! g ONE 3xt hosxtexd j oxide k (ep x GRY 2 Evaluate, without using your calculator: a 25! bs aa eo # (" 198 3 (PE k (5) 3 Simplify . a (64x07 py & ae 44) £ Gx) © 4 a Find the value of 812. b Simplify x(2x-!)', Cara express cach of the following in the form fox", where & and n are constants, Check that your answers are in the correct form. If. k and nare constants they could be positive or negative, and they could be integers, fractions of surds. © xixxt £ 3x02 cds i o3xtx ars CRP © 27 fs 23)3 is as © (125x84 gy? g Sx$ 3x? (1 mark) (2.marks) © 5 Given that y= pe", express each of the following in the form kx", where k and mare constants. (2 marks) (2 marks) "Pre i a eR ses assy © si ‘an integer that is not a square number, then any multiple of vi is called a surd. amples of surds are 2, v9 and 5,2. Surds are examples of rational numbers. EEE inavonl numbers cannot be writen The decimal expansion of a surd is never-ending in she form “where a and b ae integers, and never repeats, for example /2 = 1.414213562. 6 ‘You can use surds to write exact answers to calculations. = You can manipulate surds using these rules: + ab =a «vb a@_va De Simplify: = a viz baa? © 5V6 = 224 +294 = 6 «NF + VE x AD =V6(5 ~ 2/4 4/43) G5 -2x247) eeesa ay Cara Ponsa Expand and simplify if possible: a 25-13) b (2-13) +13) Do not use your calculator for this exercise, 1 Simplify: 28 b 72 © 50 © 0 ‘2 h 20 +580 i 20478 72 K 28-2063 +7 1 80-220 + 3/45 m 380 - 2050 + SS os 0 4S 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a V3 +v3) b 35-3) © /2(4-V5) d (2-V2)G+/5) e (2-V3)3-¥7) f (44+ V5\2+V5) g (5-V3)0 hh (44/32 =¥3) i @-VIN@+ V1) © 3 Simplify 75 - /T2 giving your answer in the form a/3, where « is an integer. (2 marks) (1.6) Rationalising denominators Ifa fraction has a surd in the denominator, it is sometimes useful to rearrange it so that the, denominator is a rational number. This is called rationalising the denominator. = The rules to rationalise denominators are: + For fractions in the form —, multiply the numerator and denominator by va. ‘+ For fractions in the form multiply the numerator and denominator by (a — vb). a+) + For fractions in the form , multiply the numerator and denominator by (a +).ar) PMs DTV ssc) Gm Rationalise the denominator: ak »— c W542 3 3+0 3-2 ’ B42 B+ 2yS-2) 3-2 Exes) [RE AGREE ECE) 5+ By + ~ 5-2 |esa ay Cara ons Do not use your calculator for this exercise, 1 Simplify: at et a Ss v2 VIS 2 fied ae ® ise 2 Rationalise the denominators and simplify: 1 =a c 1 i d a 245 3-8 £ 5 i u 245 3401 ND vit+vir 3 Rationalise the denominators and simplify Ls bos G-.2P Oey i ech fi GHP 6H3G-12) 6-243) 4 Simplify-7E giving your answer in the Ge a form p+ qv5, where pand q are rational You can check that your answer is in the correct numbers. (G'marks) form by writing Gown the values ofp an g and checking that they are rational numbers. GEE) ID em 1 Simplify: ayy b Bx x Des © xp = 2x5 d 4b 30 xb 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a (xt 3-5) b Qx- 7x41) © x4 S)Gx= 3. Expand and simplify if possible: a x(x +ayor= 1) b (e+ 2K=— 37) © Qx+3X-IGBK-D 4 Expand the brackets: a 3Sy+4) b Sx23—Sx42x2) © SxQx43)—2x 3x) d-3x°(1 + 3x) —2xW-2)10 R 13 rT) @® 15 @ « © @© 1s @ wv EGS) Factorise these expressions completely: a 3xt dr b 42+ 10y ev taxytyt Factorise: ax+3r42 b 3x2 + 6x @ x= 2v-35 d 2-4-3 e 5x7-13-6 ff 6-5x Factorise: a 2x5 + 6x b x - 36x © 2x54 7x? = 15x Simplify: aos bay) © Bx? x 2x4 @ 3x52 6x3 Evaluate, without using your calculator: sy 225)" + (5) ie) Simplify, without using your calculator: az b 20 +2085 — 80 v63 a Find the value of 35x? + 2x ~ 48 when x= 25. b By factorising the expression, show that your answer to part a can be written as the product of two prime factors. Expand and simplify if possible, without using your calculator: a 52(3+\5) b (2-V5\S+13) © (6-\2\(4-y7) Rationalise the denominator and simplify: 1 3 a8 L 1 a f a =2 BHT * Q+aF aa Do not use your ealeulator for this question. a Given that x3 = 2 = 17x = 15 = (x + 3)(a" + bx + 0), where b and e are constants, work out the values of band ¢. b Hence, fully factorise x* — x2 = 17x = 15, Given that y = 25x, express each of the following in the form kx", where k and n are constants. ay (mark) b 4 (1 mark) Show that = can be written inthe form va +, where «and bare integers. (S marks) Expand and simplify (/TT — $)(5 - TT), without using your calculator. (marks) Factorise completely x ~ 64x, (3 marks) Express 27*** in the form 3, stating y in terms of (2 marks)Mesa sey Cara 20 Solve the equation 8 + 3/2 3 Give your answer in the form ayB, where a and b are integers, (4marks) ©® 21 Do not use your calculator for this question. A rectangle has a length of (1 +y3)em and area of yI2e1 Calculate the width of the rectangle in em. Express your answer in the form a + v3, where a and b are integers to be found. ©2 Show that = can be writenasdr}—a4 x! (2 marks) @®) 2 Given that 243/3 = 3», find the value of a (@ marks) 24 Given that" ** can be written in the form 4x"+.x", write down the value of ¢and the value of b (2 marks) Challenge a Simplify (a + vb) (va - vb). 1 1 1 1 b Hence show that —+ + + _,_1_, 41 _ay4 ‘142 243 34h veh +v25 Bod 1. You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base satxateane Factor ing is the opposite of expanding brackets. ‘A quadratic expression has the form ax? + bx + ¢ where a, b and c are real numbers and a # 0. Fa (xtyMe-y) wnun You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. +a + aha ae 6 You can manipulate surds using these rules: + Vab =a xb . 7 The rules to rationalise denominators are: 1 + For fractions in the form, multiply the numerator and denominator by va. va + For fractions in the form 5). multiply the numerator and denominator by (a axy + For fractions in the form multiply the numerator and denominator by (a+ vB), anyLearning objectives After completing this chapter you should be able to: (J © Solve quadratic equations using factorisation, the quadratic formula and completing the square ~ pages 19-24 b © Read and use fix) notation when working with functions “> pages 25-27 © Sketch the graph and find the turning point of a quadratic function “> pages 27-30 ‘© Find and interpret the discriminant ; of a quadratic expression > pages 30-32 Dae Tad the following equations: b 5(¢+3)=6(2x-1) d (x-8) © Internat 2. Factorise the foll a e+ 8v+15 b x?+3x-10 © 3xt- Lox -5 d 2-400 «sect 3. Sketch the graphs of the following equations, labelling the points where each graph cros a y=3x-6 b y=10-2x © x+2y=18 dy=e ‘ International GCSE Mathematics Quadratic functions are used to mode! 4 Solve the following inequalit an obj axte13 nor launched, its path will € 4x-7<2e-1) d4-x<11 imately follow the shape of a ‘International GCSE Mathematics =CEU} @ Solving quadratic equations A quadratic equation can be written in the form asi ax? + bx + ¢=0,where a, b and care real constants, and a 0. Quadratic equations can have one, two, or no real solutions. ® To solve a quadratic equation by factorisin + Write the equation in the form ax? + bx +, + Factorise the left-hand side CEEED the cottons to an ‘equation are sometimes called the roots of the equation, + Set each factor equal to zero and solve to find the value(s) of x SOM 1) ELLE} vrai Solve the following equations: ax-2v-15=0 0 bx! © 6843-520 d x= Sy418=2430 a Be 15=0 (4 3)r-5)=0 O+x= Osx=5 are the two solutions hen either x +3 Sox =~3 and x of the equation, b = or 2 ° xx -9)=0 Then either x =O or x- 920529 The solutions are x= 0 and x © Gxt4138x-5=0 Gx - Hex+5)=0 Then either 3x —1 +5 The solutions are Osx Osx=-8 and x = -3 do Sy 418224 ax ~ 8x +16 = 4x 4) Then either x-4=05x=4 or y-4=04x=4 axe4 CEEED the symboi > means implies that. This statement says fx +3 =0, then x =—31 (aan Ta ‘exactly one root itis called a repeated root. You ‘analso say that the equation has two equal roots. rr)Pm alse} CW ules In some cases it may be more straightforward to solve a quadratic equation without factorising. ex.) Solve the following flowing equations Teg eVEy ED a Qx-3h=25 0b (x-3P=7 ‘statements In one line of working, You say plus or minus’. 2 ern oF 85 ae a5 Then either ae +5 x4 The solitons are = and The solutions are x= 3 + V7 and roms 1 Solve the following equations using factorisation: aeeiee2=0 bw eSvt4=0 © + IY+10=0 fF e-9r+2020 0 g e-Sx- 2 Solve the following equations using factorisation: a e=4y b x= 25x © B= 60 eQxeIxt3=0 — f 6-7-3950 —_g 6x*-Sx-6=0 lox +15=0 3 Solve the following equations’ a 3x4 Sy=2 b Qx-37=9 e3e f (x-3P=13 2 Gxy-1P= 11 i 6e-7=1ly j AN? 4 1Te = 6x~ 22 © 4 This shape hasan area of 44m’... t Divide the shape into two sections: Find the value of x. t (s+ 39m i | ' Dein ©® 5 Solve the equation 5x +3 =\3x+7.CEU} aie 2 ‘Some equations cannot be easily factorised. You can also solve quadratic equations, using the quadratic formula. ™ The solutions of the equation Caer ax? + bx + e= O are given by the formula: i b= VP = 4ac ya rhaih ase 2a CEE exe she +0=0.the constants ex) FSD inrcarnetarion a,b and care called coefficients. Solve 3x 7x -1 = 0 by using the quadratie formula. 6 7=Vel 746 7 - vel ie e Then x = Or x= 2.47 (3 sf) or 1 Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula. Give your answers exactly, leaving them in surd form where necessary. 135 3 si) ators b x2-3x-2 © 246r46=0 d xt—Sx-2=0 e 34 l0x-2=20 0 f 4x 4y— g 4x Tre? h lle +2-7=0 2 Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula. Give your answers to three significant figures awd? bxe-8rt1=0 9 ¢ x4 lly-9=0 d= Tx- 1750 € Sx849x-120 f 2-3y-18=0 — g 3x7 +8 = 16x h 2x4 1x = Sx? - 18 3 For each of the equations below, choose a suitable method and find all of the solutions. Where necessary, give your answers to three significant figures ae8r412=0 b+ 9x-1120 ee -9r- 120 d WtH5y42=0 GED 01 can use any method © Ox48)=100 ff 62462 12x you are confident with to solve these equations. g 2?-11=7x hovs Bx-15Em Uae ve 4 This trapezium has an area of 50 mv Show that the height of the trapezium is equal to S(/5 ~ 1) m. Getneen Height must be positive. You will have to discard the negative solution of your quadratic equation. —+10m—> Cs CED write the equation in the form Given that. positive, solve the equation Pree te aaes eect xt x42” 195° €®) completing the square It is frequently useful to rewrite quadratic expressions by completing the squar . (5 bye (BY we rie= (x43) -(3) You can draw a diagram of this process when x and bare positive: g The original rectangle has been rearranged into the | <——s——>=)> shape of a square with a smaller square missing. ‘The two areas shaded blue are the same. wit by { Examle @) Oa . canes teerelteereh Complete the square for the expressions Eee ae 8x b e-3x € 2x? 12x axe + xa (x4 4-4 (e+ 4P 16 Ser Soccr- _ aaeea ET es © 2x2 = 12x= 2x? - Gx) 2lox - 2CEU} asi Write 3x? + 6x + | in the form p(x + q)? + r, where p, q and r are integers to be found. ere Crs Bue + 2x) +1 oe + PTT =Su+ 9-341 ee P-2 = and r Gazz?) EE) werrrersnion @w In question 34, 1 Complete the square for these expressions: rte te ress s aetdy barby ec P-16x dex ee ee aie 2. Complete the square for these expressions: hehe series pin Bet A(x? + hx) +10, a 2x24 16x b 3x2-2dx ¢ Sx2420x d 2x?- Sy e@ 8y- 2x7 3. Write each of these expressions in the form p(x + q}? +r, where p, q and r are constants to be found: a 2et8rtl — b Sx? ISx+3 ¢ 3e8+2x-1 d 10-16x-4x2 ee 2v- 8x2 +10 © 4 Given that x2 + 3x +6 = (x +a)? +4, find the values of the constants a and b (2 marks) © 5 Write 2 + 0.81 — 0.04,° in the form A ~ B(x + CP, where A, Band Care constants to be determined. (3 marks) SEI ©) EE wos Solve the equation x + 8x + 10=0 by completing the square. Give your answers in surd form, x? + 8x +10 x4 8x weap 4 So the solutions are x=-44\6 and xPm alse} CW tes eax) Solve the equation 2x? ~ 8x + 7 = 0, Give your answers in surd form. Gen This is an equation so you can divide every term by the same constant. MDD eee your cesta chek ks ‘solutions to quadratic equations quick\ ELD wurss a aul 1 Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square. Leave your answers in surd form. a e+6x+1=0 bxt+i2vt3=0 © e+dy-2=0 d f—10e=5 2 Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square. Leave your answers in surd form. b Sx248x-2= © 42-582 a 15~6x-27=0 a 2x4 6x—3= © 3 P= 14x + 1 = (x +p) +g, where pand gare constants. a Find the values of p and q. (2 marks) b Using your answer to part a, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation 28 = 1dr + 1 = can be written in the form r + 5v3, where rand sare constants to be found. (2 marks) G®) 4 By completing the square, show that the solutions to the equation x? + 2h + =O are given by the formula EUS ce eareceerenreren (4 marks) ifthe coefficients were numbers. cers ‘a Show that the solutions to the equation by be CAE ax? + 2bx +c = Oare given by x = @ Start by dividing the whole equation by a. b Hence, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation ax? + bx + ¢=0 can be written as You can use this method to ~b BF hae prove the quadratic formula, 2a Section 2.1CEU} asi @® Functions ‘A function is a mathematical relationship that maps each value of a set of inputs toa single output. The notation f(x) is used to represent a function of x. ™ The set of possible inputs for a function is called thedomain, Domain —_—(G)=9 Range ™ The set of possible outputs of a function is called the range. This diagram shows how the function f(x) = x? maps five values in its domain to values in its range. = The roots of a function are the values of x for which f(x) = 0. ‘The functions f and g are given by f(x) = 2x ~ 10 CEE Fhe input ofa function, and g(x) =27 - 9.x ER. +x, can be any real number, then the a Find the values of f(5) and g(10). domain can be written as x € R. b Find the value of » for which f(x) = 20. The symbol & means ‘is a member of’ and the symbol R represents the a (5) = 25) -10=10-10=0 set of real numbers. g{lO) = (10? - 9 = 100-9 =91 i i To ind) substitute x= 5 into the Function fe) The function f is defined as f(x) = x2 + 6x a Write f(x) in the form (x +p) + q. b Hence, or otherwise, find the roots of f(x), leaving your answers in surd form. © Write down the minimum value of f(x), and state the value of x for which it occurs. a f(x) = a2 + Gx - =(r+3%-9-5 (+ 3F-14__| o (+ 3" -14=0 4324 id 3 + iid ) has two roots: 3 + VIA and -3 - Via. | 25EO asi) A CTV So the minimum value of f(x) Is —14. This occurs when (x + 3° 50 when x = -3. Find the roots of the funetion f(x +70 -8,rER. —“ayeo | GRISEA x8 + 7x3 = 8 = 0: (8) + 7(x9) - 8 = 0: (3 Nit +8) =0 (x) can be written as a function ofa function. ‘The only powers of x in f(x) are 6, 3 and 0 so you can write it as a quadratic function of x. Boxes The roots of flx) are 1 and -2, 6 Alternatively, let fo) = a8 + 7x9 - 8 SF + 708 =e 47-8 =u Nu + 8) So when f(x) = O, w= 1 or Hust> Ces tu The roots of f(x) are 1 and =; sree 1 Using the functions f(x) = Sx + 3, g(x) = 22-2 and h(x) = vir T, find the values of: a fl) b 2(3) ¢ h(8) d f(s) e g(v2) “ FD gMHFe — HAD gO+M 4 ES ©® 2 The function f(x) is defined by f(x) = x7 - 2x, xER. Given that f(a) = 8, find two possible values for a. i Substitute x = into the function and 3 Find all the roots of the following functions: cae EGE a fx) = 10 15x b aia) =(r+ 9-2) h(a)= x2 + 6x -40 d j@ys14d— 2 e K(x atet Set Tf m(xyaxt + Sx? 24CEU} asi 4 The functions p and q are given by p(x Find the two values of x for which p(w) and q(x) = 2x -6,.xER. (x). 5 The functions f and g are given by f(x) = 2x° + 30xand g(x) = 17%, xER. Find the three values of x for which f(x) = g(1). © 6 The function f is defined as fx) =x - 2x+2,vER a Write f(x) in the form (x + p)? + g, where p and g are constants to be found. (2 marks) b_ Hence, or otherwise, explain why f(x) > 0 for all values of x, and find the minimum value of £2) (mark) 7 Find all roots of the following functions: a f(xy x6+ 98 +8 b g(x) =x = 12x29 +32. DD Tre ture © lx) = 2x6 + 2629 = 1 d j(x) = 32K! 3x5 +1 part b has four roots. e Kayex- NE +10 £ mx 2x!=12 8 The function f is defined x)= 3* = 283) +27,x ER. 1¢ function f is defined as f(x) (3) + a Write f(x) in the form (3° — a)(3°—), where a and b are real constants. b Hence find the two roots of f(x). (2 marks) ©) auadratic graphs When f(x) = ax? + bx + ¢, the graph of y = flx) has a curved shape called a parabola. You can sketch a quadratic graph by identifying key features. The coefficient of x® determines the overall shape of the graph. When a is positive, the parabola will have this shape: \/ When a is negative, the parabola will have this shape: /\ Consider fx) as a (2 marks) function of a function. @ The graph crosses the y-axis when x The y-coordinate is equa tc un @ @ The graph crosses the x-axis when y = 0. ‘The x-coordinates are roots of the function f(x). @} © csdratc graphs have one turning pint This canbe minimum or maxim. Since parabola is ymmetrcal, the tuning point and ine of symmetry arehatinay Ot © eo between the two rots = You can find the coordinates of the turning point of a quadratic graph by completing the square. IF F(x) = alx+ p)? +g, the graph of y= f(x) has a turning point at (-p. @). GED tre graph of y= abe +p? +415 a translation ofthe graph of yaarby(2), -seabonnePM aie CW ules ELD revercrmm Sketch the graph of y = = 5x +4, and find the coordinates of its turning point. As a= is postive, the graph has a\J shape and a minimum point, When x = 0, y = 4, 50 the graph crosses the y-avis at (0, 4) When y = 0, w-5x+4=0 (e- Me- 4) =0 | x = lor x= 4,50 the graph crosses the x-axis at (1, 0) and (4, O) ee a a x= Sx44=(x-3) x 2) So the minimum point has coordinates 3-9) Cars Altematively, the mirimum occurs when x ig half-way between 1 and 4, soxattted a =) -5 «(+4 20 the minimum has coordinates (2-3) The sketch of the graph is:CEU} asi Sketch the graph of y= 4x ~ 2x? — 3. Find the coordinates of its turning point and write down the equation of its line of symmetry. Ao a= —2 is negative, the graph tas a /\ shape and a maximum point When x 3, 50 the graph crosses the y-axis at (0, ~3). When y =0, 2x? + 4x - 3 =0. Using the quadratic formula, 2 x (-2) ‘There are no real solutions, so the graph does not cross the x-axis. -2((x — 1% - 1) Aix - 1% +2- (1, —. (as Pe)OM ati TUT Exercise QD) sus Satan 1 Sketch the graphs of the following equations, For each graph, show the coordinates of the point(s) where the graph crosses the coordinate axes, and write down the coordinates of the turning point and the equation of the line of symmetry. ay x48 MH2v-15 ep eps t6xe7 f pa2eedrt10 i ysd-e-28 jf y=O.5x2+0.2x+ 0.02 15 = 24 7x-15 bh y=6x?-19x+10 bx te, es Check your answers by substituting values into the function. In part e the graph passes through (0, 18), so h(O) should be ~18. 