=| yornes | Ukrainian RUMEMEEEIEEEER | 40: | all-around confidence category language conlent - learn to speak, understand and write ukrainian + progress quickly beyond the basics + explore the language in depth be where you want to be with teach yourself I Ezteach yourself ukrainian olena bekh and james dingley For over sixty years, more than 40 million people have leamt over 750 subjects the teach yourself way, with impressive results. be where you want to be with teach yourselfFor UK order enquiries: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4SB. Telephone: +44 (0) 1235 827720. Fax: +44 (0) 1235 400454, Lines are open 9,00-18.00, Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. Details about our titles and how to order are available at www.teachyourself.co.uk For USA order enquiries: please contact McGraw-Hill Customer Services, P.0. Box 545, Blacklick, OH 43004-0545, USA Telephone: 1-800-722-4726. Fax: 1-614-755-5645, For Canada order enquiries: please contact McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd, 300 Water St, Whitby, Ontario L1N 9B6, Canada. Telephone: 905 430 5000. Fax: 905 430 5020. Long renowned as the authoritative source for self-guided learning - with more than 30 million copies sold worldwide — the Teach Yourself series includes over 300 titles in the fields of languages, crafts, hobbies, business, computing and education. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data: catalogue record for this title is available from The British Library, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: on file First published in UK 2001 by Hodder Headline Ltd., 338 Euston Road, London, NW1 3BH. First published in US 2001 by Contemporary Books, A Division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, 1 Prudential Plaza, 130 East Randolph Street, Chicago, IL 60601 USA. This edition published 2003. The ‘Teach Yourself’ name is a registered trade mark of Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. Copyright © 1997, 2003 Olena Bekh and James Dingley In UK: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained fram the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIT 4LP. in US. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of Contemporary Books. ‘Typeset by Transet Limited, Coventry, England. Printed in Great Britain for Hodder & Stoughton Educational, a division of Hodder Headline Ltd., 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH by Cox & Wyman Ltd, Reading, Berkshire. Impression number 10987654321 Year 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 A Nr IRE IE CONTENTS Introduction 1 Pronunciation 4 AoGpuii zeus! Ak Bante im’a? Hello! What's your name? 13 Introducing yourself and others. Greeting people and asking names. Simple statements and questions. Alyxe npnemno 3 Bamu no3snaiiomuruca Very nice to meet you 26 Simple description of a room. Further introductions and expressing appreciation. Some countries and nationalities. The plural. Counting from 1 to 4. Crisene, Bu maete cim’1o? Stephen, do you have afamily? 41 Offering things. Please and thankyou. Talking about your family. Saying goodbye. «Aasno! A reaeouyro 3 Jlougouna...» “Hello! I am calling from London...” 55 Making a telephone conversation. What is possible or necessary. Ukrainian surnames. Counting from 5 to 10. Ham tpe6a 3amMoBuTH HoMep y rotesi We need to book a room ina hotel 70 Finding your way around. Possession. Booking a hotel room. Changing money. Counting from 11 to 1 000 000. Sixuii B Y«paini knimat? What's the climate like in Ukraine? 83 Apologising. Saying what you like and how old you are. Talking about the weather and past events. Some time expressions and months of the year. 3{ Maio nu1aHH po3BHBaTH Toprismo 3 Yxpainoro J have plans to develop trade with Ukraine 97 Answering the question ‘where?’ Playing sports and musical instruments. More time expressions. Mu aeramo Yxpaincekumn Asianiniamn We are flying with Ukrainian Airlines 109 Expressing agreement. Talking about future events and travel. Ordinal numbers and years. Telling the time. Bam macnopt, 6yap aacka Your passport, please 127 Passport and customs control. More description of future events. Verbs of motion.UKRAINIAN INTRODUCTION Letters and sounds ‘The remaining twenty letters all differ significantly from anything in the in Ukrainian Ukrainian words Hinalinh alphabet: Letters English Word Transcription Translation i 2 Hy : i oe woe Prine Weiten Soand Word Mid) bE lyee] Es] f OK [zh] FO [yoo] U fy) II (shch] Aa fla a bus — aBToMoOinb [awtomobil‘] car 0 Bs viw* veal BixHd [veeknd. window _ r will Bu6pa ae yesterday Batter and sounds Ukraini: vd eee eee ie me inien rainian a Is Ee € e & let aépeno dérevo] Pe . Letters ee i Word Transcription ‘Translation Mutu i bit xuuira [knfha] book Winted Written Sound Word Th cd rcs ies penieas éicl «© Hlones, WO HS b bush Gar (brat) brother Ke KK k kitten Kir [keet] cat rr Tuh how = rapanit [harniy] beautiful Mu ium more Mdpe [mére] sea 1 mr g gang raHoK [ganok] porch Hn Jiu n net né60 [nébo] sky / nD F d do apyr [drooh] friend Oo Moo pot omipén oleevéts‘] pencil €t €e ye yes €srén [yewhén] Eugene Tn pn p spit manip papeér] paper a C2 zh ~—Ss measure xypuamicr [zhoornal’eést] journalist Pp Pf ft it roof pyuKa rodchka] pen 3 a 2 3 Z ZOO senéconii [zeléniy] green Ce Clos sell cond sel6] village Jt yee yeast bxa [yeézha] food Tr Jimt tat rato [tato] daddy Wit Uy — boy —sépamii—_ch6miy] black Vy y y oofw* tooth sy6 zoob] tooth Ma A41 Jamp 4m [l4mpa] lamp will yadpa wehéra] yesterday ® P f photo dro [f6to] photograph Xx XX kh loch xn —[cl6pohik] boy tin 4% ts tsar pena —_[tsérkva] church *The letter B is pronounced [v] before a vowel, and [w] before a Wy gen church tonoBix [cholovik] man, consonant or at the end of a word. Another example: the city of JIbnin husband in Western Ukraine is pronounced [l’veew]. Wm Ue wesh sine: Sia [shépka] dng Mh Joe 2 cme oper asus when tr i ich sh apm hose] bh You will find that the letters B and y can be interchanged in the same bE 6 _ awit [niz’kfy] Bi word (e.g. Buépa and ysépa above) when they have the same pronounciation [w]. There are certain rules that govern whether you use 1010 10 yoo youth ond [yoondk] young man. B or y; they will be introduced later. Rr hw ya yard sOnyKO [yablooko] apple11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 UKRAINIAN SL noxaxy Bam OygmnoK I'll show you the building 137 Describing the interior of a house or flat. Reading small ads in a newspaper. Becoming familiar with Ukrainians. Talking about your knowledge of foreign languages. Mu 3 apy3amm xoyemo noodigatu My friends and I want to have lunch 150 Addressing people. Ordering a meal in a restaurant. Getting to know Ukrainian cuisine. 416 xoris norysata Byam Kuepa I should like to walk the streets of Kyiv 163 A brief tour of Kyiv. More on directions. Being late. AT upusis nponosunii mogz0 crBopenis cnim-noro nigpuemersa I have brought proposals for the creation of a joint venture 178 Polite requests. Comparing things. Conducting business and shopping for clothes. AI xouy paKaNKaTH Jikaps J want to call out the doctor 192 Describing common ailments. The Ukrainian medical service. Further comparisons. x Bu yspanere co6i igeanbuy ypyauny? What's your idea of the perfect wife? 205 Describing people’s appearance and character. Conversational tactics — extracting information, exclamations, changing the subject. Tloisa upaoysae na nepmty Ko.sito The train arriving on track number one ... 218 Train travel. Talking about indefinite things and negatives. 3a waumx yoporux rocreii! Here's to the health of our guests! 231 Socialising and visiting Ukrainians’ homes. Major Ukrainian festivals. Giving orders. Alo noGayennn, Ycpaino! See you again, Ukraine! 245, Writing letters. More about possession and negatives. Wordbuilding. Key to the exercises 259 Ukrainian — English vocabulary 270 Grammatical index 299 INTRODUCTION Ukraine is one of the new countries on the map of Europe, but the language and history of the people who live there can be traced back at least as far as the tenth century, when Kyiv (still better known as Kiev) was already a well-established meeting place of trade routes and nations. In Ukraine it is possible to hear Bulgarian, Greek, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Romany, Russian and Yiddish. One language however unites all the people of Ukraine — Ukrainian, the sole official language of the Ukrainian state. Incidentally, Ukrainian forms of names of towns and rivers will be used throughout the book — hence Kyiv (Kiev), L’viv (Lvov, Lwéw, Lemberg), Odesa (Odessa), Dnipro (Dnieper). There are many reasons for learning Ukrainian. Intellectual curiosity about the language and culture of a ‘new’ European people is certainly one. At a more immediately practical level Ukraine is still waiting to be discovered as a tourist country. As Ukraine becomes strongerUKRAINIAN economically, the need will grow for foreign businessmen to have some idea of the language in order to do business there. Whatever the reason, we hope that you will enjoy the flavour of the Ukrainian language as much as you will enjoy the rich flavours of Ukrainian cooking. How to use the book The book is divided into eighteen units. With one exception, each unit contains dialogues, grammar notes under the heading ‘How the language works’ and illustrative material to back up what you have learned. Exercises of various types will give you a chance to test your knowledge. We are convinced that the best way to learn Ukrainian is to acquire as soon as possible the ability to read, however slowly and painstakingly at first, dialogues and texts that we hope are both interesting and lively, even to the point of being far-fetched! The tapes provide an extra opportunity to hear the material and practise your own spoken Ukrainian. The first half of the book contains units that may seem to contain an alarming amount of grammar. Don’t panic — it doesn’t all need to be learned at once! The information is there for continuous reference. We hope to have succeeded in presenting the kind of Ukrainian that will be accepted and understood anywhere in Ukraine. Once you have completed the 18 units, you will have a solid foundation on which to develop your knowledge. Ukrainians will be delighted that you have taken the trouble to learn something of their language. In Teach Yourself Ukrainian you will meet a number of characters closely connected with Ukraine. Stephen Taylor is the director of Hermes Clothing. He is interested in business opportunities in Ukraine and has already started to learn Ukrainian. His friend, Taras Koval, an Englishman with a Ukrainian background, has been teaching him the language, and together they plan a trip to Ukraine which will combine business with pleasure. Taras is married to Vira from Ukraine. Before his trip to Ukraine Stephen makes a useful contact when he meets an English lawyer of Ukrainian extraction, Iuri Morozenko. Stephen’s business contacts in Ukraine are Solomiia Koval’chuk, the director of a clothing company in Kyiv, and Ihor Stakhiv, the general manager of the company. You will also meet Thor’s wife Ol’ha and their three children, Natalka, Ostap and Olenka. Taras has a Ukrainian friend, Bohdan. During his trip around Ukraine Stephen meets his old friend, Andrew, an American journalist. —— PRONUNCIATION —— Alphabet You will first have to learn to recognise the Cyrillic alphabet which the Ukrainians use, and the sounds for which the letters stand. The Cyrillic alphabet has a long history and is closely linked to the spread of Orthodox Christianity. Other languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet are Belarusian, Russian and Serbian. ‘The Ukrainian alphabet has thirty three letters in all. ‘The first group of letters includes those which are either identical or nearly so in both shape and sound, and those which are identical in shape to their English counterparts but represent an entirely different sound: Ala] K Ik] CIs] B{ivorw] M([m] Tit] E [e] O[o] Y [oo] ME) Pry X [kh] I [ee] H [In] — 3 —UKRAINIAN Note on transcription: Letters within square brackets will always represent a transcription of the Ukrainian Cyrillic letters into the closest English equivalents that are given in this list. You will sometimes see combinations of letters in the transciption of Ukrainian words that Tepresent quite a different sound from that which the same letters would stand for in an English word. The Ukrainian word rait [hay] means “grove of trees’. The sequence [ay] has more or less the same sound as the letters ‘ie’ in ‘lie’ or ‘y’ in ‘my’. Stress © The stressed part of the word will also be marked in transcription by an accent mark [‘] over the vowel that bears the stress. Remember that the double letters [oo] and [ee] in transcription represent one sound. The stress mark will appear on the second letter, e.g. pyaxa [rodchka]. You have to learn the stress position of each new word in Ukrainian; there are no rules to help, unfortunately! Consonants and vowels We can now divide the alphabet into consonants: B6, Bs, Ir, Ur, Aa, x, 33, Wii, Kx, Jn, Mm, Hu, Un, Pp, Ce, Tr, Bh, Xx, Un, Gs, Wn, Wor and vowels: Aa, Ee, €e, Un, li, fi, Oo, Vy, FOr, Ax Note that the letters 9, Y¥, FO, A, listed as vowels above, in fact stand for the consonant Mu followed by the vowels E, I, Y, A. In other words these letters stand for two sounds. Here is the complete Ukrainian alphabet: Aa b6 Ba Ir Ir fa Ee Ce Kx 33 Un li fi Nin Kk Jin Mm HH Oo Mn Pp Cc Tr Yy Och Xx Uy 44 Li Lif bb Oro Aa INTRODUCTION Notes: 1 ‘The letter I] stands for a combination of two sounds: I + 4. Conversely there are some combinations of two letters that actually fland for one sound: JK for the ‘j’ sound in ‘jam’, e.g. 1 xoqay¥ [ya khojod] (7 go); JI3 for the ‘dz’ sound that can be heard at the end of the word ‘buds’, 6g. 43épraso [dzérkalo] (nirror). 2 You can see that several of the letters have exactly the same shape in both capital and small forms, e.g. Bs, Kx, Mm, Hu, Tr, in contrast to letters in the English alphabet which look like them, e.g. Bb, Kk, Mm, th, Tt, This similarity is preserved in some of the handwritten forms as Well, for example: PRINTED HANDWRITTEN _ | eapital small capital small / 5 i 6 K K Se ke |u ™ Ua a MW H KH a HT 1; TN ma Examples: KBITKA kbireae xir Kee BiKHO bento 3 Look at the handwritten forms of the letters JI, M, Sf when they are joined to preceding letters. PRINTED HANDWRITTEN capital small capital small ql n At L M u AL ae A a 2 He Here are some examples of these letters in various combinations; note the hook before the handwritten forms:UKRAINIAN 3eMILi GEMAR gamma 404th omipénb owiberys senénmit zene Semna [zemrA] the planet Earth 3emns [zeml'é] ground You will see that the handwritten form of the letter JI has exactly the same height as the corresponding handwritten forms of a, r, e, 2k, H, M, etc. s Make sure that you differentiate M and T in handwriting, e.g. PRINTED HANDWRITTEN Mama MAMA TaTo mamo mama [mama] mum The ‘soft sign’ As we said earlier, there are thirty three letters in the Ukrainian alphabet. However, if you count the number of letters that represent consonants and vowels, you will find only thirty two. There is one letter —» — that has no sound value of its own, but which has a direct effect on the pronunciation of the consonant that stands before it. Consonants Consonants can be pronounced either hard or soft. Take the Ukrainian letter 1; if you pronounce it with the tip of your tongue against your top teeth, you produce the hard sound. If you try to pronounce the same sound with the tip of your tongue against the palate, you will automatically produce the soft sound. Try the same thing with some other Ukrainian consonants: a, 4, u. First try to say the hard sound followed by the vowel a: Ta — 1a — 1a — Ha. Now try the soft equivalent with the same vowel sound, but look at how we write them together: Ta — 19 — ua — Ha. FAR - AR- A - HA < INTRODUCTION The difference between hard and soft consonants can also occur at the #id of words or in front of another consonant inside a word. Try to ei the vowel a before the hard consonants: ar — an — ay — an. low look at how we write the soft equivalent; try to read the following Hequeices; ATR — ast — alb — aHb. AUN - Cute - Cage - ates ‘The letter b is called the ‘soft sign’; it has no sound of its own, but is iid to show that the consonant that stands before it is a soft one. The "letter will be represented in transcription by an inverted comma [‘]. ‘Tit to make matters more complicated the soft sign normally appears as i Ordinary apostrophe [’] or as an acute accent [‘] or is omitted entirely When Ukrainian words (most frequently, placenames and personal Himes) are written in the Latin alphabet. The female first name Onpra Will appear as [61‘ha] as a guide to understanding the Ukrainian letters in this chapter, but would normally be written as Ol’ha, Olha or Olha. The Gity of JIspis appeas as [l‘veew] in our transcription system in this whapter, but normally looks like L’viv, L’viv or Lviv. In later units, When the transcription system is no longer being used, you will find O!'ha and L’ viv. Here are some examples of actual Ukrainian words: Jenb [den‘] day ges yurrrem [wehitel‘] teacher yonumnets qOubxa [don‘ka] daughter GOR Hey rh ee Note that the handwritten form of the soft sign looks something like the Hnglish ‘b’, but has a shorter downward stroke. HMSbKuit [niz‘kiy] low Vowels Let’s look again at the vowel letters that denote sounds beginning with hi [y]: « [ya], 10 [yoo], € [ye], f [yee]. When we read the letters in the alphabet, they denote two sounds: [y] followed by a vowel. This combination of sounds occurs very frequently in Ukrainian words: %6.s1yKo [yéblooko] apple youax [yoondk] young man €eréu [yewhén] Eugene joa [yéezha] foodUKRAINIAN Three of these letters (a, 10, €) can also be used to show that a consonant occurring before them is to be pronounced soft, e.g. Ta [t‘a], mo [l‘oo], ne [n‘e]. As you can see, the [y] sound before the vowel [a, 00, e] disappears. Now let’s have some more practice: ARH [yakiy] what kind of? 0668 [l‘oob6w] love FOpiii [yoéreey] George mupk [tsirk] circus aistbxa [l‘Al‘ka] doll aamnua [l4mpa] lamp The letter i is best described as lazy; it can only stand for the sounds [y] + [ee]. Let’s go over this ground again. How do we know when to read the letters a, 10, € as two sounds when they occur inside a word, and when to read them as one? They are read as two sounds when they occur after a vowel, e.g. noé3ia [poézeeya] (poetry), unia [sheéya] (neck). We also read them as two sounds when between a consonant and one of the letters a, 10, €, ¥ you see an apostrophe [’] (not the reverse one [‘] that we are using in the transcription to denote soft consonants!). This denotes that the consonant is to be pronounced ‘hard’ with a following clear ‘y’ sound before the vowel. Here are some examples: im’% [eemyé] name 3qop6s’s [zdorévya] health upem’épa [premyéra] first night of a play inreps’r0 [eentervyo6] interview Now let’s look at how these letters work together to form words. In Ukrainian we say most words just as we write them, and write them just as we say them. This phonetic principle in Ukrainian works most of the time. Pronunciation exercises Remember that the stress marks are intended as a guide to help you with pronunciation. They are not used in everyday printed texts, and you do not need to write them except as a means of helping you memorise the position of the stress in each new word that you meet. 1 Reading practice (a The first group of letters are close to their English counterparts in both shape and the sound that they represent. — 10 — INTRODUCTION A E 3 IT K M On. T Aa fa] Ee [ein let] 3a [z] li [ee] Ki (k] Mm [m] Oo [o] ce fs] Tr ( saMoK Micr micro ciM Kit This second group contains letters some of which look like English letters but in fact represent different sounds. B A u H P y x Bp ly, w] Aa [d] Mn fil Hu [n] Pp {r] Yy — [oo] Xx [kh] Pit puc Kapa BIciM ‘Typuct pyxa nic BYXO This third group contains letters that are quite unlike anything in the English alphabet. Brrexiunrneonwimmwa B6 [b] Tr [hin how] Tar [g in gang] €e [ye in yellow] OK [zh] it [yee] it ly] Jn) Tin [p] &p [f] Oy Its] Ua [ch] In [sh] Ty [shch] Or [yoo] Aa [ya] You have now seen all the letters of the Ukrainian alphabet several times over! Here are some lists of words for you to = 4 —UKRAINIAN practise. How many can you understand already? The first group is the easiest; the third group may require some 1 guesswork, @ 5 Gap Ganx —haxe’ «= hic. «Safa. «=a JOBPM JIEHb! axTép — MeTpé Mama, Bisa cecrpa vénic r ee (6 AK BAIITE IM’? Gara — Gisuec Gisnecmén Gankon © GackerOdn —_iméxnia xaiwar renebéu romp mah ambaystitop éro Hello! What’s your name? Boxsdt Tpoméii6yc mumdn moxomq 2xypHamict kanenndp Kommdnia gupéxtop KAprka incruTyr yuisepeurér manip Komirvorep Amépuka pecropéa ndcnopr rapéox winierp napruép ampéca HOMep —aepondpT MoKyméuT apré6yc in this unit you will learn: eH eKoHOMika inéa intepp’¥o KoMépuia © amepukdnen Kpemit = namna_—sicb cron curapéra — MomoK6 ' how to introduce yourself Sande = cy coye BuO cocicka = BepMiliéu1b how to introduce members of your family how to greet people b how to identify objects (e.g. ‘this is my house’) ® how to ask simple questions using question words ® how to ask someone what their name is 2 Reading and writing practice (a) Now practise the handwritten forms of the Ukrainian alphabet. You have seen these words already. Example: [pyr Drege ®éTo pero ced aipwana BikKHO samna rs i B Kya ua CAGE ene Aianor 1 (Dialogue 7) sOnyKo © n0é3ia kit ia uupx 1068 xeirka népeno Taras has invited Stephen to his home. FOpiit MOpe Tapic J[66puii ners, Crisene!* Ipomy 3ax6nuTu. Crinen To6pineus, Tapace!* Ax cupapn? mrs [Mixyro, 466pe. A ak Ta? (6) Here are some names of towns and rivers in Ukraine. Some you may have heard of, others may be completely new. Practise reading and writing the names. Crisen [Kixyro, nenorauo. @ towns and cities pal ic Cindi, Oymb macKa. 3 en xe aaKyro. | Kus Jizzis Onéca Anta ae Tlomrapa Yxropoa, Uepxacu Xapxis AO6puii BeHD hello/how do you do? (lit. good day) Uepuiris Yopxd6unb = JIyupx 2Kurémap Ao6prneHe hello/how do you do? Binanus Tepuonim Cepacténonb Cimdepdmom npowy sax6guTn please oe in (lit. [1] ask [you] to come in, i) rivers fk cnpaBn? how are things? (lit. how things?) ree BgiKyto thank you (lit. [I] thank) Tuinpé Byr Tloxéup Tuicrep n66pe fine 42.— — 13 —UKRAINIAN ask tH? and you? (lit. and how [are] you?) HenoraHo not bad cinan sit down 6yAb ndcKa please Aypke Asixyto thank you very much (lit. very [much] [!] thank) *Special forms of the names Cripen and Tapac, used when addressing people: see unit 11. Later that evening Taras shows Stephen a photograph of his family in Ukraine. Muréaa is a Ukrainian male name; Mapia and Oxcdna are female ones. Here is a picture of Taras’ family with a friend. Te - Oxcdna Ie - Muxéza Ie — Exzpro Aianor 2 (Dialogue 2) Tapac Le — mili Gpat. Mord spyrs Muxéza. Bin axrép. Crises’ A xTo 11e? Tapée Ue —moa cecrpa. Ti im’a Oxcana. Crinen 51xé if npodécia? os Ae HELLO! WHAT’S YOUR NAME? Bond My3HKauT. A we TBOd MaMa? _ Tax. Ii ssyrp Mapis. Bond Matemdtux. on A To TaKdx TBili Opat? Hi. To mit apyr Enypro. Nyinen Bia yxpainens? Hi. Bin ue yxpainxenp. Bix amepukdnenp. A tiordé upopécia? Bin xypnasuicr. A ne — A. this my his name is (lit. him [they] call) he actor and, but who my sister her what she musician your yes her name is (lit. her [they] call) mathematician that also, too, as well no not Andrew (lit) a Ukrainian man IH ykpaineyp? is he Ukrainian?/a Ukrainian? AmepHKaHeyb (lit.) an American Npocécia profession (a) Npapga uv HenpaBga? (True or false?) Answer in Ukrainian. . 1 Ie moa cecrpé Oxcdna. Bond %xypuamict. 2 We mili par Muxona. Bia axrép. , — fetUKRAINIAN 3 Le moa mama. Ii im’s Mapis. 4 Ie mitt xpyr Engpwo. Bin yxpainenp. (b) Answer the following questions in English. 1 How does Stephen answer the question ‘How are you?’ 2 Who are the people on the photo? 3 What is the name of Taras’ brother? 4 What is his mother’s profession? Ak cyHKuionHye MoBa How the language works 1 ‘The’ and ‘a’ in Ukrainian There are no definite (‘the’) or indefinite (‘a’) articles in Ukrainian. 2 ‘Is’ in Ukrainian As you can see from the sentences in the dialogue, you do not need a word for ‘is’ in sentences like “This is my brother. He is an actor.’ There will be more about this in the next unit. 3 Asking simple questions In Ukrainian the words for the statement pin yxpainenp (he is Ukrainian) and the question Bin yxpainem,? (is he Ukrainian?) occur in the same order. In print the question is obviously marked by the question mark, In speech the intonation makes all the difference. In a question the voice rises and falls on the word that is important for the question: Bin yxpainems? Is he Ukrainian? Ukrainian makes frequent use of the little word a to introduce questions, e.g. from the dialogues a TH? (and you?) a xro we? (and who’s this?) a ne TBos MaMa? (is that your mother?) a ro TaK6x TBiii Gpat? (and is that also your brother?) a iioré upotpécia? (and [what is] his profession?). | HELLO! WHAT'S YOUR NAME? ls (ied to change the flow of the conversation, and to seek new infor- . It can sometimes be translated into English as ‘and’ or ‘so’ at pinning of the sentence. i also occur at the beginning of a statement, e.g. a We s (and that’s Nouns Houn is a word that refers to a person, e.g. boy — xuémamxK, sister — Hpi, journalist — awypuasicr, an object e.g. car — aBromo6inp, church 1, photograph — dro, or abstract concept, e.g. day — nemb, love BoHa BOHO goreKa 660 cectpa ope sauna BiKHO| [he words sin, can, Opar are masculine in gender; BoHd, OHLKa, ‘“erpi are feminine. The nouns denote either male (cus, GpaT) or female (q6npKa, ceerpa) human beings; the gender of the Ukrainian ouns therefore depends upon the sex of the person. Hé6o, mépe and 16 all denote objects and are therefore neuter in gender. So what ut mupK and amma? After all they both denote objects, but have not een included in the list of neuter nouns. \¢ issue here is that in Ukrainian gender is a grammatical principle that not restricted to the sex distinctions of the natural world. Gender is signed largely on the basis of the final letter of the noun in question. If ‘ou look again at the list above, you will see that masculine nouns end ; in a consonant, feminine nouns end in -a, neuter nouns end in -0 or -e. ‘Ending in a consonant’ also covers those nouns that end in a consonant a ayUKRAINIAN HELLO! WHAT’S YOUR NAME? Alo hipna pisswana. This is a beautiful girl. yords rdpua yipunna (a/the beautiful girl) by themselves are only i sentence. See what happens when the adjective comes after the followed by the ‘soft