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Asad :¥-¥ 2 Od BAY! Led Ala jue Go Anal Ya THY x'+yt=z! ‘labadll 2)-1-V x+y =z? abled! :¥-¥-¥ 2 Od DS) sl Gaye g gene HEV : Old B paiewall y quaSll : Cpalll) uci! Aggie Aageasll § peieell y gacSl) 21 -A 2 Opkd AygSill jue Adages! 3 petiswall y ganSll 2Y-A 1 Old aaa 10000 go JAY) Auigh) hac) gaa Jy) dala Chatbwaall Julagabal suelo Jott Juait! (Basic Concepts) 4yului ayblia (Go ells Angee alae! Gal sh Gan Laged Lgl lay eaaill Iba acy » all aS fly eel ol (el a!) cy! Aapesall we) ales stot sacl Se game ye Z={0,F1,F2,-} dopreall she Yl eliy (Sy LS tgp ney Legnen Gal yd Clty «© N={0,1,2,3, ++} Ast! Lud gd Cade qin ob Lede GY GLB G5 Gal gl all oy gis LUST [1] G8 sal Qatl robe abso eZ YS Ms deY apes ee ol gl. a-b=b-asatb=bta ()) - (Commutative ,Jes) lla} dayrcoll es ol gl. (a-b)-c=a-(b-c)« (a+b)+c=at(b+c) (1) « (Associative) asst dayscall alaeY! Gps -a-l=l-a=acat+0=0+a=a (¥) cat(-a)=(-a)+a=0o) Ge: -aeZ says ae Zs (£) J gi (a+b)-c=a-ctb-cca-(b+c)=a-bta-c (9) + eel le si pall - bse Gas atb=ate GSly (4) -abeNcatbeN gfaaica,beN JS (Y) 2 AGM Ain yaad oll Vy C—Agubal pyaloa cb a,beZ gis l¥: S-t—) aie us (-a)-b=a(—b)=-(ab) () «© a-0=0-a=0 (i) Ga)-b)=a (3) -(-a)=a () a-O+a-0=a-0¢)8 ates ca-(0+0)=a-019. 0+0=0c) te (1) h-daiey0+ab GS ly. pail ay bb sax bob. a=b wel I bal) ye hid baal 13). Lag Gail Nay (I) Gua —bsaxb (3) « — [abl=lallb| (a) « -al=lal (9 fa bj2lal—[bl (@) + fa +bislal +|b| (3) je ee 6 Vt ple ll jal=-a>0 Gea <0 GS 15-al=a20 Gee a20 oSY () . fal 20 ty ey Ay fal 0 GL 4 ales « fal=a if. a20 d caw (2) iy Ul. —lal0 grade, —-a>0 gica< Ou old Ale y —[al=a <0 <-a lal 1. -[a|<0 J iy igs [al jbl=b ‘ jal=a Cd ate s ab>0 gs b20 + a20 ols! (>) sab <0 Gd cb<06a20 lS lily. fab] =ab =|al |b] ci gis ding - t= a(-b)= ff. fo=—b «fala gl 44 te, Agle 5 |bl=b 3 |al=—a gab <0 58. b20.a<0 Sls b < Oca < 0 gS Iiy. [abl =—-(ab) =(—a)b =|al |b] ols Gey Atay fabl=ab fs ale y« [b|=—b « [al=-a ab>0 of [ab|=|a||b| oJ J. (@) sus = [tsb 0 a a+b<0 gl sly Lod fa + bl-(a +b)Agalal pyalon el iia) gid) ) cuss ai) Bact : ¥—) Well-ordering principle and Mathematical Induction ZEN (gle y tual) Gus yl sacld leo jell Nia Gob Lisleial 3S ys + AVL faye Geol ll t Y=) ch oie SF We Ugh A LL gt de pene le x WDee Ge Sb : cals 13 (partial order relation) .aeA axa gl. A uk (reflexive) 4Seis We < (I) Wy a ol A (le (Antisymmetric) als J Aili. 4D < (Q) + a=b ola ba 5 axb os «bn+1eB) cles LEB GY m# (Y.m cSdy df woic alls BI ys hd aie ys (m-1)¢B' iy. m-11 m¢B' iJ. m=(m-1)+1eB Li J ay< m-1eB - BEN" iales B=@ WY. Guilt ling Oo 2 Abate ke ws dl iS ne N* ad quel P(n) sybell dace oly Gro el gas Pm) shall Guo of cut, dane ashe PUI) of S={neN"| Gres sbe Pi) } ails WY P(m+) sel .S=N" Gbaleys m+leS omeS gs allseteS of 2 (\) Sie ye anes +1) het cosa co cual Uc S80) 8 gf ga MDL tt dane call wd oh « itis. Gy La th ab A SI all LM ily (opel paul « [Y} ott (BpApa lal pyalon 7 oudy) i es na Tbe i Pin)e i? =n +) ol isl ie j=182x3 oa! Gyhl + Mise syle P(I) o8 Of aed. Male syle P(m) d vad oily bi Dene) i=l 6 vai J bay P(m+1) byl dace GLY, i Ge ee? a 6 ld Ale 9 LS a (m+1{m@m +1) + 6m +0] _ n+ Dn? +7m +6] im 6 _(m+1)(m+2)(2m+3) _ een ee 6 6 Dard eval Abshe syle P(n) Gl ale y « Able syle P(m+l) 1 + Aaa gall doyacell J atl ne N” cguide Cyne ab GIs 14 a"-b a i pit a"~b" a-b : . 6 Ohylaie Ga bl yf ade 96 RHS.= Val bit =1 « LHS.=1 oh ain Latte iy. P(n): - (Aas) Holes she PU) off litbyAgalal sata a™l _pmtl a : : a6 a rrr,:—r..—r,.:CiszaC)S ras a 1 oi BaY « P(m +1) dace aly, aml pm! 7 a™! _ab™ 4ab™ —p™! a =p" a-b a-b a-b m. ee =aya™ pit +b™ =ala™ ta" b+-.tab™? +b" 4b" i=l )+b™ m+l =a™+a™'b+--tab™! +b™ = Yad pt ist NEN * dd iishe P(n) of lily ke P(m+1) oli ale y J oth: (1) Nia att +@+21)+--+fa+(n—Dr]= 5 Pa (Dy neg et lgululya Syl leas dye Aastite Shey a) Gb oJ Lay AS on st OS UL tb dae tl Ge Ulysse gue, LBEYY ole Ga siall P(a):a+(a1)-+(a2n) +--+ fae (n—Dr]= Fa + (n—Dy] oS dajuue P(I) Gf tle, RHS.=a «LHS.=a of n=l ls 1 J dare P(m) of vase a+ (atr)+(a+2r) +---+[a+(m—De]= 2 [a +(m—Dr] cfd Aule 5 at(atn+(at2r+--+[a+(m—Dr]+(@t+my = B Lea + (m — Dr] + (a + mn) QQ.)Kyu lal gyalon [m(m - 1) + 2m]-r at(a+r)+(a+ 2r)+---+(a+mr)=(m+l])a+ 5 =(m-+ a+ MO Dt m1 09 + mr) » neZ* US4sece P(n) I. dogaee P(m +1) Ud ale y 2 (t) Je eo oneN. sa esp = 30) a'*bk of ¢ ab=ba ols 1 k=0 ae o n 1 AM g" Cadell (gd Aaa jue" yy gilill 1a : = ne ee ills” Gall gS die je" Ui oy () Kab) ASS i dat J 2 oly) oh} oneal cuals 1 19. P(n):(a+b)" = s(t) a™*pk os k=0 EY pe (1 1 RHS.= >] fab =| Jat] |b=a+b+ LHS =a+b cok 0 1 iY. Pom) of vail Vy. dare PCI) obi ale 5 aie (arb) = 5 [2 lant! k=0 k (a+by™! = 57) a™b¥(a+b) k=0) | -[[}es( Toros herse eae fae eG OHOKgulal pyalon . m+1 m m Pte ee (a+by™"! = [Mp arte am Poa M Te 0 i) m+1 cok .neZ" [Saas P(n) gales. dase P(m+l) iy) (Fibonacci Sequence) (coi gud deste :(0) Je Be EN) 12558 isis ci aS! (Liber Abaci) 46S (8 Ji le ( pl ¥ 0+ — VV) Gab ad Sa ye By yee ell bo) Gaal Sse aD VOY cle Lgl ol dy al > AVIS G5, .neN’ Sf, ne = fae ene asl MEN” JS gas ne fy, Los sage fy oo fy oS (I) -neN” US fla fy tay =(-D" (rn le aah el RAL) 2 ha gal a god ety, © fay oo WS gf asingl Losi iy. f;,, = + gee j ne fy, len gee SY nem latte (sks) dare sylall of Gaya OV, Bol dae GLY ys pas) ae fh, Lee gard ore fini © Ala al jin + £5) Cl ba on = m4] lene cee Faemety2 = Fmt =Kyu lal pyalon cally gab M86 Fy) 6 4g895 26 Fy OSE pli gad Leslie Cay pi Lag bre o& ed Ss Gd Leal gune foes Seng. ga ae fons bY 993 © Phy AF © fla 9 Bement = Bomar = fimo + fm di cues. 28 ¢ Fyne iy OS pal put Ate Gd ee Py = fines = fama e + fam at 3933 He Spins ly « Lad LS ¢ Bote Pyne Pama OF Bis eS GB lies on = m+] Laie Aayaue sel syle) gb ale 5 on ae fy, Lt gat a fy Py néeN’ JS Jasin] bse i}. P(n): £2) fy fae =D" ol cat (4) ade y «R.HS = (-1)' = -1¢L.H.S = f} - f)f, =1? -1(2)=-1 + Aagoee P(1) Gls clttlley olrslute Od ph Gla fine ~ fin fing =(-1)™ 13). Rags ee P(m) i vai Sy oj bay « P(m +1) dae aly, eu gt a CB llley « cal gad fa fet fma3 = fe oft 1G, |) =for Cee -feay e6 GG) te tt te =~ (as figsa fy) ED" =" NEN” USaace P(n) Gf dey dace P(m+1) IY Fas Gy wd ue f,> - a Fane GLY Uhal all ye 98 BL eis Gall ASTI Aue juall I OVI, » arb IN4DeSgabal pylon SetilSs GS! Gb ylal) Y= 1 dia pe + abl (el ae¥!) cua! sacl () oLSI, beES dias ScT={aeZla>b}« beZ oS (YY -S=T obe n+leS ganeS 2G all ) = () NcleE ly . E={aeZlacE e(a-N+beS} G4 Id. VaeE, (a-l)tbeS>a2l oi Gay. (I-l)+b=beS Lath « eal el GAN sacl Gua ESN" ob ale sy nt+leE o-SIneN’ JS (n-1)+beS Gey: n=N* UI neE ob ©TCS 1) aeT «aa(n-1)+b Saba pail Sy arb gl »S=T olbates ()= (4) he Sys al ol ANI ue f Gis EON” ysl acS@a—b+leE : SUS Bas de gee S ol Uap E=N" a>boa-btleE g Se (b-b) +1=1eE Ws beS Y a-b+2eE cLéaiey:a—btleE gas aeS of oi 138 sve gl ot. (GQ) ue S={aeZ lab} Ycatles oe sls WY. r>be m=(r—b)41 Sb de pe Sy Mm Cage Ge . E=N* ol ule 56 1n (I) dal n25 Js 2" >5n (4) Leaiic dayne lel syle gb ade, 2'=251 Ge n=l gS IY (i) 62™>m iY. n=m late dee ll of Ueyil Vy. n=] Bola Glades 27 >m41 1). MmemFl 6 2™!>2m os 2° >n obs aly s n=m4! lee dng _5 dt __el -n=N’ JS oh a ese n=5 Lae 19. P(n): Vn >5, 2" >5n oS (2) od pall Vly « dae tLe (5) Gl ale, 2° =32>25 3 ylell dave GL 6 S5m \. Aagene P(m) i bay « P(m +1) age 2" > 5m => 2" >10m=5m + Sm>5m+5=5(m+1) nS JS 2" >5n 1. dayeee syle P(m +1) ua 2 (V) Sie Yn 2-1, 2n?-9n? +13n+25>0 gi al oly) ons] late 1 .P(n): Vn 2-1, 2n*-9n? +13n+25>0 gsi PQ) ghd galls « 2(-1)° - 9(-1)° + 13(-1) + 25=1>0 Glas 1). das Pum) oi va a a .-l0Kgalal gyaten ci ay P(m +1) dace OLY, 2 (m+) -9 (m+)? +13 (m+ 1) +25= (2m -9m? +13m+25)+6 (m—1)P 6 dag ee P(m) GY ¢ 3m? -9m? +13mM4+25>0 gS ie meN* JS 6(m-1)? 20 P(m+l) gh8 ales « 2(m+1)?-% m4)? +13(m41)4+25>0 n2—1, Jb dare P(m) Gl pills dane iE L(A) jae n | O6n (4) n>5 JS n° <2" n+leA) 2 (Wile GAS! GS Lal cl ash (0) eqealy yl el HOU dale sacl (Q). (Guall) ual Gas ll sacl (I) " Archimedean Property Gut) deals" (3) .na>b Gi cuss nEN” oyay le ood a,bEN” GIS 13 SF tle ctl yd dete ff, fh. uC (Y) » MEN’ US fis fea fa fang =(- 0" (i) 1-5 14.5 npn 2 Zz éyac neN’ Jf, = Sf=fo-1@) ot Sl Mattie 1,3,4,7,11,18,29,--- detial ou 4 (A) (YARD = VAEY) Gut Sl casi ill wot yl dui (Lucas sequence) AIS Gi Ally deal. L)=1,1L,=3 ,Ly.=Ly,+Lh,, VneN’* vga as ae Ly, lee gat se Ly 4 Laq2 2 38 ()Aga lal pyalon «har hy Lave = SCD (09 neN' SL, = (ty Sy ©) dJasi (4) eo eT d-p-t (i) Ars yill ad qucal (xy) te Anal Je x"-y" (o) -Yearb)=Latdo, ©) -FTe,-b) = Ta TT, J cals. a ob, ENE as 1) (+) Yab cla () a=¥1 © a\Fl (i) (b\a)nc#0 = be \ac (3) (b\a)A(a\b) & a=Fb (¢) c\aac\boc\ax+by Vx, yeZ (4) + 3M LM sy (A) « (@) « (i) cate ghb 4k ys ab=F1 Gi ae bEZ ay ld. al Fl d vas (I) gs fal2d 1. Lykke goby Y bea Ga MS OS. [ab|=lal|b]=1 any [al=b[=1 1. fabl>1 of «fb|>1 J fal >1 cats 1314 |b] 21 .b=FleaaFl dee /a\Fl J eels od a= FIGS Hy es US GLY. a\b y b\a ol als Gd a=Fb US HY (¢) glade y< myneZ Gua b=na«a=mb |. a\b 5 bla aise y<(i) Gus m=n=Fl 1. mn=l of gi Avey a=mna -a=Fb obRawal aglyls «mnéeZ 4s b=nceca=me 13) suasill c\b sc\a ol ly (8) JS by =(ne)y = (ny) 5 x EZ USI ax=mex=(mx)c old Ale 5 iy -mxtnyeZ 4» ——SI ax+by =(mx+ny)c ig. yeZ . c\ax+by " Division Algorithm 4.3) 930 Aad)": Y—\—t in joe OF Cua mr Ges Gee Gute tag b40 + a,beZ GSI » OSr0 psa) .a=O-bta oe OSa0} ol vali. arb>0 gs 1 (A) Cheb te 5 ¢ fa] bE a) of LS c (1-1-1) Sin jus ae B2T LY lariic a-xbeS J Gb ey a-(a)b=a+hlb>0 N 3 N G+ Aide de pene S$ oI. S#D YB ale ye x =—lal (eal) Jo) peie p90 8 1) agall Go8 pl S08 Ga Jae At ye lb ale 9 r=a—mb Gl cea meZ say lr Oy if. rb ol Gaer0 yisa<0 gLSIY (¢) «a=(-n)b-t iy + (GQ) ees 0St 0 ¢ a==nb GLa t=0 gS ik. —b<-t<0 coos a=mb+r obs ules a=(—n-I)b+(b-t) gb t>0 - O00 « |bl=—b of b<0 gk 1Y (7) ess (Ge) Ge 0=4m+l Ja? =4m lic aeZ S19 (I) Sos aa4mt3 J as4mtl oe bad Lycee a als 1 (G) .neZ ¢a’=8n4+l Gye meZ n(n +1) (2n+1) —o (<) CO »-neZ JSAawall aglsty + Cle pal) ack 56 OSr<2. a=2n¢r Gr aie 2 ke a dan_4 (i) OL4 ale y¢a=2n gLier=0 oUSIL4. r=0,1 old a=2n4+l] ode r=1 GSI Ud. man? cuss a? = 4n? = 4m Ghaseie man? tn baie ys a=4(n? +n)4+1 Gesaites .a=4m41 (3 ¢ Xiyej J gl! Aandi) die jee ue OS <4 a=dmtr of la(Q) jSa=4m42 Jc a=4m4l] J a=4m gli ade, r=0,1,2,3 das4me41 . Gayl yay dea gy Sl. a=4m43 ob sa=4m41 oS 1s. a=4m4+3 asi con =2m?+1 Geyy a? =16m?>+8m+1=8(2m? +1) 41 oe a=4m43 ols Lb a? =8n4] ol J aet n=2m? 43m +1 easy a? =8(2m?43m4) +1 . a =8m+l1 obales« meZ « O? oS «n20 sas} a=(a,a, y+ ajay), Say b Ladd Aull: a aaall a, as 1=0,1,5,n cae {0,1,--,b~1} eos a=3.a,b' i=0 Cf poy DH2 Ge SN, ¢a a oe (digits) A 4) Stull (4 pastas silly (Binary Representation) (til Jill e{0, 1 oss (Ternary Representation) (DU JAcill Uidll pay b=3 YS Ny 7 a,e{0,1, 2} OSs (Octal Representation) 3d) fd! Siucill paw b=8 ls ld, -a,€{0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7} os (Decimal Representation) (spi!) Jia) Ssuaill pau b= 10 ols 1d 5 -a,€{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} oss ©Kandll Ald got e Hu Jah: J hal pe B=16 GEES Wy OSs Guslall pyle (4 prdiny (silly (Hexadecimal Representation) 10,11,12,13,14,15 Jae! dasa 35 a, € {0,1,2,+++, 15} + sil le A,B,C,D,E,F Gy al CgSiy ogabsall derdual gill cistall JEG Lal pay b= 60 ols Wy .a,e{0,1,2, ++, 59} 2 (Y) Se 47 =1x2 40x? +1xP 41x? 41x? +1 oY « 47=(101111), (!) - 167=3x7? +2x7+6 SW « 167 =(326), () + 1547=1x10? +5x10? +4x10+7 GY « 1547=(1547)o (e) SF Sg cals oe oS gee ce gl of cuts ail 281 in seal ool Wy + gose pail GUS 5S Lt-\—¥ dia a He pall Kerb 10 tga J aa yall em Aye 5) pall Leal plana a=f%ybta, « O ty > >>, Oe > 0 US ly Pitts 1, =0 di ten tay i. Gls YL GY pause +t) =b-O+ra, of ee (2) « (1) Ge di Ba oth olsy « a=(aya,y--aja9), dots J a=b(nb+a,)+ay =1b? +ba, +a, we (*) of 33 (3) « (*) oes a=nb’+a,b’ +abtay Pets ch Se 4 LY Ontisy a=r,b"! +a,b" +--+a,b? ta/b+ay Wor, =0 oS aza,b" ++-+a,b? +ayb+ay =(a,a,4--a)a9) = () OD Vaji ¢ jysill dl Aplasy OLY Osc, 0« x=] bre 00+ y=1 Lite O0«¢a,b,ceZ QIN: dag ques d=am+bn oi Gus mneZ ray iy. d=(a,b) oS cg Ailey ede\be « de\ac 13) d\b 4 d\a GSl. (0-)-¥) Ain je WI .e\be « e\ac of ua all oVIy. ac,be gure i suis auld de OLS Ale 5 « (81-1-¥) Aer ae x,yeZ JS e\acx+bey Wd. elde gLaates« e\(am+bnje oi giz ey e\acm+ben . (ac, be) = de =c(a,b)Asoall Aslsls : Aad, AL Gay LS Suey Lal mn gl « d=(a,b)=am+bn ols 13) + AM Jha IY. b=27 ca=18 983 9 = (18,27) = (-1)(18) + 27 = 2(18) + 27-1) abe Yl cl jackal pull age y Guan (0-1-1) Ain gue OS Ge pe! Gey ay gi IM cools 4 gh bei Y Lule Ou phe yt Geen Cate abel! A faked) alll aga y Gare cll (Ae 5) s8ll Ady ball) A591 aie jaall - Lani myn slags cola 48S, ej) All Leal) Laat y yy yin ox Qunene Cyne ab IS 1) 2 ASV) Aisa a=bm,+1r, 0r >>... of by g.cd(a,b) fl os Sly. r,,=0 ol Gar ieN sy ales CY)ial aghla Qe pa shamth OS. yyy de yam dS bey oSe cole se i \1_3 ig. ha =tam ath, d Gey. 7 \n5 After Vb gla of td gh ais I cay a=bm, +r, dlledl wad clb cla scEZ* WS 19- a,b gpl OSy Say clr, ol ai b=nm, tr bled yey. oly of ass WD. VR of ga cee iy op SM) aie ban ll CYL Quap pladint + ¥ = ged(a,b) Sls Nola! asl yp =am+bn of Ges mjneZ sys asd te A JAY) ye dia puall HS tg Hy Mj Shp — (Fg — 2M) mM, =-f_;m, +4_,(1+m,_,m,)=---=am+bn A) ae euasmneZ sag 90, 252 gurl plac ol fudall autill on 3 (i) .d=252m+90n gh « 90=1(72) +18 « 252 = 2(90)+72 of L__-ay d 1 ayy it es mneZ st ays. d=18 1). 72=4(18) iy. 72=90-d of bay . d=252m+90n gh 4__ae y . 252 = 2(90) + 90~d = d = 252(-1) +90(3) -n=3«m=-l SN aie ue ob 335.6 2746 Qurell plac al yall aul an J) (O) . 2746m +335n O Bs abe! elute) aulill sly 5=5x1 « 66=15) +1 « 335=5(66)+5 + 2746= 8335) +66 oa—Kawall Ally J SsY mn says. d= iy 1= 66 —5(13) = 66 ~13[335 —5(66) |= -13x335 + 66x 66 =-13x 335 + 66(2746—8x 335) = 2746 x 66+ 335(—541) .n=-541 «6 m=66 IY Cus mneZ stats a,b Quulld abel! dl fal aulill Glas Se - (Blankinship) {i i694 4__ yb plaai__ulb d=am+bn gl > «s&s American Mathematical Monthly (1963) : al b 0 Slighee— Sbbell db The Gan! 585 Gua I} Ghul anf GlicLiog Scilly Ad pinene col} ees of ol" an +1) Adsl Gigi d mn 7 Oxy, d=(a,b)=am+bn os Ss 3 0 x y d mn (at) as A= [ ] dos a>beo J yay 1 AY! ARYL 4a bil obs Gungiy 2 (4) Sia late d=am+bn Gi Qs mneZ ras p43 d=(a,b) a3 . a=1976 , b=365 (G) « a=39, b=18 (i) gad) (39 1 0): nal Gs cas 13) 39 = 2(18)43 of Lays At ; 4 J ly (l) of as r, DN) Cael Qe deans (-2) Gary cit 39 1 0 Se a2 1 A= 2, |. 18 0 1 130 1iaadll Alls Cit ge deans (0) cgi USVI Gua Co ycai 13). 18 = 6(3) OS! J aad st) S81 2) 0 @ 1 2 SoS 18 0 1 0 -6 13 . d=3=39(1)+18(-2) 1a 1976 1 "] ) 1. 1976 =365(5) +151 « A= 365 0 1 : Isl 1-5 I$ « 365=2(151)+.63 gS. A SBM > : es & 0 : o..,rrC~C~—r..rsCs¥SC®COC# [oes 0 : 63. -2 i] 139 151=2(63)+25 gf cuss il 1 5) (25 5 27 (3 =) _ 63 -2 dl 19. 63=2(25)413 of ley 25 5 al oo (2 3 a) a 13) 212) 65 » 25=13(I)+12 las, (i; 5 2) coer (12 17 2 oth 13-12 13-12 65 ly. 13=120)41 os 12. 17 -92) _.. (12 17 -92 th 7 120) 157 W).12=12.1 dds, ae rrS—~—sr—C«C be\a old Mh CA)Aawall Aglyly + abceZ Sd: 4=\—v din ye + (a,be)=1 gk (a,c)=1 5 (a,b)=1 gS () + cla ol (b,c)=1 OSs c\ab Qs 13) (XQ) J due mneZ ay ld. Gavib (a,c)=1 « (a,b)=1 J le (l) Aap ye Gueartos=1 gi cuss rseZ sayy « am+bn=1 of chy aay am+bn(ar+cs)=1 GL 4 ote ys (lo-1-Y) (A-)-¥)4Ga jue Gus (a, be) = 1 fd ale a(m+ bnr)+be(ns)=1 bmten=1 gi cuss mneZ aay ld. Geuill (b,c)=1 of Le (Q) c\ab oSl.abmtacn=a ld 4yle 5 « (l0-Y-Y) Ai us Cae « (—2)-)-Y) 4a ue Gus c \abm + acn iy -c\ac 5 yayill: »c\a gale oy he >of cailae neN’ OSH (1) + 3 gle Aen Jy 5"-2" (I) + esd sxe (7"-5") (X) 27 gle Anal) Say 377144?" (e) +3 cle Mail ui 27"-1 (a) «24 gle Aauill Sd (5? -1) (8) 17 le Anil Js 27-1 (4) +8 gle Aa Gs 37°47 (3) 3 ge La ibs 2" +(-1)"™" (@) +81 le Anal) Ls 10"'-9n-10 (4)dawdll aghly +h Ase) ght) dana asauls asl (1) ~meZ « 4m+3<4m4+l SA gle Os Goud wane vie US (i) 63m41 sf 3m US2G pe ore ol ae Ge ull Sey (Q) -meZ H9m+1 § Om LSA ane se yl w&e Ye yusill Se (¢) -meZ « 9m+8 rl WneZ ,a,EZ Jal (r) n(n+1)(n+2) . n(n+l) » = () ‘ = (i ee (e) a a oe (e) +a, «8 gle Aauall Ue n? 1 Jedssipgien se BD GSe VIL, WL, WL, ++ Att ope gd we gl of cusl (0) Silly CUES Sey decal aga Ge an gl gf Ba". LOS bye OS "4m+3 JHE Y gas3 ae a? tb? Gls gu 8 gee Gane ab oS 1 (1) 4 gle Aaudll LAY! AN 31535 ¢ 13429 ¢ 527 6 179 ae Ge SS Ce oe (VY) » b=16 « b=12 « b=8 + b=7s b=2 » baila. (ab)=1 « ab,ceZ OS (A) » (bc)=1 alee cla gS IY (l) « (ac,b) =(¢,b) (W) -(at+b,a—b)=2 J (atb,a—b)=1 (c) d\2b jd\2a Satl 6 d=(atb,a—b) Gi ued : dade" ."d (2a, 2b))=2 of lh, CKawll Als ls .neN*& (a",b")=1 (3) + (a,c) =(b,c)=1 gle c\(at+b) gl 19 (a) -(ac)=1 , (ab)=1 ol ales (a,be)=1 ols 13 (i) (4) 7 (ac, be) =|c|(a,b) ol ails c#O oS 1 (2) - (ab) =(a +¢,b) di ctl b\e oS 1 (g) - (a,be) =(a,b)(a,c) of alae (b,c) =1 GIS 1 (9) + (a,b)\c i atles mneZ* «c=amtbn GS !¥ (2) : lac d=amtbn cf dus mneZ ass de d=(a,b) ass (1+) a=1292 , b=884 (<) a=288 , b=51 (!) a= 7469, b=2387 (3) a =8633 , b= 7209 (¢) d=am+bnter ci cuss mynyreZ asd Se d=(a,b,c) ass (19) : Lette a=120, b=60,c=165 (.) a=33, b=143,c=8749 (I) . a=l131, b=594,c=2907 (¢) Joie mnrseZ wad ps d=(a,b,c,e) 2 ad (17) : baie d=am+bn+crt+es a=116 , b=248,c=148,e=152 (\) a=113 , b=594,c=2907,e=1517 (L) a=21355 , b=17801,c=11503, e=8752 (c) by 2 aA Aa a sal) Yo juni 429) Ab phat) plas) Se (11) se 5S 2" O8dy6 2" Sa Gf Cus eee re SI 2" OS OF Cas cones ae nS) 2" Sy 27 Sa 2" | Cues ree Wy. 2 l oSt« (Prime Number) (Jj a al PEN* oe di (i) v1 P gle Y) dau Sis Vy 131 « (Composite number) Gye ae al D2 OS 13 l5 GLS IY GY « Lio yi alacl RDU ¢ yea 5 gd SI gayi oe en-32ptq cade y2 Ge Si gos oe 1-3 OB bed he -n=p+g+3 oe diby call ome pq Ge Pee ec Pptr2 JS de WY! aed y+ GK Y ate dey (¢) saa s abl aed doe tb Le ga es Sof ose - 17,19 « 11,13 « 3,5 See.(Twin primes) gt OS 1} t AV VVO ale (VAYT-IVYA) ail gui pill uae gf Guedd (2) DoPy Se N=P, +2P. OB 65 cp p51 Lod bees lous n ‘ + adsl gpa AY ay wt OW )Kowal Alls oe ary a Pp GAM 29 Pp =25P3 = 55s Py ores 9 AW alae ge saball a sill , + ll as a gd gill IYI onal glad Sey 2 Y-v—¥ dia ue -nen “dS p, <2” (n gfe ol BAYIL) 2 ole 2 n=] laic dayne Deal Old ules pp =2 Ole n=l Gls 13) Pm Soe Ye em late dans el A Gf Goyal GV ol baY. n=m+] Lac all dae OLY, Ae a rrtrtrsrs=——=C] WY. n=14(py..p,) Sls + PisPossPa eS veel p=p, cS Wa. (| Gun) p ie lg we gle Aaalll Ji ates p\I old ate ys p\(pyp2--P,) » p\n ob+ I 1 otal oS HY)Kaw dll Sglyly P oll ne aps dey ge re WY I) ne te n I Gait «call NS Nae (1) das Gu ps vine pln Gi Ges Oo 2 (¥) Sie «ll ne 257 of eal 2 oly) ct V257 eg shat J cy DN ALY a0 1] 6 16 < V257<17 fle « 257=85(3)+2 « 257=128(2)+1 yg __S).. 2,3,5,7,1113 «© 257 = 2311) +4 « 257=36(7)+5 « 257=51(5)+2 2,3,5,7,11,13 ce gl le daudll J Y 257 IY. 257=9(13) +10 «(Y A5) Cue Af axe 257 ol dey Sie" cag Ls pladinnty Leclaaauls J yal Gulbei (Y) Aatily ley FLGSs grad « (ag VUE-YVA) « Crible d' Eratosthene gio sit yi sla) Luise." danas diy hs Ga Vl dye Gane Ge Daly ALY en saell gs glad gh Ge UA A YI sac) Oo Nae Quen C68 90 Ge JAY AUGYI sac YI lad Qo gllaall GIS 13 V90 sled J Ge dB AM ALY) sae) Cicloe Gh 290 62 » Add toed Gs dae all ge is Led 2,3,5,7 sacl Glickos ay 2h V90 oo JAI AM sac ty 2,3,5,7,11,13,19, 23, 29,31,37,41,43,47,53, 59,61,67,71,73,79,83,89 co Aa gl IY alae gf Bad « (Y) Ansty cee sl yf Ue pladindss + gh 180 « 120 127,131,137,139,149,151,157,163,167,173,179 (eA)Rasall aghld Zilgal tae) Gan JAY) gle say 1 Gage Gene ate JS Gf Cusy JS m\(n+D4m oY (nt)2, (n+1)43,---, (nt DH(n+)) ¢ Aayocall sac! Gay abiite yt ANY alae 58 1). 2em MX) bo) dace of (e1V4N) ple ay « (3x 10°) = 216816 : in pal ase 8555 Lim(x)= FOE «Ey JS So dane ut gins nx «" The prime number theorem!" 41,91 sac! din je pand (ill y ASV! 2 O-Y—Y Aik ya Lim a(x)inx _ ex OL VYVAA ple (VAYY-1VOY) jail (cual jill fad ally Ibe m(x) —_ x Inx -1.08366 ee i 0 x90 X x20 Inx J sia JS ol Lim n(x) (inx-a)_ Tae 2 Inx _ an(x)) | x00 be X30 x -adSin(x)e—*— gliate, Inx-aRawal aglsty eg Lg ge GIS Ja ANY) lac Ye gue GLY Aglae J US «a,b Ggl§ og ay ole sila yu (A1A4£-YAY) (Tchebychef) Cauda « Lals 18 528 x Laie a (*)] earl oS 1) a n>1ca>2 Lae 1. a"-1=(a-l)(a™'+--+a4l) fle val a1 gb ade gc a” 4stati>atl>3 5 a-I>] Glas sas2obae Lad a"-1 Ghsid ld. Gay al ea ay US sler1 Gis 1 (°) "Glee p?+2 Joti Lusiae p2s ost} (3) "p=6m+5 J p=6m+l Ui ol lay © Gra] dy geall gle AW tae V yo giles Y axe asay le ay (Y) AE G2 Pps: Py pti Me Asay val: Abad". reN* p4p, oS p\m ff ctly« m=6(p)-p,)—1 gas soe¥ . isl-jn Js ordawall alsa J1O\p?=1 Gf ate 5S slay Lag Las ie p USI (A) pe{Sm+1,5m+2,5m+3,5m+4} oi bay". 10\p? +1 » p\a® cf aslée pla” oss Wis Ine p oS IY (4) » 24\p?—q? fh culae oul Gep2q25 GS (1+) «37 0 hy 5 oe SS! Ap pill Jae) JS eile ond Gis (11) 9 ee SI ce arn ol ge jal Se a gv 406 ale Gaal (1Y) 25,69,81,125 Jared ge US ye ne. Ap As sacl ¢ yea Ab AJ sacl ¢ pens ALY! Leglal ge) AS) slae YI ge US Gud Led diy yb paca (1) . 18531 « 1745 « 343 « 237 OS at adh be As ase 307 Ui atl (14) © 307\n Glee (1x 23x-++x99)n = 307 x 306x-+-x 209 Upilgaas Cvanyy banal) ob Ayal) Ain ual) YoY cee one ol als Apt} Cle Gluall gd Aas daa juall Gait © ALS Ala gel (ous 4d phe) asl sll Ge LSI Os cull e jall gb (IX-14) 3 phe Aes daaill oh Gaal ates gl cay WB < Alsi alae! oitar Ione 31 ga Ue ue OS 13)" Syed! Gus Gal) (gf AnsLAYT din juall ale! otter git aide ode pb oT Syl sue dai Y ALJ slaeY aca) oh iba Giclaadl of Lg (al Quail! lb gS sal Gye Se cole ApsLuY! din jrall Cusul obey shacYI ol Y) Aull pul a el Od ject ot Cree Gall CLAY s IT Ys aul Y a Ayla) ia pal) Wis eames Gh ges Le col (IX=14) Auucaill ga Ii yet (2+)dawall Aghlp ple Sys GL gs US Sieg lan | PYRE Gat | obi Slings 2S LS 6 ApLe din pual Gye cl Gaal) 83 pre (91 41°A) odd Feline Ge Sey al gall) I (VY Ge Glaal I Gaal) 4 dus ll + CBS Aa 52 AN ye G5 sill Auulial) 5 yells Glalarenll aii Ga dia jul Seg Y oh as (AY Ge Una) aie Glue) 40S 8 2 la) SLAY Ube « dais bie pee eale (od quesill Ye Vy dal Ge J pall OS GA + Anal BANS Ge Vy 4151 Ala ye ol} sacl) ules Ge Vy ed DLS gp ST puch) go Ds Gut Cag) Aslan paall 13 AY Go SAI" Gaal) ales gb Gla! 5S" har Gag 6 ge ll cet Gas Al Lad ay gig cael Abed) au ill 4d aay LSI gh Gal LE TVA Goce SY ] deal at lal, Up paie Ge cillie gb Alte JI) edb oN dads Gly aN AMA Cillge JS" + Ot od Ug MOREY Ce pga tue Gr pla Jualas Ais yall (Say ga we Js gf gi 4s (stl) abe m=ap, 1. py add ali aly onl Ge oS) Len Ine n gS © BY Spell ye Qatill e jall 4 tie SMU Apel Gus Sa il Js CDaad igh N=P) PoP, = 41 49°74, I eB pel Alaa GLY y ol BANG Gta 1S j Gh Gepil GV, ee oe I 1 ince o2e ol ve 1 SGsljoyr US ities Af otacl p; Gua n=] pt ist Fi ley —n Gee ype Sa dle y —n > 1 Ge n<(-1) GIS 1 (Q) us . Ay Cheb aide ye —n=]] pM Jy Aus sacl Ge eels sas, isl . s /1SiSsS ad qual dita. AJ sel p) Ge n=(-DT] piKaul aghty De pel Sad ne Z- {-1,0,1} ols 1 4h 295 (Q) « (I) oes «Ads tach Ge roles 2 (\) Sus 720 =2' x3? x5 () ‘ 90 =2x3?xS (I) + 138600 = (-1)x2?x3?x5x 7x11 (e) + olaall 68 ALY) Aa yaad Slihs Gael OV, Layo dun jue ab ox-all Lin ge Laut c GISy (a,b) =1 « Cuassee Gute ab GIS 13) Gass dye Glassy cba se Ulase ang -e\b 9 d\a(.) « (e)=1 5 c=de (') 2 ge all Ch Liang ¢ ApalaW dia paella B=[] q? « a=[] pi dls jel isl ab=(T] pi) af) chs es ij St pq) 1. (@b)=1 i=l jel 6050, <1 Goss c=] pT] a iY - vat cab os oS 13) fly. —— «Isisn JI0 p¥l WY. (Gt-Y-Y) [Ce Ya=b gates 2 (¥) Sia «Agus 42 deel log,3 « V6 « ¥30 «42 + gall ite ye a 21 Ge eee ae wag Vy P< V2 <2 lly (!) a 2 (EAT OY) Ai je Gia gaat se ae V2 iy. (¢)-Y-1)iawall aglyts fie ue a 43 Gy eee te tay Vy 3< 980 <4 J le () » (EAYHY) Sie jue Gaus gad ge ane 30 I. (1-1-1) ot we V6 1.261 op ace re tay V9 1< V6 <2 of ly (2) 2 (EAN EY) Sin jus Ca pin ales. 67 =3° IY. b#0 + a,beEZ « log, (3)= > J vase (3) ce AnsLAY! Ain ual) 3 Uilaill Athans Gail Ides 2°-3° = 3? gl egg ot cae Togs(3) 13). Glan a + doped Spud) Cac Leal) Gal gS Aud jay Gs et GI Vy 2) Gi Jae fh pe eel A as Gels aide meZ* Gee JE® : GIS IY 6 a,,a5,-,a, €Z* sacSd (Least common multiple 1982 fn ip! sislyyr da)\m (i) -m\c g&eisl,-,r da, \e «e>0 SSIY (Q) SAL aya, Jae baal ol pital Gaelieall Ye sale jue Ske cot Sus Lem(a;,ay,--,a,) J [ajar a9] Os-Se SI sf Ge phe ot Gute GY lawall el stall Cac Luna + lage 2 (¥) Sie . [4,15]=60 () 6a=3x5x13 Ge a 6 b=-273 6 a= 195 GlLe__S IY (Q) » [a,b]=3x5x7x13=1365 gl dey b=(-1)x3x7x13 ©Kowal Alsld Ls. a=(-1)3?x11x13 gli b=-507 « a=-1287 GIS I (¢) Bymay « [a,b]=3? x11x13? ghd ales « b=(-1)x3x13? : [a,b]=[-a,b]=[a,—b]=[-a,—-b] of sat ule Gall be ll A ak all iclia ally abe! dl sical! patil lay (3) - 936 = 27 x3? x13 « 1176 =27x3x77 uf lasY . 936 « 1176 By guary « [a,b]= 2? x3? 72x13 Len « (a,b)=2?x3=24 IY . : oe b=[] pi « a=[] pj ost ate i=l ist fa,bl=[] pen! « @b)=[] pm! isl isl "ASST lia jul) y Lapel) dh gud) Geld Gal gd oll GVLy -a,b,ceZ GS :_t=o¥ din us : [ac, be]=c[a,b] cb. c>0 os ly () -[a,b]-(a,b)=lab] (Q) 2 gba all bevacclicLoie y~ cm iy -m=[a,b]«n=[ac, belo vat () n cee Semen of gies bag n le edi duis om Gli ale y a Bf ty «ab Ge US le Maui J Bold aes Bf Cc c ac a enzomgi wailgings Bom ghaades« m gle dad Ue c -n=cm 13 o—____—_—_inuall gly asd sid. fab]=[a-b]=[-a,b]=[-ab] J Le (4) i¥. d=(a,b) fl Gaye LB Gly a,beN* lave 4qgil .b=ds«a=dr J Guar rseN ry 4ey¢d\bed\a b\c «ale GS Ify.m=as=br IY « m=2 J vapid GV, say i). d=(a,b) GS. uveN Gide c=au=bv oli Ob ale ys d=axtby oi des xyeZ © aod _ ax +by) oy oy ve ay m ab ab boa CJ was Igieg « m =[a,b] od lly « msc gfe ale y+ m\c iy : [a,b]-(c,d)=ab . . » (a,b)=1 ois 48 1515 13 [a,b] = ab] | Ciyllaal) gle Geant (GE-THY) dia je Gab ° 2: Abad tial ulld gaa y LS « [a,b,c]-(a,b,c)# label lds a,bjoeZ GIS IY : Avi © b=2?x3 6 a=2x3? IY. c=36 « b=246 aHl8 Ga__I « (a,b,c) =23 « [ab,c]=2°x3? GL_84 ale 5. c= 2? x3? cfd alti « abe = 2° «3° « [a,b,c]: (a,b,c) = 24 x3° -[a,b,c]-(a,b,c)# abe adaw 9ll aglsls dae ol jk all Goliad! slau) 48S eae gi Sl ASI dia pul GI Iss, + pe Ge SY ro-tot dis us Oo’ i=l,-n JV0¥a,€Z OI [aysags8q1 aq) [lay an sha, | ig. s=[ra,) 6 r=fayaei) © m=[aaye a) ob cle si=l,--jn-1 Ja; \s o& jks i=l,--,n-l da)\r 5 r\s ig m=[a,,-,a,] ol Gey. i=l--n da,\s Yea, \s oS gi=l,-jn-=1 d-Sla,;\m ovis. m 96 >» 48 » 24 ee wae 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 11s 115 23 23 i » [234,192,345]= 2° x3? x5x13%23 13 a,b (yell Law dl stall acd y abe! ol yutall util) angi (1) 2 Lane - b=2947 « a=3997 (\) + a=11328 (Q) b=25-3-74-(19)> -(23)’ « a=2°?-57!.19.(23)? (¢) » b=5421a,b,c JlaeSU Jazall J juiall Gelcoally abe YI ot sudall aulill as gf Losi . a=1128 , b=936 , c= 648 (\) - a= 26542, b=10190, c=1234 (K) . [1176,588,492,1024] « [18,28,20,35] a4 + Agusi sacl logig(4) « 9/21 « V68 «V2 gash pd lust of ALY) dia eel lash cdl eab\e gi« (a,b)=lib\e « alcalSs a,b,ceZ oS IY (\) - alo gf (a,b)=1 5 ab\ed Ss a,b,c,deZ ols 13) (XW) c"=ab 5 (a,b)=1 GLSs Guay Ge Cpe ab ONS 1 » bee" saad" of cued Gee One os le Ott » [a,b] a=b(mod n) + gla all Cus reZ aay tile y« n\a—b if. a=b(modn) gf gaye LBS ey Aye) 98) Leal lasaal 1 byneZ oS. a=b+ar gf oL-44_iles< OSs ods c=d modn ac =bd(mod n) (4) « atc=b¥d(modn) (\) eeZ JS) ae=be(modn) (3) « eeZ JS ate=b+e(modn) (¢) -1,seZ JS art+cs=br+ds () dhe (-) + () a=b(mod n)>3xeZ: a=b+nx ... (1) c=d(mod n)>JyeZ: c=d+ny ...(2) oSatc=btdtn(xt+y) of eis (2) ¢ (1) ctbaledl ease fy) - at+c=b+d(mod n) iy . xtyeZ 6a-c=b-d+tn(x—y) of ei (1) GQ (2) Atel ce pkay - a-~b=c-—d(mod n) iy. x-yeZAylayllagll ac = bd + n(by +xd+nxy) of eiy (2) « (1) cytlaled Gs yumsy . ac = bd(mod n) iy -by+xd+nxyeZ os iJ. eeZ d_Sle=e(modn) « a=bmodn ch Ling (3) « (e) + (Gel) Gun ae=be(modn) y a+e=b+e(modn) ar=dr(modn) i}... il c=d(modn) « a=b(modn) cj tu (4) OL 4_—ale y+ (2) Gu__e ryseZ JS! cs=ds(modn) 5 - (i) Guus ar +s = br + ds(mod n) o 2 ade As eg LS « a#b(modn) glis ac=be(mod n) gS 19 J Sey oI. 7#6(mod2) Lay 7x 4=6x 4(mod2) : ell Stall tg ke Gags Lt-\-¥ dia ac=be(mod n) gli: d=(c,n) « neN* Sy a,b,ceZ lS 1 .a=b mod (4) oS Lead 19 131 tha all de sas reZ a sy i). ac=be(mod n) gf yay os: (ae) E=8r QlL-4a—ile 5« (a—b)c=ac— be=nr Aude (A=) —Y) Ae ual Ge (ats Gaus 6 pa ig .d=(c,n) a=b mod (7) FD cing Nay (G91 1) Ae jue Gua : eo “fa deus reZ ray if. asb mod (=) J oad US Oty,ylaylegll seZ ase IY «d\c of. ac—be= St OS agle 5 « a-b=m ob ga Nay rseZ « ac—be=n(rs) old ale y< c=ds Ui Ges . ac = be(mod n) a 24 olds (c,n)=1 « ac=be(modn) Gs ne N* « a,b,ceZ Gls 13 . a=b(mod n) Qo + Gi ly 2 O-\-¥ Aik yu : OB i=l,---,m JS a, =b,(modn) gs 14 nb ¥ a, = }-b,(mod n) () + GY (2) iy (I) Gada (m He ol BLY) 2 Gla all b,(mod n) oS! (}) 1 m oh sai mal Lote ly. P(m):>1 a fe Gy. dap es he Pll) cid ule ys Gaull a, =b, (mod n) fase citys Va, = Vb, (mod n) i). dane Plt) of Uavill jal ist a.4,=b,,, (modn) 5 Ya; =>b, (modn) gi Ba « P(r +1) at ist rH r t r+ i: da, =a; +a,,, =>. b, +b,,, =>, b, (modn) 1 Yel —_, i=l isl isl isl Cl calli ¢ dagaee POP 1) old leg « (1-1) din yas Guu . me N” CS! 4ajs.2 P(m)zylaythall are - a™=b™(modn) gas me N* OSs) a=b(modn) oS! (0-1-1) 4s ys eby i= 1,-5m UI b=b, 9 a;=a J ual -a™ =b™(mod n) gi as a m=[n,,--,n,] OSs i=1yr JS n; eN' ca,beZ ols . a=b(mod m) Gils bid 13151 i dS} a=b mod (n,) ci 2 Gls ll o-Si Sn, \a—b WY. i=1,--r JS asb(modn;) gh by -a=b(mod m) gb ale 5« m\a—b ig. m=[n,,---,n,] n,\m gS. m\a—b 1. a=b(mod m) J vay Sell SLY -idSla=bmodn, of aley 0 5 a=b(mod n) ols 19 () cc . (an) =(b,n) gl atlas a=b(modn) gS!Y (v) +7 ce 10% 5 2! Ga KB dad alan d (1) 4 gle P42 ++ (99)? dand Ga as sl (£) .97\2% —1 6 63\2%-1 Sasi (0) . a? =b?(mod n) a=b(mod n) Gi cle Sbs ow (1) ie (79)?(53)? —m gf Cam Gage Gee te eel and (Y) £19 gle Aen ea” 21 mod(2™ )oiin gle el tay ctl «Ly gloxe n gS IY (A) . a=b(modm) gf adlée m\n GS; a=b(modn) GSI (l) (4) ol we Y m\n 5a=b(modn) J ~e Jte 4 (Y) - a=b(modn)Aylaylegll cule « (byn)=1 « b=d(modn) 5 ab=cd(modn) GS 14 (1+) . a=c(modn) gi oj ctle« n=(r,s) « a=c(mods) 5 a=b(modr) gS 14 (11) . b=c (mod n) + Gamal Sf dagen Le oh Lea gl (11) . a=3mod5 = (a,5)=1 (!) . a=4(mod8) = (a,8)=4 (Q) . 12a =15(mod35) => 4a =5(mod 7) (¢) . 5a=5b(mod7) >a =b(mod 7) (3) - 3a=b(mod4) => 15a =5bmod(20) (—) . 12a =12b(mod15) => a = b(mod 5) (4) 1361169676563 62 le Aaa) 4d yor Guana ate NS 13) Le Gu sel gd slay) ¢ Cla LLl Aegall Ciléyabedll Ye Gop ADL asd gle 2c! gill ub aciedy . SAT Gane ae gle aaall Judy 1 ALE yea Sally ya) lbs sl slg ptiel) aLbills ic janall o pudll oli] b gg Le 253 acl sill ull 48 pray LotoY Aaa ae m GU a=b(mod n) gLe_-Sy f(x) =Pex',c, eZ ge_S' isd . £(a) = £(b) (mod n)4elaythgll Ls ll g—S) al =b! (mod n) 13. Gail 3 a= b (mod n) of Le GLa Ale y . (0-3-1) Ae yee Aas a 1 = 0,1, + (2Y-)-¥) Zia ge Gus 1=0,1,--,m USI c,a' =c;b! (mod n) OSD. (lO-Y=¥) data je Ge, Soaizd eb! (mod n) of ltl i=0 i=0 . f(a) = f(b) (mod n) iy. f(b)=S.e,b « f(a)eNea! i=0 i=0 + ded 3 a=b(mod n) GL—_S5 f(x) =Yo.x! ,¢,€Z gu —_S13 =0 - £(b)=O(mod n) gk « f(a)=0(mod n) Lge ya) 96 (VAYHY) Xin je Guu > f(a) = f(b) (mod n) of Le . £(b)=0(mod n) 13. f(a)=0(mod n) o EATY=Y ci gs ‘ f(x) = dex! =0(mod n) aa) sts da al x=a oe le i=0 - f(a)=0(mod n) gS 19 ¢, EZ : (’) ie i. 11=3(mod 8) « f(x) =3x? +2x—-5 ys 5 £(3) = 3(9) + 2(3)-5=28 « (11) =3(11)? + 2(11)— 5 =380 SIs. £111) = £(3) (mod 8) old ley . 380 = 28(mod 8) « £(1)=0=0(mod 8) GY « x=1,5 ols« f(x) =0(mod 8) . £(5)=80=0 (mod 8) Cv )Zylaylbgll -{0,1,4,5,6,9} de gonall ll ity a? aa si de aeZ GSN : Jat} Ain ye ae, a=3ia,10' =a, (mod 10) 19. 10=0 mod 10 gf ly iO oS. a? =a? (mod 10) cj} —__3 4 —___dle g . (1-¥-1) agit 18g a5 (mod 10) = 0,1,4,5,6,9 14 - ag €{ 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} ={0,1,4,5,6,9} de gama) Gl) (pcity a? anal atal ol *2,3,5,9)11 cle dead) 4ubls " YOY—¥ Aaa ue A : n dee t= PV (-D'a; e s= Ya; WSs a=(a,a,177-A,Ag)o OS NY i=0 i=0 S\ag @ Sla( + 2\ay © 2\a (!) DN\s oa (hs 3\s © 3\a () HI\T <> 3\a (8) + (521 AL UY) I sy (A) « (¢) « (H) cate eZ f(xy=SYax' os Gua £(10)= (0) (mod 2) 13 . 10 = 0(mod 2) allo. () 1X .£(0) =a, 5 £(10)=3a,10'=a OSI. (VAYHT) Lie pie A()- Y= 1) Aaa jee Gta. Dia, > 2\a Gl ale 5 1a =ay(mod2) Ain ye Guus F(10) = f(1) (mod 3) 131. 10=1(mod 3) of Le (¢) 3\a Yate,Zylaytball ques £(10)=f(-1) (mod 11) iy - 10=-l(mod 11) J Le (a) 7\-2a © T\(b=2ay) <> Ta cf dle (9-1-1) Sia jae Css 7a gh da te ys a= l0b +a, WY. b= gis (i OS. -92=-90b-9ay WY. a=10b+a, of L__a (Q) OL 3 4 ie 5 b= —90(mod 13) 19 . 1 = -90(mod 13) IN. (13-9) =1 5 13\-9a GS). 13\b—9ay 13\-9a OL 4 4a) 5 (1-1 -¥) 4 it re a ts 13 . 13\(b-9ay) > 13\a QO 2 (9) Sis » 7465435 Lis 7\153279 of cal I). 7\(b=2a9) & 7T\a ily 7\ 153279 <> 7\ (15327 —18) €> 7\ 15309 <> 7\ (1530-18) T\ 1512 <> 7\ (151-4) <> 7\147 > 7\ (14-14) 7\0 » 7\153279 1 AsZelaylball 7\ 65435 <> 7\ (6543-10) > 7\ 6533 & 7\ (653-6) oi ly © 7\ 647 & 7\ (64-14) > 7\ 50 7\5 : 7\ 65435 1). 745 5 (4) Sua 13 gle dana) Jes 104741 Gf asl 13). (QPAY=V) ia ye Gum 13\(b-9ay) & 13\a dl ly 13\104741 <> 13\ (10474—9) < 13\ 10465 <> 13\ (1046-45) <> 13\1001 <> 13\ (100-9) > 13\91<13\0 113 gle dani) Sd 104741 gli ale : Abad ale (Alda " Aba glade Gd (AVYI—TOt) (58S) yall Lidl Gol ange LS IS) Le 4a jacad Gyfidy gh" (VEA-V EY) Glaze pale deal Guia Glos! Anne gle Aull) Judy sae Aeris gle 5 ple dead Gal" Gf gay 481 sacl) le dé phil obs aces ase le GNI Rand lay 6 CUE ge teas de Atle aad Gay 6 DE gs DAL Lend iley Aa} ge Aes gle GAT bla Land ly «Ha a Boag daly 9A Rane le Cyslall Lad lig « Auned ga dee cle Lill VA Se yA ADE gt Aas gle able bplall dead ab of tee osall ages + gh Ady pl odgs aall s AAD y ¢ aLaY) cass asl sll sac Y) ode 4a Quay jhe (8 aaell 55" cat de Whig 6 GY) Cin Maal ¢ Gal a Gat), ¢ SI ell Gass eT yaad) Cant al gly ¢ CoglV) Silke Cast dasedll'g GY Gl pte Gr)Zylaylegll a bed NL oll sll gle Gal yall ly Cand Lgtsey Akal alae YI ode 4S Fagin c LSM Cll, dist Lad « anal Ge Ati ye US Gd Le pall Vaigy aS yall Cr N5la tga gle atitlé (i) Led (ener gle deal) dene 6 LAYS 6 tes py dees geal «bad 5d SLM ot) ae le eal = slg) 9 (op Leb dane gle etna aul y J eth + (Vv) dhe 17 le Aaa) dais Y 65463 (G) 6 7 cle Leudll Judy 7865431 (1) Dols .0454342414+24+1=14=0 (mod 7) , 2532121 -j ~ = x oo a aH S wo iy. 342414443=13=6(mod 7) , 32143 + 7\ 65463 OS 3 6 a= (A, ay 4°78] AQ )io DS NY [[BGa, +a,.)+4,.)x3+a,3]x34+---]x3+a,]x3+a, 27 le Leni) Ui a gfb. 7 le Maud Lis i (A) Sia 27 le Anu! JS 14378 of atl poly iis 245 Gf cats GSI, [[3(3x144)4+3]x3+7)k34+8=245 Gi ly T\ 245 19. 7\77 5 33x 244)45=77 Gf BaVe7 cle Anu » 7\ 14378 G8 aule 54ylayleall ‘ c J asla. 7=2(mod 5) G55 f(x) =x? + 2x? - 2x41 GS 19 f(a) =0(mod 5) gi cuss aeZ sagiy« £(7)=£(2) (mod 5) © 963 de Anal Sey 42726132117 Gf al $13 6116762 gle decd Jd) 1120378 saa of de a=(a,4,1°7°8) Aq )io OSA «ay €{ 0,2,4,6,8} of catlde 2\a US 19 (l) ag © {0,5} of atl 5\a IS 1d (Q) of ole T ggg a? saa tol oS, aeZ OLS 13 . re{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} Gait r gon at oxiad tial ghisyaeZ gs ty . re{0,1,5,6 } eT gle Leni) Judy 748338476 521125 Grad Ge US Gf cash $ 131167 le Aad Jud 1010908899 rae gi Ja f(a +nr)=b(mod n) of a—s« f(a)=b(mod n) ges 14 ."reZ JS a+nr=a(modn) gi kay". reZ JS a do sla. s=>ia, «a=(a,a isd a" »b-I\s@b-l\a 0) (*) (") (*) (°) (+) ) () (4) “a ay)p GSI (1+) »3\ay > 3\a Giles as(aya,y--ayag)y USI (1) AY4slaylbsll 863 gle Aad Ua of ded a=(azagy aay lo US IY (YY) : Laie a= 447836 (.) © a=16485 (!) a= 54321 (2) ‘ a= 65423 (¢) CLS ¢ a= (8,8, 4-8 Am 47°} Ag yg CLS 19 (1) m + ol cal © b= (ayy, amy Ag io " a=0(mod 2")<2™\a gi baY" 2"\b & 2™\a (i) -" a=0(mod 5™)<>5™\a ol Lsy" 5™\ b> 5™\a (Q) Aa il Lt) 53468148 of Crass 2 oll m is6 el as J (¢) ee Aen il Jd 18436375 J Gon 5 sam 38 lel oJ) (2) oe le © b=7,1113 GLSs Ob oLSLicacb ja>b US catb ile «0) 7) Aaa jee Gus Sr, (mod n) ol + ar, =ar, (modn) 5» ES ay, Far, 1m GL Jj Rs BIG LIER OS Lally Hany oO 1 slid J 5d ily alla aR yl ule y « arar, eaReilasleall eo] pts {6,13,26,39,10,17} © {0,1,2,3,4,5} ge BS of cal + 6 Und oli (aly: «© {-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4} ge dS of cal Ley ¢ B als alt gil ys als { 0,3,6,9,12,15,18,21} +8 ols ob ne Gilly alli { 0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14} © {7,1113,17,19,23,29} Ga 3S of cal (1) « {0,3,3,3°,3*,35,3° } « {4,8,12,16,20,24,28} «7 oak ob ly ols {a0 a43"|acZ,n=l,--,7} « {0,3,22,2,24,25,29} gas feat () «7 os oS ot ily ells (acat2™"|aeZ,n=1,2,--,7} 9 als ols pil ys alba ob Les Gl {0,1,2,3,4,-4,-3,-2,-1} « {0,1,2,3,4,5 ,6,7,8} {1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17} « {0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,19} doa sae pya caeZ gi spine pg s19 +p cold obi alg alles { 0,2a,3a,---,(p—La} J aitlée n=2m ols 19 +1 Abd Aly ells { 0,1,2,---,m—1,m,-(m=1),-,-2,-1} {0,1,2,-,m,—m, +,-2,-1} od ats. n=2m41 ols 13) +11 abs als (gil yy als +9 cubs Side ily alls { -31,-16;-8,13,25,80} of cul 0) (*) (£) (*) )Zslayleall £14 GAs Dyes aly abs {3,37,3°,34,3°,3°} Jad (4) J catles WJ tae p als 1S (1+) 1 +P nhs side ily lla { ~P Eh apa Byo tse Pot +7 cshd Side oily als { 4,8,12,16,20,24} of atl (11) £8 sls Side il pp allay tly Los gl (11) » {=1,8,11,17 }«{ 3,15,21,23 }<{ 11,33,55,77}«{ —5,-7,5,7} seals patie Abst) Steal dal 3 (cleo jall Ihe (8 Linlaial 5S ys + Agel SL) din yes (ol) Malic} Aha!) Gta Ubi dab y Gas pains E\nt-¥ cigs OS IY aay puta cha Glbi We sl GUL WDle Ye ly ax =b (mod n) = (1) ax, =b (mod n) GIS 1 « (1) bs Gli Ja al x,eZ Ye liny IS 19 « (congruent solutions) (siUaie Lyd x,,x,€Z ole ye ls osttin pe Lig XX ,EZ cab ve Sls x, =x, (modn) + X,#X, (modn) G'S 14 « (incongruent solutions) (1) de OY ¢ Gil eill a Glebe QMs 3,7 Gli « 