DISCUSSION ON TRANSFORMER NAME PLATE STUDY

DISCUSSION ON DISSCUSSION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF COIL

DISCUSSION ON INSULATING MATERIAL OF

TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
NAME PLATE
STUDY
Provides vital information
on
How the transformer is to be
connected and operated.

Transformer birth certificate

MINIMUM NAMEPLATE REQUIREMNTS

The minimum information to be shown on a transformer nameplate

depends on the KVA rating. The standards require the follow
information for transformers rated > 500 KVA

• Name of manufacturer

• Serial number

• Month/year of manufacture

Cooling class  where the class of transformer involves more

than one rating. all ratings are shown. windings having different
ratings have their individual KVA ratings described. If the
transformer has more than one temperature rating, These ratings
are shown on the nameplate. Provisions for future cooling
equipment are indicated.
•Frequency

• KVA or MVA rating

• voltage ratings

• Tap voltages

• Rated temperature rise. °C

Percent impedance  The percent impedance is specified

between each pair of windings with the voltage connection and
the KVA base stated. The percent impedance shall he tested.

• Basic lightning impulse insulation levels (8W)  The BlL of each

winding and each bushing are specified.
.
• Approximate mass of the core and coils,
tank and fittings, insulating oil, total weight,
and heaviest piece

•Maximum negative pressure of the tank for

vacuum filling

• Oil volume of each transformer

compartment

• Type of insulating liquid.

• Number of phases

• Phasor or vector diagram (poly-phase

transformers)

• The word “transformer” or

“autotransformer”

• Maximum positive and negative operating

pressures of the oil preservation system,
kPa or psi
Cooling class :
The kinds of cooling medium and their symbols adopted by I E C :

Name of the Cooling Symbol

Medium
Mineral oil or equivalent o
flammable insulating
liquid
Non flammable synthetic L
insulating liquid
Air A
Gas G
water W
The kinds of circulation for the cooling
medium and their symbols are:

Name of the Circulation Symbol

Cooling Medium
Natural N
Forced (Oil not directed) F
Forced (Oil directed) D
Name of the Cooling Class Description
ONAN ( Oil Natural Air Oil Immersed Natural
Natural ) cooled
 Name of the Cooling Class Description
ONAF (Oil Natural Air Forced Oil Immersed Air Blast -
Type
In this case circulation of air is obtained by fans. It becomes possible to reduce the
size of the Transformer for the same rating and consequently save in cost.
 Name of the Cooling Class Description
OFAF (Oil Forced Air Forced ) Forced Oil Air Blast Cooled

In this system of cooling also circulation of oil is forced by a pump. In addition fans
are added to radiators for forced blast of air. .
 Name of the Cooling Class Description

OFAN (Oil Forced Air Natural ) Forced Oil Natural Air

Cooled
In this method of cooling, pump is employed in the oil circuit for better circulation
of oil.
 Name of the Cooling Class Description
OFWF (Oil Forced Water Forced ) Forced Oil Forced Water
Cooled
Oil is forced through cooler. Cooling water is also circulated in closed loop.
 Nominal Rating of Various Cooling Classes
Symbol Title Description
O.N.A.N. Oil Natural 30 MVA. ≤
Water Force
O.N.A.F. Oil Natural Between
Air Force 30 MVA and 60 MVA.

O.F.A.F. oil Forced 60 MVA.

Air Forced

O.F.W.F. Air Natural do

Water Forced

A.N. Air Natural 1.5 MV ≤

Percentage Impedance (Z%) ?
Definition
The percentage impedance of a transformer is the volt drop on full
load due to the winding resistance and leakage reactance expressed as
a percentage of the rated voltage.
It is also the percentage of the normal terminal voltage required to
circulate full-load current under short circuit conditions

The percentage impedance can then be calculated as follows:

Z% = Impedance Voltage x 100
Rated Voltage
Example :
It is easy to calculate the maximum current that a transformer can
deliver under symmetrical fault conditions.

Consider a 2 MVA transformer with an impedance of 5%

The maximum fault level available on the secondary side is:

2 MVA x 100/5 = 40 MVA

From this figure the equivalent primary and secondary fault currents can
be calculated.
A transformer with a lower impedance will lead to a higher fault level
(and vice versa)
The figure calculated above is a maximum.
In practice, the actual fault level will be reduced by the source
impedance, the impedance of cables and overhead lines between the
transformer and the fault, and the fault impedance itself.
 Basic Impulse Insulation Levels (BIL)
Lightning surges or Even if the lightning strikes the line some
distance from the transformer voltage surges can travel down the line
and into the transformer

Opening or Closing of High voltage switches and circuit breakers

Both types of surges have steep wave fronts and can be very damaging
to electrical equipment . To minimize the effects of these surges,
the electrical system is protected by lighting arresters

but

they do not completely eliminate the surge from reaching the

transformer.

The basic impulse level (BIL) of the transformer measures its ability to
withstand these surges.
OPERATING PRESSURE RANGE
Most modern power transformers are designed to be “vacuum oil
filled.

Before attempting to ‘‘pull vacuum’. on a transformer, it is important

to consult the nameplate first to verify that the tank is designed to
withstand the negative pressures.

The positive range of operating pressures is also specified on the

nameplate.

The nominal atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi a sea level.

Thus, when the transformer contains a perfect vacuum. the negative

pressure on the tank will be approximately 15 psi at sea level. and
slightly less at higher elevations.
Vector Group :

Three phase transformer winding

connected in several ways

based on the connection-->

The vector group of the transformer is

determined .

indicated in the name plate .

 The vector group indicates the
phase difference
between
the primary and secondary sides.

Why the phase difference happen ?

Phase difference due to the particular configuration
of the transformer winding connection.
Determination of vector group is very important , why?
If different vector group transformers are parallel connected
Then
the phase difference exist between secondaries of the
transformers and large circulating current flows between two
transformer
which is very harmful !!
The three phase transformer primary and secondary windings
are connected are the following ways,
•Wye - Wye ( also called star-star)
•Wye-Delta ( also called star –Delta)
•Delta – Wye ( also called Delta-star)
•Delta-Delta
VECTOR GROUP LIST
VECTOR GROUP LIST
VECTOR GROUP LIST
VECTOR GROUP LIST
DESCRIPTION OF NAME PLATE AT SITE :

KVA - 500

VOLTS AT HV
NO LOAD LV

AMPERES HV
LV

HV
PHASE LV
DESCRIPTION OF NAME PLATE AT SITE :

KVA - 500

11000
VOLTS AT HV
NO LOAD LV 433

AMPERES HV
LV

HV
PHASE LV
DESCRIPTION OF NAME PLATE AT SITE :

KVA - 500

11000
VOLTS AT HV
NO LOAD LV 433

AMPERES HV 26.27
LV 666.7

HV
PHASE LV
DESCRIPTION OF NAME PLATE AT SITE :

KVA - 500

11000
VOLTS AT HV
NO LOAD LV 433

AMPERES HV 26.27
LV 666.7

3
HV
PHASE LV 3
TYPE OF COOLING ONAN

FREQUENCY HZ

CORE & WINDING Kg

OIL Kg

TOTAL WEIGHT Kg

OIL IN LITRE
TYPE OF COOLING ONAN

FREQUENCY HZ 50

CORE & WINDING Kg

OIL Kg

TOTAL WEIGHT Kg

OIL IN LITRE
TYPE OF COOLING ONAN

FREQUENCY HZ 50

CORE & WINDING Kg 942

OIL Kg

TOTAL WEIGHT Kg

OIL IN LITRE
TYPE OF COOLING ONAN

FREQUENCY HZ 50

CORE & WINDING Kg 942

OIL Kg 510

TOTAL WEIGHT Kg

OIL IN LITRE
TYPE OF COOLING ONAN

FREQUENCY HZ 50

CORE & WINDING Kg 942

OIL Kg 510

TOTAL WEIGHT Kg 1750

OIL IN LITRE
TYPE OF COOLING ONAN

FREQUENCY HZ 50

CORE & WINDING Kg 942

OIL Kg 510

TOTAL WEIGHT Kg 1750

600
OIL IN LITRE
GURANTEED MAXIMUN TIMP
RAISE IN OIL / WININD DEG.C
45/55◦

Vector Group Dy1

Tap Position :

SWITCH H.V L.V JOIN

POSITION VOLTS VOLTS TAPS

1 113300 433 5-6

2U 2V 2w 2 11000 433 6-4

2N
3 10670 433 4-7
1U 1V 1w
4 10340 433 7-3

5 10010 433 3-8

3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5

1
6 6 6 5
7 7 7
8 8 8 2
4
2 3 3
TAP POSITION
INDICATOR
Tap Position :

SWITCH H.V L.V JOIN

POSITION VOLTS VOLTS TAPS

1 113300 433 5-6

2U 2V 2w 2 11000 433 6-4

2N
3 10670 433 4-7
1U 1V 1w
4 10340 433 7-3

5 10010 433 3-8

3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5

1
6 6 6 5
7 7 7
8 8 8 2
4
2 3 3
TAP POSITION
INDICATOR
Tap Position :

SWITCH H.V L.V JOIN

POSITION VOLTS VOLTS TAPS

1 113300 433 5-6

2U 2V 2w 2 11000 433 6-4

2N
3 10670 433 4-7
1U 1V 1w
4 10340 433 7-3

5 10010 433 3-8

3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5

1
6 6 6 5
7 7 7
8 8 8 2
4
2 3 3
TAP POSITION
INDICATOR
Tap Position :
SWITCH H.V L.V JOIN
POSITION VOLTS VOLTS TAPS

1 113300 433 5-6

2U 2V 2w 2 11000 433 6-4

2N
3 10670 433 4-7
1U 1V 1w
4 10340 433 7-3

5 10010 433 3-8

3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5

1
6 6 6 5
7 7 7
8 8 8 2
4
2 3 3
TAP POSITION
INDICATOR
Tap Position :

SWITCH H.V L.V JOIN

POSITION VOLTS VOLTS TAPS

1 113300 433 5-6

2U 2V 2w 2 11000 433 6-4

2N
3 10670 433 4-7
1U 1V 1w
4 10340 433 7-3

5 10010 433 3-8

3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5

1
6 6 6 5
7 7 7
8 8 8 2
4
2 3 3
TAP POSITION
INDICATOR
NAME PLATE OF THE TONGI GRID S/S STATION TRANSFORMER
SECTION - 1
NAME PLATE OF THE TONGI GRID S/S STATION
TRANSFORMER
SECTION - 2
NAME PLATE OF THE TONGI GRID S/S STATION
TRANSFORMER
SECTION - 3
 DISSCUSSION
ON
DIFFERENT
TYPES
OF
COIL WINDING
 Conductor
Aluminum Copper
Less Expensive More expensive
Lower Mechanical Higher
Strength Mechanical
strength
Used In Bigger Size Used in Smaller
size
TRANSFORMER WINDINGS (Coils)

2 types of Winding
Primary winding  Receives Energy .
Secondary Winding delivering electrical energy

What is it (Winding /Coil) made of ?

High grade of copper for high current capacity and
made it higher by using standard conductors are used
for carrying higher current.

Why insulation is used is used in winding ?

To avoid the each turn to come in contact with each
other
The following are the most important requirements of
transformer windings:

• The windings must be economical.

•The heating conditions of the windings should satisfy

standard requirements.

• The windings must have good mechanical strength to

combat the force that originates due to short-circuit.

•The windings must have the necessary electrical strength

during over-voltage.
Two Types of winding :

1)Concentric Winding :
Usually used in Core-type Transformer .

2) Sandwich Winding :
Usually used in Shell –type Transformer
Concentric windings are classified into
four following groups:
• Spiral windings.

•Helical windings.

•Cross-over windings.

•Continuous disc windings.

Spiral windings.
This type or winding is normally used up to 33 kV and low
current ratings.
Strip conductors are wound closely in the axial direction
without any radial ducts between turns.
Spiral coils are normally wound on a Bakelite or pressboard
cylinder

Double Layer
Helical winding
•This type of winding is used in low voltage and high-current
ratings.
•A number of conductors are used in parallel to form
one turn.
•The turns are wound in a helix along the axial direction and
each turn is separated from the next by a duct.
•Helical coils may be single layer or double layer or multi-layer
if the number of turns are more.
 Distributed Cross-Over Windings
•These windings are suitable for currents not exceeding about
20 A and are used for HV windings in small transformers in the
distribution range.
•These coils are generally wound on formers.
•Each coil consists of several layers
•Each layer consists of several turns.
•The conductors may be of round wire with paper or cotton
insulation
•A number of such coils are joined in series, spaced with blocks
which provide insulation as well as duct for cooling
ontinuous disc windings :
his type of winding is used for voltage between 33 and 132 KV
nd medium current ratings.

DUCT
CORE

hese coils consist of a number of sections placed in the radial

rection with ducts between them.

ach section is a flat coil, having more than one turn, while each
Individual strands differences in the flux field

Why ?
Due to their respective positions within the
winding

What will happen regarding this phenomenon ?

Create differences in voltages between the

strands and drive circulating currents through
the conductor loops.
Proper transposition of the strands cancels out these
voltage differences and eliminates or greatly reduces
the circulating currents.

A variation of this technique ,involving

many rectangular conductor strands combined into a
cable, is called continuously transposed cable (CTC),
 DISCUSSION ON
INSULATING MATERIAL
OF TRANSFORMER
What are the various types of insulations used in power transformers ?

•In dry type transformers Silicon treated materials are advantageous because of their water
repellent property.

• For oil immersed transformers the coil insulation is generally of class A type, paper (craft,
paper, manila paper etc.) or paper derivatives such as press boards, crapt boards are used.
specially treated tape is applied to the winding conductors , Parts made from sheet
insulation such as phenolic resin bonded paper bars, tubes, cylinders are used to support the
winding and to provide insulation barriers .

