Cerebral Aerobics

1- 3. During a gastrointestinal examination, the AP recumbent projection of a stomach of average

size and shape will usually demonstrate barium-filled fundus and double contrast of distal
stomach portions
4-5. The dorsal decubitus & lateral decubitus projections of the abdomen should be used to
demonstrate air or fluid levels when the erect position cannot be obtained .
6-7 The trachea or windpipe is a tube-like passageway for air that is supported by C-shaped
cartilaginous rings. This iis part of the respiratory system and is continuous with the
main stem bronchi.

8. The esophagus, part of the alimentary canal, is a hollow tube-like structure

connecting the mouth and stomach and lies posterior to the trachea. If one inadvertently
aspirates food or drink into the trachea, choking occurs.
9. Esophageal varices are tortuous dilatations of the esophageal veins. They are much less
pronounced in the erect position and must always be examined with the patient recumbent.
This position affords more complete filling of the veins, as blood flows against
gravity.

10-11 . The upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract must be empty for best x-ray evaluation. Any food or
liquid mixed with the barium sulfate suspension can simulate pathology. Preparation therefore
is to withhold food and fluids for 8 to 9 hours before the examination, typically after midnight,
as fasting examinations are usually performed first thing in the morning.

12-14. To demonstrate structures via double contrast, the barium must be moved away from
the area and replaced with air. The anteroposterior (AP) erect position will accomplish that for
both the colic flexure. The erect position allows barium to move downward, while air rises to
fill the flexures. The decubitus positions are useful to demonstrate the lateral and medial walls
of the ascending and descending colon.

15.-17 The right anterior oblique (RAO) position affords a good view of the pyloric canal
and duodenal bulb. It is also a good position for the barium-filled esophagus, projecting it
between the vertebrae and heart.

18-20. There are four types of body habitus. Listed from largest to smallest, they are hypersthenic,
sthenic, hyposthenic, and asthenic. The position, shape, and motility of various organs
can differ greatly from one body type to another. The typical asthenic gallbladder (GB) is situated low
and medial, often very close to the midline. To move the GB away from the midline,
left anterior oblique (LAO) position is used. The GB of hypersthenic individuals occupies a
high lateral, and transverse position.

21. In the prone oblique positions (right/left anterior oblique [RAO/LAO]) the flexure
disclosed is the one closer to the IR. Therefore, the RAO position will open the hepatic
flexure. The anteroposterior (AP) oblique positions (right/left posterior oblique [RPO/LPO])
demonstrate the side away from the IR.
22. Stensons is a duct of the parotid gland. While the parotid, submandibular and sublingual are all
glands of salivary gland
23. Parotid gland Lies just below the ZYGOMATIC ARCH in front & below the ear. Submandibular
gland extends posteriorly from below 1st lower molar to angle of mandible. Located in floor of mouth on
the surface of mylohyoid muscle.
24. Ducts of Rivinus, is a small sublingual ducts. Whartsons duct, is a submandibular duct. Stensons duct
is a parotid duct. Ducts of baltron is not a real duct of salivary gland.

25. Sialolithiasis is the medical term for salivary gland stones. Choledocholithiasis is the presence of a
gallstone in the common bile duct. Nephrolithiasis is a stone in the kidney. Cholelithiasis is the medical
term for gallstones.

26. Adam’s apple is also known as laryngeal prominence. isthmus refers to a constriction between
organs. 
27. The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland in your neck. It makes two hormones that are secreted into
the blood.
28-30. The thyroid cartilage is a hyaline cartilage structure that sits in front of the larynx and above
the thyroid gland.