2 These sketches are graphs of quadratic functions of the form a Find the values of a, b and c for each function. b + bx +c has a minimum at (5, ~3) and passes through (4, 0) Find the values of a, b and c (marks) @ The discriminant If you square any real number, the result is greater than or equal to 0. This means that if yis negative, :¥ cannot be a real number. Look at the quadratic formula: If the value under the square root sign is negative, x cannot be 2 real number and there are no real solutions. If the value under the square root is equal to 0, both solutions will be the same. Vb =hae 2a * For the quadratic function f(x) = ax® + by + c, the expression b? ~ 4acis called the discriminant. The value of the discriminant shows how many roots f(x) has: + If - 4ac > 0 then f(x) has two distinct real roots. + IF6# ~ 4ac = 0 then f(x) has one repeated root. + IF5® ~ dae <0 then F(x) has no real roots.CEU} asi You can use the discriminant to check the shape of sketch graphs. Below are some graphs of »’= f(x), where f{x) = ax? + bx +c. ” ” 2 a>0 $ a x O) x WP hac >0 i hac=0 WF ~4ae<0 Two distinct real roots One repeated root No real roots ” » 2 o| * a) = a<0 . LCM 2) TED rroercwsoumc Find the values of & for which f(x) =x? + kx +9 has equal roots, ee Grote kande=9 Use the condition given in the question to write a For equal roots, b? — 4ac =O. statement about the discriminant. -4x1%9=0 k-36=0 k= 36 sok = #6 Find the range of values of & for which »* + 4x + k= 0 has two distinct real solutions. Here a=1,b x4 4x4+k=0 Here a= 1,b=4 and For two real solutions, b2 #—Axtxk>O 16 -4k>0 16 > 4k 4>k S80 k <4 —_____}crm ali} TUT CSS) EL wccrreerinon 1 a Calculate the value of the discriminant for each of these five functions: i fixate 8x43 Wi g(y=2e-3r44 iii h(x) iv (x) == 80 +16 v k(x) =2x-32=4 b Using your answers to part a, match the same five functions to these sketch graphs. WV AMY. 2. Find the values of k for which x2 + 6x + k =0 has two real solutions. (2 marks) +Ix-3 Find the value of ¢ for which 2x? ~ 3 4 f= 0 has exactly one solution, (2 marks) Given that the function f(x) = sx? + 8x +s has equal roots, find the value of the positive constant s (marks) Find the range of values of k for which 3. GP) 6 ‘The function g(x) = x° + 3px + (Ip — 3), where pis an integer, has two equal roots. a Find the value of p @ marks) For this value of p, solve the equation x° + 3px + (I4p ~ 3) @ marks) T h(x) = 2x? + (k + 4x + &, where & is a real constant. fa Find the discriminant of h(x) in terms of k.. (3 marks) if question part says ‘hence or b Hence or otherwise, prove that h(x) has two distinct otherwise’ its usually easier to use your real roots for all values of (Bmarks) answer to the previous question part. Challenge a Prove that, if the values of w and e are given and non-zero, itis always possible to choose a value of b so that f(x) = ax? + bx + c has distinct real roots. = 4x + k=O has no real solutions, (2 marks) b Is it always possible to choose a value of 6 so that f(x) has equal roots? Explain your answerTEU asi GES 2) KELEED> xccorveroneron 10 Solve the following equations without a calculator. Leave your answers in surd form where necessary. a y?+3y+2=0 b 3x24 13x 10=0 © Sx? = 10x= 4x43 d (Qx-5P=7 Sketch graphs of the following equations: 24 Sx44 b ya=2etx-3 6 = Wx 4x? @ y= 15x— 20° f(x) +02 + 3x— Sand g(x) = 4x + k, where k is a constant, a Given that f(3) = g(3), find the value of k. (3.marks) b Find the values of x for which f(x) = g60) (3 marks) Solve the following equations, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures: a 4 1lk-1=0 b 2P-S5r4+1=0 ¢ 10 @ (3x- 1) Write each of these expressions in the form p(x + 9)? +r, where p, q and r are constants to be found: a 412-9 b 5x2 40x + 13 © 8x= 2x7 @ 32= (4 IP Find the value k for which the equation 5x2 — 2x + k = 0 has exactly one solution. (2 marks) Given that for all values of 1: 3x2 + Det Se prt gtr fa find the values of p, q and r. (3 marks) b Hence solve the equation 31° + 12x +5 =0. (2 marks) The function f is defined as f(x) = 2°* ~ 20(2) + 64, x ER. a. Write f(x) in the form (2° — a)(2* — b), where a and b are real constants. (2:marks) b Hence find the two roots of fx). (marks) Find, as surds, the roots of the equation 2(x + I(x = 4) = (= 2) Use algebra to solve (x ~ 1)(x +2)erm aie TUT 11_A diver launches herself off a springboard. The height of the diver, in metres, above the pool / seconds after launch can be modelled by the following function: h(g)= Se 10? + 10,10 a How high is the springboard above the water? b Use the model to find the time at which the diver hits the water. © Rearrange h(#) into the form 4 — B(¢ ~ C)? and give the values of the constants 4, Band C. 4 Using your answer to part ¢, or otherwise find the maximum height of the diver, and the time at which this maximum height is reached, GP) 12 For this question, f(x a Find the discriminant of f(x) in terms of k. kx? + (4k + 2) L, where k is a real constant. b By simplifying your answer to part a, or otherwise, prove that f(x) has two distinct real roots for all non-zero values of k. Explain why f(x) cannot have two distinct real roots when k = 0. ©) 13 Find all of the roots of the function r(x) =x Challenge a The ratio of the lengths a:b in this line is the same as the ratio of the lengths bc — eer 1x4 16. Show that this ratio is + b Show also that the infinite square root (papas halite 12%. (mark) (3 marks) (3 marks) (marks) (3 marks) (marks) (mark) (S marks)CEU} asi ‘Summary of key points 1 To solve a quadratic equation by factorising: + Write the equation in the form ax? + bx += 0 * Factorise the left-hand side * Set each factor equal to zero and solve to find the value(s) of x The solutions of the equation ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 where a O are given by the formula: vb 2a wteort)-) ae ebvsena(x+2)'+(e-2) The set of possible inputs of a function is called the domain. The set of possible outputs of a function is called the range. The roots of a function are the values of x for which f(x) =0. You can find the coordinates of a turning point of a quadratic graph by completing the square. If f(x) = atx + p)? + 4, the graph of » = f(x) has a turning point at (-p, 4). For the quadratic function f(x) = ax? + by + c= 0, the expression b? — 4ac is called the discriminant. The value of the discriminant shows how many roots f(x) has: + If —4ae > 0 then the quadratic function has two distinct real roots + If — 4ac = 0 then the quadratic function has one repeated real root. + IF ~4ae <0 then the quadratic function has no real roots.ASU NEL) Seca AY |W) Ten Ne ste | Pee ea completing this chapter you should be able to: linear simultaneous equations using elimination or substitution ~ pages 37-38 Solve simultaneous equations: one linear and one quadratic “> pages 39-40 Interpret algebraic solutions of equations graphically > pages 40-43 Solve linear inequalities “> pages 44-46 quadratic inequalit “> pages 44-49 et inequalities graphically “> pages 49-51 Represent linear and quadratic inequalities graphically > pages 51-53 