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1. 
k/l
/l e;m
e;m Q/
Q/l u=R u=R E/#/$?
2. U#" a6a6?D VV, Em
Em µp?µp?D V
V???
3. e6
e6 oXYm
oXYm inin/ e?O<
e?O<
O<l Em
Em?
4. ?1
?1$µm ?7?7=R=Rm : aOaO
Ol ee$ e"lC
e"lC=
lC=D?
5. u
ul u/u/ [m u u $ VV#/ Em
Em?ke
ke 
e 
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6. π^D ?^Y
?^Y
^Y! -.nD ?^Y?^Y
^Y!!
7. i/p
i/p?^!
^! -#<
#<# ?Bk?Bk#/ elel teI
teIXk
eIXk
Xkm
m!!
8. $Vm
$Vm ?KO
?KO a^k
a^k
^k^ EtEtp?m E
E

9. χ=n/ e?K
e?KE=r
E=r i5ki5k....
5k....
10. “Ak
“Ak#
Ak#p
#p ?#/ ee?D E/rnE/rne/
rne/k
e/k
kp?I Ec^
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6!”
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/l eX
eX# K6kK6ke
K6ke 
e 
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K= µ^Y?
µ^Y? al
alD = µ^Y??
µ^Y??
13. a#$5kem
a#$5kem aχ aχm E/# a"rt^v a"rt^ve$
rt^ve$s
e$s!
14. UC
UC
Cm eD
eD
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DRke a^a^#D
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uIl, $, em?,
em?, "µ
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EVy
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“ul u k!” e6 /#pπIp?t^5kem in/p -/m ul
e/Ir?$ 16 t## uIkCD. in/k t# i at aRt
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i a aRt e"#$ l/X ?p?χ.r 5. я er ar kem
e $rn/ VO.

in/k t# ?^p?r ke ?;#y i5kem e6 u6y

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ul’ (Counselling Psychology) ?Il e"#$ "[p?n lr.<l (Madras
School of Social Work) ?^5kC=r.

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eM 5C=r. e/#ktχ >AFχl ?EK6 5C=r. ‘-# π^p?#/
tD "E!’ e= -/k#/ 5. ar ar I i#nD
nE# πK eMYr. /A #ps (www.thamizhvalaipoo.blogspot.in)
e= #ps7m e/IrnD eM5C=r.

e/#E?χ 9362994035
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Team
1

1. 
 k/l
/l e;m
e;m Q/
Q/l u=R
u=R E/#/$?

e$/ ‘o5;ke o5’ e?E/ in ?c? e6 Vm m  e"l1 n/7m,
k/l e6 "/ e"lp?m in/ Q/l /l/5 u=R m  VD
Vt^l i5nD 5D uc#. ip?^p?tI u=R /#BE/ "[ #/ m, e"l
oE? m, Vt$ Ak# µ#=Ym i;m uD i5kC=$.

e<15nD ?rkem χ5ke, iv# u=Rl i5p?r "nE/v i5p?/

E/O$7m, uc#<l ar aF"7m, eK= ur7m Qlk e6C E?y i5kC=r.

Q/l u=R ke e"l7m ?5ke, / ev6 an/ aRke e"E= e= Eke ?E
e"l e/.D. Ak# πF"#$15nD /pπk ?De eXke i=e/ >#$Dk
ec, /#$E aOl, ?r in/ ?/k eXke MnD C=r; JA># #C
C=r.

Q/l /l/5 u=Rl ic # u/ ul Q6C=D.

1. urRpsr
urRpsr$
rRpsr$ Q/
Q /l u=R
u=R: o5 5//l u=l i5nD ec i5kem E?E/,
πF"#$# ?CrnD e, U6/l e?=, il# e?MD# Xk, a,
aORpsr$ v# ?CrnD, aχ U er?1$r o5# µM/y "rnD
i5p?#/E urRpsr$ Q/l u=R e6 Q6CE=m. an/ eOpπtI V?r uE/ o5
/l, /#$ cel# alD e/Ir- e µ^l# ell  a
E?m, $FE"rR (a) k a#ID ip?^p?tI u=R o5 µkC aOeO.

2. urRpsr
urRpsr$
rRpsr$ Q/
Q/l u=R
u=R + ?1
? 1 l sr$
sr$ Q/
Q/l u=R
u=R: o5 5//l u=l
i5nD ec i5kem E?E/, E6 o55I urRsr$ u=RI E"rD ?1l
e/Ir-m E"rD #Dk eD.

Vm e?D µ/l ##, Q/l u=R alD k/l e6 e"l7E/ il#.
5//l u=R e?D ?17k tm alE! urRsr$ u=Rkem E"rD /E$!
epE?D urR ke6 hr er?1$# "rnD i5k e/IeCE=E, apE?D
5//l u= # xO e"l?CE=m aE=!

aD E?, urRp sr$ Q/l u=R V#Il ?1l u= = a yp- uc.
e$E o5r urRp sr$ Q/l u=l i5kem E?E/ a/#$ t D u/m.

Q/
Q/l u=l
u=l i5p
i5p?
5p?r
?r u
ul πF"#$
"#$:

"[  kem, /lV?r M kem e VInD eCE=m e= eK= urR
 .ID t^keEE e= aF"m

/l/5 u= a^p?#I$ Vmπk## u#Ip?/l, /$D "tIpsr$ D#<Im

µM#$ H? ill E?y a/$l em?l πF"#$ uK?D

"tIpsr$ D#<Im uc## Q=Rm µ^l, Q=l i5kRm µ^l /p?D

Q/l u=l i5kem i5.l o55ke πF"#$ uK?m "l, ? #l Ke=55ke
uK?m ?p-

Q/l u=l i5kem i55ke i#I<l πF"#$ uK?tIl, .Iµm e"l1 UKOk e
µ^l E?/l

e$ / a-m ?"µm /$D "tIpsr$/ "[ ?^ a#n/ D#YI

ec^5n/7m, in/ Q/l u=#p?KO e/.5m E?D Vmπk# u#InD >r/l

ep?^ in
in/ Q/
Q/l u=R
u=R15nD e
eEO
EO il
i l?$ Ak
Ak#
Ak# A
A D?

in/ Eke ?k, i;m ? E Et Ec^ i5kem.

i55E e >#$kC=r alD o5r t?

Q/l u=l i5p?r i5. U #/e V ep?^?

an/ i5. "tIpsr$/"[  ?^ a#n/ D# U #/e V

ep?^?

uc## "tIpsr$/ "[  ?^ a#n/ D# ke e"lpE?C=r?

Um alD il# ell ep?^ an/ JA>## "k E?C=r

u ipE?D e Ece6 >#$kC=r?

e n/ π=e i5kem JA>## # D ep?^?

in/ E ke ove5. #IYm evE=$/y i5kem. UE ul UE"#
VD / χ=n/ X.

Q/l 5//l u=R e= 5/k#/ enj"m UB ?r/l, Q/l u=R#
"tIm /#I e"y/7m, "[m /e=6 QO$7m, l/ $m "?m a#I/ e"yC=D. ul
sr ?r/l, "?m a#ID l/ il-, aD /=l. an/ "?#/ ep?^ #CE=m
e?l / vm uD.

"?#/ e#=k/E?k EVr#=$ ic X u/ ul Q6C=D.

1: "[  ke ut?t µ#= 5m//l e"yD AD,

2: 5m U^l alD D#YI u=R e µ^^l  i? ?Bk#/

EKeD.

"[  ke e$ X e$e6 ?r/l, Q/l 5//l u=R eD,
eBn#/# ?1l e#ke ukeD, K?Xp- µKχ E?=#. i# /ll/5kem
"., "[Kem "., ? E#E #kC=D.

iD E?= "[  ke e$ e"l?r, V#Il ? $ EVy ke UC I

yp- uc.
2

2. U#" a6
a6?D V
V, Em
Em µp?
µp?D V
V???

Vm[rl a^k^ 5 u=R ?KO e"lp?m kCm “U#" a6?D V, Em µp?D V”
i/Ke e$ ar/m? 60+30=90 Vt, a/D, 3 /Ke / -D  /m?r il= u=l
i?m a#IC=r? a/Ke π=e, i?m e#=nD E?C=/?

i#= Vt$ Yl, ? 5 µ/l [6 / ke π, "p#? "nkC=$. χr
D E5C=$r. E7m χr, em?Ke etI e?r nD IkQID e6 5, oE
Q#ke zm Ets-U AC=$r. ap?^ e$ πF"#$ 3 / ke π -D
/m?r ke eMC=D? µe?lm il/ aRke  µOR u a.D 5C=$?

ul ?^, il= u=R e?D [6 ?.# ecID.

1. ?7=R

2. $psr$ urRl o#"R

3. K= em?$5I oD#Bp-

in/ [6 ?.l u/D oOl i?m e#=n/l aD K= ?.#Ym ?kem.

icID, [=D ?.E opπt ?rkem E?D, µ/l ?.$ ?7=l µ/l 3
/ ke π a ul πF"#$ i5p?/Rm, aK#= ". e"yD e µ#=$
UE"#$ C#Ip?D il# e6m elIm ul UE"#$ e?= 5m ?r Q6C=r.

u  a πF"#$? UyE?

iD νrR F" Ym. Vm 5mπ$7m, 5m?tI7m, Vm a#$5m νrR F"
a^# e?D o5 6k µ^/ uc#. νrR F"Kem, /m?r ?7=Rkem e$
"m?n/m eC|r? "m?n/m i5kC=D.

o5 e?5 k eV V U#"p?t #Iχ<l o5 V C#IkC=D e=l a#/ ??

enj" EE a7D E?y, a/ e?5 ke U#"p?I #kC=D in/ νrR F"m.

5 D ipE?e/lm Uc ke 30 e6m, e?c ke 25 e6m UCtI JA>#<l,
eVV E/kC #5n/ ?7=R U#"# }rDke 5mπ, 5m e"yD π$r enj"
EE aD a7D E?y, Ak#< a/ tI CAFχ# V^ $m e"6 C=D.
iDE νrR F" #R. ?5ke in/ enj" m e?D [6 /E
i5kC=D.

E# e"yYm iI7m 5$ [6 / #, -/y 5m U$r e6 5
µ#= e/7m, #<l ~kCE ttke e"=7m, c el i5p?r. U$l
[6 / ke π=e, 5Ke µ en/ aRke E# ?rD n/rE, aE/ E?l
E# ?rk Ecm e=D ?<l#. ‘5m UCtID; e?6p? i5k Ecm’
e$E µ- E# ?r/#/ I a e?6p-I πEv;k E# ?rk Ecm e6
in/ "µ/m πvr ekem. in/ πv.l, /p?tI el E##Ym µ^D t, ttke
//y #p?y nD E"rn/l, ep?^ ?7=R e µ^Ym?

5m U$ ?.Iµm 5$ χ / ke cel i5nDt, π$r

Etp?m o5 µkC E, “5m UCtID, ap-=m epE?D eBn#/?”

eBn#/ u5C i5n/l, ep?^Ym 3 / ke u e/.nD m. 3 /l eBn#/
u5^l eBn#/ u5 Ecm e= µ#$pπl, ?7=R e?/#$ $µm e"yYm o5
$". E# E?l ?rk Ec^ JA># uK?t C=D. e$E ?7=l C#Ik Ec^
i?m E?yC=D.

eBn#/ u5tIl / πF"#$ e=l, eBn#/ u5CtI7m a7m o5 πF"#$
i5kC=D. #$ 5/.D i5kem E?D, #$E ?7=R e e= "nE/m
?5kem i5kC=D. eBn#/ 5/.p?Dm, iv=$ "nE/m eMDm e?D µ/l [6
/EE V#Ie?6C=D. eBn#/ 5l i5kem E?Dm, eBn#/ π=n/ π=em, e?c
uI1l ? K= >A/l, ar uIKt O C=D. il= u= Um?
l i5nD E?l uIl aB# ?.k µ^l, ? 5$ e?c /$D uIKt#I
iBnD C=$r. i/#$ Vt UD n/ aBe eO /l, Uc m 5$
-l #$ke /n/ eV5k#/ e#=D eC=$r.

i#/elm #D ?rkem E?D, 3 / ke π, π=e il= Al CAFχ e#=Ym e=
ke V#Iµ#=<l "./E$ e6 e$ke E/6C=D. iv6 -D  /m? µ/l [6
/l ?7=R e;m o5 ?.l tm, ? /$ πF"#$# er e/l,
il= Al o5 e/yR uK?C=D. 5kem, #$kem i#I<l o5 i#Ie uK?I
e/IeC=D. χ5ke in/ i#Ie V ke V aC, $ "p-#Ym µ^l  µOR
e6 }rlkem aRke e"6 C=D.

in/ e/y# ". e"yD, i#Ie# e#=D, 3 /# /c^Ym >#$ i?m e?=,
ee$$ ul UE"#$ i5kC=$ e6 ipE?D ?rkm.

Vm νrR F" a^# e?/l, Vm# aOl 5 ARm, ?7=Rm enj"
Vt ke uE a7D E?y m yp- am e= uc## op-ke Ecm.
e/yR uK?m E?e/lm, a/Ke µkCDm aD, e/y# E?k - Yk# VI
Ecm. e/IrnD eMm χ6 χ6 i#IeE π$r  µOR e;m µ^# ek #kem.

e?KE=r, uI π=nE/r E?= i/ ?n/ u=Rl i#Ie uK?tI7m, ee Vt ke
π$l QI an/ i#Ie# E?kC [kC e µ^Ym. U$l 5 u=R ap?^
al. e/IrnD /p?m a-m, a#p-m, ?Dp- urRE Vm# u=l Vmπk#YI
>#D >K e"yYm. e$E avE?D uK?m 5D E6?# µ^n/ # uI;keI
#nD ". e"yD eD/ u/m.

E#<l /p?m πv5m, a/$l #Ym eIv;m Vm# ?kl i5k, uIK?<Kχ,
#t, u ke π^/ vl $m e"7D/l E?=K#= e/IrnD e"yD 
Ec^D aχm. evR E# i5n/7m, u kem, u a-ke u.r kem
EVm oDkC, a/#$ CAFχYI Xp?D  µkCm. ue$ll Ak# e?D CAFχ
A/KE! V e"lD ". /E$?

?7=R e?D i$pe?5kK tl. a#? ?CrnD e, CAFχYI e?MD E?k,

eV5kµm, Vmπk# urRm a.k e6 a/Ke ? ?? uc. e$E eBn#/ u5
Ecm e?D ?7=R e/K$ E/#l oE= o6/. e$E CAFχ ?7=R
e , a/ D#p e?5 (byproduct), 5/./7m VIkem.

#$< <KOl 5 u5$ uI, ?7=R e QID e6 e"lD aOl uc#
il#. ?7=R el µ #t e6 e"lp?m "F"# epE?DE e"yD
m.

5 u5$ uI;m, eBn#/ π=n//Ke π;m e?c ke uI1l >Mm K= il?$#.
χ EVl i/$l ?7=l VtIll E?m. a/#$ Uc -.nD ec,
E/#$ a#?Ym a#p#?Ym ak Ecm. e?c m in/ K=l
?kp?Il i5k, uIK?<Kχ e"yD aχm. apE?D / / }pt#I e/IrnD
ur #Dke µ^Ym. /m?r i5. ur$ pm (Self Esteem) il=
i?#/ >r<kem o5 n e?D ul uc#.

E7m, iD E?= πF"#$# /$E }rk µ^l E?$l, u. /e e?K= 5D#

alD ?7=Rke$ ul UE"#$ ap?r#E VD eBp?# }rD
eRm, CAFχ$ il= u=Rkem X ekem.

ipe?e/lm, “5µ p?E/ χ=n/D” e= a^p?#I<l, 5Ke µ$E, /m?5ke
ee$$ πF"#$ eB ypπ5kC=D, aK#= ep?^ ". e"yD eD, il= AR χ=k
ee$$ e"y Ecm, ee$$ e"y#/ /rk Ecm e= ul UE"#$
/p?C=$. i/#$ Pre Marital Counseling & Guidance e6 Q6CE=m.

? EVl, ul UE"#$ e?D πF"#$ I e?5p?rkp?D Rm

DI"$D. ul UE"#$# CAFχYI;m, Ak# µE$K=DI;m
e?5p?5E! ap?^ e"y}rE$l, aD ul UE"r$ e kem
CAFχ# a/5m! il= AR χ=kRm u/Rm!!
3

3. e6
e6 oXYm
oXYm in
in/ e?O<
e?O<
O<l Em
Em?

"x?l n/ e"y< ?^, /Bl e?O<l lr. ecnk# 495. e/ iI
ecnk# 1,37,800. e$ke e/.n/#<l, e?O<1l E"5m rl CtI/tI 70% E?r
/ 5mπ ?^p#? alD lr.# uE/ o5 /l tt C#I/ ?^p#?, C#I/
lr.<l ?^kC=r. in/ iX >##ke e?KE=r K6m "µ/m UKO ?e 
a$D.

r / ?^p#? /$ E/rne/kD, e?KE=r U#"# >#=EK= /D

U#"#, $R# ep#?<l E?C=r. e?KE=r K-6/l E/rne// D#=<l
Ur#/ ecnD I e$keC=r. /$l ?^k µ^l E?$ ?^p#? /
eBn#/# ?^k #D, e?KE=r /E an/ ?^p#? ?^D E?l, a/K$ "[
a@#/ a#InD / >#$kC=r. >#= e?KE=r ke, 5Dm alD
e?O<l - iKOl o#= / /$D eBn#/ ?^k Ecm, ap?^$l tE >#=
"m?kRm, "[ a@#/Ym e?= µ^Ym e$ >#$kC=r. ar i#k
"[l 5DDkem, e?O<7kem i5n/ .#/ ipe?MDm i5p?/ ecƒC=r.

"µ/E E# yp#?Ym, ?m "m?p?#/Ym $l ec e?O<l ?^pE? χ=n/D
e6 "O/A akC=D. iF"O/#B e?5C 5m e?O<l lr. /  VKe
??keC=$. i/Ke U/m, # χ urnDtI7m, /B a VIp-
lck$ e?O<l lktI#/ ur/l#. m e$e=l e?O<l
lr.l R am, e"R e#=R eC=D.

e?KE=r7m, "µ//7m 5Dm alD e?O<# ?^k χ6 D µ/E eBn#/
[#F"# e"yp?C=r.
eBn#/ Urm eC5kC=D ar ke an/ ?^p-# ?^k E/#$ = i5kC=/
e?#/ ?KOelm Eχkl, ?^/l 5Dm, tIl e?O<l e6 QO eBn#/#
a/KEK=6 /r e"y /lp?<Kχ ep- ?K6ke e"l #kC=r. E/rR µ^R
er?r/l E?l il#ell, χ e?KE=r / eBn#/# a^kC=r, tC=r.
E6 χ e?KE=r / ?m, ?tI I# e"l1, “„ 5Dm alD e?O<l ?^k
µ^n/l tE e$D eBn#/” e$ >?n/#$ a- tC=r.

V o5 e/#ktχ< EV^ o?pπl, l UE"#$ aDk ec^5n/ E?D, o5

e?KE=r e/#E?χ<l EtC=r “e #$ eklk1l E"rp?D Vl/ alD χ1l
E"rp?D Vl/?”. e$ke $Dke E?m nDtID. “e$I iD? / lIm Et Ec^
E# elIm nD EtC=r?” e6 >#$DkecEI. a#/ ekt^kel,
u ;ke el 5p?m i5kC=E/ al E"5!” e6 e"l1tEI. >AFχ
e/ep?r >AFχ µ^n/ π=e e"$r. “e/#ktχl l UE"#$ e"l?rl
„ Rm "$r, E# yp#? $l ecEI K=r UE"#$
e"lr, „E r 5p?m ?KO EtC|r! e$ke e/.l#, e?KE=r
u UE"#$# 5mπ i5p?r e6!”

hr u$y, e$l aOKsr$ uc## tE Q= µ^Ym. aOl

e"lC=D, o5  ?^p#? E/rne/k a$D Urm, =, e/?c-
UCK#= kCl eDke Ece6! av6 ar ?^p-# E/rne/kem
E?D, E# yp#? ". cπ^kC=r, cπ^k µ^l# ell E# yp#?
u5keC=r. / 5mπ ?^p#? ?^k µ^D, Ak# B1l χkCkec, elIm
ul UE"#$ e?= 5?r Ak# e?5m?$ EVl π56 /
i5kC=D.

e?KE=r K-6/l, $Dke -MC -MC /# ap?^p-# ?^k =;r
KOk e µlC=r. an/ µKχ<l ar eKO e?K=7m, / Ak#<
ar/#/ KOl ?=kt, $R# m e"yC=$r. iK#<l i5kem =# t
t, ?<Kχ [m e"K# =# e?= µKχD A#E ?OekC=r.
e?KE=r ar k e/ µ^R ar µ^R ekem =##  Il
/DC=D. #Iχ<l y χnkem =#$, /$mπk## iBnD, Ak# µMk
e?KE=r, Vc?r, Ak#D#, uI E# ?rp?r, u. e$ E o5r
e"l7m r#/ ke tp?t a^# Ak# AC=r.

/AVt r πF"#$ e$ell, /$ke e$ =# i5kC=D, e$ ?^p- ?^/l
V Al o5 u. l/$  µ^Ym e6 e/.l E# yp-, a "m?m
E?=K#= $l #D e?KE=r, akm?k$r, Vc?r E?E=r e"l#/
E/k Vmπ e?O<l lr.l n#/ n#/ E"5D /.e?5m?$ e?KE=r m,
/$D eBn#/ o6 5D Ecm alD e?O<  Ecm eE=
>#$kC=r.

- e?O<l lr. ke a; akkQID, E#ke e"l7m #<l u. µ#=<l
r# /r e"y Ecm, Uχ.r /#/ Em?/ Ecm, ul
UE"r# >k Ecm, ν#BRE/rR aχm Ecm ee=lm e"l7D eD.
U$l a e$E a#/ l Cke E?D il#. a "tIm E?tI7m
e?O<l lr. aK#= >#=EK6l ? µtkt#I E?IpE?D >F"m.

?<l e"l?m e?KE=r- Uχ.r B, …I, lr, "[ Urr
avE?D iD ?KO E?#/ >6kec, e/IrnD iD ?KO E?χYm, eMYm,E?^Ym
n/l, o5 E# a i/Ke e" "ykm, u/D u5p?^$ VI^k# ekm.

a#", e?O<l lr. >r# e#= Q6/Ke µ$l, e?KE=r iD ?KO
χnD, /D e?O<l E#/ e#=nDk e Ecm. µ^ekem =## k
eBn#/ ke e?KE=r yp- ak Ecm. / ke e$ =# il?y u$,
aK#= ?? ep?^ Al µE$6D e= #<l ar χnk u/ Ecm.
ip?^elm e"y/l tE Vm eBn#/# in/ πF"#$15nD p?KO e µ^Ym.
4

4. ?1
?1$µm ?7
?7=R=Rm : aO
aO
Ol e
e$ e"lC
e"lC=
lC=D?

?1$#/ ?KOYm, ?7=R ?KOYm ? /=$ 5Dk "[l ue/?#/ elIm

ul UE"#$ke 5?r [µm, o.$ E"rk#r kem, [=m ?1$Kem
(LGBT-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender) i#Bkp?m e# [µm aOCE=.

h.$E"rk#r m, [=m ?1$/5m, $ EV e6 5/p?m aK$

µkC m, Vm "[l ?1$m – ?7=R ?KO aOl sr$ -./l il#. aOl
sr$ -./# ep?#/ [m aO# uK6ke?rD, ar m " u.#ke
u.r e?#/ -.nD VIp?r e6 Vm-CE=.

o5. ?1$ a#Im, π=pπ E?D /p?tI ?1$ a#I15nD E6?t

/##, [=m ?1$m e$ #6kCE=m. UE ?1$l [6 # uc. – Uc,
e?c K6m [=m ?1$m.

[=m ?1$l 5Vmπ (Female to Male – FTM Transgender) K6m 5V# (Male to Female- MTF
Transgender) e$ i5 # uc. 5Vmπ e$p?Er uIl e?c π=nD, $/l
U i5p?r. 5V# e$p?Er uIl U π=nD, $/l e?c
i5p?r. Vml ?5ke 5V# ?KO e/.n/ aRke, 5Vmπ ?KO e/.l#.

?7rl [6 # uc. a# er?1$ E"rk#, o.$F E"rk#, H.$ E"rk#. er?1$
E"rk# e?D UƒI e?cƒm, e?cƒI Uƒm eD. h.$ E"rk# e?D UƒI
Uƒm, e?cƒI e?cƒm eD. H.$ E"rk# e$?D o5 ?1$l, / ?1$5I;m,
aE/ E?l K= o5 ?1$5I;m ?7=R e µ^D. eDktI or Ul, Ke=5
UƒI;m, aE/ E?l Ke=5 e?cƒI;m alD Ke=5 [=m ?1$5I;m ?7=R
e µ^D. h.$ E"rk# ?KO e/.n/ Vml ?r H.$ E"rk# e= 5/k#/ ?KO ?r
Ep?tIE/ il#.

?1$Kem, ?7rRkem en/ "m?n/µm il#. en/ ?1$/5m, en/ o5 # ?7rRm
em.
EKe"$ [6 # ?1$µm, [6 # ?7rRm iK#$E/ e6 aOl um
uK6kecD. h.$ E"rk#Ym, [=m ?1$µm, CtI/tI u CtI/tI el
F"7m, el EV7m i5nD$ e?/K$ K6 U/ m u$.

h.$ E"rk# e?D o5 $ EVy al e?#/ ? UyFχ >zπ//l, 1974 Um UcEI

e<Ip?tI Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders – II (ur7m, $V
5Dr7m $ EVy# cIO ??/p?m Xt^ #E) – uBD aF µ/l
h.$ E"rk## $ EVy ?t^115nD „kC tIr.
aE/ E?l 1994ke µ- # [=m ?1$$r $ EV 5/p?tIr. ? aOl
UyFχ [m [=m ?1$$r $ EV al e6 >zπkp?tI/l, 1994
e<I?tI Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-IV 15nD Transexualism e6 Q=p?tI $
EVy „kp?tID. UE rn/ Vl h.$ E"rk#r m, [=m ?1$/5m /
?1$m ?KOYm, ?7rR ?KOYm #/. "[Ke e/.p?DC=r, ar
πF"#$# am, "[µm D ekC=D.

/B a, 5V# k .m, ?lK6 a6# χCF#" e"y >Y/ e$ Ukpsr$

U## π=pπDD. el;m inl >## e?./ O/y e/.l#. "tIm
E?/ [m k $m 6m e=l aD o5 /=$ 5E/! k $m uc# =
e"y Ec^D, Xp-rR lE!

i;µm h.$ E"rk#r m, [=m ?1$/5m ar "DK e/IrnD

E?^ 5C=r. /B am,  am e"y/ v >F"m ar E?tIl
o5 µE$K=m, el;m in/ µE$K=m, ar# o5 " l/r in/ "µ/l B
#kl#.

"tI# E?I tIp?m a"m, a/#$ V#Iµ#=<l e/IrnD π?K= #p?l

tIp?l#. e?D iIl -# π^k QID e$ "tIm ecn/ π=e, ipe?MD e$
VIkC=D e6 „E ?rkm. [=m ?1$$r xDm, h.$ E"rk#r xDm Vm
"[m ec ?r# = oE o5 X/ uD. “ar urR iK#$#”
e$ aOl >zπ5p?#/ "[m -.nDec uK6ke Ecm.
5

5. u
ul u/
u/ [m u
u $ V
V#/
Em
Em?ke
ke 
e 
 !

Vm A# χ=p? B Vke Vl uIl V;m, $ V;m E/#. uIl Vm e?=Rm, uI1l
uK?m πF"#$# ".e"yD eRm Vm 5D# aƒeCE=m. aE/ E?l $Vm
e?=Rm, $l uK?m πF"#$# ". e"yD eRm ul UE"r#Ym, $V
5Dr#Ym VD aχm.

яE/vm, yF"l, E., #Io?yt, „.XR EVy E?= uI1l uK?m πF"#$ E?E=
$7m ? πF"#$ uK?C=$. ep?^ in/ uI1l uK?m πF"#$ ke χCF#"
i5kC=E/, aE/ E?l $l uK?m πF"#$ kem χCF#" i5kC=$. $ πF"#$ ke
†k 5nD ep?D, $V 5nD ke ?k #R ? uc, ‘eIl’ U$r /,
ul u/ e?= Ecm e?D E?= 5/k #EO eem UCtID.

in/ E?t^ ul, elE5kem ul u/ aχm e?D "[l ipE?D
uK6kep?tI o5 5/CtID. ove5 $pπF"#$kem /l/l, µ#=$
5nD m, aOl sr$ ul χCF#" m nDtI$.

hr ul UE"l, [6 ?.l u ke u/ µ^Ym.

1. πF"#$# ". e"y

2. πF"#$ 5#/ /k

3. u A# E7m $/ Uk

πF"#$# ". e"yYm µ/l ?.l, ic ># uc.

1. $". Al eMm πF"#$# ". e"yD

2. $ EVy ke χCF#" ap?D

E?#/ tp?/ µ^#,  Al πF"#$, em? πF"#$, Vc?r,

u=$r I πF"#$, E# e"yYm iIl a^k^ eMm πF"#$, Vt- e
µ^#, ?/lr./E#/e/Xl e"l?l πF"#$ E?=K#= $". Al
eMm πF"#$ e$ #6kCE=m. iv# πF"#$# ereE. $ V χOD
eO i5kC=D. ul u/ e?K6kecIl, eO $ V#/ xcm e?K6 Im.
lkl ap?^E enj" m tIl, a# $ EV nD I yp- uc.

iv# πF"#$# яE/vm, /#1, i5l E?= uIl πF"#$ I opπt

?rkm. ie eOpπtI uIl πF"#$# er e/r e5m ivRCl il#. in/
uIl πF"#$ ke u. χCF#" eDkecIl, uIE$ eCm. ap?^E t tIl,
aD e enj" Vt Um, aE/ EVl K= e?. EVy kem X ekem
a?m uc. EVy n/ π=e, µ/1EE ?r5kE e6 „ π$r Eχkm.

$p?/K=m, $FE"rR, tI e"l?t $ u#F"l EVy, $pπF"#$ uI# 5Dm

EVy, $Fχ#/R, eV e#=?t EVy E?=# $EVy e$ #6kp?C=$.
iv# $ EVy ke, ul UE"#$YI $ V 5nD eDke Ec^
aχm uK?Im.

uIl EVyl ev6 }m il/#, enj"m }$#, ee }$# e6 ?
># i5p?D E?, $EVy7m ? ># u$. $EVy χK6ke, E.,
#Io?y E?=K6ke uD E?l s em uc. „.XR EVy, i/ aM/m E?=
EVy ke uD E?6 χKOKe AV µMDm "Dke 5nD m, ul
u/ m E/#.

icID # ?.m, πF"#$ l /DkeD, i/Ke eDktI, p.

.tIl R"1 e6 e"lp?m 5Ke µ$E e?=p?m ul UE"#$#
e"lm.  Al i#p E?C= i5. U ## i55m e/.nD e /l, 
Al ee$$ πF"#$ eB yp- i5kC=D, aK#= ev6 ". e"yD eD e?#
E?= ul u/ in/ # R"1- E?D Bp?m.

