‘The curves in Fig. 18 show a single-phase a-c dis- tribution system for a multiple bus bar run. Each phase consists of ten laminations. The higher values of the outer bars ‘bars 1 & 10 and 11 & 20) compared to the center bars (bars 5 & 6 and 15 & 16) illustrate the skin effect and heating effect in each phase. The higher val- ues of one outer bar ‘bars 10 & 11) as compared to the opposite outer bars bars 1 & 20) illustrates the prox- imity effect. The proximity effect (the distortion of the current density) is due to the interaction of the mag- netic fields of each phase. It usually increases the apparent a-c resistance of the conductors. If these bars were carrying d-c, one group \1 to 10 positive and one group ‘11 to 20) negative. the curve for metrical the heating effect and not the skin effec would lower their capacity in relation to the outer bar: of each group. LT T uefa (i el a | (os (Sahm a 1 CoCr 2 wo E Coo : t + ; Ew i ao t | Coo Bn Ll AUT t 5 1 PA . 1 [ee a | LT | u Gaal Tri If oe ee 2 poedarerrre plypeartaee pebtbrgeee Prataarbada pebubrraagia r2aase7eew HREMSE TEE @ of ten laminations of bus bar. THERMAL EXPANSION Due to the temperature rise in current carrying bus bars, linear expansion will occur in copper at the rate of 9.2.x 10° invins°F. or 16.6 x 10-* in/in*C. Or, to state it in more realistic terms, with a 40 foot run of copper bus with a standard temperature rise of 30°C., Single-phase alternating-current distribution in two groups of bars. Each phase consists the bar ‘ill expand approximately {4 This expansion will tend to cause buckling unioss some means is avail {ble to allow for the expansion such as a bend ia bar or an expansion joint,