factors of 12} factors of 20} Write down the numbers in each f these sets: a ANB Simplify these exp € section 1.5 quations to the correct graph. Label the points section with the axes and the coordinates of the scientists use regions to optimis athletes’ nutritional intake and ensure they sai the minimum di € Section 2.4Be Soe Tals) aE} Ed Linear simultaneous equations in two unknowns have one set of values that will make a pair of equations true at the same time. ‘The solution to this pair of simultaneous equations is x= 5, y. xe3yet1 |) 5 3@) =5 +6211 4x-5y=10 * Linear simultaneous equations can be solved using elimination or substitution. CED ED ers Solve the simultaneous equations: b 4y—Sy ox +2y 4(5) -5@) 10-10 = 10¥ The solutions x= 3h y= 2KR aay Seas Solve the simultaneous equatior rrowetsame 1 Solve these simultaneous equations by elimination: a 2v-y=6 b Iwt3y=16 dyt3y=2 6x42 40 ¢ 3x-y=7 d 2y=2x-3 lx +3y =-2 3pex- 3 Solve these simultaneous equations: GED Fist rearrange x~2y both equations into a 3x-2y+5=0 b © 3y=S(x-2) eidaacecmigain y 3 wate) the same form, S(x +p) = 6(x + 1) Qv+3y+4=0 BMx-W+y+4=0 egaxtby: © 4 artky=8 x—2ky=5 Ee are simultaneous equations where k is a constant. ‘isa constant, soit has the a Show that x (Bmarks) _ same value in both equations. b Given that y=}, determine the value of k. (mark) 2x=p artsy + are simultaneous equations where p and g are constants. The solution to this pair of simultaneous equations is x= q, y Find the value of p and the value of g. (Smarks)Be Soe Tals) Tae) ) You must be able to solve simultaneous equations where one equation is linear and one is quadratic. To solve simultaneous equations involving one linear equation and one quadratic equation, you need to use a substitution method from the linear equation into the quadratic equation. = Simultaneous equations with one linear and one quadratic equation can have up to two pairs of solutions. You need to make sure the solutions are paired correctly, ‘The solutions to this pair of simultaneous equations are x= y= 3 and.x=55,y=—-15: x-y=T () veaye2xe5 @ 4-(3)=7¥ and 55~ (1.5) =10 8+ C8) 206) = 9-12 +8 = 5 and (15) + (5.5)(-15) +2655) =225-8.25411=5¥ Sole the simultaneous equations xa2y=3 e43y x + 3x 10 3-2 (3 - 2y¥, + 398 - 2y) = 10 Saar lay + ay? + By — GF = 10 aye + By 4120 Solutions are and x=5,) ERED rvicusnme 1 Solve the simultaneous equations: b Qvtysl weysl e Quty=7 w=6 2 Solve the simultaneous equations: a 2xt2y=7 bxty v= 428 x? = 3xy +294 © Sy-4y =P + SealCa ale} Be SOS) 3 Solve the simultaneous equations, giving your answers in their simplest surd form: ax-y=6 b 2vt3y=13 CED se brackets when you are x ze yi 78 substituting an expression into an equation. 4 Solve the simultaneous equations: x4) 2 1 (6 marks) 5 a By climinating y from the equations ay 3x2 +ay411=0 show that x? -2x—11=0. (marks) b Hence, or otherwise, solve the simultaneous equations ya2-4x 3x2 + ay4 1 giving your answers in the form a + (v3, where a and / are integers. (5 marks) © 6 One pair of solutions for the simultaneous equations Se IF, p) isa solution, then x= 1, y= p satisfies both equations. is (1, p) where & and p are constants, a Find the values of k and p. b Find the second pair of solutions for the simultaneous equations, Given that the simultaneous equations have exactly one pair of solutions, show that ka aed @Q Simultaneous equations on graphs You can represent the solutions of simultaneous equations graphically. As every point on a line or curve satisfies the equation of that line or curve, the points of intersection of two lines or curves satisfy both equations simultaneously. ' Solutions to a pair of simultaneous equations represent the points of intersection of their graphs. EES BD weer ven a On the same axes, draw the graphs of vt 3y=8 23 Bx-y b Use your graphs to write down the solutions to the simultaneous equations.Be Soe Tals) Marae) EEE Fsthe pont ot "intersection graphically using technology. a On the same axes, draw the graphs of: Qetyed pex—3x4l b Use your graphs to write down the solutions to the simultaneous equations. 6 esy =e 3e+ eq syst 7 ere ye 3 Lg b The solutions are (1, 5) or and (2, -1) or x ‘The graph of a linear equation and the graph of a + intersect twice fersect once + not intersect ‘After substituting, you can use the di the number of points of intersection. iminant of the resulting quadré mateanaanideine C2 Using technology to find the two. points of intersection, quadratic equation can either: SB ‘equation to determine 41CMe ate} Be SOS) ™ For a pair of simultaneous equations that produce a quadratic equation of the form ax + bx +e + Bhac>0 + P-hac=0 + Be bac<0 two real solutions one real solution no real solu! wm VA YN The line with equation y= 2+ 1 meets the curve with equation kx? + 2y + (k- 2) =0 at exactly ‘one point. Given that & is a positive constant a find the value of k ELD Expiore how the value of Of b for this value of &, find the coordinates of ‘affects the line and the curve the point of intersection. Using technology. ) . es Problem-solving You are told that the line meets the curve at exactly one point, so use the discriminant of the resulting quadratic. There will be exactly one solution, so B® ac = 0. (= 21k +2 ke Zork Sok=2 b 2x74 4x42=0 x4 2x41=0 (+ Dirt =O x= -t 2 +4 Poin of intersection is (-1, ~1).Be Soe Tals) arse} EEE HED wornven 1 In each case: i draw the graphs for each pair of equations on the same axes fi find the coordinates of the point of intersection. py ~ 5 on the same axes Use your graphs to find the coordinates of the points of intersection. € Verify your solutions by substitution 3a On the same axes, sketch the curve with equation x? + y'=9 and the line with equation 2x + y =6. b Find the coordinates of the points of intersection. ¢ Verify your solutions by substitution, 4a On the same axes, sketeh the curve with equation ie -aiacd deta wit onus nor GED vou need to use algetrain Na) ane tie ing wiih Sdustion = 2 Part bto find the coordinates b Find the coordinates of the point of intersection, 5. Find the coordinates of the points at which the line with equation » with equation y? = 2s? 17, = 4 intersects the curve 6 Find the coordinates of the points at which the line with equation y = 3x— 1 intersects the curve with equation y? = xy + 15. ©® 7 Determine the number of points of intersection for these pairs of simultaneous equations, 6x24 3x=7 b y=dx2= 180-440 =2n+8 y=l0x-9 €®P) 8 Given the simultaneous equations W-ys xt 4ky + 5k=0 where k is a non-zero constant a show that x24 8kx +k =0. (2 marks) Given that x2 + 8x +k = has equal roots bb find the value of k GB marks) ¢ for this value of &, find the solution of the simultaneous equations. (3 marks)Cr atk} Be SOS) You can solve linear inequalities using simi ir methods to those for solving linear equations. * The solution of an inequality is the set of all real numbers x that make the inequality true. GEA) ED oessnne Find the set of values of x for which: a Syt9>N+20 b 12-3x<27 © 3y-5)>5-2n-8) a 5y49%x420 4x +9320 axon 12-3x< 27; “By < 15 x>-5 Ber- 5) >5-2e-8) By 15 > 5 ~ 2x 416 Sx>S+ 16415 5x> 36 xo 72 You may sometimes need to find the set of values for which two inequalities are true ‘together. Number lines can be useful to find the solution. For example, in the number line below the solution set is x > -2 and x <4, 6 4 2 0 2 2 6 _—— Le Here the solution sets are x = —1 or x >3. 275 —_________] CEEEED vou can write the solution to this inequality using set notation as {x:x > 2.75). This means the set of all values x for which x Is. greater than or equal to 2.75, CEE in set notation > =2and x 4s witten (c:—2.<.0 4} oralternatvely (x:x>-2}N (xix = 4} ys-Lorx>3iswritten (c:x 5-1) Uterx>3} © Is used for < and > and means ‘the end value is not included, ‘@ is used for < and > and means the end value is included, These are the only real values that satisfy both equalities simultaneously, so the solution is -2.3,Be Soe Tals) Tae) rr) Find the set of values of x for which: a 3x-Sx-8 b x-S>1-worl5-3x>5+26 a Bx-Sext8 Sxox-8 2x-5<8 Av>-8 ax< 13 x>-2 x<6: 4 2 6 2 4 6 8 <—_—_ —— « 9>-2 So the required set of values is -21-x 15-3x>54 2x 2x-5>1 10-3x> 2x ax>6 10> 5x x>3 a>x x2 4 6 2 4 6 6 o> «95 vee The solution is x > 3 or x < 2. LS ee 1 Find the set of values of x for which: a w-3<5 b Syt4e20 © 6y-3>2047 d sx+6<-1 € Is-x54 f 21-2e>843x g l+x<2543x hy-7<7-7x i S-0Sx=1 j Sv+4> 12-20Ce alk) Be SOS) 2. Find the set of values of x for which: a Ax-3)=0 b 8(1-x)>x-1 @ %x-3)-(eF12<0 ee 14 11@-a)< 10(r-4) g 12x Hx -3)<45 h x-25+2x<11 5 4x(x +3) J xG-xS34x- k 3x + 2x(x- 3) = 264.22) 1 xQx-5)<— 9 3. Use set notation to describe the set of values of x for which: 3x2) > x—4and 4x + 12> 2x4 17 v= S x= Land Ir 1) >23 2x-3>2and Hx +2)< 24x a 15 —x<2(11 = x)and $= 1) > 2x4 19 fe 3v48<20and 232-7) > 046 f Sx43<9orS(Qv+1)>27 8 43x +7) 200r 280-5) = 5" Am (e:3x+5>2) Ba{x:F +1 <3} C= eM <2x-1) Given that 40 (BU ©) ={x:p-<.x=q)U bx: ne find the values ofp. q and 7 © auadratic inequalities = To solve a quadratic inequality: + Rearrange so that the right-hand side of the inequality is 0 * Solve the corresponding quadratic equation to find the critical values * Sketch the graph of the quadratic function * Use your sketch to find the required set of values. The sketch shows the graph of f(x) =x? 4x ~5 bd ner fer a pe a+ IO 5) the curve is above the x-axis (the darker » ~~ part of the curve). This is when <—1 or x-> 5,In set notation, the solution is (erx< I Uteex> 5h The solutions to the quadratic inequality ‘The solutions to f(x) = arev=-Land x=5, These are called the critical values. The solutions to the quadratic inequality x? —4y~5.< Oare the x-values when 5 _*___ the curve is below the x-axis (the lighter part of the curve). This is when x>-Land yh a Find the set of values of x for which 12 + 4x > 3’ b Hence find the set of values for which 12 + 4x > a 12+ 4x>x2 O>xt-ax-12 xe - 4x 1260 -4x-12=0 (+ 2)r- 6) =O 2orx=6 ~ 4x12 Sketch y xe -4x-12<0 Solution: -22. You can use a table to check your solution. ~2 x? gives -2 2 gives x > 206024 6 6 exe o> «>! The two sets of values overlap where Be SOS) Grocueas This question is easier if you represent the Information in more than one way. Use a sketch faph to solve the quadratic inequality, and se a number line to combine it with the linear inequality. a) eon Find the set of values for which © > 2, x #0 rca 1 Find the set of values of x for which: a ea lly+24<0 b I2-x-x2>0 © 2 -3x-10>0 de Ive 12>0 € 74 Bx-=28>0 f 10+x-20<0 g 4x2- 854350 h -2+7x-3<0 i e960 j 6x? + ILy-10>0 k x2-Sy>0 1 28 43r<0 2 Find the set of values of x for which: a x<10-3x ¢ x3-2x)>1 b ilOand 10-2x<5 © 4x? = 3x = 1 0and 3x+17>2 f£ ¢-2y-30 ex ©® 4 Given that x + 0, find the set of values of x for which: 1.4 da3> 6 x A 5 a Find the range of values of & for whieh the @IIBD) the quadratic equation axe shes e=0 equation x? - kx + (k +3) =0 has no real r00ts. “hae real roots if b?— hae 0. «section 2.5 b Find the range of values of p for which the roots of the equation px? + px - 2 = Oare real. © 6 Find the set of values of x for which x? ~ Sx ~ 14>0. (4 marks) © 7 Find the set of values of x for which a 2Gx- 1) <4-3x (2 marks) b 2x°-5x-3<0 (4 marks) © both 23x ~ 1) <4~ 3x and 2x?= 5x -3.<0. 2 marks) . Z z 8 Given that x# 3, find the set of values for which $5 <2 een ill Multiply both sides of the (6 marks) inequality by (x — 3). 9 The equation kx*—2kx + 3 =0, where ‘is a constant, has no real roots. Prove that k satisfies the inequality 0 k <3. (4 marks) XD inequalities on graphs You may be asked to interpret graphically the solutions to inequalities by considering the graphs of functions that are related to them. = The values of x for which the curve y = f(x) is below the curve y = g(x) satisfy the inequality fl) < gh. = The values of x for which the curve x= f(x) is above the curve y = g(x) satisfy the inequality fis) > gO). rTCate} Be SOS) F(x) is above gla) when x<2 and when x> 5. ‘These values of x satisfy fx) > gl. f(x) is below g(x) when 2.