[=D # u/, A# E7m $/ Uk u/RD. i/Ke eDktI .r
R"1 e6 e"lp?m E#/?^p-k$ D#=# E/rne/k ul UE"#$
Be#/ e"lm. iv# ul u/<l, u U #, =, Urm, M
UC# }p e"yp?t, u k$ ".$ D#= E/rne/k XtIp?m.

iD E?6 ? #l ul UE"#$, u πF"#$# }rk tlD,

πF"#$ l /DkeRm, A# E7m $/kRm u ke Rm u/
i5kem.

ul UE"r m, $V 5Dr m i/KE ?^5p?r, u#

-.nDeRm, χCF#" akRm µ#= ?<Kχ e?K=r. e/Xl „ eVO ke
tp?tIr. UE u an/ ? iχ ?Dkp?m; K=r ke
e/.nD E e6 #E aF"E e E/#<l#.

Vm ove55m, /# #/.$, Ak#< "l# 5#I D#Ym iO /E
ere m "k u#Ir e$ Vm Vmπ$7m, χ EVl K=rIm u/ e?6D
e?D V#Iµ#= aχC=D. i;m e"lpE?$l, “/$l µ^/ E?D, a#/
op-kec u..Im u/ Et?D” e?D o5 /ll/l ?m e6 e"$l aD
#D.

UE u $ V#$ p e"yD eRm, >-r 5#/ e/.nD eRm ul
UE"r# en/ o5 ?µm, QF"µm iO aƒe. u# KO i5kem K=r kem
in/ Vt$ 5/k# e/.p?D, a/ [m elE5m Vl $ VDI B
u/R.
6

6. π^D ?^Y
?^Y
^Y! -.nD ?^Y
?^Y
^Y!!

elIm ? e?KE=r, / eBn#/# ul UE"#$ e?= a#BD 5C=r.
UE"#$ QIKe n/RI ar e"l7m, sIcIt kCm iD /, “eBn#/
?^ktEI eC=/, "tEvE$ il#, u/D e"yY”

eBn#/#IEYm, ar e?KE=rIµm u#^15nD, a#BD p?m

e?5m?$ eBn#/, ?^p?#/E o5 # 5DC=r, uE/ e?KE=r, "µ/
tI/7m ?^k EcE e6 ?^D 5C=r e?#/ e/.nD ecEI.

en/ aRke ?^k u ke π^kC=D e?#/ F". V -.nD e 0K6ke evR
e6 o5 ecnl e"l7 e=l, ar #I 20 kem 50 kem i#IEE i5kC=D.

-.nD ?^pr e6 EtIl, aDRm il#. e/Ik15nE/ $p?Im e"yE/ ht^ tI
eBn#/, EK?^p-l evR / $p?Im e"yr? a7m "". r ke, 9
Um epπKe π=e $p?Im e"yD ?^p?e/?D µ^E µ^/ .m.

U ?^p- e?D eBn#/ ke avR il#$/ il#. ?^p#? ?KO ?m tE njχ
i5kC=D. ?^k µ^l E?/Ke l<l Urm il/Dm, ?µE a^p?#I em.

hr u$ e?KE=r kem, eBn#/ ke V ekem UE"#$< "m"m iD

/ “π^D ?^Y, -.nD ?^Y”.

u ?^p- π^k Ecm?

?^p- e?D Ak#< µ/l 20 5Il, Ak# ep?^ B Ecm e=

a^p?#I# e"l1/5D

l tE Vm Ak# /#/ Em?/ C#Ikem a. e?kCvm

Vm Ak## Vm >#$/?^ B, Vm eOkE# VE a#I Xtm 5.

K?#/ >6$l, Ak#< sm e#=nD m.

iK#=elm  µkC$D e$ell ove5 ?IKem π uE/ o5, Ak#

µM/Kem ??m =;m, pm >F" i5kem. (VO: H‡ )

eDktI, u Vm ˆEet. e$p?m ^l ?^kCE=m? Vm Mm el

t^I7m, Vm ??Dm el 57m ˆEet. ??/p?tD. χl alD
eklkl injχl. ?^kem r ? r πKl m e=
5D5# a^p?#I ec, χ6 D µ/E ˆEet. e;m = e"l1/p?C=D.
p.‡ #t^ e$p?m 5kC eMD/l e= o5 v#/ UC ?Il Vm a#$5m
?l ?^5pE?m. op ^pot, oE?r ^pot ee=lm E?t eMt aDI
=n5km. p.‡ #t^-ke π$l, Ak#k$ o5 e?. }p uD.

“E?" Ec^, eM/ Ec^ v#/ i$ 5k aE/ EVl e.l i5p?5ke -.Ym
#<l 5kC ep?E/ VlD. a7m EVm ilD E?$l, i/#$ >F" e"y Ecm”

in/ }pt#I Vm evR E?r -.nD ec^5kCE=m, Vm Uχ.r i/#$

e"l1/5C=r?

EKeOpπtI# E?6 o5 =E$, pEI Vm ?^kem elKOKem π$l >F"m

i5kem. aK#= ". cπ^D -.nD ecIl, l "ke e$?

a/ vKe 5Em, ep?^ -.nD ?^p?D?

eBn#/ en/ x^l ?^/7m, ar ?^kem ove5 kCl i5kem el
e"K kem e$ ar/m e6 e/.n5k Ecm, a/ [m kC ar/#/Ym
-.nD ec^5k Ecm.

i/Ke a^p?#I e"l# ??DD /. ?. tt^l, e"l i5p?E/ il#.
eBn#/ †kC ?^kem aKe ar ke π^/, -.Ym #<l i5kem e"l#
C, ove5 r#/kem ar/m ?rD -.nD e e"l1ke.