sign’, e.g. omipéyp. Feminine nouns can also end in -#, e.g. Kings. The personal pronoun six can replace any noun of masculine gender, and Bona any noun of feminine gender; Bono refers only to nouns of neuter gender. The girl is beautiful. Note: Some nouns ending in a soft consonant or 4, 2, wi are in fact femi- nine. Some nouns ending in -m are neuter. You have already seen one such neuter noun in this unit — im’s (name). When such problem nouns | occur in the dialogues the gender will be given in the word-lists: (m), (f), or (n). onal pronoun is a word that replaces a noun, for example: 6 Adjectives js is my son. Heis an actor. Le iit can. Bin axrdp. This is my daughter. She is a Le mos a6ubxa. Bond An adjective is a word used to describe a noun. Adjectives can denote ‘musician. MY3HKABT. the quality of an object (good, bad, beautiful, small, blue) or what the object is made of (wooden, woollen). fre all the personal pronouns of Ukrainian. The first person pro- ilisons . : refer to the speaker(s), the second person refers to the person(s) Adjectives change their form according to the gender of the noun they spoken to, the third person refers to the person(s) or thing(s) being accompany. Look at the following examples: Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Plural AKA aKa? aKe? rapHvit 6yavHoK rapva plpuvna rapHe Hé60 a ! ta Lesd senéHnit onipéy senéva nana senéve none a ou a pou: onKid oniBéyp cms néwna cline W860 ae ae ; BoHA she BOW they BOHO none field cnniia dark blue, navy You can see that masculine adjectives end in a vowel and a consonant (uii or iii), feminine adjectives in a or a, neuter adjectives in e or e. The adjective endings mii (m), a (f), and e (n) are called hard; the adjective endings iii (m), # (f), and e (n) are called soft. Two examples: hard endings: 66pniit, 66pa, WOOpe = soft endings: cumiit, cts, cue ssessive pronouns As a tule adjectives stand before the nouns which they accompany, as in [he possessive pronouns are: the sentence: Mili my, mine TBI your, yours —=! 1B — = 1 ==UKRAINIAN unit whose aKxuli what kind of? ‘You saw two examples involving the word miii in the dialogue: Mili OpaT my brother Mili pyr my friend You have already seen that the word for ‘my’ changes its form with feminine nouns: Mofi cecTpa Mos Mama my sister my mother The word will also change its form with neuter nouns: Mo€ im’ Moé ced my name my village The word for ‘your’ changes in the same way: TBiii, TBos, TBOé. The question word ‘whose?’ also changes like this: wnii?, ansi?, 4Hé?. ani? mila 6pat 4né? Moé im’A asi? Mos cecrpa Unii ue apromobims? Whose car [is] this? Uns To KuHa? Whose book [is] that? Now look at the following examples: Le iii [t[’s] mine. He moi fit’s] not mine. Mili aBToMoOinb my car AstomoOinp Mii. The car is mine. Le mili astomoOins. This is my car. As you can see, Ukrainian uses the same word iii for ‘my’ and ‘mine’. The same applies to TBiii. TBOE AO.nyKO your apple Lle raoé s6nyxo. This is AOayKo TBoé€. The apple is your apple. yours. — ig — HELLO! WHAT'S YOUR NAME? Cultural note: ‘you’ — Bu or tu? i Ww jom you know well, e.g. a relative or a close friend (like the ' Fronch tu). Bu is used when talking to several people or as a ‘polite form of address to one person whom you do not know | Very well, e.g. in official situations, in talking to older persons, {hose who occupy a senior position, etc. In writing the pronoun 4, when used as a polite form of address to one person, has capital letter: Bu. The corresponding possessive pronouns Alo Tei (TBOA, TBOé) and Baw (Bawa, Bawe). hen meeting a Ukrainian for the first time it is always advis- Ablo to use Bu and Baw. 10 the personal pronoun tu when addressing one person lOlins, pronouns and adjectives change their endings for number and ide, The case of a noun is determined by its function in the sentence. ns and pronouns are listed in wordlists and dictionaries in the nomi- ‘ive or ‘naming’ case. It most frequently occurs as the subject of a sntence, or as the description of the subject, e.g. A — anracin., Oxcdna My3m«anr, where the personal pronoun and all the nouns are in the Nominative case. Adjectives are listed in the form of the masculine nom- Native singular. ) Asking questions with question words ‘0? Wo? xTo? who? 10? what? We can make simple questions by adding question words: Xro we? Who is this? Ilo To? What is that? 10 How to say what your name is Moé im’s Tapac. Moé npissume Kozam. My (first) name is Taras. My surname is Koval. —] ————_ UKRAINIAN It is possible to say the same thing in the following way: Meué 3pytp Tapac Kozan. My name is Taras Koval. 3ByTb — [they] call The words Mené 3pyte literally mean ‘me [they] call’. Both Ukrainian phrases, Moé im’si and Mené spyts, are the equivalent of the English ‘my name is’. Meué spyTt ... Moé im’s ... Moé npissuue ... 11. How to ask what someone’s name is (a) informal AK TBOE im’A? What is your (first) name? (lit. how [is] your name?) Ax TB0é mpisBane? What is your surname? Ak Te6é 3ByTE? What is your name (and surname)? (b) formal/polite Ax Bawe im’s? Ax Bame npissame? Ax Bac spy? Te66 (from tH) you Bac (from BH) you BMPABH (exercises) 1 Read the dialogue again. Complete the table below by putting a cross (+) in the right box. okypHanict | mysnKaHT aKTop MaTeMaTuk Mapia, Euapio Mukéna OxcaHa et BB a HELLO! WHAT'S YOUR NAME? _ Now answer a few questions following the examples: Le 6par. To cecrpa. £ Le xsirxa. To BikH6. pyr, yultrenb, Mima, xu6m4HK, siIbKa, yonosix, s4mna, pono, TiswnuKa, raHoK, Mépe) Now some questions, saying ‘yes’ or ‘no’ in Ukrainian. ample: Le anromo6ims? — Hi, ue aepeso. (No, it’s a tree). (Yes, it’s a...) (Yes, it’s...) (No, it’s a doll.) (No, it’s a bush.) (Yes, it’s a...) (Yes, it’s a...) (No, it’s a pencil.) Le 4onosix? Le xtra? To xpirKa? To pyuxa? Le xnénuux? To uépxsa? Le s6nyxo? Name these people (choose their names from the list below). Imagine that you are meeting these people. How would you ask each of them what their names and professions are, and how might they reply? (i) Oxcdna Besmiuxo i Gi) Bugpro Kpéc6i (ii) Mapia Kosa (iv) Crinen TéiinopUKRAINIAN 5 Write out the following nouns in three columns, according to their gender. At the same time check that you know what they mean. Masculine Feminine Neuter sos0BiK «inka céune cOuue, somoBik, ximka, népepo, TanoK, BiKH6, xsirKa, xir, Hé60, XNONYHK, Kym, aBromoGim, 6yAfHOK, AIBYHHKa, AOnyxo, rowdx, dka, mpyr, Kuira, Mépe, onipéys, nanip, pyuKa, oro, uépxea, midmka, JibKa, WMpK, dMma, %«ypHaJucT, cecTpa 6 Choose the right form of the adjective to go with the nouns in the list below. Example: Bpar pucéxnii Bpar (pucéKuit, BUCOKa, BACOKe) KsitKa (rapauii, rapaa, rapue) Pyuxa (mili, Moat, Moé) A6nyKo (genéumii, 3enéna, 3eméne) Cend (xpacripuii, xpaciipa, KpaciiBe) BenwKknin big, great, large pacha beautiful, handsome yiKaenit interesting Tennant warm BucoKHi tall, high manéHbkuit Jittle, small crinéyp (m) chair 7 Answer the following questions, using adjectives from the list above: Example: Axi we GyniHOK? Le sesmixnii GyminoK. Axé ve i6nyKo? Le (small) Akad we KBiTKa? Le (beautiful) 51ké ne wdnka? Le (warm) Le (tall, high) Ile (interesting) Aké we népeso? Aka ue Kana? p44 — HELLO! WHAT'S YOUR NAME? Now do the reverse! Form simple questions from the sentences below: Example: Unit ne crinéus? (a) (b) Le mii crinénp. Tle moa naibkKa. Le mii onizénp. Le Moé 40myxo. Le moa xatira. Tle Moé (éto. Ie miii kit. NN NN Hind the correct answer from the list on the right. Ile ucéKe 7épezo? Ie répua gisaua? Ile rémne mépe? Tax, ue rapua qipwnna. Tax, We Ténse MOpe. Hi, ue 3enéuuii namp. Hi, ge wu3pKiti Kyu. Hi, ne Manénpxnit OyaHHOK. Tak, ue BucOKe DépeBo. Le nesmixuit OyaitoK? ‘We u6punit manip? Ile pucékuii Kyu? (a) You are in Kyiv. At a reception you are asked what your name is. What are the words that you are likely to hear? How will you respond? You are showing some photographs to a Ukrainian friend. Your friend asks if one of the people on the photo is your brother. What does s/he actually say? You reply that it is not your brother — it is a friend. How will you phrase your reply in Ukrainian? — 35 —> Tu Maem cay? | AYIKE TIPHEMHO 3 -BAMM NO3HAMOMUTHCA- MadyTB, aye crapi? VERY NICE TO MEET YOU Tax. A mato rapauii cag. Xéuent noxuBiruca? oO, ue BesiKHit can. Meni aye moyoOaroTEca ni seméni kyu Ta sicKpaBi KBiTH, I TyT Taxi Bucoxi yepésa. Bont, Tax. Tu sndem, Crisene, choréaui ne nye Tél nenb. Tyr mpoxos6mH0. Xonimo yo kimndtu. Very nice to meet you In this unit you will learn: how to make a simple description of a room how to say you like something what to say when someone is introduced to you the names of some countries and nationalities something about the plural bist ly claatn ja (mM. nom. sg.: eBitnuil) Hianor 1 The next evening Taras again invites Stephen to his home to meet his wife and to discuss some business questions. hil evening how's life? life OK meet my friend. (lit. get acquainted: this is my friend) nice to meet you excuse me/I beg your pardon | am very pleased to meet you (lit. [I am] very glad with you to get acquainted) invite [your] friend to the living-room living-room come in please sit down bright (feminine form) room here soft (plural form) comfortble (plural form) furniture (plural form) : © [itis] cosy Tapac TIpupir, Cripene! ‘ how cosy it is here Crizsen [[66puii Bévip. Ak xuTra? we have Tapic Hopmdnpuo, mikyto. Bipo, no3Haiiémca: we Mili. opyr but, however Cripex. we love it very much Crinen Crisex Téiinop. es eg Bipa Tijxe upuémno, Bipa. Tlepenpowyro, ax Bane mpispuue? aes Crinen Téiinop. A anrnienp. jou NOAMBITHCA? [do you] want to have a look? Bipa JIyxe pana 3 Bama nosHaitémaruca. Tapace, 3anpouyii joul (AypKe) NoAé6aroTEcA | like (very much) apyra Qo BiTasbHi. hog Tapde Crizene, saxdup, ym» ndcka. TIpémy cinta. Aes ae : jnoKpasi (m. nom. sg.: ackpaBuii brightly-cofoured (plural form) Crizen Tyixyro. Le AYKE | rapa, cpirna Kimadta. TyT BemiKi ‘vaxl (m. nom. sg.: Taki) ) pet (oll form) ) Bikna, M’axi, spyanl méOni, Ax Tyr s4TuuHo! | perhaps, maybe Tapéc Mu méemo ne syxe Besiixnit Gyminox, ané Mu ford AYyxKe rapi (m. nom. sg.: erapiin) old (plural form) su06uMo. <7 265 = BeUKRAINIAN sande [you] know chorépni today npoxondé_HO fit is] cool, chilly xogimo let's go fo kimnatn tofinto the room (a) Npasga 4u Henpasga? Answer in Ukrainian Crisen Téiinop - yxpainens. Tyr? Bemixi BikHa. Tapac Mae rapuuii cay. Cioréaui ayxe Ténsmii Henn. PONE (b) Answer the following questions in English 1 How does Taras introduce Stephen to Vira? Repeat the phrase. 2 > Which room in Taras’ house is very beautiful? 3 What do we know about the trees in Taras’ garden? 4 Why do Taras and Stephen decide to go back into the house? . * Z Ak dyHKyionye MOBa 1 Nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verbs in Ukrainian change their end- ings according to the role they play in each sentence. You have already seen how adjectives change their endings to ‘agree with’ the gender of the noun with which they occur. The endings also tell us about the number of the noun (and adjective, if there is one) in question; the singular number is used to refer to one per- son or object, the plural number to refer to more than one. ‘Singular’ and ‘plural’ Some nouns in Ukrainian, like mé6.i in this dialogue, exist only in the plural form. Such words will be specially marked in the wordlists. The wordlist for the dialogue in this unit gives adjectives in the form in which they occur there, and also in the form in which they occur in dictionaries. — 99 — VERY NICE TO MEET YOU | How is the plural formed? this unit you have already seen several plural forms of nouns and pemixi Bika Bucoxi pepésa Ost Ukrainian masculine and feminine nouns in the plural have one of endings m, i, i Which one depends on the ending in the singular. yuntes (yairen) rai (rai) wnt (tuia) the last consonant in the noun is soft (i.e. is followed by the ‘soft ‘ign’ or the letters 9, 10, or €, which show that the preceding Consonant is soft) or one of the following letters a, 4, m1, mi, U1, use i KYM, BiTALHA, yates). ‘Two nouns that you have already met form their plurals in a some- \ il irregular way. Make special note of: Mpyr - apysi Hine nouns lose a vowel when forming the nominative plural, e.g.: KBITKa — KBITH irniens — anraifini orinénp — crinput onivéup — onisui Oyainox — 6yqnHKH ranox — rauxn Tenb — WH ich words will always be indicated in the wordlists. b) Neuter nouns: suler nouns ending in -o in the singular always end in -a in the inative plural. Those neuter nouns which have an -e ending in the gular change that ending to a or a (i.e.: a after a hard consonant, 2 a soft consonant or p):UKRAINIAN VERY NICE TO MEET YOU sixna (BikH6) céna (cen6) Dpiliv/onnd/onné is followed by the nominative singular: é é 6] . > ue . Pree a eed BOEEOEE?) On Win crinéyb © omHd Kimndra —omHé BiKHO The neuter noun im’s requires special attention. Its nominative plural is W/ani — worispa are followed by the nominative plural: imena. crimbui/api Kimndra Tpu Gpati 4OTHpH BikHa 3 Making adjectives plural Aianor 2 The plural ending for both hard and soft adjectives is the same, irrespec- tive of the gender of the following noun: -i hard soft hance meeting in the street. Taras accidentally touches the handbag Meet opie Cie: aia lady who is walking towards him hand in hand with a tall man. rapunit rapui O! ...JIigo, mk4 s¥crpiu! BuGay, Gyn» 1dcKa! n66puii = 66 pi T6puit wévip, Tapdce! Tosnaiiémcs: we mili youoBik, Bozoyrimup. Ayxe pagquii no3snaii6mutuca. Tapac. (shakes Taras’ hand) Tlepenpouryto, 1x Bawie im’A? Tapac. Tapac Kozan. Alyoxe npuémuo, 4 ‘My’, ‘your’, ‘our’ in the plural Here are the forms of the possessive pronouns ‘my’ and ‘your’: mili, Mos, Moe mot ae TBO! cipaBu? Tail, TBOA, TBOS eof lenorano. A ak Bu? , ; Baw, Bawa, BaWe Bawi Ayxe 166pe. Crordani ayxe rapuuii, Ténmii Wen i MH TyJHeMo, Hy, 266pe, macmmiso... Tapace... Cuyxaii, nog3Bonn Komi-né6ynp. Ocb Haut Tenedon. Mu 3anpdouyemo B récti. Tax, TOZ3BOHITR HeowMinHo! Uyn6so. Jaixyio. Note: The forms of nam (our) are like those of pam. 5 Number and numbers Learning about the plural naturally leads into counting. The numbers 1-4 in Ukrainian are: meeting what a meeting! please excuse me we're out for a walk (inf. rynsitw) cheerio! good luck! opt (m), opHa (1), oH (7) apa (mn & n), api (1) RON tpn (all genders) i : : listen! anh yotupn (all genders) No”SsBOHA KonH-Hé6yob phone [us] sometime (inf. nogssonatn) WH Sanpéwyemo B récti we invite [you] to visit us No_sBouite Heo_MinHo! phone [us] without fail!UKRAINIAN 7 What is a verb? Verbs denote an action (Stephen runs fast; she is reading a book), or a mental process (Taras thinks logically), or a state (Vera is my sister). They also denote when the action takes place. Tense means the time of the action to which the verb refers: past, present or future. Ukrainian verbs have separate forms for each of the three tenses. In this unit you will learn the forms of the present tense. 