< v< 5. ‘These values of x satisfy f(x) < gl. The solutions to fx) = gla) are w= 2 and.x=5. L, has equation y La has equation y ‘The diagram shows a sketch of L, and L, on the same axes. a Find the coordinates of P, and P;, the points of intersection, b Hence write down the solution to the inequality 12 + 4x > x? fata CSY? Substitute into y = x? 6 PG, 36) ped Po(-2,4) b 12 44x > x? when the graph of Ly is above the graph of L, ~2x-3.Be Soe Tals) Marae) 2. For each pair of function: i Sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x) om the same axes, ii Find the coordinates of any points of intersection. iii, Write down the solutions to the inequality fx) = g0. a f(x) =3x-7 b f(x) =8-5x € 1) (x) = 13-2 w(x) = 14-3 ae d fixyy=3-38 € fy =a2-5 f 27-2 (x) = 2x12 ex) = Tx + 13 a(x) = 28-8 ® 3 Find the set of values of x for which the curve with equation y = f(x) is below the line with equation . , b fy=20-4041 aiyexts (x) = 3x2 @ Ky =2.040 fe spvel gx) = 1 go) =8 cna You can use shading on graphs to identify regions that satisfy linear and quadratic inequalities. = y- fla) represents the points on the coordinate grid above the curve y = f(x). All the shaded points in this region satisfy the inequality »> fix) All the unshaded points in this region satisfy the inequality.» f(a) or y< F(x) then the curve y= f(x) is not included in the region and is represented by a dotted line, = Ify> fla) ory < f(a) then the curve y = f(x) is included in the region and is represented by a solid line. a) eon On graph paper, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: YEA NSS y Sx t2and.x>0 (On graph paper, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: exe ld yeweodyed BED export regions ‘on the graph satisfy which inequalities using technology.Be Soe Tals) arse} On a coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: yox-2,y<4vandy <5—x Ona coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities xe -ly+x<4,2e+y< Sand y>—2 On a coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: yat-2and y <9- 2 On a coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: yr(e-3)ytx = Sandy x4 13, Sole the inequality x? - Sx - 140. Find the set of values of x for which (x I(x - 4) < 2x - 4). a Use algebra to solve (x — 1)(x + 2)= 18. b Hence, or otherwise, find the set of values of x for which (x — 1)(x + 2) > 18. Give your answer in set notation Find the set of values of x for whicl a 6x-T<2x43 both 6x — 7 < 2x4 3and 2x? 11x +5<0. Find the set of values of x that satisiy $4 1< 2, x40 Find the values of & for which kx? + 8x + 5 = 0 has real roots, ‘The equation 2x? + dkx ~ Sk= Prove that k satisfies the inequality -} g(x). 2+ 2y 15 and g(x) = 6 ~ 2x on the same axes, Find the set of values of » for which the curve with equation y= 2x? + 3y— 15s below the line with equation y= 8 + 2x. On a coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: yoxt+dy—I2and y<4 a Ona coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities ytr<6y<2xt%y>3andx>0 b Work out the area of the shaded region. Crs Find the possible values of &for the quadratic equation 2k? + 5kx + 5k-3=0 tohave real roots, A straight line has equation y = 2x k and a parabola has equation y= 3x? + 2k + 5 where kis a constant. Find the range of values of k for which the line and the parabola donot intersect 2 marks) (4 marks) (6 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2marks) (4marks) (4marks) (2.marks) ( marks) GB marks) (3 marks) (4 marks) (3 marks) (1 mark) (S marks) (S marks) (6 marks) (2.marks) Es]ae) EU SUPE eu) eee dea 1. Linear simultaneous equations can be solved using elimination or substitution. 2 Simultaneous equations with one linear and one quadratic equation can have up to two pairs of solutions. You need to make sure the solutions are paired correctly 3. The solutions of a pair of simultaneous equations represent the points of intersection of their graphs. 4 Fora pair of simultaneous equations that produce a quadratic equation of the form axt+bx+c=0: + —4ae>0 two real solutions + BR—4ae=0 one real solution + B—hae<0 no real solutions 5. The solution of an inequality is the set of all real numbers.x that make the inequality true. 6 Tosolvea quadratic inequali + Rearrange so that the right-hand side of the inequality is 0 + Solve the corresponding quadratic equation to find the critical values + Sketch the graph of the quadratic function + Use your sketch to find the required set of values. 7 The values of x for which the curve y = f(x) is below the curve y= g(x) satisfy the inequality fo) < gl. The values of » for which the curve y = f(x) is above the curve y = g(x) satisfy the inequality fod) > els. 8 y< f(x) represents the points on the coordinate grid below the curve > fle) represents the points on the coordinate grid above the curve = fl. i) 9 ify > f(x) ory f(s) or y < f(x) then the curve » = f(x) is included in the region and is represented by a solid line,rye Learning objectives After completing this chapter you should be able to © Sketch cubic graphs etch reciprocal graphs of the form y=“and y= ¢ intersection points of uations Translate graphs > poges 67-71 retch graphs > poges 71-14 aphs of unfamil > pages 75-17 Prior knowledge check xt € International GCSE Mathematic: ketch the graphs of the following functions +2)(x-3) b y=x@-6x-7 — e Section2.4 complete the table of values for the functio roe b Use your table of values to draw the graph of Internation Mathematics Solve each pair of simultaneous e ctlons 3.1, 3.2 S | 1 Br Many complicated functions can bbe understood by transforming simpler functions using stretches, reflections and translations. Particle functions of subatomic particles.Co ates CET URES UC Sy @) cubic graphs A cubic function has the form f(x) = ax? + dx? + ex + d, where a, b, cand d are real numbers and ais non-zero. ‘The graph of a cubic function can take several different forms, depending on the exact nature of the function. 4 \ a % For these two functions w is positive. For these two functions ais negative * If pisa root of the function f(x), then the graph of y = f(x) touches or crosses the x-axis at the point (p, 0). You can sketch the graph of a cubic function by finding the roots of the function. ax Sketch the curves with the following equations and show the points where they cross the coordinate axes. (= 0-90 +4) b yax(v+ Dv +2) ST EDD cetwivganan CF (x= pllx = @le—) where p,q ‘and rare constants using technology. O= (way ai =a) So So the curve crosses the x-axis at (2, 0} (1, O} and (+1, 0) When x =O.y = So the curve crosses the 2xtxt= Sox=0,x=-1orCE URES UC Sy So the curve crosses the x-axis at (0, 0), 1,0) and (-2, 0 =x,» -20 _} 1 Sketch the following curves: a p=(x- 141) bys Dt = By © ys(e-2y x Wie # x Or + Sox=torx ) So the curve crosses the x-ax's at (-1, 0) and touches the x-avis at (1, O) When x =O, y= (1 x t= So the curve crosses the y-axis at (O, 0. x 00, > =90 [}————+ fee 2x? - 3x 2x3) (r= Bre 9 | r= Bin + Borx=-1 So the curve crosses the x-axis at (0, 0), , 0) and (-1, 0} ° Sox =0, ! 7 rereaia ed PSUR E USL iy © y=(x- 2p So.x = 2 and the curve crosses the x-axis at (2, 0) only. Sketch the curve with equation y = (x= Io? +x +2) ya Or= M2 +x 42) O= (= Me tae 2) So x =1 only and the curve crosses the x-axis at (1, 0 Caan x= Oy = (02) curve crosses the y-ads at (0, ~2) EBD sou haven got enough information to know the exact. shape of the graph. It could also bbe shaped like this: ED a 1. Sketch the following curves and indicate clearly the points of intersection with the axes: a y= (x-3yr-2)(e4D) b ya(e- Iles Yer 3) x Ila + 2+ 3) @ ya(x+ I= ayle +3) © y=(x~2x-3)4-9) f peate-2)04D) (x + De) h y=a(r+1)1-%) x= 22x-DQx+1 jf p=xQx=Dor+3)CE URES UC Sy Oars 2 3 4 Sketch the curves with the following equations: a ye(xt I=) b yale 2)r- 1? © y=(2= aie IP @ y=Qr- eet IF e y=xr+2) f y= -1Pe g ys-9G +9) h y=(-17G-9) i y=¥@-9 j Factorise the following equations and then sketch the curves: a ya +x 2x b yews See tay e yee ee te even f yex-3) h y=-x?-2x i y=x-9y Sketch the following curves and indicate the coordinates of the points where the curves cross the axes: x-1) d ya(e+2y) x-3) hey=(-x) ‘The graph of y = x3 + bx? + ex + dis shown opposite, where b, cand dare real constants. » a Find the values of b, ¢ and d. marks) b Write down the coordinates of the point where ~ the curve erosses the y-axis. (1 mark) ° ees Start by writing the equation in the form y = (x —p)x—gx—n) ‘The graph of y = ax" + bx? + ex + dis shown opposite, where a,b, ¢ and dare real constants, Find the values of a, b, ¢ and d. (4 marks) Given that f(x) = (x= 10)(x? = 2) + 12 a Express f(x) in the form x(ax? + bx + ©) where a, b and ¢ are real constants, (3 marks) b Hence factorise f(x) completely (2 marks) € Sketch the graph of » = f(x) showing clearly the points where the graph, intersects the axes (3 marks) GlCates CET URES UC Sy @ Reciprocal graphs You can sketch graphs of reciprocal functions such as y asymptotes. y= Land y= —2 by considering their x x x = The graphs of y= x anty=Swnerekisares! — CUENEDD aympttas so vith constant, have asymptotes at -= 0 and y = 0. ge bese Se eraaes reese EXD worse Sketch on the same diagram: a y=tandy= 2CE URES UC Sy Marae EXD sconce 1 Use a separate diagram to sketch each pair of graphs: ©) Points of intersection You can sketch curves of functions to show points of intersection and solutions to equations. # The x-coordinate(s) at the point(s) of intersection of the curves with equations J =flx) and y = g(x) are the solution(s) to the equation f(x) = gtx). ex) On the same diagram, sketch the curves with equations y= x(x ~ 3) and y=. — x) b Find the coordinates of the points of intersection, 63Cates al b From the graph there are three points where the curves cross, labelled 4, B and C. The x-coordinates are given by the solutions to the equation x(x - 3) =x) — 9) NOR LU USUI Sox O83 Substitute into y The points of intersection are: ACB, 3 + 313) BIO, O 3, 3 - 313) EO © ) TIED rroeren sou a On the same diagram, sketch the curves with equations » where « and b are positive constants, = ayand y b State, giving a reason, the number of real solutions to the equation x%(3x ~ a) - 5 Problem-solving bb From the sketch, there are only two points You can sketch curves involving unknown of intersection of the curves. This means constants, You should give any points of there are only two values of x where intersection with the coordinate axes in terms of the constants where appropriate. Ss ase rs aed VOT unr Hear ramen So this equation has two real solutions,CE URES UC Sy Oars ‘a Sketch the curves y = 4 and y = x%e~ 3) on the same axes, b Using your sketch, state, with a reason, the number of real solutions to the equation Problem-solving Set the functions equal to each other to form an equation with one real solution, then rearrange the equation into the form given in the question. pation x(x ~ 3) Rearranging} x(x - 3) =4 xr-3)- 420 this equation has one real solution, EEE BID core 1 Ineach case: i sketch the two curves on the same axes state the number of points of intersection write down a suitable equation which would give the x-coordinates of these points. (You are not required to solve this equation.) (x +2), 2 a On the same axes, sketch the curves given by y= x%(x ~ 3) and y= $ b Explain how your sketch shows that there are only two real solutions to the equation x(x- 3) =2. 3. a On the same axes, sketch the curves given by y= («+ I)Sand y= 3x(x= 1). Explain how your sketch shows that there is only one real solution to the equation w+6x+1=0. Cc]Ce ais Cone ORG aea UT) 4 On the same axes, sketch the curves given by y=tand y= -x0v = 1)? b Explain how your sketch shows that there are no real solutions to the equation 1+ 2(x- 1} 5 a On the same axes, sketch the curves given by y = °(x—a) and y= 2, whore a and b are both positive constants. (S marks) b Using your sketch, state, giving a reason, the number of real solutions to the equation x — ax? = = 0. (mark) Gatun Even though you don't know the values of a and. +, you know they are positive, so you know the shapes of the graphs. You can label the point a fon the x-axis on your sketch of y = x2(x = a © 6 a Onthe same set of axes, sketch the graphs of Sand y= 3x47. (3marks) 3x47. (1 mark) © Show that you can rearrange the equation to give (x + 1)(x + 2)x-2)= 0. (2marks) bb Write down the number of real solution to the equation 4 d Hence determine the exact coordinates of the points of intersection. (3 marks) 7 a On the same axes, sketch the curve 3—3y2~4w and the line y b Find the coordinates of the points of intersection. x= 1)(v—2) and the line y = 14x +2. b Find the coordinates of the points of intersection. @® 8 a On the same axes, sketch the curve y ® 9% @ On the same axes, sketch the curves with equations y b Find the coordinates of the points of intersection. = 2)(x + 2) and y 10 a Sketch the graphs of y = x? + | and 2p (3 marks) b Explain why there are no real solutions to the equation 2x? =x +3 =0. (2 marks) © Work out the range of values of a such that the graphs of y= 3? +a and 2y-= = 1 have two points of intersection. (Smarks)CE URES UC Sy Marae @& Translating graphs You can transform the graph of a function by altering the function. Adding or subtracting a constant ‘outside’ the function translates a graph vertically. = The graph of y = f(x) + ais a translation of the graph y= f(x) by the vector (°). Adding or subtracting a constant ‘inside’ the function translates the graph horizontally. = The graph of y = f(x + a) is a translation of the graph y = f(x) by the vector Co & 0 ‘ y =f) + 1isa translation (9), or 1 unit in the 1 4 direction of the positive y-axis y= fle + 2) isa translation (-2), oF 2 units in the direction of the negative x-axis, SUSB Tse Sketch the graphs of: ce yax42