• Insulating Varnish. Insulating varnish is used for impregnating (infuse) the transformer
winding. The impregnation of trans-former windings by insulating varnish increases the
mechanical strength of the windings insulation and fills up the pores of the paper and reduces
the tendency to absorb to moisture. Vacuum impregnation is preferable

• Enamel. Enamel insulation is used on conductor for dry type transformers. Oil resistant, air
drying enamel applied to copper conductors of small size.

•Transformer Oil. The transformer oil (dielectric oil) is used as an insulation and cooling
medium in power transformers and instrument transformers. The oil also has impregnating
action on the paper insulation.
The main properties of insulating materials used in power
transformer are the following :

1. High dielectric strength at working temperature.

2. Good thermal conductivity.
3. Long life at working temperatures. (Ageing property).
4. Good mechanical properties such as ease for working and
application, bending.
5. Resistant to vibrations and abrasion.
6. Compatible with oil and surrounding medium.
7. Non-hygroscopic.
8. Low dielectric loss
Dielectric Materials used in Power Transformers

Material Picture Application Remarks (Property)

Porcelain Enclosures for •compression strength
Bushing 6000 kg/cm2
•Tensile strength 4000
kg/cm2

•High temperature
withstand

•Suitable for outdoor

and indoor applications.

•Processed clay by
molding and firing before
and after
glazing at l250°C to
1400°C
Dielectric Materials used in Power Transformers
Material Picture Application Remarks (Property)
Epoxy •Support •compression strength
Resin insulators 6000 kg/cm2

•Bonding of core •Tensile strength 4000

laminations kg/cm2

•High temperature
•Insulation for withstand
conductors
•Suitable for outdoor
and indoor applications.

•Processed clay by
molding and firing before
and after
glazing at l250°C to
1400°C
Dielectric Materials used in Power Transformers
Material Picture Application Remarks (Property)
Glass •Insulating •High tensile strength
fiber components •high withstand pres··
enforced •sure, high dielectric
synthetic •strength.
resin.

Dielectric •As an •Good dielectric

oil insulation and strength properties as
cooling medium Per as Per
in transformers. IEC 60296Specification
for unused mineral
insulating oils for
transformers
Dielectric Materials used in Power Transformers
Material Picture Application Remarks (Property)
Insulation •solid, soft, Calender As per specification
Press pressboards used for IEC 60641
Boards cylinders, barriers,
spacers washers, yoke
insulation, partitions.

•-Soft laminated press

board used for blocks,
supports, cleats,
spacers etc.

Pre-compressed solid
pressboards for studs,
blocks, washers,
clamping of winding
etc.
Dielectric Materials used in Power Transformers

Material Picture Application Remarks (Property)

Laminated •Packing between core •Un-impregrated high
Wood wood and winding density laminated wood.
•Blocks, wedges for coil
supports •High strength

•High dielectric strength

Dielectric Materials used in Power Transformers

Material Picture Application Remarks (Property)

insulating •For tapping on •High dielectric strength
tapes the conductors
•Moisture retardant
•Cotton tape
•Good ageing properties
•Glass woven
tape •Compatible with
transformer oil
•Terylene woven
tape •High temperature
Withstand
Dielectric Materials used in Power Transformers
Material Picture Application Remarks (Property)
Insulated • Paper insulated •High tensile
copper rectangular copper strength
conductor conductors for winding •high withstand
cables pres··
• Paper covered •sure, high
stranded copper cable dielectric
•strength.
•PVC insulated copper
cable single or multi-
core (Polyvinyl
chloride)

• Synthetic resin
insulated conductor
Dielectric Materials used in Power Transformers
Material Picture Application Remarks (Property)
Insulating •For winding • high dielectric strength.
Papers insulation •Electrical grade insulating
•For paper craft paper.
boards •Thermal stability
•·High temperature with-
stand
•Moisture retardation
•-Free from voids, gaps
•-Good heat dissipation
•Chemically compatible
with oil
•-Good mechanical
properties.
 Insulating Components in Power Transformers
Components
Press board or synthetic resin
bonded paper cylinder
Press board or synthetic resin
bonded paper cylinder
Synthetic resin bonded paper
bars.
Type of paper for conductor.
Glass paper Synthetic resin
coating casting
Function
Insulation between Core and
L.V. Winding.
Insulation between L.V. and
H.V. winding.
For supports, for spacers
between L.V. winding/H.V.
winding.
Conductor Insulation in oil
immersed Transformer
Conductor Insulation for dry
Transformer
Thank
you