8 The verb ‘to be’ Le — mili Opar Mux6za. This is my brother Mykola. To — iit apyr Expr. That is my friend Andrew. These sentences can also be expressed in a slightly different way: Le € mili 6par Muxéna. To e mili mpyr Enapio. This is my brother Mykola. That is my friend Andrew. The word € (‘is’ or ‘are’) is not compulsory — you can either use it or leave it out in sentences like this. First person: -s1€ mune Jam we are Second person: THe Bue you are you are Third person: sine he is BoHae BOHME she is they are BOHG €& itis 9 There is/there are There are large windows and soft, comfortable furniture here. Tyr semixi Bixna, m’sxi, 3py4ni Mé6ui. Sentences with ‘there is, there are’ in English usually denote the location of person or objects, e.g. ‘there are two girls here’ ‘there is a letter on the table’. In Ukrainian there is no equivalent phrase for ‘there is/there are’ and the location comes at the beginning of the sentence. Tyr BucdKi nepéna. There are tall trees here. Tyr semixi Bixna, There are large windows here. Y nirdmeni mani, 3py4ni There is soft, comfortable Mmé6uIi. furniture in the living room. Pee VERY NICE TO MEET YOU 10 Itis ‘Tyr 34Tamno. Cporégui mpoxomdgHo. Jijoxe upuémuo 3 Bama nosHaiiémurucs. It is cosy here. It is chilly today. It is very nice to meet you. krainian does not use a word for ‘it’ in sentences like this where the noun ‘it? does not seem to refer to a noun. After all, you cannot ask ‘What is chilly today?’ and expect to get a reasonable answer! 11 Adverbs n adverb describes how an action is performed, e.g. ‘he can run fast’, ‘Stephen speaks Ukrainian well’. Many adverbs in English end in -ly, .g- neatly, beautifully, thoughtfully. In Ukrainian adverbs can be wmed from adjectives by replacing the -wii ending of the masculine ominative singular with -o, e.g. npuémuuii pleasant mpuémno pleasantly rapanit beautiful rapHo beautifully A few adverbs end in -e, e.g. n66puii good 66pe well Words like 3d1mmmo (it is cosy), upoxondano (it is cool) (see section 10 fibove) are also adverbs in form, and are formed from adjectives in exactly the same way: Tapuo, mo Bu tyr. Ténno cporégni. It’s fine that you're here. It’s warm today. 12 Verbs — the dictionary form Every verb has a base form used for dictionaries called an infinitive. Most Ukrainian verbs have infinitives ending in -ra. You have already met a few: mpomy sax6qura / npémy cindtm _ The equivalent form in English is ‘to come in’, ‘to sit down’.UKRAINIAN Some special forms of the infinitive You have also seen two infinitives (no3naiiémuTuca, noqMBiTHCs) which are slightly different because they end in -cs. See what a change in meaning it can make let [me] introduce (somebody) jet [me] introduce myself MO3BOuIbTe NosHaiiéMurTH... AOSBONbTe NOsHaiiOMuTuCA let [me] go3BonbTe The suffix -e can come after any personal form of the verb, as well as the infinitive, e.g. I like the flowers (lit. the flowers please me). Meni noqé6arorscs KaiTn. There will be more about -est in unit 5. Note: The inifinitive of the verb ‘to be’ is 6frn. 13 The present tense of verbs Ukrainian verbs are divided into two conjugation patterns. The word conjugation refers to the form of the personal endings. The significant feature of the first conjugation is the letter -e (after a consonant) or -€ (after a vowel) in the second and third persons of the singular and the first and second persons of the plural. For example, the verb matH (fo have): First person: A Malo mv Maemo Second person: TH Mae Bu maeTe Third person: Bin Mae Bond Mae BOHM MaIOTb BOHO Mae VERY NICE TO MEET YOU Here are some first conjugation verbs in the present tense: sHaTH cigatn sganpowysaTu = ASKyBaTH (toknow) (to sit down) —_(to invite) (to thank) | sHat0 cigdio sanpowyto BsiKyro you sHaew cinaew sanpowyew asikyeu he/she/it 3Hae cigde sanpowye aiKye we 3HaeMO cigdemo s3anpowyemo asikyemo: you sHdere —cigdere sanpowyere asxyete they sHdoTh —cigaloTb sanpowyloTh = AsiKyloT ‘orbs like mdrn, 3n41m and cigar are completely regular; you can leduce the forms of the present tense from the infinitive. However, you can see from the last two verbs that the infinitives contain a syllable a-) which is not present in the other forms given here. penpémysatn has forms exactly like those of 3anpéurysaT.) This why all verbs will be listed in the infinitive and the forms of the first ind second persons singular when necessary, because from those forms \ll other forms of the present tense can be deduced. 14 Giving orders and making requests e verb forms wmo3naiiémea, 3anpéwyit, 3ax6q6, nol3B0nh/ (OA3BOHITE are called imperatives. They denote orders, requests or Vitations: 3ax64b, 6yab WAcKa (come in, please). 15 Asking questions without question words lestion words are words like ‘who, what, whose, how’ — xo, uo, “mii, . Questions without a question word (unit 1) are formed in writing simply by adding a question mark or by rising intonation in speech. However frequent use is made of a little word 4m followed by the ques- tion itself. Uy Bin aursiens? Is he English? (lit. [is] he [an] Englishman?) Do you have a garden? Do you want to have a look? Un TH Maem cay? Un Tu x6uen! noquBiruca?UKRAINIAN 16 Howto: (a) greet people in Ukrainian time of day formal informal 6:00-12:00 [[66poro panxy! good morning Tpunit! Hi! (at any 12:00-18:00 [[66puii zene! good afternoon/ time) day 18:00-22:00 J[66puii Bésip! good evening (b) ask: How are things? © Questions Ak cnpaépn? How are things? Ak wut TA? How’s life? Ak Yonopik/ py Kina? How’s the husband/the wife? Ax pitn? How are the children? @ Possible replies AUsryro, ... Thanks, ... 4yOBO great! fine! nyxKe 1.66pe very good a66pe good HeroraHo not bad HOpMaJILHO OK TaK co6i S0-S0 He WYxe T66pe not very good noraHo bad, rotten 2KAXJIBO absolutely awful (c) introduce yourself and other people A-Cripew. Mexé spytp Crisen. Moé im’si Crisen. Moé mpi3suie Téiinop. Floss6nTe BipexomensyBatuca: Alo3nésETe nosHaii6mMuTucs: In informal situations when addressing one person and introducing someone, you can say: Tosnaiiémes: ue Crizen. When introducing yourself in a very informal situation, you can say: Upusir: a Cripen. Hi! I [am] Stephen. VERY NICE TO MEET YOU but be very sure. This way of introducing yourself is extremely casual! When being introduced to someone for the first time you shake hands tnd say: J[yxe mpuémno and name yourself, e.g. A Terpé Pnatior, or Alyce pagmit (m)/paza (f) 3 BAmn nosnaiiémuraca. Here are some phrases for introducing other people: 7lossénnTe upencTaButu: Te J>xon. Aosnénpte Bigpexomenyysatu: Ue mili pyr Jka. _ AlosBénpTe no3sHaliéMuTu: Ije mos négpyra Mapis. Tlosnaiiémreca: Tle Mapis. (d) say: Here is... Ocb Terepdu. , Ocp nau 6yqMHOK. Oct Milt aBromo6im/Ocb Mos Maumina (e) identify some countries and nationalities patna (country) nattiondbHicTh (nationality) (m) “ Vpaina (Ukraine) yxpatnenp ykpainia Amépuxa (America) amepukduems amepukdnica Himéwunna (Germany) HiMcHb HiMKénst Kandya (Canada) KaHayliens kaHajiiiKca Pocia (Russia) pocism«n pocismeca Auras (England/Great Britain) aurnienp anrsiiica ‘panuia (France) ppanny3 bpannyxenca Trania (Italy) ivanie, ivaniiica Ienania (Spain) icndnemp icrdamca Axcrpania (Australia) apctpasieu, — apcrpastiiiica “Sluduia (Japan) samOneub snduka Note: ® the word for ‘foreigner’: ino3sémen (m), ino3émKa (f) © All the masculine nouns in the above list ending in -emb or -eub lose their final vowel when forming the nominative plural, e.g. anon ivasiiint ©® The nominative plural of pocisiman is exceptional: pocisim. icndanenp AHTIENb icnduni SUIOHELt> ania wrastiens — BFUKRAINIAN Bnpasu 1 Add the necessary pronoun, TH or BH. (a) ... cind (c) ... 3ademr Cripena? Now make the Bu form in those sentences where there are TH forms. now, and vice versa. You are acting as interpreter between a visitor who does not speak Ukzainian and your Ukrainian host who does not speak English. Put the visitor’s remarks into Ukrainian, and the host’s replies into English. Example Visitor This is a bright room. Ue cairaa Kimura. Host Tax, Kimmdira pyoxe cpirna. Yes, the room is very bright. Visitor = What room is that? Host Tam piTdnbna. Visitor It’s very cosy! Host Tax, ty? M’axi, spytni Mé6ui. Visitor — Is this your garden? It’s big! Host Tak, ue Mili cag. Bia nyxe rapuuii. Put the infinitives in brackets into the correct form required by the personal pronoun in each sentence. (a) A (maim) spysnitit GyatHoK. (6) Bix (cindtm) y xpicno. (c) Mx (sanpémysatn) no Bitdnpni. (@) Tu (andrn), ye Tapac? Make complete sentences out of the following words. (a) apyr, ue, Miii. (b) anroiiixa, Bond. (c) Mae, SynMHOK, BemiKuii, BiH. (@) siranpni, sanpémyemo, no. (e) Mapis, kanamiiixa. VERY NICE TO MEET YOU 5 Answer the following questions in Ukrainian with ‘yes’ or ‘no’ as required, using the words in brackets as a guide. Example: Gu Crinen amepuxdnens? (Englishman) Hi, nin anruielp. (a) Un ue Bitanbua? (living room) ... (b) Un ue Bipa? (Oksana) ... (c) Un tyT Besmtki Bikna? (little windows) ... (d) Un ne Bam 6par Muxounna? (my friend Andrew) ... Identify the nationality in each of the following sentences according to the example. Example: Peter comes from England. Bin anrmienp. (a) This musician comes from Germany. Bin ... . (b) My wife comes from Italy. Bona ... . (c) This is a journalist from Spain. Bin .. (@) You come from Russia. Tu ... « (e) Iam from Ukraine. Al ... . (This person is from Australia. Bona ... . Give Ukrainian equivalents of the English phrases in the following dialogue: Tapéc TIpusit! Crinen Hello! Please come in, Tapic = AK cipdsu? Crisen Thank you, fine. And you? Tapac Alacyto, nenordano. Crisen Please sit down. Tapac = [axyto. Ax Tyr 34rammo. — 39 —UKRAINIAN 8 Complete the following dialogue by translating the English words in brackets into Ukrainian: Onér JJoOprinens, ax (life)? Mukésa (OK), naixyro. A ak TH? Onér = (Absolutely awful). Tlosnaiiémcs, Tersua. Tersino, ue mili (friend). Terina (Very) upuémuo (with you) nosHaiiémutuca. (I beg your pardon), 1x Baure (first name)? Max6éaa Muxénsia. Onér (Please sit down). Maxé.ta (Thank you). Tersma Bu yxpaineus? Munéna Hi, a iraniemp, (my mother is Ukrainian). Ti spyrp Mapis. (Your house is very beautiful.) Ax Tyt (cosy). (Yes), weit 6yninoK (is very old), ané (comfortable). (We have) 3py4Hi, airs (rooms), rapuuit (garden). (this is my wife) Onér CTIBEHE, BA MA€ETE CIM’!O? Stephen, do you have a family? this unit you will learn how to: say please and thanks ) talk about your family | say goodbye Ajianor 1 \¢ evening in Taras’ house in London. Conversation over coffee. Tu xouem miTH yaii 44 KaBy? Kasy, 6yab macka. Lyxop? Hi, astxyro. Al nam’sTato, TH He OOM WyKpy. Bepu, Syyb nadcKa, ricreuka, ix né4HBO. (offers cakes) Upémy, uparomatireca, 3 Alixyro. O, ue ayKe cmauno. A mo6smo TicreyKa. Un To6i wamirn ue KABu? Tax, npdmy. [yxe 466pa Kapa. (inf.: xotiTw; 1st person xouy) you want Naru (nto, n’ew) to drink “oi tea wa (here:) or — i —UKRAINIAN Kay (nom.: Kapa) coffee uyKop sugar naw’arato (inf: nam’sTarn) Tremember Tw He mo6mw UyKpy You don’t like sugar take! (fancy) cakes present tense: im, ich, ictb; md, icté, iqsTe) eat! néu“Bbo biscuits Npwrouaitteca (inf: npurouatuca) help yourself! ‘cMa4HO: " [itis] tasty ‘Un TO6i Hani We KaBn? Shall [I] pour you out some more coffee? 1 More orders and requests AK cbyHKuionye MéBa This dialogue introduces more imperative forms. The form of the impera- tive depends on the pronoun that would be used when speaking to that person, T# or Bx. Here are both forms of the imperatives that you have seen so far: ‘TH (singular — informal) Bu (plural or formal singular) Gep-t Gep-ire bx DK-Te 3anpouty-it 3anpouly-ii-re 3axdab 3axdab-Te 3HalOM-ca 3HaliOM-Te-ca TOD3B0H-A HO73BOH--TB mpuroma-ii-ca npuroma-ii-re-ca Note: The hyphens are there to help you see how the words are built up. The tules for forming the imperative are given in unit 18. All new imperative forms occurring in the texts will be given in the wordlists. The object of a sentence (accusative case) The accusative case is primarily used as the case of the direct object, ie. the form for the word that is at the ‘receiving end’ of the action of the subject: a STEPHEN, DO YOU HAVE A FAMILY? 