3x =1 (mod 4) ols sy (0) - 7=3 (mod 4) « 7x3=1 (mod 4) 5 3x3=1 (mod 4) OY ¢ Gail be pe DLS 73 GLie 2k =6 (mod 8) YLS 1S (Q) - 7#3 (mod 8) lin 2x7=6(mod 8) 5 2x3=6 (mod 8) ‘Ga)Zylaylasll bil apse Uglall Ue gs Aull . pdctot 2p ue 45 d= ax=b (mod n) —bsl) Galil! of (ajn)=1 gS 14 +n ols 2 gl yal aL Aly alls aR ={ax|x eR} Yn Gli pb ily ALR OS Susp axe aR aay jraic aay Ailey (V-THT) Aaa jue ue in Cul . ax =b (mod n) of Abbas geal GL LMS ce Z GLS 1 ad i (£1) a pe oJ eZ mane ae ol oly « ac=b (mod n) yfi« ax =b (mod n) OLS b 19,19 ax =b (mod n) ball GL bal Xs yp oi —it: ae=b (mod n) 5 ac=b (mod n) GY « c=e (mod n) Guu» c =e (mod n) iy «(a,n)=1 (—SI. ac=ae (mod n) (\-Y-¥) das + AW Gy all age (TERY) An juall Gage vient pha of diy LY-t-1 cis aeZ sally: (Inverse) ahi J unser sl beZ ce le + ab=1 (modn) gS en old E(t) de 93x21 (mod 5) wh 5 ul § 3eZ saall ge Un Sen 2€Z - 4x4=1 (mod 5) w 65 uli 4EZ sul pe UnSee 4EZaslaylegll ds ax=b (mod n) bs Us gf pha 5 Wd he p ls 19 +P oli uss gy yl bd yy (¥) 4a + (an) =1 OS bi 15 1 in Gils Ly pe Laker eZ oral OS gle ll 1 on lida all gp pe wy Sell pe bEZ Gay uss rEZ ogay cies bingy m\ab—1 gd ule y « ab=1 (mod n) caus (ayn)=1 gla ade « ab+n(-r)=1 gi ai ley ab—-1=nr J (APY=Y) ia ja beZ suey pete say iY. (an)]=1 dl vapt Sal Gly, dea tle 9 6 (1 £-1) Ae us cus abel (mod n) of dues + ald (or ata Uw See ae Z_pusiell Q : () Se 1 AY Agha GUA Gye US Ja 11x =25(mod 60) (4) ‘ 4x =9(mod 7) (\) i gall pede dea del, bal gl baiy. (4,7)=1 flee () 41=2eZ, 5 Z,={0,1,2,-,6} oS. x=9-4"' (mod 7) . X=9x2=4(mod 7) IY. 4x2=1eZ, WVZplaylbsll des 11x =25 (mod 60) (ball ileal! 1. (11,60) =1 of le (Q) IW. I =11eZy GSI x =25x 117 (mod 60) 5» 295 . x =25(mod 60) of asi king « X = 25x 11(mod 60) 3 (t) Sie gpsll Gila Ja 17x 260 mod(94) (2) iat a8 (2) gb sll Gls sng Ja anys 1). (17,94) =1 ol be AY bere (I) Zoy Gls Gy By x = 25x (17)! mod (94) 2 ASV! Gobll Lud da oSy 6 94r+1Is=1 J cus rseZ wld. 17,94)=1 Sle (l) © 94=5x17+9 Gf rate Aye j J) Sl! Lenill rsa ys aly 1=9-8 gla dde ys 8=8x1 « 9=8x141 «179x148 o--1 1=9-(17-9) = 2x 9-17 WY. 8=17-9 g__SI 1=2x(94—5x17)-17=2x94-11x17 i. 9=94—5x17 oS. 17x (-11) =1 mod (94) of a ~-_-»s L___giry ch4 ale ys 17x 83=1 mod (94) IY . —11=83 mod (94) x=60x(17) | =60x83=92mod94) oli calltllyy « 17'=83 Zo, + (2) led Ja i. 60=-34 mod (94) 5 17x =60 mod (94) of L___» () x =-2 mod (94) 19. (17,94)=1 gS). 17x =~34mod(94) iy. 92=-2 mod (94) cS). (£-)-1) Zaye Hass Gun . (2) GAbill Ua x = 92 mod (94) )aslaylbs!t coh Le ay gic Gilad alld Jat is yal Ai yb ha of dds ax = b(mod n) ¢ ax - b=ny, ye Z & ny =—b(mod a) :Abadte of ny = —b(mod a) —ball a is y, dUS iL Cl asi ley x, eZ « ny, +b=ax, dD fe ny, =-b(mod a) Lax=b(modn) ast jill Ja x, = 14! i a ai « 17x = 60 mod (94) .-—ball GLb tg sally if. -60=8(mod17) y SI. 94 = -60 (mod 17) 9y =8 (mod 17) 1. 85y=0(mod17) oS. 94y =8 (mod 17) O-SI. y=8(9)! (mod 17) gf was lgieg « (IKHY-1) Ain jue Guan, oh a te yy = 16 (mod 17) 1. 9 =2€Z,, 17x = 60 (mod 94) ball G:Ubill Ja x= READ 24x16 60 a 17x = 60 (mod 94) (ball 3:Unill Ja x = 92 (mod 94) J geiy lans «AST! dia gully MAU ye J all ass 485 Gl GV «d=(a,n) oSd i Y-t-¥ diy ax = b (mod n) = (0) AB Gls bali 1415 19 da (3) ball GUbill ao.) (I) + Gals MU ye Solall Ged « (3) Glbill pg d\b GIS 1 (4) sda al 9 d\n gSl. n\ax—b 19. (3) hall Gla Ua x J gant (i) of Bay USall Gltyy. d\b IY. d\a a b a =b dn) << —x =— mod (— ax = b(mod n) aE a™ @eZ WY. d (te dad Jai abn Ge dS oS GAA ays Ja ap.g) 13} (AW1- ¥) Hine toi ue (& v= I da any dey. (Vf) dia jue Cau &x=8 mod (®) al » ax=b(mod n) (ball G,lbill iy. fre ‘ acm bee J ualb ax = b(mod n) © cx =e (mod m) , (c,m)=1 gba GL x = Xq (mod m) 2225 D> a> 9: Ale y 0=mr(mod m) GS). (!-£-1) 4a je Cue cx = e(mod m) « (¥-)-¥) Zia ye Gus x = XQ + mr(mod m) iy. reZ Js cle cx =e(mod m) (hall Slbil) 4aUbial J plat! area yd dle y due LS gl oS. reZ « xx, +mr(mod m) JS oad JoeY Yon lg Aa Xo +mr Sal (le Aayaall bs) Gaal 4 ne pda) A n Cal 8 4a Usiall oli « X)+rm=x,)+sm(modm) GIS 18. ax =b(mod n) age y¢ r=s mod (d) of aa) 4iay rm=sm(mod n) df gay lb « (m,d)=1 gh 4 reD={0,1,-,d-1} Ge ES «|Rlad J LS d Gis ob aly ols R={mr+x)|reD} + gg (3) past Glball Aa Leia ye slat Ged ray dile 5 ee OS. Xp), Xp tM , Xo +2m,---, x9 +(d-lm = gig (3) gga Gila Alba ye Sylall Gad ap y fi) (d-I)n d n XoXo t poy Kot ()aslaylbsll 2 (0) Sie qgbsl) GUL dbLLiad) ye Jslall as J 32x =8 (mod 42) 2 (4) dail Gl Aa Gabe pt CMa aay J. 2\8 5 (32,42)=2 le OS. (YHE=Y) Aa jue Gus (4) bl oj Sas. 32x =8 (mod42) = 16x = 4 (mod21) --- (5) X=4(16)' (mod 21) sa (5) chal) Glial Ja aay |). (16,21) =1 ats D={0,1} oSl¢ xp =16(mod 21) 19. 167 =4eZ, oS oe Uolall de gene is R= {xy +2IrleeD} if. 2 cals ob dls Obie ye Ce xX =16,37 of ass lees (4) (shall Gulball 4b! + (4) eal 2 (%) Sle des aay VAY. 348 5 (5,15)=3 cde 5x =8(mod 15) GIS 13 + 5x =8 (mod 15) ball GUall 2 (V) Sia coal) Gills) Ja 6x =9(mod 21) .- (6) gal GLA Albis 2 Joe BE ang lY. 3\9 5 (6,2 =3 ly di ba Wslasy 5 « (6) hall 6x =9 (mod 21) & 2x =3 (mod 7) «+ (7) » 21=4eEZ, OS. xy =3(2") (mod 7) yl ate,4slaylball » D={0,1,2} de 285 X. =3(4)=5(mod 7) I¥ ales R={5,12,19} 1). R={7r+xo|reD}={5+71|reD} = 5,12,19 a (6) lad) Gili MUL ye Sola gf 2 (A) lie Gill Ja 15x = 25 (mod 35) .- (8) : gal Fale pe Sy ta ducd say 1. 5125 5 (15,35)=5 la J Bay « slat al slay y « (8) (phat Glhall 15x = 25 (mod 35) <> 3x =5 (mod 7) + (9) Xp =3°71(5) =4(mod 7) old dey 3 =5eZ, IY. 3,7)=1 oS iy 5 ol st 5 gt, 5 As D={0,1,2,3,4} gS He dyHall de yeas gs R={4+71|reD}={4,11,18,25,32} » (8) Glad 4a, Usall «ASN! Ae paall GY Gy i¥ot—¥ 4a ue cobs Gila alla Ja sags ny > 0 ¢ aj,ay,n,reZ ls 14 « x =a, (mod n) « (10) xX =a, (mod r) (11) + (n,r)\(ay —a,) oS a 1 19) .m=[n,r] Cus © x =x, (mod m) gli sel Ua Sa x GIS 1, 2 ge pall «x=a,tns gl cous: seZ tay ig. x=a,(modn) gy ly J asi ging «a + ns=a, (mod r) ol ety (11) gt Verwtllry ns =a, —a, (mod r) x, 04)4ylaylbsll (nyr)\ay—a, GUS JH 1g 13) (12) ba Lal Ua any iy + (12) bat) Gail Ja xg Gh Geil NI y «(Yr to) Ain yee Gu, SSA ole (12) ba GLb Lali pe Jy tall que Ii) Ch apt lgeg ¢ (YET) din ye Gus teZ o s= xg + (n,r) rt nrt xX=a,+ns=a, +(x) + )n=a,+Xont+ (n,r) (n,r) iy. (o-¥-Y) Fak ye Guan ee 3X, =a, +x yneZ os Li - X=x,(mod m) off ale y« x=x, + mt Qo 2 (4) Sie « x =3 (mod 6) (13) x =9 (mod 15) . (14) 2 gSadl 3 Las y © (ghanall aUbill Ua ang: 1). 3\(9-3) 5 (6,15) =3 of ly of ay « Jal reZ « x=3+6r = (15) OJ asi Ligiey 3+ 6r=9(mod 15) cl +y (14) 4 Gar ptlLiy Sh gig lings r=1 mod (5) ga ate 5< 6r = 6 (mod 15) (6,15) Ol aule 5 « r=1 (mod 5) teZ « r=1+5t .. (16) dey teZ ¢ x=34+6(145t)=9+30t of wie (15) « (16) cry + x =9(mod 30) o&Aplayleagll cele CY pa Migs Cigale (Ally Sstueall SLY daa ae ol) ODL, pub ly gd oral) ge Dual dé JM! Guill ga dle Sun —Tsu cimell cL GIS 7 gle paid 13g 6 3 ALM ISS cole pad 1g 2 (alll GIS 3 gle © x=2(mod 3) Gb lad Jali sad pal ss alll ody «2 - X=2(mod 7) « x =3(mod 5) " Chinese Remainder Theorom 4iuall ,itl) din jue” 1 t—t—¥ die ue dj ds (1, 51;)=1 Ss dan gs Rape Ualael ny Ny ,-n, OS NY allaill aa 98 x =a, (mod n,) x =a, (mod n,) isl "rp le el SAYL" : gla al) ¢x=a,(mod n,)oh r=2 GS IY Ld. anys be sag red GIS 1 Ja ayay Gaus (Y-£-1) din juny. (nj,n,)=1 5 x=a,(mod n,) 2 T= 2 Laric Aasare dia pl i dale 5 nym. Cold pall ull us y es ogng aed CYabedll ye (Fr) gg dagen din aell oJ Geil OVI, rel ccNaLaal Goer Gl) Ais jul done GULLY 5.x =c mod ([] n,) uss ist r-1 oS. x =a, (mod n,) 5 x=c mod ([] n;) ol & —_s¥ i=l r-1 * 1 wea n=[[ nj wigiimeydsray ld. a n;,n,)=1 isl is] 2 (WHEY) din gue4sloslbsll i(v+) Je Ua Ja. x =2 (mod 3) + (17) x =3 (mod 5) ++ (18) + (D) x =2 (mod 7) ++ (19) dal! Li mans Ua (1) pla a2. 1. 3,5) =(5,7)=(3,7)=1 le 6 Lead AG hay. Asal SL dia jue cue « (325% 7 =105) of lay x=2(mod 3) > x=2+3r,reZ ... (20) Faas Leieg 6 243r=3 (mod 5) J eu (18) .-§ Uarmillrs erstsrtsS—S—~—.:——.—C.:—C«s—CS«sSC«Ca=CséaCdsSCKasaC.éséC as (20) 8 varsity teZ «r=24+5t gates. r=2(mod 5) ot gy x=8+15t = (21) cH as3 (21) « (19) Gas 8+ 15t=2(mod 7)= 15t = —-6 (mod 7) => 5t =-2 =5(mod 7) > t =1 (mod 7) OD eh (21) a carly meZ «© t=14+7m gales x =23+105m > x =23 mod (105) 2 (V4) Je 5 gee pub W356 3 AL IS 2 he ab 1 nye Gane ane el a SLD tl DIS 7 cle aud 1g 5 Gell JS 3 cle aud 1g 2 Gall GIS \e¥4sloylbsll ial) dle x =3 (mod 2) | (22) x =2(mod 5) | (23) x =5 (mod 3) (24) =11 (mod 7) | (25) ase IY (2,5) = 03) (2,5) = (5,3) = (5,7) = (3,7) = (n=1 5 i Ba « Jal alld slays ¢ x =x, mod (210) eel sail yay Ja x=3(mod 2)> 3reZ:x=3+2r_ ... (26) oO} eit (23) Ga Var peilles 3+ 2r =2(mod 5) => 2r=~—1(mod 5) => r=2 (mod 5) =3teZ : r=2+5t -.. (26) oF Ei (26) « (27) Uns x=7+10t «- (28) oF ety (24) « (28) cas 7 + 10t =5(mod 3) = 10t =—2(mod 3) = 10t =1 (mod 3) =>t=1(mod3)> dseZ: t=1+3s FD ee (28) Gb Car setlry x=17+30s = (29) ol ei (25) « (29) cs 17+30s =11(mod 7) => 30s =1(mod7) > 2s =1 (mod 7) =>s=2'=4eZ, J Gu 29) . 3 paris. neZ os=44+7n GL sais ave psd IY. x =137(mod 210) gl-4 alley « x =137+210n + 137 98 Gigllaall gins Ge 50 neeZalgslegll (VY) Sle 13x =17(mod 42) (hall Glbd) Ja idall oj sy 13x =17(mod 2) <= x=1 (mod 2) «+. (30) 13x =17(mod 42) <= 13x =17(mod3) @ x=2(mod3) ... (31) 13x =17(mod 7) <& x =4 (mod 7) -++ (32) N o 13x =17(mod 7) <= 13x =3 (mod 7) @ 14x =x +3 (mod 7) ©$0=x+3(mod 7) x =-3 (mod 7) & x =4(mod 7) cae ay es tel stall 1. (23)=(2,7)=(3,7)=1 di cass J Bay 6 Jatt alls sls « Atwell (SLI Aiea yas reZ« x=1+2r | (3) J es (33) © G1) cos r=2(mod3)> r=2+3t,teZ ch ass « (33) cd Varseillrs x=5+6t -.. 34) ol aa « (32) « (34) ems t=1(mod7)=> t=1+7n ,neZ - X=11 (mod 42) gb ale 5 «x =114+42n OI ets (34) 4d Verily «ABI Aan ually Cy pitas oghaSll GuULtI Lalo ol Lal y obs Glbill GS pen t—¥ din ue ax + by=c(mod n) «-» (35) . d=(a,b,n) cus d\c ols Jai 141 1 Ssds 2 iy + ax + by =c (mod n) © by=c~ax(modn) gi y cues (byn)\(c—ax) gS LB 119 ¢ (35). has Gla CSI. (Y-£-1) die jue (b,n) \(c — ax) <> ax =c mod (b,n) --. (36) Jai N35 1 Ja (36) Udall of ans cal bya (YET) din yee Gabi y Bs! Gel 1. (a,(b,n))=(a,b,n)=d cS. (a,(b,n))\e GIs d\c GS Li 135 1 da (35) 2 (AY) die cehall Gall Ja 5x + 7y =11 (mod 9) (37) dal es (37) gba GL bil Jos ag ld. (5,7,9)=1 lew of Ba ¢ Jail alld olay. (0-£-17) ais jue 18+18y =0 (mod 9) oS). 5x =11—7y (mod9) = 2 + 2y (mod9) 5x =20+20y (mod9) cs de 5 «5x =242y+18+18y (mod9) 13 YEZy eB Qe dad gl oS. x=444y(mod9) IY. (5,9)=1 oS gb GL aU we pla de gene xe Zy col Aad pet (37) s={(4+4y,y)| yeZo} ={(4,0) , (8.1) , (3,2), (7,3), (2,4), (6,5) , (1,6) , (7,7) ,(0,8)} Oo 4 0 eesslaytaalt . PAS) Ages GUL Gye USI all de game cash (1) 8x =3 (mod 27) (X) + 3x =4 (mod 5) (\) 64x =83 (mod 105) () «+ 20x =30(mod 4) (¢) 14x =18 (mod 24) (3) «+ 15x=24 (mod 35) (—») PAY AY Ge NS da (Y) x =8 (mod 9) (4) « x=4(mod6) (i) x =2 (mod 3) x =13 (mod 15) x =2 (mod 15) (3) «© x=7 (mod 21) (¢) x=7 (mod 16) x =3 (mod 8) PASI LM ye 5S Ua (1) x =2 (mod 6) x =1 (mod 11) x=4 (mod 11) (2) « x=l(mod6) (i) x =3 (mod 17) x =3 (mod 7) x =3 (mod 10) x=7 (mod 9) x=11 (mod 13) () «© x=10 (mod 4) (¢) x=15 (mod 17) x=1 (mod 7) 2x =1 (mod 5) x=2 (mod 5) 3x =9 (mod 6) x=3 (mod 7) axei(mod 7) ‘ x=4 (mods) ) 5x =9 (mod 11) x=5 (mod 11) 4 gle pa 5 ALM GIS 3 cde ud 1) Qrce ate piel an (8) 13 All ISS Ge qu Ly 6 2 aL IsAslasleall 4g) Agha GUL Ge JS Ja ang) Atal) ill) din ue laciul — (0) 8x=7 (mod 165) (J) « ~—- 7x =1 (mod 180) (!) + pllaill Ja ayay cle cay: (1) x =a, (mod n,) x =a, (mod n,) x =a, (mod n,) Aelsi1 Gib des « (\-Y-Y) Ain js cue T 2*4° =1 (mod 11) 2° =1 (mod 31) 2*° =1 (mod 31) => 2 22" (mod 31) hts ys. 29 =1(mod31) 1. 2! =1(mod 31) oS ohiadey« 2° =1(mod 341) gf gl. 2™° =1 mod(11x31) «gl aud ore 341eslaylball if. 2 =1(mod 1) 5 2" 21(mod31) ollie: wp sidiank oh dLih,« 2°'=2(mod11) gLsates. 2° =1(mod 1) 24" 22 (mod341) 19. (Y-O-Y) dia jue Guus 2!" = 2 mod(1 1x31) «gf aud xe 341 Gf ate « 2! =1 (mod 341) 19. (2,341) =1 gS z(t) Sia 62 lad A 48 645 of ly: eikayl 19. (2,3) = (3,5) = (2,43) =1 « 645=3x5x 43 2” =1 (mod 43) => 2%° =(2%7)'5 =1 (mod 43) 2 =1(mod3) = 2'4 =1(mod 3) . 24 =1(mod 5) oS. 2% =2%.2'4 21 mod (3x43) Ob ales 2 =] mod (3x 43x 5) gl aes « 24 = (24)! =1 (mod 5) IY «gigi Aub ase 645 Gd dle 5 « 2° = 1 (mod 645) Gl gi 2 AgY) dis pull I GMs i £—0- Aid jus sash stl ee 9ST Gubul oY AN QV) 4a act Ge Gils Y ase aay Lga yl Setysa(a?—1) ae bY gd tiare vip yarl : on De Se ni ee) eee) : 2 aq | a- (ab +) a+l aya? GS. (a? ~1) (n~1)=a7? -a? =a(aP! -1)(a +a) of Us 1. Gaagj oe pol Sl. 2\aP +a « les Glag5 flee Ub’ Soe Y (a? =1) GSI. (a? =I) Gey P gle dad! dats (a?! - 1) VioAplayleall « p(a?-1) le daa) So (aP 1-1) 19. Geils p ule dau GH Ae 56 2p(a? =) gle daa JH (a? -1)(n-1) oo lth Ob gail ge n=1+2pr Gi Gas reZ ray ld. 2p\(n-l) a®! =a?" =1(modn) oJ sai lgieg « a7? =1+n(a? -1)=1(modn) 6a nN yl aad ae n Yd Aude + LIS slacd aus Gl Lastly i Y-e-) ci OLS 1) ¢ GSA IS are An Ca ge Ge Ne Ge ly - (an)=1«aeZ dSia™! =1(mod n) :(#) Sie + JSS axe 561 (a,3)=(alD=(al2=1 5 aeZ GS 11. 561=3x11x17 of le que al? =1 (mod 17) « a! =1 (mod 11) « a? =1 (mod 3) gL-4 « 2° = (a7) =] (mod 3) GL 4_ale. yg ¢ L__a yb 4__ta gue cpl « a = (a!) =1 (mod 17) « a5 = (a!) =1 (mod 11) «a =] mod (561) of ins ay a =1 mod (3x 11x17) oli + DLL MS ase 561 yf Aule » Oo 2 (2) Mis » SSL IS we 1729 dal) (a,7) =(a,13)=(a,19)=1 © acZ GSN IY. 1729=7%13x19 gf Lestab a° =1(mod7) => a!” =(a°)*** =1 (mod7) a!? =1 (mod 13)= a!”8 =(a'”)!"4 = 1 (mod 13) a'® =1 (mod 19)=> a'”* =(a'*)® =1 (mod 19) al78 =1 (mod1728) Gi iu Nass a! 8 =1 mod (7x 13x19) cd Ale 5 + USL IS axe 1729 Gd ule g : Abad oa Ls Glty 5s 561 eee ISL IS sacl Ge Giles Y axe says . Ann.Math.139,703 - 722 (1994) : : oe oad) alas yeah (1) 2 =1(mod15) « 2°" =1(mod15) « 2°=1(mod3) gi asi (Y) .n21 9 rol atl. p\b« pla «abeZ gS! () . a? =b? (mod p) => a=b (mod p) (!) . a? =b?(mod p) => a? =b? (mod p?) (W) Geb ails reZ ca=bt+p’ Gi rs (\) asl: db" Anudll Js (b+ p')—b? Gf cal be a? —b? =(b+p")P bP pe rll Ss da (4) 3x =17 (mod 29) (Q) «2x =1(mod 31) (\) : hati. bos WY las p ols (2) P14 2014 301 4. +(p—1)?! =-1(mod p) (i)aslaylesll 1P +2? +--.+(p—1)? =0(mod p) («) : 1424-4 p-1-PED oe -m*™ +n =1 (mod mn) of atl: (m,n)=1 oS 13 (1) «(P-D\(q—1) cLSs ce itibe GH osrie p,q oLSIY (VY) - at! =1 (mod pq) of eili« (a,pq)=1 ? 21 (mod 35) of atl. (a,35)=1 USI (A) = 168\ (a1) of ctl (a,42)=1 SSI (4) « 133\(a'S —b'8) of cali « (2,133) = (b,133)=1 oS 1 (1+) +13 le (28) dand gi an.) (11) .m,neZ* «aeZ JS a7™! =a" (mod 3) gf al (1%) 2 dad oly aud ase 4080 ¢ 1905. 1105 Ge 6 of cath (1) « SELENE s36 6601 «2730 Ge IS of cash (18) - (a+b)? =a” +b? (mod p) of cutla« Ls ine p ols IY (10) " wadg” eagll Ool Ain yee sort 5 LLY) dia juall A} Quaid cg Jali) oul) (pVVAYHVVEY) Gully Gee Op Shs Cy (p— 141 = 0(mod p) oli « Us ine p gts 13 (VAST VTE) oy od GY al I Gs gL ay OSS c Ub yy lta Yo gy Cally Ge WS of cle IS aeagy VV ple Cy ky pV VVY ple daa juall lh Gall (VAY TAVITA) cole (ual «Lah Aan jee Cpe Cady Lin pun clit le a git cg SU y 3 pdle Leno!aslagllsll iad LY) Ga gu Lally SL jallly aly JLicel Gal jay Tgp hy Condy Ais yaad GLY ygdry AGs Aue rae y (AVVII-VVEN) . (p—2)41s(mod p) ala « Lis ine p gis 1 Aa) Go Gall ugk th tL jill y Ql Lech Aa lary als old aad bal [VI—Ve OF] FE IYVO-YAA 61] Gas (pd f+ 440) 3 gf ore p Ge x=0 (mod p) « x=1 (mod m;): AY! aUaill ne Ady et Annis Quills Ais es GV! Ge hs 1 pany «Gauls Lia pe canny Lal SLE} gh Lin Langs Loy 6 Cosi play abs 9B Ae jad) dll ila Gla che be telus sailed sey sgl! » Ga ad) lb " pliagll Cs) Aid jue NOAA Ait pan . (p—D 4150 (mod p) ol « Uf ine p US "aed od": cba ll dy pie ops le Caps AGA ={1,2,--,(p—D} oS we (a,p)=1 od Bay lh oly « ab=1(mod p) of cuss DEA ax =1 (mod p) 1}. ax+py=1 Gi cuss x,y Gece Gane oyay @)-Aelayleglt TDal Giary DEA ly ay b Clip le x duadll Gil b GIS Wy cf ads 4tlal ola eta Oyslutle GUS 8 a,b OSI ab=1(mod p) a=-I(mod p) 3) a=1(modp) Ui ae ae A « a’ =1(mod p) ca¢l f& awsaeA dD Sg is teys a=p-l Jani ly ie Ning « ab=1(mod p) cl cuss b#a «DEA ay aep-1 oF {2,3,-p—2} Le sonal puolic Ge pale US ope wy ai ch se yc 2-3: (p= 2) =1(mod p) J s—a5 s Asa See | a3 L___4iny« 2-3---(p- 2) (p-1) =p —1 (mod p) i. p=0 (mod p) p51. (p— 1) != p— I(mod p) Og Ney « (p—1) !=—1(mod p) uff ase 5 « p-1=—1(mod p) - (p-1) 4+1= 0(mod p) g : piled cla» JS xP! 21 (mod p) 19. Lyd Ain yee Gun x? =x (mod p) of ly JS) x?! 1=0 (mod p) g-s4itey< xe A={1,2,-,p—1} x?! 1 =(x-1) (x-2)--[x-(p—D]=0(modp) Gf Gllilby « xe A 5 ob 8 x Gs LAI aa ales Gf aps Dele! Gyliery oh 4 A___ale 5 « —1=(-1) (-2) (-3) + (-1l) (p-1) (mod p) - 1? (p-1)!=-1 (mod p) chic Langise p ys YW. 1=-1(mod 2) gas p=2 ols La CL aly (“DPT =1 gisd tes: a5) ae (p-l) sae WJ (p—1) 41 =0 (mod p) 131. (p—1) !=-1 (mod p) -p wl OoZslaslesll " pag) cs) Ain jue Gus: Voto da + gd wen ode (n= 1) 4150 (mod n) OSs ¢ binge tne n GIS axe aay YY. WS cud n oS. (9-1) 4120 (mod n) of ya clits p< cf Ades « (IE-Y-¥) dan ye ue p\n ol Grp AJ oS). (n=1)!=0 (mod p) f-ing p\(n-1)! ga 4 « (n-1)!=0 (mod p) iy - p\n 5 (n-1)41=0 (mod n) «gl axe n IY. (See ye thay 1=0 (mod p) cli im (4) Se £97 le 96! Aand (iL) of tal Od Lis ys Gus (97 -1)!=-1 (mod 97) i. AJ axe 97 of Ly i. 96 =-1 (mod 97) GSI. 96 !=-1 (mod 97) cfd Ales « uel! £96 1h 97 gle 96! Aaud SL cfd dale y « 96 != 96 (mod 97) 2 (Y) jie . a? +(p—1)! a=0(mod p) of cutlac aeZ « Ug lax p ols IY i). ag pd Aaa ye Gas (p—1)!=-1 (mod p) of Lew Cbd Ale y (21-1) Ain je Guus (p—1)! a =—a (mod p) + (EYO)-Y) ia jue uum a? +(p—1)! a =a? —a (mod p) 2 AY) Ain puall y plug) oul dia jue Clin Gia coll GVsloylbgll EY oAct din ye 1 1 da x? +120 (mod p) Gls asd Los UJ ine p ols 1 + p=l (mod 4) GIs Lis «a? =-1(mod p) 19. x? +1=0(mod p) GAbil daa Gf yay iy. p\a gos. a =(02)? =(-1)? (mod p) tai, cn? =1 (mod p) cif dey « Leyd din jue Gaus a” = 1 (mod p) cy? =I ChB Alley 6 ag5 ae (P—1) IY. got dd oe p oS pee) ee ee ‘ ee 19. Gael A Naa gp =2 of ass lenge pl2 cowl. goss are PEP of po tiny Cy? =! dak, OD gig Ing p-1=4m gf ale 5 Po? =2m déuws meZ + p=1 (mod 4) Sa. Sal OLY, | p=1=-H(mod p) « (p=Dl1-2--P= PET p-2)(p-1) ig. Pet =P" (mod p) «...¢ p-2=-2(mod p) hb Ae (P= Det C1)-2-(-2)--P* (P=) (mod p) -1 iq. p=l(mod 4) gS. (p-) !=(-1) ? (eS 1P Gnod p) rezslayligll gla, . B =2m of les « p-1=4m gi cos meZ ray o—I. (p-)) eer (mod p) iy. (2 =lo8 iy + eal GQ I Ain pe Cus __ (p - 1) !=-1 (mod p) a. x=E5)! ol sta. (er +1=0(mod p) aa x=-@)! ols 4c 5. x? +1=0 (mod p) : x? +1=0 (mod p) An +1 SSA de (All ADV) alae Ye tle Y axe anys As Ant] SSA de i AVI tac ite ste age y Yeti ae apy dle a>] iy. a=[[p) +1 Go ep. OL-§ Ae « (if-Y-¥) roi pla Sciam: p>2 JJ fi Aes « eT Tey +150 (mod p) oJ iy leisy + a= 0(mod p) ee ot Pio Pr OS Co Aa ye caus 4n +1 USAll (le p © papy cuss 1S jer apy ll. (4n41) Sal ye AN M1 se I. QSae 2 hey p,\1 19. p,\Q2]T [py oS. pj\a cb aes isl » (4n41) ASAD gle GAY ALG alae) Ge giles Y axe aay. x? +1=0(mod 13) Gla Ja Ane) psy deel GLb J a 1. 13 =1 (mod 4) Gi Leg Jus x=-5=8 (mod 13) gf bay. x= (P54) t= 6t=5 (mod 13) + Gilbal) aI 5s) Gyles) Jal 1 AbadLe + Govt gl we ps (ayp)=1, ax? +bx+c=0(mod n) ... (1) iy. (4a,p)=1 J ay ax? + bx +c =0 (mod n) = 4a(ax” + bx +c) = 0(mod p) => 4a’x? + 4abx + 4ac=0(mod Pp) => 4a?x? + 4abx +b? =b? — dac(mod p) => (2ax + b)? =b? — 4ac (mod p) oli d=b? —4ac « y=2ax+b of eg lila y” =d(mod p) (2) y =2ax, + b(mod p) ols: (1) 44a Ss x =x, (mod p) oS ly cH « (2) Da a y= y, (mod p) IS 13] USallay « (2) ALAN ins «(2 Gea Sa hey 2ax = y, — b(mod p) Gell Ja cet GLA ay ad lbs Ua 290.5 (1S (1) Glad Ja ages 1 . x? 2a(mod p) JSall 2 (£) Sle - 3x? -4x+2=0(mod 11) Gea Jseslaylball tall 3x? ~ 4x +2 =0 (mod 11) > 3(3x* — 4x + 2) =0 (mod 11) => 9x? —12x +6=0 (mod 11) => (3x — 2)? +2=0 (mod 11) => (3x — 2)? =-2=9 (mod 11) => 3x -2=3 (mod 11) v 3x —-2=-3(mod 11) => 3x =5 (mod 11) v 3x =10(mod 11) => x=5-37 (mod 11) v x 210-37 (mod 11) IY. (Y-0-1) aaa jue Gye (1) dats Gua 371 = 3? = 4 (mod 11) oS x=5-3°' =20=9(mod 11) v x =10-4=40=4 (mod 11) :(°) Jus . x? 43x —2=0 (mod 13) Ubi Ja dal) x? +3x —2=0(mod 13) => 4(x? +3x — 2) =0 (mod 13) = 4x? +12x —8=0 (mod 13) > (2x +3)? =4 (mod 13) => 2x +3=2 (mod 13) v 2x +3=~-2 (mod 13) => 2x=-1(mod13) v 2x =-5=8 (mod 13) > x=6(mod13) — v x =4 (mod 13) ((2,13)=10¥) . (p-2)!=1 (mod p) oi cate Ufine p ls t¥ (1) / 101 gle 99! 100! ge IS Read al asi (1) . (30!) =-1 (mod 61) Lax « (291)? =1 (mod 59) gi ath (Y) . (p—D!= p=1 mod PR=D cfeulae Usine p ols) (£)Zslaylegll 37 le 2634)! dad Gab ans "3 ge oS p yl ae JS 2(p—3)!=-1 (mod p) oi Bay" fi 17 ps te DI oe oa gpre oad . (p-1)!=-1 (mod p”) cette MSP ¢ Linge lanes fase m 5 Lod LIS lose p ols 1 » (p—m)\(m — D!= (-1)" (mod p) ci tJ cali. tod Wy le p ols pil . 1 .3?-5?--(p—2)? =(-1) ? (mod p) (!) +1 . 37.4? .67--(p—1)? =(-1) 7 (mod P) (>) m=—(p-—1) (mod p) okay" * =2-4-6---(p—I)=(-1)?"-3-5---(p—2)(mod p) ctl «a? +b? =0 (mod p) 4 Lif lax p=3 (mod 4) gis 13 cL « a¢0(mod p) ois 13) af as". a=b=0(modp) J ao. ac=l (mod p) oi Cos cEZ assy ley « (a,p)=1 eM (TOAST) Ain jue Lendl 4b al pal (°) () 0) () (*) egy Lea BS Ua (1) x? +1=0(mod 37) (2) « x?+1=0(mod 29) (\) 4x? +x +4=0(mod 5) (3) «x? +7x+10=0 (mod 11) (¢) 5x? — 6x +2 =0 (mod 17) (3) « 7x? —x +11(mod 7) (—) 5x? +6 +1=0 (mod 23) (¢)«3x? + 5x —9=0 (mod 13) (3) FARO ICRiyeadll Jlyall Gall) Jacl Arithmetic Functions 4225 J} sa) th Sails cal Mp glad) ob Ugiliabss (68 Sansall Sl all dual GS Vqnal sd.y Aporell AMM o gga Lead Gu yah ¢ agi Aud Jesaill Lae pacar y « ill y Hoc sha Alla ¢ caste sae pul gf ae y gene t ALA) dyaaell gall + Gy5 ala « Gage wial gig cies: ot gad ¢ Apaaell alle ggiia Las) 59 cleo jell Ia Gd Leleial 58 pine + ered sh.5 An wall pint-t Gis fps alg f£:Z*>B alla ge ly ‘3. « (Arithmetic or number theoretic or numerical function) ALS pall Jel de gene C={atiblabeR} te BSC cus - (Complex numbers) 2 (Y) lia Aye Ua p(n) =|{meZ":1 Zt () .a,beZ* JS f(ab) =(ab)" =a" -b" =f(a)- f(b) OY 6 Ay pia Cul Ase alla f(a) =Jog(a) Sue f:Z* > R (2) . £(ab) = log (ab)#/og (a) - log (b) = f(a) - f(b) + Apaall i sall Gal sh Gan Gl oils p\n\~t din ye + FQ) =1 Ob « Aye Aa f cals 13) f(a)#0 dem aeZ* ray ile Cail dpe dl fof ly + FQ)=1 of aps being « f(a) = f(a-1) = F(a)-F() ali ales oO 3 Adsadla bY Lad LS ag LS Lagan Gal (V“1- 8) dia gue USE n sal W455 Gb are gsliy p(n) Ge p:Z* > Z* QS Wen sal A505 Lg 1f©-Yeld) d\b cla o ole tule 9 « (43)=1 6 a=4x3 I. asl2 cdgpe df dW, g(12)= Yf(d)= + £(2)+£@) +£(4) + £© + £02) dMl2 =f (1-1) + f(2-1)+£(3-1)+ £(4-1)+£(2-3)+£(4-3) =f()-f() +£(2)-£0) + £G)-£0) + £(4)- £0) + £(2)- FG) + £4)-£) =[f@)- £0) +£)-£0)] +[£@)- £2) +£2)-£3)]+[F4)- £0) +£4)-£2)] =fO[f0)+£@]+£@[£ +f] +£4[FO+£B)] =[f0)+£G)+ [FO +£6)] =Yf@) -YF@ =2(4)-26) d4 d\3 Fag Le as ol Sy Like by pany dy pe lla g Glade pYo\—t dia ue + Ay ye Ula g(a) = YF(d) lbs Aye Ma f cats 13) ava Qs)igenell Jlyall rg oll OSI. g(ab)= Yf(d) iY. (ab)=1 abe Z* Suey d\ab co\a of cus ce cuss Uliaye gle ang I. d\ab « (a,b)=1 OL§ dale 5g (Y-Y+Y) Ain pe a (c,e)=1 « d=ce « e\b agley« F(ce)=F(c)-f(e) 1). Ay jue Ula fg . g(ab) = ¥ f(ce) cla e\b YfO fe) = Xf) -Y fe) oS. g(ab)=Yi(c)- fe) oa cla cla e\b cla e\b e\b « g(ab) =) f(c)- } f(e)=g(a)-g(b) WY. (Y-¥-£) Aa jae Gas ale e\b - Apps dllog ol aes Cp ens Ss gf cals aeZ JS g(a) #0 + odes oil fig cals (1) -Anpe Ua f/g ef g uo JS! (a; ,a,)=1 ¢ ay,ay,,a,E€Z* OSs Ay yao Alla f cals 1) (1) ALAS Gs italy « f([]a)=[] fa) Sel Gayl alls ie j i-t ist : : - F(a)=[] FP") od Ads dael p, a=[]p™ ols Wy al isl isl cals 1) (1) Foe ‘ inp n=p" soya, 4a 4a oe a 3. A(N) = 0 n#¥p™ © YA()=In(n) 5 4p p2 Cou Alla A cf castle . (Mangoldt) d\n CF) Jiyencll Jlyull AVS aja Ua f GS (£) + a(@)=Zfla) oft. e@-{! rae « g(2) « (16) cual (A). dupe dllag ef oe ds of cull (1) -P gai AJ ae JS g(p™) « g(81) cual (¢) AIS Ma pe Aa ISNA (0) 1 n=l lS 13) a(n) -{ Cpr pepe ot asi i=l e(RYAAYHVAGA) libel aj gm gaat ill anad Col gil All A gaat + 4(39), A(180) , 44500) Guual (1) Ape UA Gf atl (Q) J ci @) ay) Ea = n=m*,meZ an 0 n¥m’? pas ose pul gb ste yg F game Glial : Yoe Sum and number of divisors Abad ad (ATV SS) ce till pall JUS Coach lly (iy jill allall gap ail Aa yg pall Ylaaill [ov A-£4 00] gf [¥] 6 Glaall als Gd Gla » sir Sees 6 pul sill obe ones einen ate pals & gene Qubasall (illall jail sal Agadll qual sill J clsal g pene dic (allo (n) sgt alle a (alll cee 1 sal) pul bg gene is A O(n) Apaell Mall 428 jee as en 1 Od wb. dy pe Ue tolHyeuclt Jlpull ols « (a,b) =1 « n=ab GS 13 (1) M8 yas (le uy Lee o'(n) =a0'(b) + bo (a)+o'(a)-0'(b) + o(ab) = o(a)-o(b) sual cite (a,p)=1 « Ug ise pe n=ap GIS 14 () . o'(n)=po'(a)+o'(a)+a ro Pp’ o(n)= Sp! oe: VON) Ca NS9 cued pill Gl) Aa ie Lull oka y a os. iaine pe n= pt us IY (¥) die (fd date AN) Jacl p, ,--,p, Cus n=p py --p, JS IY (4) 1+(Je{ ‘) Co) in re + Deidierr (sass (asi pill (ol) Ay gute Anaad oda y + Unj= Tle: +1) sn pul d ae oe n= TTP OS NY (2) isl GS 63> cH eps Ape _doh_ey 1)(n)=1(n)—1 - (Montmort) 5 5% 5 (John keresy) + T 6G Gsllall Gal sd Aut ys oll GV, pA-Y—-t cys Casaady 1(n) jartlsn pul gated jade bags yee we n GIS 13) + (n) jah n pul un)= 51 , o(n)= yd iy d\n d\n 2 (9) Sle o(l)=1 , o(2)=1+2=3 , o3)=143=4 (i) -o(4)=14+24+4=7 , 0(6)=14+24+346=12iyuncll Jlyall a1, 12)=2, 14)=3, WH) =4 6 u(n)=4 Gee n=2? ols 1¥ (x) . O(n) =14+24+27 +2? =24 -1=17 1 Abad » dj ase n © o(n)=n41 (1) sgifen & (n)=2 — (*) + Apps dla 6 T Oe dS Vay 2 4 Ib fl}. neZ*? DS f(n)=1 oS (i a(n) = Yf(d)=1 gh 4 age y « f(mn)=1=1-1= f(m)-f(n) avn ain JL (POY £) Sia joe Cane A ye alla Choate sip edit gi}. neZ* dS g(n)=n ot () + (YHV—£) Aap jee Cas Ay pe la o(n) = V'g(d) =P d an an i Abade + AVIS (T-Y=£) din ue lasted yu dupe Mla o of as ol Se LS LH 14, 19 d/ab 19. (a,b)=1 ¢ aybeZ* Gl gays + (NHYHY) Zia jue Gus (cre)=l 9 e\b « cla « d=ce+d=ce GIS BLA. b pal gf pda pal pf Ge gt ab aul gf Ul Ale 5 Ob 6D pal gd aren ot 1, By by 5 auld come Gt 1,8) 8, 2 gt ab aul gfigamell Jlyall l,a,,--,a, b, ,a,b, ,-:-,a,b, by, a,b, ,-+-, a, by GQ) b, , a,b, +++, a,b, say Y ales a)b, =a, b,>a;=4,,b, =b, 1. (ajb)=1 oS Os (1) A US o(ab) = (1+a, +-+++a,)+(b, +a,b, +++ +a,b,) +> +(b, +a,b, +++-+a,b,) =(lta,+--+4,)+b (lta, te-ta,jtee +b (l+a,++-+a,) =(1+a,+---+a,) (l+b, +---+b,) = o(a)- o(b) a LYoY~t ip ya : gd Wd ioe pe n=p" gis 9 r+ - . o(n) =? (%) ‘ un)=r+l (I) p-l * Le OBaleselpyp?> te +p’ anal gl). Slaw pd ly +1 un)=r+1 o{n)=14 pep? +--+ pt =P p- o " Gaull": FoVot die jae r : dae n=] pi dss ist it r U er > Oo « xm)=T]@ +0 ()Ayaell Jlyall oT le (slau) + ba all 2 (XHY=£) 4a jye Cae dase Sylall Ge rad GIS HY Leste Uinta GLY 5 6 12 ¢n=2™" gly om>2 6 Lif iare 2"-3 glsy n=2""(2" -3) ols - o(n)=2n42 ff asa 6236 na14 Lee th gia Be SVL yet n din un) + n=12 Laie oll gis en ? =[]d od atlas nol Sly d\n Abel al sill J el eal ¢ game plat O(n) Cals 13) "pas lil!” J cot Lut ie be (a,b)=1 ¢n=ab GlSyen oul + 0° (284) « 6'(84) Cuual be o'(ab)=bo'(a)+o'(a)ta oJ ali: (a,b) =1 ¢ nsab gS 19) 9 ta” gual p43 « o"(ab) = a0" (b) + bo (a) +.5"(a)-0'(b) . 0° (84) « o'(60)iysucll Jlyull " Euler phi function 343) 4." PA O:Z* > Z hs ale ihe o(n)=| {aeZ*|1 SHY 2 Gb yall agley en as lad Ald sacl 1,2,-n—1 ly. wij sen d vali O(a) =|(1,2..0-1} [=n ob «n=ab 1. lye ne n GS O(n)=n—-1 Ol Gaod USA OLY, (na) =a #1 gid Ale ¢ (Y-Y—Y) Ain jue es Z1,xZ) ol oaoily« (myn)=1 ¢mneZ* Gi gay Pils Aaa Allo « be Zi, = {1,2,---,mn—1}UJS! f(b) =(b(mod m), b(mod n)) tite La friy. Zi =f1,2,--n-1} « Zi ={1,2,--,m-1} oS}. n\b-¢ 3m\b-c ol te f(b) =F (c) of « (Atal) Audley (A-1-Y) dia jae (1) Agi Gus mn \b—c i. (m,n)=1 -b=ceZi, i giz: bay b=c mod (mn) of vas (cn)=1 « (agm)=1 « (ac)e Z7, xZ) US GY able alls f All ia jue Guan b= c (mod n) « b=a(modm) of cuss beZ i ¢ (bn) =(c,n)=1 « (b,m)=(a,m)=1 G——S). 4a} Due f1Y bE Zi, « £(b) = (a,c) GL_4 4ale y « (bymn)=1 - O(mn)=4(m)-4(n) a8 its « |Z5,/=|Z5,]x|Zi] of ates a 2 (4) 4a5 ob ix j SS (nj,n,)=1 ¢ ny,-,n,€Z* GS 9 61) =T 14m) isl istiyencll Jlgull + GW A fast le el ty ° 2 (Y) deci , voy=nf [0-75 as n=[[pP asa cues O(n) = py — pit? glaales 2{¥) See « (3600) « (192) © (45) cual dal) iy. 45=37-5 fly (fl) 0(45) = 46° 5) =46")-46)=3?--4)-423°-2 424 -|—_—_____——_—ipmacll Jlyull ae aoe. iy. 192=2°-3 fla (.) 4192) = 425-3) = 42)-4(3) = 20-9)-2=25.2=2° =64 iy . 3600 =3? 24-5? oJ Ly (¢) 43609 = 63°) 424-682) = 30-3): 20-})-54-D 2 4 =F 5.2'.5.9°-46.8.202960 1 Abadle GAN Shall alld ease gy LS LIS ay yt Canal lla 4=§(12)= (6-2) # 6(6)-6(2)=2-1=2 = > Atal Goal Gal sd Gl OV, toot din a + sess Be O(n) Os n>2 GISIY 2 gl all Hn) = 92") = 20-2 =2"" he m22 on=2™ VIS ty 36g dd ve p se p\n be n#2™ GSI UW. Gas5 OL 4 le gs (asp")=1 rl ee n=ap’ os Soi p Se due 2 acR Pp Y « 2\p-1 oS. $(n)=6(a)-4(p") = p™"(p - 1) - (a) + gad xe O(n) Ye gad SJ 2 onW—£ din ys a=2- h(n) oben ls Side Gly ALR ONS 5 « n>1 gsi \ttiysucll Jlyull 2 a all OF GS doles (RJ=$(n) IY. mn Gul Dyide ily AUR Gf by on) . OS. S=Ya= Ya; oh thy R=fay-ay,)f vat acR acR on) e oL_4 4_le 5 S= '(n—aj) \Y- (n-a;,n)=1 (a,,n)=1 isl on) en) 5 O(n) iJ. 285 2a + Y(-a)= n= n(n) 7 i=l 2 (Y) Sia n=12 Laie (0-=£) din jue Gin gall aie iy. ga2)=120-3)0-5 x)=12- s a4 dks eeg aly sgl 12 Qe be Vl jiall Lpauldy 12 ye dl acl cd dale 5 ¢ 1,5,7,11 S=1+5+7+11=24, 2 o(n) = 12 9(12) = 24 =5 9) ol ltl pint-t din a - Lod)=an oe neZ* G6 ly d\n 2 gl oul OSH. Modan ofr te ol GANG capa. n=] [p os d\n isl LP. Pi oPy gan ew GL Ae ye n= py GLacr=lHyouall Jlyull 1a) LO(d)= 601) + 001) + O01) ++ 601) =1+(p) -D +p, -Y+--+ pr (p, -D =1+(p, -Dfl+p, +--+ pe" ]=14 0, -9- BS =p dae Lia pad of Gail My. r=] Late dae dis pull Uf abe, - . -n=[[p) > Vo@)=n WY. r=m bate isl din fay. ramt] leie dia pall dace CLAY y m+! a= [IPP =e ): Past = 1D : oe ‘a=n-p' aie Cm =t Pm =P oi Laws Ls oS gh den aa Lat d GS 1) Ate ye (pun) =1 CB ale 5 «a saell auld dydp,dp?,---,dp' DO) = Lo(n) + N(p7d) +--+ No(dp'y d\a d\n d\n d\n 1S. Anye do 6,(pn)=1 of Yo@)=To@ [+ 4p) +--+ 4@9] dia d\n =): Lo(b)=n-p'=a d\n bip! SI day ce din gual LY rm] Leste dance dis ull gl ale y .r2l Oo 2 (&) Mia 37-5 Laie (I-T£) dis ye Gin —=Ayeucll Jlyull gall on aval pai 1,3,37,5,15,45 ce dS IY. t(n)=3-2=6 ol le od Aule 5 YX O(A) = 0) + (3) + 37) + (5) + (15) + (45) d\n =14243 244 +603)-6(5) + 08°)-66) =142+6+44 + 2(4) + 6(4)=134+8424=45=n 2 (1) Aad J bsy¥ ¢ o(x) =m Aled! dal x=[] ph > 600 =[](p) - pi) = TI pr @; - Dm isl isl isl OBe ister d,=p,-1 ols 1g iy [ef “d,= m = [P= =m > [1 ‘=m ist Pi ie d; nm > Cp!) Tl pom = x []piG)=m = x= — TIp i=l i rary 1 TId ist i=l (d,+1) 5 d)\m of cuss d; sass O(x)=m Alalad! dal old ake y oe ld pul ol go Y Gaye Gee oe Mf ls. Af ne TT4; ist a TTP) i ova isl 2 AGY! ALY) 25 93 A, yb ode eave gills «(x)= 12 Usted! JsAgenall Jlgull ida d+1 4d \12 1. 1,2,3,4,6,12 .» 12=2?-3 aad aldgl le Jags odel by pill Gubiry. de {1,2,3,4,6,12} of er if ne 12 2:3 2? .37 =36 1-6 2 2 2? .7=28 1-12 1 2:13 | 1-2-13=26 12 1 13 1-13=13 2-6 1 3-7 3-7=21 1-2-6 1 2-3-7 | 2-3-7=42 « {13,21,26,28,36,42} go O(x)=12 Malad da de gone iy 2 (1) jie + (x) =6 Alsleal Ja. ge ll axe dt] 5 d\6 1. 1,2,3,6 go 6 sae aul gd gf La poli ool poe Y Gays gene ne 8 ba Guts, de{1,2,6} TT4, Das TIP, toast ~ {9,7,14,18} 8 all 4e pane Gli auleAyeucll Jlyall i (Y) Aiba (YHY=£) Ain gue Gul (Sad yim of fl Lege Uylall axe GIS IY » (x =ab) = (a) -g(b)=m cf tasy a,b bai Gal cue aly J Ba « (1) Shall lg sally (L.7)=1 = 6(7)=6(1)0(7)=6>x=7 (9)=1 > 6(9)=6 > x=9 (2,.7)=1 > 6(14)=6(2)-6(7)=1-6=6 > x=14 (2,9)=1 => $(18)=$(2)-(9)=1-6=6 > x=18 {7,9,14,18} 4 Jall 4e yeas Gli Aule y 2 (¥) Sie + O(x)=10 Alatedl Ja Jat) (1D)=1 > 60-1) =60)-o()=1-10=10 > x=11 (21) =1 = $(2-11)=6(2)-b(1)=1-10=10 > x=22 » {11,22 } gt dal Ae sane ofS Ale 5 ON 6 Ay all Gd gle aan (1) Aba dal 50 sll 4d pball Gubsin y Se ti ve d+ 1 d\10 5 1,2,5,10 go 10 are aul cb lly « de {1,2,10} t=] ]d, a Tl, x=10.T]p, i=l t 1 i Tet 22iguncll Jlyull : 7 . 1 = 360, 540, 8316, 245000 Laie b(n) canal (1) »7\9(p) ch eysep lil sxe ginel angi (1) + 92m) =9(n) J cutle ofine n ISI (Y) Jat p\n gisyneZ* Lssiare p gists (l) (4) + p-1\$(n) pln de p-1\(n) di oe dba on () - O(4)\ o(n) Gf asl d\n sn,deZ* gsty (0) : Save) =[]e— of cule o=[Tp* JS!y (4) + n= 48 Lac (0-1-£) dae Gia (V) n=150 Late y n=78 Lasic (1-Y£) dia ye Sia (A) do(m) b(n) (mn) = oe) Josh d=(myn) oh sty (8) -n=42 ¢m=28 Lac ul Gis » 62m) = 24(n) Gf casli « bey awe m GIS (1+) LS o(a™)=an™! O(n) J a8 4+ O(n?)=ng(n) of ath (1) »~m22 -m=n ff cle mo(m)=nd(n) 5 m,neZ* G81 (1Y) m=4,m=16, m=24, m=72lxe $(x)=m Abtedi Ja (1%) — if (4)Ageucll Jlyull ages pte ce card liye axe 2p td Sy Lig ine p als 13 (8) » (x)= 2p Alea Ja 1 agi Lee USI Ja ayes pte ude ody (19) «(x)= 124 « (x) =34 © 6(x) =26 " The Mobius function p(n) " Geaye da : -t OSD pVVEA Ais ghd lech (8 5 pile 5 Sy ee (mn) Adal o _b © AIATY di teal sd Guy Ge Ugh gt (VATAVVA) Geauga slat Ugeel gS Lisl pay A all ohn Cas yet (gle o jal Le gd LicLcial 56 ir + GAM Apa! Ul gall) De y pitt cis + AG y(n) Gd ne Z* ISI 1 n=108 IN p(n) = 40 pb, Gs fae pus 1 (-I)' ates UJ stelp, yn=[]p, oS ' (9) Sle -HO)=1, H2)=-1, w0)=(-? =1,nd6)=0 () »m22 dS u(p™)=0 5 W(p)=—1 ode WS hse p als 1 (Q) + ange Alla Gal gd Aula coll GV, i= t—t din us + Appe dap rl. (ab)=1] Laie 2 gla all FQ) = u@)=n@=11Y. Fn)=Da@) os dl d\n lds lf ae p Cus n= p™ OS Ids F(p™)= Ym(d) = n(1) + w(p) + W(p?) +--+ W(p™) d\p™ » WU) =1 « w(p)=-1 « m=2 D-—__S) p(p™) =0 g_ __sI . F(p™)=1-1=0 1Aysuall Jlyall r dy pe Ula F oS. Fn) =F Ip?) ig. n=[]ph od Gast Mt, ist = Bb ses F(a) = [TP F(R Y= i) (9-8) ne Tut) = ( noliss an n>] lase 2 Vot—t din ye Ole « Ap we Ula f Gul y n=] [pe oS 19 i=l Yaad) =[]0-#@)) d\n =e ou (PoY~£) Aaj Gane dy we a g IY. a(n) = Dd) fd) vase d\n oS. ofn)=a(T 1p) =T]eth) of es i=l i=l a(pi)= La(d)£d) d\pf = WADE (1) + wp, )£(P;) + HO; )F(P;) +--+ MOF ECF) © w(p,)=—-1 « w)=1 of LUs (f)=1 We aye ds fg ss OM lity « g(p/)=1-f(p;) db Ades « e222 US (pj) =0 t a(n) = w(d) f(@) = Tee?) )=[]0- f(p,))Ageuell Jlyull " Mébus Inversion formulajax 4 jaSleil) Cj gild" :_t—t—t din jue Ges g(n) = SF(d) CaS s Osie olla gef Gals 13) din Ho) = Ende =Luc) ae) An d\n ne Tne o)=Fwe-FHvo)=F{ Tae) A) } d\n d\n by din by iy. a\G) sb\ne b\G) gd\n gl OGD -5( © £(b)-n(@) }-ErH-Zae d\n bin AN) bin ap a lac Pud)=1 y 241s! Pud@d)=0 po Ss ae ae b 13). (Y=£—#) Ain jae Gao LH@ay = Dilb)-1= YA) = fin) in =n b=n chin st Lud ols 19 Yu@eG)= Lag e@ di cas d\n d\n iy. 3 pal sill ae cg sly d au gill sey Lagi n aol aus f(n) = Dw@eG)= LuG)s@) d\n d\n 2(%) 4s LeGo@=n () © LaG@=1 () d\n d\n $2) _ yO) : 2 q ©) nAyuncll Jlyull sees Eu) = LuGe=1 WY. eea)=F1 IL () + SLAY Gan se sill EMD ol@)= Tul o(G=n 4. o(n)= Fd J—s (0) + OSLAU Gan se Osild ue Hy (1-8) Lt pee n= Loa= Top Jie (g) OLB Ale 9 SLi Geges Gs § ce o(a)= Toa) | (0) _ yo H(d) no oad "YOY € Ain jue GaSe" (Y) dai Ay pe Uo f ob g(n)= Vf (d) 5 Ay yas Allo g cls 13) din 1 ge oll os 5 cue flab)= Dud eC?) iy. (@,b)=1 4 abeZ* oss d\ab Cee Z* Yroms Ylore ray S145 1. d\ab GS Sliill Uauye + (YHYHY) Zia ue Cue d=ce « (c,e)=13 Js Yk) =1 Jag kel tof (Yrt-£) dt es Gh) tl n=] [p? OLS I EHO o@= CY TT, () «© Yad) @=Cy () i\n i=l d\n : Oe 1 Ldu(d)=[]A-p;) (3) y@-Tpa-4 (a) d\n isl d\n i=l Pi »m=2?-3°-7? Le "a6 @ 6 el" Gin (a) ols 13, inp) m21,Qj be p of catla. A(n)= : oo {. n#p™ lla AU ode aud A (n) = Eu }may- -Du(din(d) d\n d\n SLA Gan ye sé Gul, YA (d)=/n(n) ci La" yale d\n ede Sot de dy we do f(n)=np(n) J adh Hoo) TT, + n= 40500 Laie ulld gia Ab « ddud)=—___+_ d\n » Dad) A(d)=2" of castle ¢ chagd ala A cals 13) d\n () (*) (") (*) (°) () ) Waydgunell Jlgull The Zeta function C(s) G5 40a :_o-¢ Gliess ate abe seR? US AVY dus shod Js Ge O(s) aie Lt 5 Atl Mal ode yaad Nighy e SEC — {I} IS pd A048 day Cay pel 3 AS 4 Atal! oe duaal Sig (Riemann Zeta function) 42ly I ojala Gh Waleial 5S yey. dy laill ely jailly alae) 4 jks (8 glial + Wall od] ApwLsll Gol gall Gans Aula gle. e\-o-t cigs 2 AVIS ty) Mall G xtd s=a+ibeC ols iy /R(s)=a>0« &(s)=y nail "ug" trent dik yee geen de pene P Sus C(s)=[](I- py! ob R(s)>1 os 9 peP + AL) sae! 2 cha ll ol til 1 S)= Diy = 14+ t+et—te tate G0)= Doral ets oy a 1 1 1 a+ it gets d+ * i a+ Sigh “T+ +38 tea W>p™ peP m=0 yooiyencll Jlyull Ailes d ype 4p ts Vp” iY. R(s)>1 4 p22 oS m=0 - O(s)=[]G-pey! cate s« dp I-p*y', peP + AVI 255 C(8) ad Gay Ghul pY-0-¢ cays Gill Aube (6 CDLledl; B,, (Bernoulli ae saci Gat xX =1 5 ee Xe DeeB. e*-1 ” Om )! J asi ley 1 1 1 1 5 Piag B,=39 »B=z> By=36 »Bs= 65 691 7 3617 43867 *Bo= 3739 > Br=§ > Be= sig > Be= 79g _ 283617, _ 11131593 13308 | lls ag . : Abad oJ ast lghey « a tite errr Gla 6 sah gl Ge Sl Lin ge Lagan lose m gIS 13) gl . 2m) = Gy Bm™ 2 ls gall aade x= 2iZ Qeags glyip del Gd oe 227 2m (2m)! zcotz=1- XBpHyunell Jlyall — 2 Ps iy. sing=2-T]d-5 3) os Tw Cagle 5 « In(sinz) =/n(z) + Yin (i- =) n=l i 1 <€ -2 J ans ying © —— ee ee sinz ae Za an oa) nn i 2 0 © 1 zeotz =142). 5, =1-2 ——- 2 3 nt Z -Nn T n=l 1 Zz nT ( “Fa o 2 2 © Zz a =1-23 ( pl-2 «.(2) py a2) x Peer 2m J ee) « (1) oes 2 22m. 3p, er awe Se “Om mie mei ci ade gmt oo ea] Ba ray Daw = SCM) Q 2 (¥) Mia 2 le -(Q)=B yr =nB=— 0) Ly Te 1 ate a=, re Baa. Bez 30750 ce ne eae G6)= Fx By gag 5773s ©Aynucll Jlyull pYro—t diy ya n(s)= oF » ee = 4 n=l (SUMS an. (Dirichlet eta ee AIS pall I Ala n(s) Gantt + (e\AOA-VAL 0) IS yo —Sa 1G) 8 R(s)>0 as 1g yee yy oS Dee thn? 2 Loe el : aa o)= is -m(s) cf sei leiey « (8) + C(s)= 2" -C(s) Gb ale 5 te fet Ain ys ole as) | : Lim(s—1)¢(s)=1 oe Gs)~ oo : cha al + (S-1)&(s)=(1- 2'*)&(s)- ask jts Lim(s—)6(6)=Lim(l~2")6(6)-Lim_ 81, : Oi im $=) In? = a ie as 2 ina! (s)~L yiate, s-l +6 980) Ayana OT glly yj Aa We Lp Il OTs \OoA