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Resumo de Um Curso de Inglês
Resumo de Um Curso de Inglês
Present Simple
Use Examples
Long-term situations I live in Madrid.
Where does she work?
Habits and routines I travel to work by car.
How often do you play golf?
Feelings and opinions She doesn’t like her work.
I agree with you.
Facts The journey takes 30 minutes.
It costs $ 15.
Question words
Present Continuous
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Verb
Positive Verb example Negative
example
I ’m (am) I ’m not (am
not)
He ’s (is) He isn’t (is not)
She She
It working. working.
It
You ’re (are) You aren’t (are not)
We We
They They
Use Examples
Actions happening now He’s talking on the phone at the moment.
They’re having lunch with a customer.
Temporary situations or actions Jeans are selling well this season.
I’m not travelling on business this month.
Which hotel are you staying at?
- A dictionary tells you when the final consonant doubles (travel, travelling), and
when we leave out the final e (make, making).
Past Simple
Positive Negative
I I
You You
He He
started didn’t (did Start
She yesterday She yesterday.
rang* not) ring*
It It
We We
They They
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Use Examples
Finished situations and actions in the past I lived in Rome for two years.
He flew to America last week.
They didn’t come to the party.
Where did you spend your last holiday?
- We often use the Past Simple with finished time phrases like yesterday, last week,
an hour ago.
- Regular verbs in the Past Simple end in –ed. A dictionary tells you when the
consonant doubles (Group 3), and when the –y changes to –I (Group 4).
Use Examples
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- One syllable adjectives ending with one vowel and a consonant double the
consonant:
Mass nouns
Use Examples
Mass nouns have no plural form. They want some information.
We do not use a or an with them. I don’t like music
We use them with a singular verb form. This machinery is expensive.
Count nouns
Use Examples
Count nouns have a singular and plural form. This machine is expensive.
We use them with a and an. Did you have a good trip?
We use them with singular and plural verb forms. These machines are expensive.
Some nouns are both mass and count.
Use Examples
Mass (general meaning) James writes about wine.
She has a lot of experience of the travel industry.
Count (specific meaning) He’s writing a book about the wines of Italy.
I had some amusing experiences on my last holiday.
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some
Use Examples
With mass and count nouns in positive I bought some tea.
sentences She made some appointments.
In offers and requests Would you like some coffee?
Could I have some information?
any
Use Examples
With mass and count nouns in negative I didn’t buy any apples.
sentences in questions He didn’t spend any money.
Did they give you any help?
Do you have any questions?
a lot of / lots of
Use Examples
With mass and count nouns in positive There’s a lot of traffic today.
sentences There are a lot of cars in the city centre.
Lots of people go jogging in the park.
much
Use Examples
With mass nouns in negative sentences, We haven’t got much luggage.
and in questions I don’t have much time.
How much paper do you need?
many
Use Examples
With count nouns in negative sentences, We haven’t got many suitcases.
and in questions She didn’t have many meetings.
How many people did you invite?
In positive sentences Many people are on holiday this week.
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Verb Verb
Positive Negative
examples examples
I I
You You haven’t
We ’ve (have) We
arrived. (have not) arrived.
They begun. They begun.
He He
hasn’t (has
She ’s (has) She
not)
It It
Use Examples
Finished experiences in your life up to She’s lived in China and Japan.
now He’s had experience of marketing
Have you ever been to Brazil?
Recent situations and actions in a time up We’ve reduced prices.
to now Corporate business has increased
significantly.
Have you had a holiday this year?
Situations that started in the past and still He’s been an architect since 1992.
continue She’s had a translation agency for ten
years.
How long have you known her?
Past actions in a time up to now where we She’s designed a lot of fashion items for
give the quantity Burberrys.
How many letters have you written?
- contracted forms
In spoken English, we usually say I’ve, you’re, he’s, etc.
In formal, written English we normally use I have, you have, he has, etc.
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Positive Negative
I I
You You haven’t
’ve (have)
We We (have not)
been been
They They
working. working.
He He
hasn’t (has
She ’s (has) She
not)
It It
Use Examples
Actions that began in the past and We’ve been producing pens since the 1980s.
continue to the present He’s been living here for five years.
How long have you been learning English?
Actions that began in the past and have You look very tired. Have you been
just stopped working?
I’m hot because I’ve been running.
- The Present Perfect Continuous and Simple are similar in meaning. The form we use
often depends on whether we are more interested in the action or its result.
I’ve been fixing the car. (My hands are dirty.)
I’ve fixed the car. (Now I can drive to work.)
Future: going to
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Positive Negative
I I ’m not (am
’m (am)
not)
He He
She ’s (is)
going to She isn’t (is not) going to
It
You begin. It begin.
We You
They ’re (are) aren’t (are
We
not)
They
Use Examples
Future plans, intentions, and decisions We’re going to buy a new car soon.
When are you going to have a holiday?
I’m not going to have lunch today.
Future actions we feel certain about The sky’s very dark. I’m sure it’s going to
because of what we can see now. rain.
Look out! That car’s going to hit you!
Use Examples
Fixed future arrangements I’m flying to Tokyo at 10 a.m. tomorrow.
When is the President arriving?
I’m not playing golf this weekend.
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Future: will
Use Examples
Future facts and predictions The new hotel will cost $ 10 million.
The construction work won’t start until next
year.
How many jobs will there be?
Decisions made at the time of speaking I’ll give you the report today.
Hold on a minute. I’ll write down your phone
number.
Zero Conditional
Positive Negative
If I read too much, I get a headache If I didn’t read too much, I didn’t get a
headache.
Question Negative
You get a headache if you read too much? Yes, I get.
No, I don’t get.
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1st Conditional
Positive Negative
If they offer me the job, I’ll accept it. If you don’t study more, you’ll fail your
exam.
We’ll have a lot of work if we get the They won’t visit us if they’re very busy.
contract. If they don’t leave now, they won’t arrive
on time.
Question Negative
Will you buy a new car if you have the money? Yes, I will.
If you ask him, will he tell you? No, he won’t.
What will he do if his plane arrives late? -
Use Examples
Future possibilities and their results If the proposal becomes a reality, it will
revolutionize train travel in Europe.
If the weather is bad, the train will arrive before
the plane.
- The if clause can come before or after the main clause. When the if clause comes
first, we usually put a comma between it and the main clause.
If the meeting is successful, we’ll sign the contract.
We’ll sign the contract if the meeting is successful.
- For things we are certain will happen, we use when nor if.
When he returns from the USA, he’ll contact you. (We know he will return.)
We’ll leave when we finish the work. (We know we will finish the work.)
2nd Conditional
Positive Negative
If I had more time, I'd travel more. If he didn’t earn so much, he wouldn't
spend so much.
He'd understand the reason if you I wouldn't invest in that company if I were
explained it. you.
Question Negative
Would you stop work if you won $ 1 million? Yes, I would.
Would he work abroad if he got the chance? No, he wouldn't.
If you had six months off work, how would you -
spend the time?
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Use Examples
Unlikely or unreal situations and If public transport were free, there would be
their probable results fewer cars in the city centres.
If I were the Transport Minister, I would increase
petrol prices.
- The if clause can come before or after the main clause. When the if clause comes
first, we usually put a comma between it and the main clause.
If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a Ferrari.
I'd buy a Ferrari if I won a lot of money.
- With I, he, and she, we can use was instead of were in the if clause, especially in a
more informal style.
If it was less expensive, he would buy it.
- The Past tense does not refer to past time in a conditional sentence. If refers to an
unreal situation.
If I were the Transport Minister... (but I'm not).
3rd Conditional
Positive Negative
If I had studied, I would have passed the If I had known that day we had a test, I
exam. wouldn’t have spent the night drinking.
Question Negative
Would you have passed the exam if you Yes, I would have.
had studied? No, I wouldn’t have.
Use Examples
Criticizing people, pointing out their If I had known, I would have gone to visit
mistakes or expressing regret about the you.
past.
Modal verbs
Can Could May Might Shall Should Will would Must Mustn't Needn't
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Use Examples
Use Examples
- The form of a modal verb is the same for all persons. We don't add -s to the 3 rd
person singular of a modal verb.
I/You/He/She/It/We/They may arrive late.
He can speak German.
- To make the negative of a modal verb, we add not or n't. We don't use don't and
doesn't.
He can't/cannot speak Japanese.
You mustn't/must not drive on the right in the UK.
She may not arrive before you leave.
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- With I and we, we use shall for offers, and when asking for and making suggestions.
Shall I close the door?
What shall we do?
Shall we go to the park?
The Passive
Positive Negative
Coffee is grown in Brazil. Cigarette advertising isn't allowed in
The company was founded in 1970. cinemas.
Vines have been grown in this area for Prices weren't increased last year.
over 2000 years. A decision hasn’t been made yet.
Use Examples
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Prepositions of time
Month/season/year/century
June
Winter
In
1996
The 21st century
Day/date
Tuesday
6 December
Easter Monday
On
Christmas Day
Friday morning
Wednesday evenings.
Time/meal time
Six o'clock
At Lunch time
Midnight
The weekend
At Christmas
Easter
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Irregular verbs
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SOCIAL ENGLISH
Meeting people
Introductions
Greetings
Hello,... (Roberto).
Good/Nice to see you again.
Good morning/afternoon/evening.
- We only say Good night when we are leaving. We don't use it as a greeting.
Goodbyes
I must go now.
We really must leave now.
I must be off.
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It was very nice meeting you. I really enjoyed meeting you, too.
Have a good trip/journey/flight. Thank you... (and the same to you).
I hope to see you again. I hope so, too.
Telephoning
Making contact
Leaving a message
Welcoming a visitor
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Staying at a hotel
Booking a hotel
Arriving at a hotel
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I have a reservation.
Making requests
At a restaurant
Recommending
What do you recommend?
The... (seafood) is usually excellent here.
I recommend the... (chicken).
Ordering
I'll/We'll have... (smoked Scottish salmon).
Offering
Do have some more... (prawns).
What about... (dessert)?
How about... (some strawberries)?
Would you like... (a coffee)?
Accepting
Yes, I'd like that.
Yes, that would be very nice.
Declining
Thank you, but I couldn't eat any more.
No, thank you.
Making arrangements
Making an appointment
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Changing an appointment
I'm very sorry I have to cancel the appointment on... (Friday).
I'm afraid I can't manage our meeting... (tomorrow).
Could we arrange another time?
I agree.
Agreeing I certainly agree with that.
I agree completely.
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Invitations
Offers
Yes, please.
Thank you.
Accepting
That's very kind of you.
Thank you. I'd appreciate that.
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Requests
Yes, of course.
Yes, certainly.
Agreeing
Not at all.
No, of course not.
I see.
Showing understanding Right, I've got that.
So,... (the next train's in half an hour)
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Let me check.
Checking
I'll look that up.
Social responses
Thanking
Apologizing
Sorry?
Pardon?
Could you repeat that, please?
I'm sorry, I didn't catch... (your name).
Refusing permission
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Expressing surprise
Saying goodbye
Thanks a lot.
Responding to thanks
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Business correspondence
CUNNINGHAM ASSOCIATES
26, Trent Rd, Bicester, Oxon OX6 8RN
Tel: 0861 204950 Fax: 0861 204900
22 February 1996
Dear Mr Lederc
Thank you for your letter of 15 January. I apologize for not replying sooner.
I would be delighted to meet you to discuss the fashion show, as you suggested.
Unfortunately, as I am flying to Rome in the afternoon, I will not be able to visit your
factory, and cannot attend your company dinner in the evening.
I would be grateful if you could send me your catalogue and price list as soon as
possible, as I would like to show your Summer Collection to the fashion buyers at our
monthly meeting next week.
I look forward to meeting you next month. Please let me know if you would like any
further information.
Yours sincerely
David Cunningham
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President
Opening
Dear Sir
Madam
Mr... Murphy
Mrs... Hobbs
Miss... Young
Ms... White
.... George
Dr... Green
- When you don't know the receiver's name, use Sir or Madam.
For a man, use the receiver's family name with Mr.
For a married woman, use the receiver's family name with Mrs. or Ms.
For an unmarried woman, use the receiver's family name with Miss or Ms.
For a close business contact or friend, use the receiver's first name.
For a doctor, us Dr. and the family name.
- Ms can replace Mrs and Miss. It doesn't indicate whether a woman is married.
Making reference
Apologizing
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Agreeing to requests
I am afraid that...
Unfortunately...
Requesting
Enclosing documents
Finishing
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Closing
Yours faithfully
sincerely
Best wishes
- When you open the letter with Dear Sir or Dear Madam, use Yours faithfully.
When you open the letter with the receiver's family name, use Yours sincerely.
For a close business contact or friend, use Best wishes.
American English
This section describes some differences between American and British English. The
differences are not very great, and they may vary between regions across the USA.
have/have got
To express possession, British people often say have got.
British British/American
I've got a German car. Yes, I have. I have an Italian car. Yes, I do.
Have you got a fax machine? No, I haven't. Do you have any children? No, I don't.
The difference is only in the Present Simple. There is no difference in other tenses.
When we use the verb have for an action, there is no difference between American
and British English.
British/American
Where British English uses the Present Perfect, American English often uses the Past
Simple.
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British American
Dates (written)
British American
Dates (spoken)
British American
She started work on the second of She started work on November second,
November, nineteen ninety-four. nineteen ninety-four.
Prepositions
British American
Vocabulary
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British American
Flat Apartment
car automobile
taxi cab
chemist's drug store
lift elevator
autumn fall
tap faucet
ground floor first floor
motorway freeway
petrol gas
post mail
cinema movie theater
trousers pants
wallet pocketbook
railway railroad
toilet rest room
return ticket round trip ticket
pavement sidewalk
tube / underground subway
holiday vacation
Mathematical terms
1/4 A quarter
1/3 A third
1/2 A half
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Grammar timelines
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Phrasal Verbs
add up (meaning:
Separable Correct: She added up the total on her calculator.
to add)
Correct: She added it up on her calculator.
get around
Inseparable (meaning: to Correct: She always gets around the rules.
evade)
Incorrect: She always gets the rules around (This
construction makes no sense in English.)
catch on (meaning: Correct: After I explained the math problem, she
Intransitive
to understand) began to catch on.
Incorrect: She began to catch on the math problem.
(catch on cannot take a direct object in this meaning.)
Correct: She began to catch on to the math problem.
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Separable
add up - add
back up - cause to move backwards; support; blow up; cause to explode; destroy by
explosives
break down - analyze; list the parts of separately
break into - go into a house or room forcibly; suddenly; begin; bring about - cause to
happen
bring off - accomplish
bring on - cause
bring out - publish; emphasize
bring over - bring
bring to - revive
bring up - raise; care for from childhood
brush out - brush the inside of
burn down - destroy by burning
burn up - consume by fire
buy out - by the other person's share of a business
buy up - buy the whole supply of
call off - cancel; order away
call up - telephone; summon for military service
calm down - become calm
carry on - continue
carry out - fulfill; complete; accomplish; perform
carry over - carry; continue at another time or place
cheer up - cause to become cheerful
chew up - chew thoroughly
chop up - chop into small pieces
clean off - clean the surface of
clean out - clean the inside of
clean up - clarify; tidy
clear out - clear the surface of
clear up - clear the inside of
close down - close permanently
close up - close temporarily
count in - include
count out - exclude
count up - calculate; count; add to a total
cross out - eliminate
cut off - interrupt; sever; amputate
cut out - eliminate; delete
cut down - reduce in quantity
draw up - write; compose (a document)
dress up - put clothes on; adorn
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Inseparable
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Our father who art in heaven, hollowed be thy name thy kingdom come.
Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven give us, this day, our daily bread and
forgive our trespasses as we forgive them that trespass against us and lead us not into
temptation but deliver us from evil. Amen
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