Week1 PDF

Using slope-deflection
Structural Analysis I
Department of Civil Engineering

Course structure
Semester 1: Engineering Structure I (10 double-

lectures) to cover elastic analysis of statically
indeterminate structures and stability of a column.
Assessment
January examination: 80%
Coursework CW1 Analysis of Frame: 10%

Submission of Question solutions: 10%
Learning objectives for semester 1
At the end of the module, students should be able
to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
• the deflections of beams and frames;
• the assumptions and applicability of moment
distribution;
• the stiffness matrix method and the use of
relevant software;
• how axial and shear stresses are distributed
throughout the cross-section of structural
members;
• stress distributions and deflections produced by
torsional loading.
• buckling of columns
Recommended text books
Structures Theory and

Analysis
– M S Williams & J D Todd
- Macmillan Press Ltd., 2000
Essential course text
Structures
- Prab Bhatt
- Pearson Education UK, 2001
Highly recommended course text
UsingWeekly
slope-deflection
programme
Week Contents
1 Slope deflection equations

2 Moment distribution and slope deflection for continuous beams (1)
3 Moment distribution and slope deflection for continuous beams (2)
4 Moment distribution and slope deflection for frames

5 Moment distribution for frames that sway
6 Euler buckling load for a perfect pin-ended strut and struts with
other end boundary conditions
7 Introduction to the stiffness matrix method
8 Shear flow/torsion in closed and open sections
9 Stresses in unsymmetrical sections
10 Revision
Year One and Two Structures
1. Analysis of statically determinate structures
Using method of joints or method of sections
- Equilibrium: ΣM = 0, ΣF = 0
Year Three Structures
2. Basic stiffness approach
d2y
M ( x) = − EI 2
dx
Direct integration / McCaulay’s method to find
deflections (& slopes)
Compatibility can then be used to solve statically

indeterminate structures
Year Three Structures
Will extend stiffness/compatibility approach for
statically indeterminate structures.
Will study more complex structures
Will study non-elastic problems
Will study introduction to computer methods
Will study complex bending problems
- biaxial bending
- open sections
- varying section etc
Revision of static analysis
Idealisation of loading:
Simplified beams:
Simply supported beam
Cantilever beam
Fixed ended beam

Boundary conditions:
1. Roller
2. Pinned
3. Fixed
Tutorial 0 – boundary conditions

Point load at centre-line
Bending moment
Point load off centre-line
Bending moment
UDL on propped cantilever
Bending moment
2-span beam contraflexure

Tutorial 1a – deformed shape
Tutorial 1b – bending moment

Section One Using Slope deflection
To analyse statically indeterminate plane-frame

Structures:
1. Write down expressions for the moments at each end

of each member in a frame
2. Each expression will contain a fixed-end moment and a

slope-deflection moment.
3. Impose equilibrium conditions:

i.e. at any joint ΣM = 0. At any pinned end, M = 0.
4. Impose joint rotation compatibility, i.e. a rigid joint

which rotates must result in the same rotations for
all member ends at that point
5. This gives a series of simultaneous equations for the

rotations and deflections of the ends… which can be
solved.
Fixed end moments
These are the moments which are developed at the ends of

a loaded beam, when the ends are fully fixed - i.e.
no rotations or deflections are permitted
A consistent sign convention must be adopted.
Anti-clockwise moments are positive
Anti-clockwise rotations are positive
Upward deflections and forces are positive

Fixed end moments
A fixed ended beam is statically indeterminate, but the
end moments can be found using the moments-curvature
relationship:
d2y
M ( x) = EI 2
dx
Note that this equation is sometimes quoted as:

2
d y
M ( x) = − EI 2
dx
The minus sign is a result of the sign convention

adopted
Using
Fixedslope-deflection
end moments
Consider a fully fixed beam width an off-centre point load
The end fixities will cause fixed moments MFAB and MFBA
and reactions RAB and RBA
A P B
MFAB Vx Mx MFBA
RAB RBA
a b
x L
Now take a section at a point x along the length.
At x, there is a moment Mx. ΣM = 0 …thus
+M
Mxx =
M − MFABFAB− +RARxAB+xP−( xP−( xa−) =a )0
M x = − M FAB + RAB x − P( x − a ) = EI
2
d y
but
dx 2
Integrating gives:
EI
dy x 2
= − M FAB x + RAB − P
( x − a)
+A
2
dx 2 2
At x = 0, dy/dx = 0 → A = 0 (note x=0 is not valid for 3rd term)
At x = L, dy/dx = 0 → RAB = Pb2/L2 + 2MFAB/L
Integrating again gives:
EIy = − M FAB
x2
⎛ 2
⎞
Pb 2M FAB x
+ ⎜⎜ 2 +
3
⎟⎟ − P
( x − a)
3
+B
2 ⎝ L L ⎠6 6
EIy = − M FAB
x ⎛ Pb 2M FAB ⎞ x
2 2
+ ⎜⎜ 2 + ⎟⎟ − P
(3
x − a)
+B
3
2 ⎝ L L ⎠6 6
At x = 0, y = 0 → B = 0
Pab 2
At x = L, y = 0 → M FAB =+ 2
L
Similarly, taking B
moments on the other
side Mx MFBA
RBA
gives:
Pba 2 L-x
M FBA =− 2
L
Using
end moments
A P B
MFAB MFBA
RAB RBA
a b
L
Pab 2 Pba 2
M FAB =+ 2 M FBA =− 2
L L
Consider point load at centre:

a = b = L/2 → PL PL
M FAB = + M FBA =−
8 8
Using
end moments
A w kN/m B
MFAB MFBA
RAB RBA
A similar analysis can be carried out to show that

for a UDL on intensity w kN/m
wL2 wL2
M FAB =+ M FBA =−
12 12
Using
Bendingslope-deflection
Moment Diagram
PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
“The total effect of two different inputs

to a system is equal to the sum of their
effects when applied separately”
This is valid for linear elastic structures

in which changes in geometry caused
by external loads is small
Principal of superposition
25 kNm 15 kNm
RAB = 2 kN A B RBA = -2 kN
25 5m
15
Bending moment diagram

(drawn on the tension side)
28 kN
RAB = 14 kN A B RBA = 14 kN
2.5m 2.5m
35
25 kNm 28 kN 15 kNm
RAB = 16 kN RBA = 12 kN
A B
25 d
15
e df = 35
ef = 15
f
25 kNm 15 kNm
W = 28 kN
A 5m B
Now let’s try another example:
17.5 kNm
Bending moment diagram from UDL alone
25 kNm 15 kNm
W = 28 kN
A 5m B
25
15
17.5

from applied end moments
Free BMD added
Using
Bendingslope-deflection
moment diagram
MAB MBA
w =kN/m
W 28 kN
RAB RBA
x
A 5m B
What is the
Consider minimum
the generalmoment
case….?
(Note: this is not the moment at the mid-span…!)
At a distance x from the left hand side:
Shear Force, V x = R AB − wx
Maximum moment in the span is at zero shear force
R AB
Position of Mmax is at xmax =
w
M
25
ABkNm w =kN/m 15MkNm
BA
W 28 kN
RAB RBA
x
A 5m B
wx 2 RAB
Now M x = RAB x − M AB − and xmax =
2 w
2 2
Hence RAB RAB
M max = − M AB −
w 2w
2
RAB
M max = − M AB
2w
We can also find the points of contraflexure (zero moment)
wx 2
0 = RAB x − M AB −
2
is a quadratic equation, which can be rewritten as
⎛ 2 R AB ⎞ 2 M AB
x −⎜
2
⎟x + =0
⎝ w ⎠ w
Solving for x gives:
2
RAB ⎛ RAB ⎞ 2 M AB
x= ± ⎜ ⎟ −
w ⎝ w ⎠ w
Usually there are two values for x, zero moment :
but there could be just one:
or none :

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Using slope-deflection

Department of Civil Engineering

Semester 1: Engineering Structure I (10 double-

January examination: 80%

Coursework CW1 Analysis of Frame: 10%

Structures Theory and

1 Slope deflection equations

3 Moment distribution and slope deflection for continuous beams (2)

4 Moment distribution and slope deflection for frames

1. Analysis of statically determinate structures

Using method of joints or method of sections

Compatibility can then be used to solve statically

Will study more complex structures

Will study non-elastic problems

Will study introduction to computer methods

Will study complex bending problems

Fixed ended beam

Tutorial 0 – boundary conditions

Point load at centre-line

Point load off centre-line

UDL on propped cantilever

2-span beam contraflexure

Tutorial 1a – deformed shape

Tutorial 1b – bending moment

To analyse statically indeterminate plane-frame

1. Write down expressions for the moments at each end

2. Each expression will contain a fixed-end moment and a

3. Impose equilibrium conditions:

4. Impose joint rotation compatibility, i.e. a rigid joint

5. This gives a series of simultaneous equations for the

These are the moments which are developed at the ends of

A consistent sign convention must be adopted.

Anti-clockwise moments are positive

Anti-clockwise rotations are positive

Upward deflections and forces are positive

Note that this equation is sometimes quoted as:

The minus sign is a result of the sign convention

Consider point load at centre:

A similar analysis can be carried out to show that

“The total effect of two different inputs

This is valid for linear elastic structures

Bending moment diagram

Now let’s try another example:

Bending moment diagram

but there could be just one:

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