3anpomyit apyra. Tu ne sro6mm uyKop. ‘Tu Maeur can? Bepii ricreaa. ‘Tu xovemm mira aaii? bx néanpo. T's xduews mtu Kdpy? ST mo6m ticreaxa. The masculine singular nouns can, aaii, uyKop do not change their orm; in other words their accusative singular form is exactly the same the ‘dictionary form’, the nominative singular. The same is true of the outer singular noun mé4mgo; the accusative neuter plural noun ticrenca |i ls0 identical to the nominative plural. | pyvever two nouns have changed in form: 3anpomyiit ypyra. Invite [your] friend. (nom. sg.: Apyr) ‘Tu xouem mira Kasy? (nom. sg.: KaBa) is a feminine noun; all feminine nouns ending in -a in the nomina- e singular change the -a to -y in the accusative singular. Jpyr, ever, is a masculine singular noun, and yet it behaves differently im the other masculine nouns in the list. Do you want to drink coffee? Animacy We need to look at the meaning of the word apyr, ‘friend’, i.e. a male Human being. The idea of animacy is of great importance in Ukrainian jtimmar, When it comes to forming the accusative singular, masculine Nouns in the singular are divided into animate and inanimate. Animate houns cover all the animal kingdom, including male human beings; in he accusative singular they add -a to the form of the nominative singu- t, Masculine nouns referring to objects and abstract concepts are all Ininimate. Animacy is also important in the plural of feminine nouns denoting human beings and animals. Endings of the accusative case — nouns fhe following tables will give you an overview of the endings for the ‘Nominative and accusative cases in both the singular and plural: — 43 —UKRAINIAN (a) Masculine inanimate nouns Nom. S. nacnopt 6yqvHoK onipéyp Acc. S. nacnopt 6yAViHOK onipéyb Nom PI. nacnop™m 6yqvHKu onisut Acc. Pl. nacnoptn 6yqvHKn onisyt (6) Masculine animate nouns Nom. S. | 6pat apyr yuutenb | aurnieyp | pociduun Acc. S. 6pata apyra yurena | axrnitiua | pocifHvna Nom Pl. | 6para Apy3i yunteni | anrniiyi | pocifun Acc. Pl. |6patis | apysis | yuntenis | anrniiiyis | pocisu (c) Feminine inanimate nouns Nom. S. KHMra, Bynnua 3ycTpiy Acc. S. kKHUry BYNIMLIO aycrpiy Nom PI. KHUTK Bynnui 3ycTpiyi Acc. Pl. KHATU. Bynnui 3yeTpini (d) Feminine animate nouns Nom. S. cectpa anouKa. anrniiaka KAYA Acc. S. cectpy aAnouKy anrniiaxy KAYO Nom PI. céctpn ANOHKM anrniakn | Ku Acc. PI. cecTép ANOHOK anrniiox KYU (e) Neuter nouns Nom. S. | qépeso npissuuye | mope KMTTA im’A Acc. S. wépeso | npissuye | mope = | >xnTTA im’A NomPl. |aepésa |npissuuja | mopa | >xKutTA imena Acc. Pl. Aepésa | npissvuyja | mops = | KuTTA imena SaaS STEPHEN, DO YOU HAVE A FAMILY? ote: All inanimate nouns of whatever gender share endings for the nominative and accusative cases in the plural. Masculine and feminine animate nouns in the plural have different endings for the accusative case. In fact it would be more accurate to say that feminine nouns in this case have no endings at all! The -a that marks the nominative singular ending of a feminine noun is dropped; in the case of ceerpa, anémxa and anrsiiixa this would lead to a cluster of consonants at the end of the word. In such circumstances a vowel is inserted between the consonants: -o- or occasionally -e-. Masculine animate nouns have a quite different ending in the accusative plural: -ip. Nouns like pocisimn behave somewhat differently; the nominative plural form is shorter, and the accusative plural has no ending at all, like feminine nouns. Proper names (words like TOpiii) are also nouns and have case endings. Of course, they are animate (41 3ndro Tapsca). Muéaa, although a male name, ends in -a, and so declines like a feminine noun — hence SM 3udio Muxéxy. evise the sections on hardness and softness of consonants in the troduction and section (2) in unit 2. The accusative case — personal pronouns Nom. Acc. Nom. Acc. First person: A MeHé Mu Hac Second person: ™ Te66 Bu Bac “Third person: (m) | BiH ord (f) BoHa i BOHA ix (n) BOHO word ‘eminder: The third person pronouns make no gender distinction in the Jural.UKRAINIAN STEPHEN, DO YOU HAVE A FAMILY? 4 Endings of the accusative case — adjectives The tables that follow give the endings of both the nominative and accusative cases. Crinene, pu mdere cim’10? SA neonpyxennit. Y méue e Garpxit B MWorsduaii. Mama nencionépxa, a T4To mpamoe B Ganxy. De 2 mato 6a6ycro. A Béuti 6arpKi y Besnxo6puranii? Hi. Boni 8 Vepaini. Mima ii TaTO 2KUBYTD y Uepuirosi, a Tika B Kyiesi. (a) with animate nouns Hard endings SA me ve nyxe m66pe sudo ykpainceki micté. TMepen- PpOulyto, 4M BH He 3HdeTe, KOTpA ronina? Nom. S. Acc. S. Nom. PI. Acc. PI Tew’sra. Bu nocnimdere? M. Ao6bpun 66poro A66pi go6pux Tax, rpomu. A sxe Mato fT ponémy. Tye miKkyto 3a F. 466pa Ao6py A6pi a66pux rocTMHuictp. Tipuxéap imé. Soft endings Ho noGdyenua! Ha sce 66pe! Ace. S. Nom. Pl. Ace. PI Ma! M. cMHboro cui cunix EB cHHIO cui cuHix oAPYyKeHHit (unmarried y Mone c have 6 parents (b) with inanimate nouns 1 Bilornénat (nom.: Wornéiaia) —_ in Scotland " pensioner (f) Hard endings (inf: npayonarn) works | BenKy (nom.: 6aHK) ina bank (here:) also, as well Nom. S. Acc. S. Nom. Pl. Acc. PI 6yclo (nom.: 6a6yca) granny M. AO6pui Ao6pui ‘A O6pi 66pi MBYTb (inf: KATH; KB , «mBe) — [they] live F. go6pa AoGpy ‘AO6pi A66pi » Mepuirosi (nom.: Yepxirxe) in Chernihiv N. 166} Ka aunt — A06pe A66pl A66pi | & Keni (nom.: Kitts) in Kyiv Soft ‘wlcTé (nom.: micto) towns endings orpa roqana? what time is it? (lit. which hour?) p'sira (mM. nom. sg.: WeB’sATHIY nine o’clock (lit. ninth) Nom. Ss. Acc. S. Nom. PI. mocniwdere? (inf: nocnimatu) — are you ina hurry? i 7 e pouKn alittle M. cui cui HHI Ho (inf.: maT) (here:) have to, must, should F. cua CHHIO cCHHi WW (here: ATM after a word ending in N. cue one cnHi a vowel) (iy, inew) togo My home | Afikyto 3a rocTMHHicte thanks for the hospitality | Npwxdap iné! come again! . Z (iuyé = we after a word ending in a consonant) Alianor 2 | po no6éenna goodbye | Ha wce Ad6pe all the best na bye-bye The conversation over coffee and cakes continues: — 46 2 AyUKRAINIAN Here are some questions on both dialogues: (a) Npapga uv HenpaBya? Answer in Ukrainian. 1 Crisen mo6urp Tictesxa. 2 Tapaci Bipa 2nByTb y Tlonrasi. 3 Crier AdOpe aude yxpalucpxi Micra. 4 Bipa nocnimde non6my. (b) Answer the following questions in English. What kind of drink does Stephen choose? 2 Is Stephen married? 3. Where do Vira’s parents live? 4 At what time does Stephen have to go home? Ak dyHKuyionye MOBa 3 Prepositons A preposition is a word that, together with the endings of nouns, pro- nouns and adjectives, helps to relate words to each other in a sentence. Examples of English prepositions are ‘about, into, for’. So far you have seen the Ukrainian prepositons 3 and jo: 9 jyaxe pani 3 B4mn nmo3naiiémutues (I am very pleased to get acquainted with you), zanpémyii 40 Birdneni (invite (him) into the living room); xonimo 40 kimndtu (let’s go to the room), but for the time being just learn the whole phrase, because different cases are involved. Here are some prepositions which are followed by a noun or pronoun in the accusative case: (a) y/B (to, into) Oxcdna cine B aBToMoGitb. Oksana gets (lit. sits down) into the car. (on) (with days of the week) A ue mpanporo B cyOdry. I don’t work on Saturday. STEPHEN, DO YOU HAVE A FAMILY? Note: the preposition y/p is followed by a different case in some Phrases in the dialogue; it has a different meaning there (in) and is followed by a different case (the locative) that will be dealt with later. Vor the time being learn the phrases in which this case occurs, e.g. B Hornduaii, B Gantry. (b) na (to) Al iiny ua poOdry. A iny wa poxsan. The difference in usage (with the accusative case) between the preposi- {ions y/s and na in the meaning ‘to’ is best left to experience! Just note lie phrases where each preposition occurs. J am going to work. Tam travelling to the station. ) po (about) SI 3n410 mpo pipmy «Pépmec- I know about the Hermes Clothing Knésinr». firm. (d) 30 (for, after asicyro) TMixyro 3a keira. Thanks for the flowers. BoK3an station ( rd (as i in Un bin ea It can also be tae to mean ‘or’, as in fit anrsieus «im yxpainent? _Having and having to Ihave léphen uses both ways of saying ‘to have’ in Ukrainian in the space of ew lines. You saw the verb mau in the previous unit; it corresponds tly in form to the English verb. MéHe € h ther construction (y Méne €) is a very common way of expressing Hisession. It will be explained in detail in unit 5. For now compare the 0 ways in which Stephen can say that he has a granny: —a —UKRAINIAN A Maro 6a6ycro Y éne € 6a6yca (accusative case — granny is the object) (nominative case — granny is the subject) In the phrase méro iii moa6my we see a form of the verb man followed by an infinitive in the sense of ‘I have to go home’. 6 Kis and Yepuiris The capital city of Ukraine is called Kitis, but when we are actually in Kyiv, we are y Kiteni. Similarly with Uepuiris — when there, we are y Uepuirosi. This alternation of vowels (i with o or e, i with €) within words is an important feature of Ukrainian. You have already seen that miii and Tsili change to mos/TBosi, Moé/tn0€, moi/TBol. The words in which this alternation occurs will be specially marked in the wordlists in the following way: (alt. i/o), (alt. i/e) or (alt. i7e). There will be more on this in unit 12. 7 Start to talk about your family! First, a few new words: poguna (extended) family (i.e. not only you, your husband/wife and children, but grandchildren, grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc.) aiayce granddad 3aMbKHA married (a woman to a man) Note: because of the meaning, this adjective is always in the feminine gender! Note also that it has a soft ending. BAigpKo (m) uncle awrina (pl.: alr) child oHYyK grandson onyuka granddaughter nneminHuK nephew nnewinHuys niece ApyKiHa wife oKiHKa. woman, wife (colloquial) STEPHEN, DO YOU HAVE A FAMILY? Hi, 1 neoxpyxennit (nesambxns). Yu y Bac € aziru? Y méue € cuH/6HbKa. Y méne € cunii/Tpu 1OubKH Un y ré6e e ainyen? ‘Tax. Bin ayxe crapiiit. A ue 1 Mdto Gabycto. le xuBé TROs ponina? Y méue ¢ 6atexi B MWorndngii, Mama nencionépxa, a Tato iipanroe B Gary. _ How to offer things and what to say in reply Formal: Bu xéuere uaii um Kdpy? Tipéury, xasy. Bu xouete mirn yaii um Kapy? aii, Oya» stcKa. epi, 6yab macka, ticreaKa. Alsaiyto. ere, Gyab maicKka, nésmBo. J[sixyto, 1 He xduy. Bam waniry ue Képu? Tax, npduiy. ) Informal: Kapa? Tax, pouty. Mai? Hi, xapa. Liyxop? Hi, pyiryto. Byap nicxa, Gepi Ticreyka. i HEYHBO. Mlle Kanu? Please and thanks Now for some sample sentences: Un Bu Méete cim’¥o? Tax, 1 MAto mpyxainy (uononixa), cia i A6HBKy. — 50 — ays use a polite [Ipémy! or Byap stacka! (please) when making a luest and follow up with Jfxyro (thank you). When you thank some- ly for something, you will hear [Ipémy! in response. You should do same when someone thanks you. /0 It’s time to say goodbye /lo no6a4enna! Goodbye (the most commonly used phrase: lit. till next meeting) — siUKRAINIAN JJo 3yerpini! See you! Zo Béyopa! See you tonight! Flo 34Btpa! See you tomorrow! Iacnmpo! Good luck! Cheerio! Some very informal phrases: Bysaii (to one person)/ Bysaiite (plural) Bye for now! Tla! Bye-bye Bnpasu 1 Divide the following sentences into two columns: (a) where mda means ‘to have’; (6) where mara means ‘to have to’, ‘must’ AA mato cay, A mato iirti. Bin mde nocnimaru. Tu Maem Kay, Tw Maem ynraru Kuiry. Tu Mdecu Teneddou. 2 Insert the correct form of one of the following verbs: fern, mirrn, Opt, xM1H according to the sense: Crisen ... Ticremxa. Tn ... KaBy? Bin ... y Kuesi. Mz... ait. (Note: the forms can be worked out from the information in the wordlist.) 3 Complete the sentences by putting the words in the right-hand column into the accusative case: Aipuuna Tapdc 3Hde kuna, micro aHr sens yxkpainens — 52 == STEPHEN, DO YOU HAVE A FAMILY? Here are some dialogues to be reconstructed entirely in Ukrainian: (a) Reply to the questions in Ukrainian: Host Tu x6yem 4ait mH KABy? You Coffee, please. Host Bam namitu me KiBu? You Yes, please. Host Lyxop? You No, thanks. . Host Bepri, 6yqp macka, Ticremka. You Thanks very much, I like cakes. Host Tpdémy. You Thank you. It’s very tasty. Host To6i we xin? You Yes, please. It’s very good coffee. (b) Provide your part of this dialogue in Ukrainian: You Excuse me, what's the time? Host les’ stra. You = Thanks. Host Bu mocnimaere? You Yes. | am ina great hurry. I have to go home. Host Jo 3yerpiui. You Many thanks for your hospitality. Goodbye. Complete the sentences, using the correct endings of the accusative case. M N F Aigy Ha = (BoK3an) (m6pe) (po66ra) Auntéto npo (6isHec) (QkUTTA) (cis) A sHaio (Kivi) (uicto) (Ypaita) Amato (aBTomo6inb) (s6nyko) (Kevira) A mato (asigbKo) (titka)UKRAINIAN 6 Talk about your family! Y Bac € ¢im’s? Try a variety of answers, using the phrase Y méue e: (a) Ihave a brother and two sisters. (b) [have three grandsons. (c) Ihave a husband/wife. Now use the phrase SI mao: (d) Ihave a husband/wife. (e) Ihave a grandson. (f) Ihave my parents in Scotland. 