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3) Which of the following lists the nephron regions in the correct order of fluid flow?
A) glomerular capsule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule Answer: C) glomerular capsule, proximal
B) proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, glomerular capsule
C) glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted
tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal
convoluted tubule
D) loop of Henle, glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule
E) distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule, glomerular capsule
4) Which of the following lists the vessels in the correct order of blood flow?
A) efferent arteriole, glomerulus, afferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries
B) peritubular capillaries, efferent arteriole, glomerulus, afferent arteriole
Answer: D) afferent arteriole,
C) afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, glomerulus
D) afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries
glomerulus, efferent arteriole,
E) efferent arteriole, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, peritubular capillariesAnswer: D)
afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries peritubular capillaries
6. Bowman's capsule is
12) ALL of the following are factors in the glomerular filter EXCEPT :
A) slit membranes.
B) basal laminae.
C) endothelial cells. Answer: E) microvilli.
D) fenestrations.
E) microvilli.
13 ) If the diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the diameter of the afferent arteriole, then:
20) The function of atrial natriuretic peptide in renal autoregulation of GFR is to stimulate:
A) renin secretion.
B) conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Answer: C) relaxation of glomerular
mesangial cells.
C) relaxation of glomerular mesangial cells.
D) constriction in afferent and efferent arterioles.
E) reabsorption of sodium ions.
21) If sympathetic stimulation to afferent and efferent arterioles decreases, then GFR:
A) doesn't change because the arterioles each have the same diameter.
B) increases because the afferent arterioles dilate, but the efferent arterioles don't change.
Answer: E) doesn't change because the
C) increases because both vessels are less constricted.
D) decreases because both vessels constrict.
vessels do not have receptors for
E) doesn't change because the vessels do not have receptors for sympathetic
neurotransmitters. sympathetic neurotransmitters.
21) If sympathetic stimulation to afferent and efferent arterioles decreases, then GFR:
A) doesn't change because the arterioles each have the same diameter.
B) increases because the afferent arterioles dilate, but the efferent arterioles don't change.
C) increases because both vessels are less constricted.
Answer: C) increases because both
D) decreases because both vessels constrict.
E) doesn't change because the vessels do not have receptors for sympathetic
vessels are less constricted
neurotransmitters.
22) The most important function of the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus is to:
A) secrete water and sodium into the tubular fluid.
B) release renin in response to a drop in renal blood pressure or blood flow.
Answer: B) release renin in response to a
C) make sure that the diameter of the efferent arteriole is kept larger then that of the
afferent arteriole.
drop in renal blood pressure or blood
D) produce antidiuretic hormone in response to increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
E) produce chemicals that change the diameter of the loop of Henle. flow.
23) If there were an obstruction in the renal artery, one might expect to see:
A) a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
B) an increase in the release of renin.
C) an increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Answer: E) Both A and B are correct.
D) Both B and C are correct.
E) Both A and B are correct.
24 ) As substances are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys, they move from:
A) filtered fluid to epithelial cells, to intersitial fluid to peritubular capillaries.
B) filtered fluid to interstitial fluid, to epithelial cells, to peritubular capillaries.
C) peritubular capillaries to interstitial fluid, to epithelial cells, to filtered fluid.
D) vasa recta to epithelial cells, to interstitial fluid, to filtered fluid.
Answer: A) cells, fluid, capillaries
E) peritubular capillaries to epithelial cells, to interstitial fluid, to filtered fluid.Answer: A) filtered fluid to
epithelial cells, to intersitial fluid to peritubular capillaries.
25. The uptake of substances from the lumen of the kidney tubules if known
as
A. Tubular filtration
B. Tubular secretion Answer: C. Tubular reabsorption
C. Tubular reabsorption
D. All answers are correct
27. Most reabsorption of substances from the glomerular filtrate occurs in the
A. Proximal tubule
28. Which of the following substances is normally almost completely reabsorbed by the
tubules of the nephron?
A. Creatinine
B. Glucose
C. Phosphate
Answer: B. Glucose
D. Sodium.
E. urea.
35) The significance of secretion of ammonium (NH4+) ions by the tubule cells is:
A) it triggers the release of renin.
B) it results from generation of new bicarbonate ions that can be reabsorbed to help
Answer: B) it results from generation of
maintain pH.
C) it keeps the ascending limb of Henle's loop from reabsorbing water.
new bicarbonate ions that can be
D) it carries urea across the endothelium of the vasa recta.
E) there is no apparent function for this type of secretion. reabsorbed to help maintain pH.
36) If the level of aldosterone in the blood increases, then:
42) The renal clearance of a large protein such as albumin would be closest to which of
the following values?
A) the rate of renal blood flow
B) the total blood volume entering both kidneys each minute
C) the average glomerular filtration rate
Answer: E) zero
D) the transport maximum for glucose
E) zero
44) The countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle builds and maintains an osmotic gradient in the
renal medulla. Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor.? Answer: B) Chloride ions passively
A) Fluid flows in opposite directions in the ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle.
B) Chloride ions passively diffuse from the interstitial fluid into the thick portion of the ascending limb.
C) The thick portion of the ascending limb is impermeable to water.
diffuse from the interstitial fluid into the
thick portion of the ascending limb.
D) The descending limb is permeable to water.
E) Fluid in the descending limb is in osmotic equilibrium with the surrounding interstitial fluid.
50) Which of the following would be in the highest concentration in normal urine?
A) albumin.
Answer: C) creatinine.
B) bilirubin.
C) creatinine.
D) acetoacetic acid.
E) urobilinogen.
79) The last portion of the distal convoluted tubule and the
collecting duct are made up of __________ cells, which are the target
cells for ADH and aldosterone, and __________ cells that have Answer: principal; intercalated
microvilli and help regulate acid base balance.
Podocytes are cells specialized for filtration that are found in the: