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Machine Learning Paradigms For 5G
Machine Learning Paradigms For 5G
SUPERVISED LEARNING IN
shown that with the aid of an appropriate nonlin-
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS ear mapping to a sufficiently high dimension, the
REGRESSION MODELS, KNN AND SVM: data from two classes can always be separated by
a hyperplane [3 p. 21, 185, 239, 349] .
MIMO CHANNEL AND ENERGY LEARNING Applications: These models can be used for
Models: Regression analysis relies on a statisti- estimating or predicting radio parameters that are
cal process for estimating the relationships among associated with specific users. For example, in
variables. The goal of regression analysis is to pre- massive MIMO systems associated with hundreds
dict the value of one or more continuous-valued of antennas, both detection and channel estima-
estimation targets, given the value of a D-dimen- tion lead to high-dimensional search-problems,
sional vector x of input variables. The estimation which can be addressed by the above-mentioned
target is a function of the independent variables. learning models. In order to generalize the SVM
In linear regression, the regression function is function for employment in data classification
linear, while in logistic regression, it is a logistic problems, its hierarchical version, referred to as
function assuming a common sigmoid curve. The H-SVM, was proposed in [4], where each hierar-
KNN and SVM algorithms are mainly utilized for chical level consisted of a finite number of SVM
classification of points/objects. In KNN, an object classifiers. This regime was used for the estima-
is classified into a specific category by a majority tion of the Gaussian channel’s noise level in a
vote of the object’s neighbors, with the object MIMO-aided wireless network having t transmit
being assigned to the class that is most common antennas and r receive antennas. By exploiting the
among its k nearest neighbors. The output may be training data, the H-SVM model was trained for
constituted by a specific property of the object, the estimation of the channel noise statistics.
such as for example the average of the values In heterogeneous networks constituted by
of its k nearest neighbors. By contrast, the SVM diverse cells, handovers may be frequent, where
algorithm relies on nonlinear mapping, which both the KNN and SVM can be applied to finding
transforms the original training data into a high- the optimal handover solutions. At the application
er dimension where it becomes separable and layer, these models can also be used for learning
then it searches for the optimal linear separating the mobile terminal’s specific usage pattern in
hyperplane that is capable of separating one class diverse spatio-temporal and device contexts, as
from another, again in this higher dimension. They discussed in [5]. This may then be exploited for
correspond to non-linear classification methods prediction of the configuration to be used in the
relying on the family of kernel methods. It was location-specific interface. Given a set of contex-
Machine learning in 5G
Regression model, Bayesian learning K-means clustering PCA and ICA MDP, POMDP, Q-learning, multi-armed bandit
KNN, SVM apps in 5G: apps in 5G: apps in 5G: apps on 5G:
apps in 5G: Massive MIMO small cell clustering; spectrum sensing; decision making under unknown network
massive MIMO channel channel estimation; WiFi association; anomaly/fault/intrusion conditions, resource competition in femto/small
estimation/detection; spectrum sensing/ device-to-device user detection; signal cell channel selection and spectrum sharing for
user location/behavior detection and clustering; HetNet dimension reduction smart device-to-device networks, energy modeling in
learning/classification learning in CR clustering grid user classification energy harvesting; HetNet selection/association
Technologies: massive MIMO, femto/small cells and heterogeneous networks (HetNets), cloud radio access networks, cognitive radio, full duplex, energy harvesting, etc.
Machine learning applications: channel estimation/detection, spectrum sensing/access, cell/user clustering, switch and handover among HetNets,
signal dimension reduction, energy modeling, user behavior analysis, location prediction, intrusion/fault/anomaly detection,
cell/channel selection association.
sequences of observa- K-nearest neighbor • Majority vote of neighbors Energy learning [5]
tions. It can be consid- Supervised
learning • Non-linear mapping to high dimension
ered a generalization of Support vector machines
• Separate hyperplane classification
MIMO channel learning [4]
S1 S4 S1 S4 S1 S4
FIGURE 3. Illustration of reinforcement learning: a) Markov decision process; b) partially observed Markov decision process;
c) Q-learning.