4 «AJLIO! A TESIE®OHYIO 3 JIOHJOHA...» = “Hallo! I am calling from London...” | this unit you will learn: how to make a telephone conversation how to say what is possible and what is necessary something about Ukrainian surnames Aianor phen is on the phone to his Ukrainian partners. Here is his conversa- en Ann6? [[66puit nen. perapka JTo6punenp. en Le Bac ryp6ye Crise Téiinop. petaépka Tlepenpduy10? ben Moé npissue Téinop. Un moxHa monpocitu 70 Teneouny mani MansapuyK? kperapka Oguy xpuminouxy, mane Téiinop. cH Jixyro. lanapayk = And, 4 cmyxaro. eH Tani Manspuyx, ue teneporye Crinen Téiinop 3 bipmu «épmec Kndsinry. laispayx ©, a66puii gens, Crisene. Tyxe pana. le Bu 34pa3? 3Binka Bu Tenedouyere?UKRAINIAN Crizen A tenehouyio 3 Aurmii, 3 JIé6Hqona. Mdto no Bac cmpasy. Maaspyyx — Cuyxato Bac. Crisen A xoay sigpinata Kus va inmi mica Vepaian. 41 He Mato 6araro wdcy, ane xduy noGyrn KieKa WHI y Jissési. Un Bu MOxete 3amésaTu ya MéHe rorém.? Maxspuyx 3 upuémuictio. Crinene, Bam rtpé6a_ odiniiine sanpomenns? Crizen Tyato, tax. Masapyyx Hemde npo6ném. Bu mdete KBuTOK Ha miTaK To Kiiesa? Cripen Tax, 1 Bxé 3aMOBUB KBUTOK Ha Vepatacnxi apiaminii. 1 mato onépxaTH Bisy 3a Tpu aHi. Jaixyro 3a MonomOry. A nyxe paguii Bac uyru. Maaspuyr J\sixyto 3a W3BiHOK. Crisen Zlo no6éyuenna. Maasspuyx = lo sycrpisi. Note: from now on words will be given in their dictionary form, i.e. nominative singular for nouns, nominative masculine singular for adjectives, infinitive for verbs (plus first and second persons of the singular where these forms cannot be deduced from the infinitive. In this unit only the forms in which the words occur in the dialogue will be added in brackets.) “HALLO! | AM GALLING FROM LONDON...” Nac time no6y™m to spend some time KInpxa (+ gen.) a few, several Nope (here: y SbBdBi) Lviv (alt. ifo) | damopuTH to order, to book, to make a reservation forénb (m) hotel npvémnicte (1) pleasure @npuémnicrio with pleasure npo6néma problem Homde npobném no problem! (lit. there are no problems) ‘pé6a [it is] necessary orbiuiinnia (here: ocpinitne) official SanpéwexHHs (n) invitation nyaio, tax I think so (lit. | think yes) nirak plane KBMTOK Ha niTak go Knepa ticket for the plane to Kyiv me already i BKé 3€MOBMB KBUTOK | have already ordered the ticket apianinii (pl.) airlines onépxata to get, receive _nlsa (here: pisy) visa 98 TPH AHI in three days’ time onomoéra (here: qonoméry) help, assistance wyTH to hear AsBIHOK (telephone) call Tenecbonysatn (here: Tenetponyio) 3 (preposition + gen.) anné typ6ysatn (here: typ6ye) ye Bac typ6ye Crisex Téiinop MOxkHAa nonpocirn nani OAHY xBunhHoUKy! xBunnHa naw enyxatn (here: 1 ye Tenecponye Cri 2 yxaio) iBeH Téinop apigxn? Bigsigatn Gararo (+ gen.) to telephone from Hallo (at the start of a telephone conversation) to trouble this is Stephen Taylor troubling you [itis} possible to ask for, to request Mrs just a moment! ‘moment, minute Mr (the form nave is used when addressing someone) to listen this is Stephen Taylor phoning where? from where? to visit much, a lot of (a) Npasga uv HenpaBga? Crizen renecbonye 3 Kiiepa. Crien yoxe saméBuB KBHTOK Ha siTAK. Bin TaxdoK yore Mae Bi3y. 4 Cripen x6ue sigpinatn Kiiis. (b) Hate BiqnoBiab Ha Wi 3anuTaHHA aHrniicbkotlo MOBoto (Answer these questions in English) \ 1 Who is the person Stephen is phoning? 2 Does Stephen have a lot of time for his visit? 3 Does Stephen need a letter of invitation for his forthcoming visit? 4 How does Stephen intend to travel to Ukraine?UKRAINIAN Ak dyHkyionye méBa 1 The genitive case Calling Kyiv from London The dialogue contains phrases involving two prepositions that are fol- lowed by the genitive case: Mo6xna nonpoenrn nani Is it possible to ask Mrs Maliarchuk MasapuyK 40 Tenepouy? [to come] to the telephone? (You have already seen phrases with go and the genitive meaning ‘to’, ‘into’ in unit 2.) AL renedponyio 3 Anrnii, Tam phoning from England, 3 JI6uyona. from London. The genitive case is used after several prepositions which will be listed later. It is also used after words denoting an unspecified quantity, e.g. © Gardro (much, many, a lot of) 6arato uur a lot of books ® mauo (little, few, not much, not many) Maso wey little time © ximka/néxinbKa (several, a few) Kinbka quiB a few days @ and in the plural after the numerals 5-10. Related to this is the use of the genitive case in a partitive sense, e.g. HasmiTH KABn, 1410 to pour out some coffee, tea naira Garato KApu, 410, to pour out a lot of coffee, tea The genitive case sometimes corresponds to the English -’s/-s’ ending, eg. Ie cecrpa Crinena. This is Stephen’s sister. 2 Endings of the genitive case — nouns Masculine nouns (animate and inanimate) Nom. S. nacnopt 6yqvHoK onipéyp Tenecbou Gen. S. nacnopra OyAvHKy onisys Tenecbony Nom PI. nacnopta 6yavnKkn onisyl TenecboHn Gen. Pl. nacnopria | 6yqvuKis | onisyis Tenecbonis 58 — “HALLO! | AM CALLING FROM LONDON...” 6pat xnonunk | apyr | yuitenb anrnfeyp 6pata xnémunka | apyra |yuntens | axrniiys 6patn xnonuvku | Apysi yautent i 6patis =| xnonuukis | apysis | yuntenis minine nouns (animate and inanimate) kHura, Bynuya cectpa | komnania aycrpia KHATM synnui cectpn | komnanil | sycrpivi KHMTU Bynnui céctpu | komnanii aycrpivi : KHMr BYNMYb: cecTép | komnanid | syctpiven duter nouns gAépeso | npizsuwe | mépe | xuTTA ia Aépesa | npisauuja | mops | KuTTA imeni Aepésa npiseuwja | mopa = | x*uTTA imena wepés npizamy =| Mopia. |oxuttip— | imén There are two possible endings, -a (-#) or -y (-10). The rules for deter- mining which ending can be attached to which noun are complex. The pcabolary at the back of the book provides information on the correct ‘There is no ending at all in the genitive plural, except in the case of nouns like 3¥erpis (which end in a consonant in the nominative singu- lar), where the ending is -eif. (c) Neuter Neuter nouns which have a nominative singular ending in -e or -1 have the same genitive plural endings as masculine nouns. Neuter nouns with a nominative singular ending in -o (and some in -e like mpispuue) are like feminine nouns in that they have no ending at all in the genitive plural. mae aesUKRAINIAN “HALLO! | AM CALLING FROM LONDON...” 3 Adjectives - genitive case Possessive pronouns — genitive case Hard endings lore are the genitive endings: ‘i Nom. S. Gen. S. Nom. Pl. Gen. PI Nom. S. Gen. S. Nom. Pl. Gen. PI . Ao6puin 466poro Ad6pi AO6pux mitt i i - : ii Moré mol moix re faa AO6poi n66pi AO6pux Most moéi mot moix . pe 66poro A66pi AO6pux Moé moré moi Moix Soft endings Tilt has the same endings as mii. Nom. S. i Gen. S. Nom. Pl. Nom. S. Gen. S. Nom. Pl. Gen. PI M. oni CviHboro cui Hau HaWworo Hawi HALUUX F. cnHA CVMbOT cui Hawa HaWOT Hawi HALIM N. cme caHboro | CAH Hawe HAuioro Pel YeuhaY Haut has the same endings as nau. fer back to the table of personal pronouns above. The genitive forms 4 Personal pronouns — genitive case i the third-person pronouns, both singular and plural, also fulfil the Ss. PI linction of possessive pronouns, e.g. First person: liuae hac horé cecrpa his sister Second person: Te66 pac ord Apyr his friend Third person: (m) | vord ford xnTTA his life (@) | ii x lioré 6arpKni his parents | (eore i you can see, the word iioré remains the same, irrespective of the jender or number of the accompanying noun. The same is true of if (her) and ix (their). Note: Moré and if can also mean ‘its’ when referring to an inanimate $Masculine/neuter or feminine noun. Note: © There is a stress shift in mené, re6é when they are preceded bya preposition: 70 méne, 0 TéGe. * yin me yeas pronouns are preceded by a preposition they change their form: 40 Hb6ro, y néi, 10 HHx. There is also a str A shift in the singular forms. : ee Bnpasa This is a description of Stephen’s office; it contains a lot of words in the genitive case. Can you spot them all? Check the vocabulary at the back of the book for the meaning of new words. Read the text and then nswer the questions on it. — 60 — = let —UKRAINIAN Ie xa6inér Crizena. Crinen ‘Téiinop — gupéxtop BesiKoi KOMMAHit «Tépmec-Ki63inr», aki mpomaé mMoégHMit Oysr. Ka6inér Crisena pemixuit i cpirsnii. Tam 6ardro Knur i Maso Mé6suB: ont erin, onné Kpicsto, soTHpH crinput. Crisen mde kimbKa ykpainchKxo-anrmiiicekux Ta Anrsio-ykpaincyKux: cHOB- HuKiB, TOMY mo BiH ¥Y4cTo pd6uTE nepésnaau 3 anrnilicnKoi MOB Ha yxpaiucnxy. Crisen Mde Komm’ toTep, Kalbkys1iTOp, Tenepdou, apropiatonisdy, Temenizop i nacrinpay admay. Ha cTom exit, ndmka gia méuiTH; Tam © AéKibKa aistoBiix amcrip, a Tak6x npuBarHnii auct is Kiewa Bin mpyra. Ha croni TaK6x croirs éTo Mimu Cripena ta ord cecrpi. Ha crini — Bemmknit Kanenyap 3 Vxpainn. (a) Npasga un HenpaBya? 1 Crisen — qupéxrop Komnanii, axa mpoyaé mé6.ni. 2 Cripen udcro pdé6uTb nepéxmanm 3 anrmiiicbKoi méBu na yxpaiticnxy. 3 Hacroni neat, A6nyKo. 4 Y xaGinéri Cripena (in Stephen’s office) e Gardro Mé6niB. (b) Maite Biqnosigb Ha yi sanuTaHHa aHrnificbKolo MOBOIO How many armchairs are there in Stephen’s office? Why does he need the Ukrainian dictionaries? 1 2 3 Who is the private letter from? 4 What is hanging on the wall? 6 Prepositions with the genitive case HO toftill Ao Krieza (direction — to Kyiv) no Micra (to town) Ho oGiny (time — ‘till lunch’) Note: A mato teneouynaru 70 uB6ro. I have to phone him. nicna after nics o6iny = 5 goo “HALLO! | AM CALLING FROM LONDON...” from 3 Kiiepa, 3 AMépuxu (direction, e.g. a letter from America) 3 Ipyroi ropa (time — ‘from two o'clock’) 11 from Big, Opara (a sender, e.g. a letter from my brother) Big, Onécu (distance, e.g. two hundred Kilometres from Odesa) sipépy4/npapdpy4 Bi, Merpé (to the left/right of) without 6e3 AOmyk, 6e3 KABH it for ana 6paéta, a9 apyKinn ry by, next to Gina Tenepouy lote: 40 (+ genitive) y/B (+ accusative) 3 - Bix (+ genitive) mpare the following sentences: I am going to the university (I work there, am a student). Tam going (coming) from the university (I was there for a specific pupose). (1) Lam going to the university (i.e. same meaning as B yHiBepcuTér). (2) Lam going as far as the university (but I’m not going to enter the building — perhaps «Yuisepcutér» is the name of a bus stop or metro station). Tam going (coming) from the university (from outside the building, or from the bus stop or metro station with that name). SI iny B yninepewrér. SL iny 3 yniepcuréry. ST iny no yuinepeuréry. SM iny win, ynivepenréry. ¢ preposition 3 can also take the form is or 3i if: (i) the word it follows ends with more than one consonant, or: (li) the word before which it stands begins with more than one consonant a letter from Kyiv from my friend, i.e. a letter from my friend in Kyiv muct i3 Krepa Big apyra — ge—UKRAINIAN 7 Numbers 5-10 Uncno: Ckinekn? Kotpain? 5 maT narnia 6 wictb woctHih Z cim cbémnit 8 Bicim BécbMuit 9 AéB’ATD Aes’ ATA 10 AécaTb Aecatuii The numerals answering the question word cxinnicn? (how many?) (i.e. one, two, three, etc.) are called cardinal numerals. Those which answer the question Korpitii? (which one?) (i.e. first, second, third, etc.) are called ordinal numerals. The ordinal numerals 1st — 4th are: dst —népumii, 2nd — ypyrnit, 3rd — rpériii (soft endings!); 4th —4erpéptnii. 8 Verbs - second conjugation The second conjugation differs from the first in certain endings: singular plural 1 -to/-y -“Mo" 2 ~vus" -nte* 3 -wTb* -ATb/-aTb *¥ is replaced by i after a vowel or apostrophe. roBoputn (fo speak) cTostu (fo stand) 1 ropopio roBpépumo. cToIO ‘CTOIMé 2 rosépuw ropopute croiw cToiTé 3 roBépuTtp TOBOpATb croite CTOATb |, nio6iiTn (to /ove) po6iatn Look at the forms of the first person singular and the third person plural of the following verbs: ae. ee “HALLO! | AM CALLING FROM LONDON...” 1 no6ni0 mo6umo po6m1d pd6umo }2 noon mo6uTe po6nu po6ute 3 nio6uTb mo6naTb po6uTb pé6natb at the first person singular of aerirm (to fly): anew Mu neTAMd Th neThw BM neTuTé BiH BoHa NeTiTb BOHM NeTATb BOHO ich changes will be noted in the wordlists in the following way: mo6uru (uo6sxo, mo6uut,... 1KOG.ATE) neriru (s1e4y, servi) the basis of this information it is possible to deduce all the other rms of the present tense. Is it possible? . [Is it] possible to ask Un M6xua nonpocritn 40 Mts Maliarchuk to the telephone? Teneony nani Manapuyx? iis is the best way of asking for someone on the phone. It also intro- ices the useful word méama, which literally means ‘it is possible/per- itted/feasible’. Un Moxa 3ax6quTH May I/we come into the room? qo ximnatH? Un Méxua setiru Can/May I/we fly to Poltava? no Tlomrapu? (Is it possible to...?) ‘Un méxua 3ateneonysata Can/May I/we phone Kyiv? no Kitepa? Uu Moxuna noguBiruca néuty? Can/May I/we have a look at the mail? (Tak,) Méxna. Yes, you can/may. (Hi,) ne Méxna. No, you can’t/may not.UKRAINIAN 10 Is it necessary? Bam Tpé6a odiniiine Do you need an official invitation? 3anpéuieHHa? (lit. Is an official invitation necessary for you?) Un rpé6a 3axéquTn? Do I/we need to come in? Yu tpé6a netiru go Monrdpu? Do Ive have to fly to Poltava? (is it necessary to...?) Un tpé6a sareseponysaTn Do IWwe have to phone Kyiv? no Kriepa? Un tpé6a noguBituca néurry? Must Ave have a look at the mail? (Tak,) Tpé6a. Yes, you must/have to. (Hi,) ne Tpé6a. No, you don’t have to. Here we have a new form (Bam) of the pronoun Ba, which we need in this construction, It is the form of the dative case; it will be explained in unit 6. For the time being simply learn the whole phrase. The word ‘rpé6a is colloquial; a more formal equivalent is norpiGuo. Tpé6a could be replaced in all the examples above by norpi6no with no change in meaning. 11 Mrs Maliarchuk - something on surnames in Ukrainian Grammatically speaking the verb nonpociru is followed by the accusative case. The word mani (Mrs) never changes, and the surname Maliarchuk, although it ends in a consonant, does not change either because it here refers to a woman. Asking for Mr Maliarchuk would be a different matter altogether: Ux méana nonpocira néna Maanpayra? 12 Minutes and moments Xsuaima is a minute of sixty seconds. The suffix that the receptionist adds, -oua, is sometimes called a diminutive suffix. Obviously there is no such thing as a small minute, so ‘moment’ is the most appropriate translation. She could also have said oguy xsuaimy with no difference in meaning, except perhaps that xsusfnowxa has a greater ‘feel-good factor’. The intention presumably is to make Stephen hope that he really “HALLO! | AM CALLING FROM LONDON...” | not have to wait too long! Incidentally she uses the accusative case wause of the imperative 4exdiire! (wait! — infinitive 4exatm) that she umes will be supplied by the hearer. rainians make a great deal of use of such suffixes to colour their th. Attention will be drawn to them whenever they occur in future logues. 3 How to join simple sentences together d, an’, ‘n’ use of the Ukrainian words for ‘and? i, ii, ra, depends on the sounds | surround them. i is used when the preceding word ends and/or the following word s with a consonant (including those in 1, 10, €, i), e.g. Owbic Crinena Besmixnit i cpirmuii. Tam 6ardro kur i Maso MéOstiB. ii occurs between vowels/ or after a vowel and before a consonant, Mama it réro 8 Tosrdi; Yxpafua a Aursiis ‘ra is used in order to avoid a cluster of two i sounds between words, senéni kyu ra ackpasi xBitn; Kitis ra faut Micra formal situations a raiéac can also be translated as ‘and’: Tam ¢ néxinexa pinopix smcris, a TaKkéw npwBaTanii snc is Kitna hich’ and ‘that’ the dialogue and text you have seen phrases like: Criseu Téiimop — aupéxtop Bemikoi kommduii, mcd nponaé MonHHi Oar. Uyn6n0, nyo Bu T3B6HUTE. words ska and myo join the two parts of the phrase that are separated writing by a comma. You have already seen ax before (sucitii, mcd, Ee —UKRAINIAN sé; sui: what kind of? which?) It also functions as a relative pronoun in Ukrainian. It would be possible to say in English ‘Stephen Taylor is the director of a large company. The company makes fashionable cloth- ing.’ However, it is more convenient to avoid repetition of the word ‘company’ and make one sentence by using the relative pronoun ‘that’ or ‘which’. The pronoun is called ‘relative’ because it relates back to an item already mentioned. The form of aii preserves the gender of the noun to which it refers (here the noun kommania is feminine). Tio when it joins two parts of a sentences is the equivalent of English ‘that’ in sentences like ‘He said that he would come tomorrow’. This word is sometimes omitted in English sentences: It’s good you’re phon- ing, it’s great you called. It is much more unusual to omit the word in Ukrainian. Bnpasu minictépctso ministry napnament parliament 63epo lake aucKéta floppy disk 1 Complete the table, putting the noun in brackets into the correct form of the genitive singular (or plural, after the words 6araro, Mato, cximcn, Wwatp): M N iB go (6pat) (micto) (Amépnixa) 3 (BoKsan) (micto) (po6éra) nicna (06iq) (npiseuuye) (posmésa) 6e3 (uyKop) (BikHO) (cectpa) ana (apyr) (minicrépctBo) | (mawiHa) 6ina (6aHk) (qépeso) (nana) Byavinox (napnament) (minictépcteo) | (cbipma) Yaka (ai) (MonoK6) (Kapa) Barato (mano, ckinbKu?), (cnoBHiik) (63epo) (enpasa) “HALLO! | AM CALLING FROM LONDON...” Insert the correct form of the Ukrainian word for ‘and’ (i, ii, Ta) in the following sentences: (a) Crisen Mae KOMITroTep ... KasILKyATOp. (b) Ha cromi ¢ nina ... asrosinnosiza4. (c) B odici € crin, crinpul ... ixmmi mé6ui. Insert the necessary preposition (Big, 10, nicas, Ge3, 41m, y/) in the following sentences: (a)... oGiny a iny ... apyra (b) Ainy ... kenrKa. (c) Uonosix cigde ... Manimny. (ad) A npawroro ... nonesinka. (e) Le mcr is Kripa ... Mamu. (f) Amato quckéru ... Komm’roTepa. Using information from this unit and the previous one, say some things about yourself in Ukrainian. I live in London. This is my office. The office is large and bright, it has very comfortable furniture. I am the director of a big company. I want to visit Kyiv and other cities of Ukraine. I have already ordered my ticket on Ukrainian Airlines. 1am not married but I have a large family. I have parents in Scotland, five brothers and four sisters. I also have lots of friends. Complete the dialogue by translating the English phrases into Ukrainian. A Anand, cayxato. B Good afternoon. This is (your name) speaking, Méxua nonpocita fo Teneéuy (the name of the person to whom you wish to speak)? A Just a moment, please. I’m sorry, who is speaking? B Le (your name). A [Mixyto. mee eeeWE NEED TO BOOK A ROOM IN A HOTEL Ha apa qui: na widcte it ¢béMe cépnns. Tax6x, Ha 4BOX, Tak? 4 Tax. Jo pési, frope Inanosmay, Crinen nixdpurecs, uu MOxkHa B Vxpaini pospaxépypaTucd 3a ToRdpH kpemirHow KéprKoro, 1éKom aH roTipKoro. Y Bac € HOmep iiord ¢baxcy? Tax. Taiire iomy, Gymp mdcka, axcom ycro indopmanito mo6n0 dinducis i nosigémTe HoBitii Kypc é6Ominy > HAM TPEBA 3AMOBUTH —— HOMEP Y rOTEJI — We need to book a room in a hotel In this unit you will learn: BamoTu. 7166pe. when to arrive ‘on the twenty ninth of July, on Thursday © how to find your way around oK © more about numbers what kind of room [should |] book? © how to say that you have (or don’t have) something Ha cKinbKox? for how many people? ® how to book a hotel room ociTn (npowy, npécuu) to ask for : © how to change money pipses Ba HOMepy tee for two rooms ' room 0 ee de-luxe hotel room or suite . z H IbKM AHiB [ZamOBUTH for how many days [should |] book Aianor 1 rorénb]? the hotel? Ha cim [quip] for seven days Solomiia Oleksandrivna Maliarchuk and Thor Ivanovych Stakhiv, the Kyiv firm «Moda»: n’atoro cépnua Aba Hi: Ha wdcTe A chome cépnua to the fifth of August for two days, the sixth and seventh of August OX for two people Manspuyx trope Inanopusy, mn Méemo samésurTu rorém sui ieee incidentally Criena Téiinopa. (here:) to wonder (lit. to be interested) Craxin Koni Bin mpu6ysde? jo.pay, palteae Mauspayr ZlpaquarTp jes’sToro minus, y yerBép. nee Craéxin Tapasq. Axi womep samésuru? I na cKibK6x? with a credit card Maaapyjx Bin npécurb apa HOMepH «OKCy — AUId HBOrO i AIA ae fioré apyra. by cheque Craxis Hemde mpo6ném. Ha cxineku fHiB? .— Maaspuyic Ha ciM, 0 wiroro cépmna, Ticats Kvena Bin nnanye natu (here: qdstre - imperative) to give BigpizaTn JIppis. Ha >xxdnp, Bin He Mac ydcy a6Bro (pakcom by fax TaM oyrn. Heese (nese: ycro) all Craxin Costomie One i i i bopmanin pa te KCAHPIBHO, Ha CKUIbKH OHiB 3aMOBMTH as for, as far as... is/are concemed rorénb y JIppési? i ea ido (+ gen.) —n—UKRAINIAN inaucn finances nosigémntn (here: nosigomTe to inform - imperative) Hoshi new kypc exchange rate, course 66min exchange BantoTa currency (a) Npasga un HenpaBga? 1 Crizen mpuGypée yo Kiiesa 29 mina. z trop Isdnopw4y Mée 3aMéBuTH HOMep y rorémi 3 7BaquaTD BécbMoro sim Ho YerBépToro cépmas. 3 Cripen IpOcHTE OAMH HOMep «TIOKC>. 4 Tlicaa Kviesa Manspuyx nnanye sigsigatu JIsis. (b) Aaiite Biqnosigi Ha yi 3anuTaHHAa aHrniiicbkoro MOBOIO 1 On what day of the week does Stephen arrive in Kyiv? 2 Who is going to accompany Stephen on his trip to Ukraine? 3 For how many days does Stephen need to book a hotel room in L’viv? 4 What kind of information is going to be sent to Stephen by fax? Ea] ——— Ak cbyHxyionye mosa ——— 1 Expressing possession In unit 3 Stephen says Y mMéne € GatbKa B MWoradupii and A Maro GaGycro. In the space of a few lines he uses both ways of saying ‘I have’ in Ukrainian. The verb matu is entirely regular, but the other expression is also very common and must be explained in some detail. Y Crizena (gen.) ¢ cnopnnxit (nom. pl.) Stephen has dictionaries (lit. in Stephen’s possession there are dictionaries). The possessor goes into the genitive case after the preposition y/s, and the possession(s) into the nominative case. 72 — WE NEED TO BOOK A ROOM IN A HOTEL We could say about Stephen: Y Crisena na po6dri € UéKiIbka CHOBHEKIB. Stephen has several dictionaries at work. 2 Negative expressions genitive case is used after negated verbs, i.e. verbs preceded by the word He, e.g. Crizen mae xomm’roTep Crizen ne Mae Komm’rorepa. A wo Kapy. Bia we we KaBu. Hemde in the meaning ‘there is/are no...’ is always written as one word, ©.g. HeMde mpoO.1éM there are no problems (contrast: « mpo6s1éma! there's a problem) and what (or who) there isn’t goes into the genitive case. Another exam- ple: Craxis Ty1? Is Stakhiv here? Hi, tioré/Craéxona tyr nemde. No, he/Stakhiv isn’t here. ‘The words we mde are written separately when they mean doesn’t have. possession non-possession Gen. Nom. Gen. Gen. y Méve € kpegyTHa KapTKa y MéHe Hemae: KpequTHoi KapTKM Nom. Acc. Nom. Gen. AMaIO Kpeguray KapTKy He MAIO KpeguirHol KépTKn 3 Saying ‘yes, | have’ and ‘no, | don’t’ Y Bac € némep itoré tpaxcy? Hi. No. Hi, nemae. No, I don’t. Hi, y méne Hemde Hémepa toro axcy. No, I haven’t got his fax number. Un Bu dere n6mep itoré acy? Tax. Yes. Tax, e. Yes, I have. Tax, y Méne € HOMep ord cbaxcy. Yes, I’ve got his fax number. a= PeUKRAINIAN WE NEED TO BOOK A ROOM IN A HOTEL Tax. Yes. Hi. No. on pronunciation: The words for 11-19, 20 and 30 all contain Tax, mato. Yes, [I] have. Hi, ne Mato. No, I haven’t. ; in pronunciation the a is omitted, e.g. q84(a)usTe. In the words Tak, 1 Mato HOMep itord Hi, 1 He Maro HOMepa 16, 50 and 60 the letter Tr between consonants is also omitted in pro- paxcy. Yes, I’ve got his ttoré iaxcy. No, I haven’t got ation, e.g. mic(T)a4quATE. fax number. his fax number. reminder on agreement 4 Numerals - 11 upwards yim (ond, onné) is always followed by the nominative singular, however big the number, e.g. Uucnd: CxinbKu? Korpain? Ticr4a o7H4 HiT a thousand and one nights 1 opmHdguate ogundquaTuii : 12 AeaHapuaTe ApanaquaTuii a (gi), Tp and yoTsHpn are always followed by the nominative 13 TpMHAQUATE TpunaguaTun lural, e.g. 14 4oTupHaguaTe MOTMpHagUATHIA . : 15. n'ATHAQUATS WaTHaquaTuin COpOK TpH JIMCTH forty three letters 16 WicTHAAYATS wicTHaqusTHit 17 cimHaquate cimHaquaTuin 18 BiciIMHaQUATS BicimHaguaTuin 1 19 AeB'ATHAQUATE Bes’ ATHaQUATIA Aianor 2 20 aABaquate AeaQuaTuit 21... ABAAUATS OAH ABaAUATe népuMiA A 5 . 30 hAUATE TpanusTHit conversation on a Kyiv street. 40 copoK copoKoenit Pomane, xomimo no pecropany. A mye xéuy icru. a cee eee Tax, ue ayxe n66pa ayKa. Uexdii, 1 maué miro 70 cimpecsr ciupecsit nominatTa rpéi. 80. sicimgecst BicimgecsTuin ia Z ‘30 peas ae y Toot Sandro Tpéba TOMinSTH? . | 400 a Sorel 3 Alénapis Wargecst, «a gymaro. Tu we 3Hdem, sKuit 101 ... cTO OAH ero népui cboroaHi Kypc? 200 apicti ABoxcoT™miA He sndto. Tpé6a 3anurara. On nyaxt 66miny. 300 TpucTa TpeoxcoTmin Xonimo. (To the cashier in the bureau de change): Bu 400 4oTMpnctTa YOTMpbOXcOTHH Mindere y6napH? 500 n’atcor natucotnia 600 wicrcéT Hecrmesriet ‘K Cximsxn Bam noTpi6Ho nominsétu? 700 cimcOT cemucéTmi TP atnecar. Y pac e rpripni? 800 BicimcoT BocbmucéTuit Tax. [Je nami né6napu? 900 Bes'atcor Aes’atucoTuiA Ocp, mp6) 1.000 Tucaua TacAYHM ; _ me “ 2000 elie apoxticresina (counts out the money and passes the bryvni across the 5.000 Tatb TheAY TatumicauHniA counter): Bynt ncxa. Ocb xeuTannis. 1.000 000 minbiiOH minbvOHHNA Bi Hy mo, xonimo o6iqaTu? 1000 000 000 minbsipa, MinbsipaHiin Tax. A crpamo xduy icra. naUKRAINIAN Pomaw Roman (a common Ukrainian male name) A pypKe xéuy fen Iam very hungry (lit. | very much. want to eat) ayuka idea, thought Fi nwwé mao nominsra rpowi I just have to change [some] money rpoui (pl., no sg., gen.: rpoweit) money AOnapis n’atpecat about fifty dollars (the inversion of the numeral and the noun makes the amount approximate) Tpé6a sannTata You'll have to ask nyHKT O6miny bureau de change kacap cashier KeuTaHyiA receipt Hy wo! so alright, then! oGigaTn to have lunch cTpawHo terribly Cultural note: Ukraine introduced its new currency in September 1996: the hryvnia — rpwsua, gen. pl. rpaBenb. It is divided into 100 kopiyky — koniiaka (see Grammar section 5 in this unit). The hryvnia replaced the karbovanets’: kap66BaHelb, gen. sg. Kap6opanyA, sometimes also referred to as the coupon (Kyn6n), at the rate of 100,000 karbovantsi = 1 hryvnia. The Official abbreviation for the hryvnia is UAH. 5 Try not to get stressed about stress You have already seen that it is impossible to predict which syllable in a Ukrainian word will be stressed. There have also been examples of nouns which change the position of their stress in different cases. It is beyond the scope of this book to go into detail on all the ways in which stress position can change; you will find that with practice it is possible to get to grips with stress! There are, however, some stress problems that require a little explana- tion at this stage. The word Kontiica has nom. pl. Komiiixcit, gen. pl. komiiiéx. Look what happens when these forms are preceded by a numeral: api Komiiikn, 1’ATb KomiiioK. WE NEED TO BOOK A ROOM IN A HOTEL 6 Verbs that end in-ca Jere are some phrases that you saw in unit 2: Jyxe pana 3 Bama nosnaiidémurues. 7lo3B6nETe nosHatiémurtu: we Jpxon. Jlo3BomTe BigpexomenyysatHem: 1 — J>Kon. Hloszénete Binpexomennysatu: ue D>xon. additional letters -ea form the reflexive suffix, meaning that the Subject of the verb (usually a person) does the action to himself/herself, npuromaiica help yourself Compare: SA ne xéuy Typ6ysdra gpyra. I don’t want to worry my friend. A ne xouy Typ6ysaruca upo I don’t want to worry [myself] apyra. about my friend. A pmupato/oysrato cna. 1am washing my son/getting my son dressed. A pmupatoca/oysraioca. 1am getting washed/getting dressed. In later units you will see that the addition of -ea gives the meaning ‘each other’ to some verbs, e.g. 6@unTH (to see) — GdunTHe (fo see each other). Here is the full present tense of both ryp6ysarTa and ryp6yBatucs: Typ6yeatn Typ6yBatucA &. Pl. &. Pi. 1. Typ6yIo Typ6yemo 1. typ6yioca = typ6yemoca 2. Typ6yew Typ6yere 2. Typ6yeuca Typ6yeTecA 3. typoye Typ6yioTe 3. Typ6yerbca Typ6yloTbcA Note the ending of the third-person singular; all first conjugation verbs add -1p before -ca. Note on pronunciation: The second-person singular ending -mes is pro- nounced [s‘s‘a]; the third-person singular ending -rBea is pronounced [ts‘ts‘a]. The addition of the reflexive suffix -ca can make the difference betweenUKRAINIAN a transitive and an intransitive verb. A transitive verb is one that has an object, e.g. ‘I opened the door’. An intransitive verb has no object, e.g. ‘the door opened’: A commis aBromo6inn. I stopped the car. (transitive) ABTOMOOLIb CHHEiBCH. The car stopped. (intransitive) There are verbs ending in -ea which either (a) do not exist without it, e.g. 1046GaTuca (to please), emistruca (to laugh) or (b) have a completely different meaning when it is added, e.g. po3paxépyzatuca (fo settle up), po3paxdépypatu (to reckon, take account of, rely on someone); HapowaTH (to give birth), napogirrucs (to be born). 7 Names in Ukrainian Ukrainians have three names: surname, first name and patronymic (which tells us the first name of the person’s father). This is the usual order in official documents. (a) The surname (opissmme), common to all members of the immediate family, e.g. Késa.m, Mop6s. Sumames like these that end in a conso- nant have the same form for men and women. They decline when they refer to a man, e.g. (from the dialogue) (lerp4) Masspuyxa, but not when they refer to a woman, (Cosomit) Manapuyk. By tradition a woman may change her surname to that of her husband upon marriage. (6) The first name (im’s), given by the parents to the child after birth. Ukrainian has a wealth of ‘unofficial’ forms of ‘official’ names, e.g. Mapis: Mapiaxa, Mapiiixa, Mapyca, MapyceusKa Tlerp6: Tlétprix, Tetpycp These familiar forms are extremely informal, and should therefore never be used in official situations and documents, or in combination with the patronymic: (c) The patronymic (im’4 no GareKosi) is formed from the father’s name by means of a variety of different suffixes, e.g. -oBnY-, -eBH4- (male): Tapac Tlerpésma Késanp Trop Is4nosma Craxis —- Pe — WE NEED TO BOOK A ROOM IN A HOTEL -ipn-(a) (female): Oxcdua Herpinua Kénam, -ipn-(a) Terstua Angpiisna puropénxo Like all proper names patronymics decline; bear in mind that they are jectives. jolomiia Maliarchuk addresses her colleague Thor Stakhiv in the voca- tive case: frope Isduosiay! using his first name frop and his patronymic pAnosna. We now know that his father was called Ipam. In turn he her as Conomie Onexcangpinno (first name Cosomis, tronymic Ostexcénapipna); Solomiia’s father was Onexcanap. is is the polite way of addressing Ukrainians in a formal situation. The gs of the vocative case are dealt with in detail in unit 11. Another use for Tak ‘ou already know tak as ‘yes’. Ihor Stakhiv uses the word in the ques- tion Tak6x, Ha BOX, Tak? to mean ‘[It’s] also for two, isn’t it?” This is so-called ‘tag question’ e.g. Bipa yxpainka, Tax? ‘The first part of such sentences should be pronounced like a statement, with question intonation only on the final word Tax. Vira is a Ukrainian, isn’t she? 9 Another use forun Crisen nixdsutecs, a MOxHa Stephen wonders if/whether it is B Yxpaini pospaxysatuca 3a _—possible to pay for goods in ToBdpH kpeguTHOLO KapTKo1o. Ukraine with a credit card. ‘You have already seen 4m introduce questions without a question word or meaning ‘or’. Here we see it being used to introduce what is called an indirect question. The direct question would have looke like this: Stephen wonders: ‘It it possible to pay for goods, etc.?”a, WE NEED TO BOOK A ROOM IN A HOTEL 312 (Tpiera apandyquaTe) 645 (Iicreér cépox n’sth) (rpipus, W6nap, THes4a) (cpus, a6nap, TrHica4a) UKRAINIAN 10 Space orientation ne? where? Kym? where to? apinka? where from? oc here is ... (whither?) (whence?) on [over] there | crom to here spigcu from here is (hither) a (hence) TYT here Ty to there 3BuiTH —from there Tam there (thither) (thence) mpapépyy onthe right | snepéq tothe front, | cnépeny from the qigdpy4 on the left forwards | front nomépegy in front nasa to the rear, s3any from behind no3s4qy behind back(wards) | 3n6my from home ganéxo far off Tpsmo straight 6misbko near BMcoKO high nonémMy home(wards) H3bKO low ByOMa/ ya6ma at home Words like ‘whither, whence, etc’ have a decidedly quaint feel in English. The Ukrainian equivalents, however, are in everyday use, e.g. Ale Ta xupéu? Where do you live? Kyau tu aém? Where are you going? Seinen TH? Where are you from? Bnpasu 1 Make phrases with the following numerals and nouns: Tpuxnay: 6arato Tic, mano rpémeit, ommn né6nap npaknay, example 1 (Onin) (rpipus, a6sap, THea4a) 4 (foripu) (rpipua, aosap, TYica4a) 5 (sts) (rpieas, A6nap, Tica) 22 ([paqusre Ba) (rpépns, aé.nap, Tuc) 78 (Cimaecstr Bicim) (piensa, Aénap, THcrIa) 200 (JIsicri) (cpiiens, mOnap, THcaIa) — eo — (rpémi, Bamrora, rplipna, qonap, THca4a) MasIO, (rpémi, Bamrora, rpiipia, aonap, Ticaya) (rpoui, pamrora, rpripna, qonap, THca4a) Make the following sentences negative (if they are positive) or posi- tive (if they are negative): (@ A Mato Manminy. (bo) Y méxne Hemae cany. (c) Bipa mde TicreuKo. (@ Y mupéxtopa Hemae nOMidHHKa (assistant) (e) ipma Mae miTax. () Y 1éGe nemde xpuTKa? Garato Tp6xn Construct sentences using both ways of saying that the subject of the sentence doesn’t have something, according to the example: Upiixnay: Tierp6 ue (Mat) (6par). Tletp6 ue mde 6para. Y Tletpa nemae 6pata. (@ Tw ue (marn) (xemira)? Bont He (Mara) (nacnopTi) AA ne (ma7H) (can). Bu ue (marn) (can). Bipa ne (marx) (cecrpa). Cécrpu ne (marx) (rpouti). Crizen imé ue (matn) (Bisa). Turn your part of this dialogue into Ukrainian. You —_I need to book a room. Hotel Ha xomi? You For today. Hotel Ha cximpx6x? You —_ For two people. Hotel Ha cximpxu quis? You =‘ For four.UKRAINIAN 5 Can you tell your wheres from your whithers? What words in the list below are likely to be found in answers to the following question words? Tpuxaay: He? 3BiqKH? Kya? Bnepén, TAM, 3BiTH, cron, crépeny, ocb, Haz4ut, saincu, TYT, Tysit 6 Some situations in which to practise your Ukrainian. (@)_ in the hotel You are at the check-in desk. Tell the clerk that you: (want a single room (a room for one); (ii) for a week, or maybe two; (iii) don’t have much money; (iv) need to change dollars into (aa + acc) Ukrainian money. (b) walking along a Kyiv street with a Ukrainian friend. You sud- denly say: Tle? Tam. (_ let’s go to a restaurant, I’m terribly hungry — but: (ii) unfortunately I don’t have any Ukrainian money; Your friend replies: (i) There’s a bureau de change up ahead, how much do you want to change? You want to change about twenty-five dollars. 6 KYM B YKPATHI KJIIMAT? What’s the climate like in Ukraine? In this unit you will learn how to: say you are sorry say what you like say how old you are talk about the weather talk about events in the past use some time expressions Aiianor 1 a log near the Ukrainian Embassy. Bu6aure, Oyap smacka... A Oany, mo Bu uurdere yxpaincaxy Taséry. Bu 3udere yxpaincpxy Mosy? Tax, 4 yxpainenp, aué 4 HApOTMBCA i KUBY B Jouponi. Tipo6aure meni Moro uixdpicrs... Meni pyre nogé6aerbea yxpainchxa Mésa. A BuBydto if pxé jpa poxu. Meui gonomarde Mii uptiaTem. 9 Ax n66pe! Hanésuo, Bu Bxé 6ypann B Yxpaini? Ha xxdnb, we wi. A BuBydto Mépy TyT, y JIl6ugoni. Ané 1 36updtoca ixara tyqf, Tomy mo 1 Malo komepiini intepécu. To Bu Oisnecmén? Tax, Mos ipma, poouT, xindwii i YOROBITHI onsr. Meni rpé6a Bigsinarn Moix yxpaincpxnx naprHépis. — 33 —UKRAINIAN WHAT'S THE CLIMATE LIKE IN UKRAINE? Moposéuko 4 6axx410 Bam yenixy! Bu me taxiit Monon. Crizen Ife Bam 3aérsca. Meni axe TpiiquaTE 0°sTE poKis. Mopos3énxo Oct Bam Mos sistiTHa KapTKa. Meué 3ByTb FOpiii Moposéuko. A ropiicr i ydcro G6ysdto B Yxpainxi. Axmé s méxy Bam jonomorth, mpénry Meni n073- BouiTa. SI mpalroro monHa 3 geB’AToi fo m’sTO! romiun. ‘This case is used to denote the indirect object of a verb. English typically Ak cbyHKyionye MoBa 1 Giving things to people — the dative case | Yo Crizen Taxyro. (Hands over his business card). Y pac taxé _ either has no special form, or uses the preposition ‘to’ or ‘for’, e.g. wikaBe Mpisernye: Moposéuko... Give me some money. Give some money to the man. Moposéuco Tax, ayoxe «ondmne»... (laughs). . oe I bought my daughter a horse. I bought a horse for my daughter. Crizen Ané mop63 i xézog, ye Kpémie, Hbk yeii *xaxsmiBuii i | . sy Tout chorémmi... You have already seen several instances of the dative case in Ukrainian: Haxyto Bam 3a nonomory. Thank you for [your] help. Bu6aunTH to forgive, excuse Tipo6aare meni Moro wikaBictb. Forgive me my curiosity. 6auuTH to see Meni nonomarde iii mpiiarenb. My friend is helping me. sacra to read A Gaxdro Bam yenixy. I wish you success. asose Homepeap er: Oc Bam Mod sistirna KiprKa. Here is my business card for you. ee aoe i ‘a a Tipémy meni noasBonuTa, Please give me acall. HanésHo for sure Teneouyiire meni. Telephone rne. Gyeatn to visit, spend time in The thank (as forsi 6: ish ease Ra ania apaarin A i pase Sa person you (qaixysatn), forgive (upoGaunrn, sAGauTH), wis HanésHo, Bu exké Gyeanu B YKpaini you have probably already shin (Di ( fon help Fake lean ee 36upatuca to get ready ‘Tenedbonysatn) is in the dative case. (You can also renedponysatu 0 + komepuiiHMit pnipersat Someone in the genitive case — the meaning is exactly the same: Tene- intepéc interes! @ GisHecméH businessman ghonyirre Oo méne.) >KiHOUMA female The dative case can also be used: sonosiunii male Y 4 . axinOsmit i HonoBi4ua Oar women’s and men’s clothing with words denoting need, necessity Yenix oe Crizene, Bam tpéGa odiniitne Stephen, do you need an official monopiit young sanpémenua? invitation? (lit. Stephen, is an sqapatuca (3rd sg.: 3qaéTbca) to seem official invitation necessary for Ue Bam sqaérecn It just ‘seems so to you you?) ee kaptka a card Meni noTpidno ofépmuTn I need to obtain a visa for the trip enna a tap Bi3y Wt noisnKu B Yxpainy. to Ukraine. (lit. It is necessary AKUYO if for me to obtain a visa for the onomorra to help trip to Ukraine.) opéa frost ¢ weno cold Meni tpé6a sigpigatn Moix I need to visit my Ukrainian Kpauye better ykpaincpKnx napTHépis. partners. (lit. It is necessary for HK than me to visit my Ukrainian 2KaXxsABA terrible Ban aie partners.) with a variety of ‘impersonal expressions’ — BeUKRAINIAN In English such sentences often contain the pronoun ‘it’, e.g. It seems to me, it was very pleasant for me: Le Bam 3yaéreca. That’s just how it seems to you. X6nonHO. Itis cold. — Meni xénoqno. Tam cold (lit. It is cold for me). And some examples that you will encounter in the second part of the dialogue: Meni TOWMacTHIO, WO 1 Bac It is fortunate for me that I met 3ycTpis. you. Meni 6ys6 npuémao 3 Bama It was pleasant for me to make no3Haii6MUTHCS. your acquaintance. @ with nog6GaTHca (to please) Crisenoni nogé6aeTBca Stephen likes Ukrainian. (lit. The ykpaicpKa Moa. Ukrainian language is pleasing to Stephen.) In English what you like is the object. In Ukrainian what you like is the subject. Here is another example: Bam noné6arotsca ui KBira? —Do you like these flowers? (lt. Do these flowers please you?) The subject of the Ukrainian sentence is KeiTH, a plural noun; therefore the verb has a plural ending, noq66ar0TEca. @ to give your age Meni rpainusre wate poxis. ‘Lam thirty five. Oxc4ni soTipn péxu. Oksana is four. Cxiexu Bam poxis? How old are you? 2 Dative case — noun endings (a) Masculine nouns Nom. S. 6par Apyr Dat. S. Opaty/oBi apyry/opi Nom. PI. 6patn apy3i Dat. Pl. 6param Apysam WHAT’S THE CLIMATE LIKE IN UKRAINE? Nom. S. yuwenb onipéyb aurnicyb } Dat. Ss. yurrremolesi onisyro/ési aurnivipolei Nom. PI. yunteni onipui anrniayi Dat. Pl. yuuTensim onipysim aHrnivyaM 1. S. komnania KHra Dat.S. | cectpi synnui kKomnaHir KHMai aycTpivi Nom. Pl. | cécrpn Bynnyi komnanit KHATM aycTpi4i Dat. Pl. céctpam synuyam =| KOMnaHiaiM KHVraM syctpivam ‘Nom.S. | aépeso | mope npisenye acura | ima Dat.S. | aépesy opto npisenuy >xuTTIO | iment Nom. Pl. | gepésa Mopa npissnuya. XKUTTA imena Dat. Pl | qepésam | mopam =| npissmujam =| oxurtam | imendm two types of ending for masculine nouns in the dative singular, -osi (-eni/-eni), -y (-10), are interchangeable. However the ending -osi (-esi/ i) is used very infrequently with nouns denoting inanimate objects. ending -esi is ‘soft’; -esi occurs when the nominative ends in ii, e.g. )exciit (man’s name) — Oxexciesi. lote what happens in the dative singular to feminine nouns containing r, , x before the final -a, e.g. néqpyra, KBiTKa, Myxa (fly). Before the end- of the dative singular, -i, those consonants change: afi) néapyra— ndppysi k +i= ui) KapTKa— KapTui myxa — yc