Um?l, a e"l# -tI Ec^ aχm i5kem, a#/elm
e?5t?/l, e"l# or uK= Vc?$ ?D a/#$ epE?Dm ?? n/l
-./l nD m.

Vm l µ#= ?/m ep- # elE5m elK#=Ym ?^D, en/ ?^p#? EK?^p?
E/rne/p?D e$ o5 s/$ ?r## ak lD. ?/m ep- # el
?I#Ym ?^k Ec^D elE5kem i5kem tIm.

e Vt^$# E?l, V#I, u#I, uR, Ak# µ#=<l O tI alD = D^kC= Vm
u i;m es/k# u5kem,e"n/ χnk #k/ ekE l µ#=<
a^p?#I# et^ π^5kCE=m?

l ?. ekE l µ#=# π?K6/l ? a#IC=r, "F~r l E?=
l ~r5/# erkC=r. e"#$ πtE ?<l VIn/ Uχ.r e#, E/rR
 E?D >Bn/ e?O<l r e/Ir /Ke#, ?/m, ?cnecIm ep-
E/rR µ^R E?D >Mm ecnI /Ke# e?D E?6 VIkem ?lE6
>AR15nD Vm e$ ?Im K6kec^5kCE=m? >AR VIn/RI XDke m
x^k m, am u5p?^ e$ e"y5kC=D?

i/#$ V lr e/ aM//7m, „= /#I7m, o5 X "F~r
l aµ7ke nDD. uc#<l "F~r l nDtI/ e6 „ et.eEv
? ke e"6 ?r}r$l, uK$E ?^kem ?Ip -/E, "F~r -/ m
E"rkp?t, r -/p #?<l "". 2 CE #E uOYD.

5I$y ?rD 5n/tIl, 5t#I oXk µ^D /. l ?. "F~r l e/K
e?/#$ ar -.nDe/# Vm e$ e"y µ^Ym?

iD E?= a#p- "rn/ πF"#$l ?kp?D e6 ?r/l, / e"y

µ^/## / eBn#/# e"y #k D^kem e?KE=r m, l >6$ kem,
"µ/ er?rp- kem i#I<l χkC /kem r E!
7

7. i/p
i/p?^!
^! -#<
#<# ?Bk
?Bk#/ el
el
teI
teIXk
eIXk
Xkm
m!!

χeet, ^, et, ‰s. [ke e?^ E?= -#<# e?5t# ??Dm ?5m

e"l7D iD / “tI Ece6 / >#$kCE=, ev6 e6 / e/.l#”.
ap?^p?tIr ke XtIE in/ t## eMDCE=.

-#<# ?Bk#/ t I ic X uc.

1. oE^y >6D (Cold Turkey)

2. ?^p?^y a# e#=D, #Iχ<l >6D. (TapTapering)

i# ic#IYm .y ipE?D ?rpE?m.

oE^
oE^y
y >6D/
>6D/K
/K$ Xµ
Xµ#=
Xµ#=
#=:
. in/ µ#=< ?^, -#<# ?Bk#/ >6/, o5 V# eODk e . an/ V
i=Rm i5km, u alD u ke π^/r π=n/ V, u 5 V
alD u a-ke.r -#<#l i=n/ >#$R Vk QI i5km. -#<#
?Bk#/ >6/ Ecm e6 >#$/RIE$E, an/ V# eOD . eVVt
/pE?I EcIm.

„ -#<# ?Bk#/ oE^y IpE?#/ u ke e/.n/ a#$5kem

e/.p?D. o5#Ym I EcIm, uI E# ?rp?r, Vc?r, akm ?k$r,
e"n/kr, ?, em?$r,  µkC u tt^l u eBn#/ e$ „
"nkem elE5kem e/.p?D. E7m „ -#<# e?5 em #Ikr.
apE?D / „ 5m E?D, arE -#<# e?5# eD u µ
#ktIr.

u u# e/.k e"lC=r e=l, a/Ke 

ic. – o6, u# …keD u E?tIKe U/R ak, icID - „ o5
E# >6/l E?Šr$l, E Et, /# 5 a/ [m u# >6/ #k –
e$ke e/.n/r o5. em?l, em? u6pπ$r a#$5E 2 Vt "pπIl i5nD,
em?/## -#<# ?Bk15nD xteIDr.

-#<# ?Bk#/ >6RI, a ?t"m 2  ke Withdrawal effects e$p?m ‘>6D/l
un/p?tI u?#/‘ uK?m. a/Ke ?nD xcm -#<# ?Bk#/ e/IC Ik QID.
aOl uc# e$e=l, ic  ke tE an/ u?#/ i5kem. a#/
„ "D, E?^ e=l tE -#<# ak#$ „ el µ^Ym. il#ell
-#<# u# e6, ? EVy ke UkC, eeKe π nk #D m.
?5ke -#<# ?Bke?D, Ak#< o5 ?eE UC i5kem. aD ill i5p?D
e?#/ e#/E o#= ‘s’ e"yD E?l i5kem. u a-ke.r i=n//D E?l QI
E/=m. a#/elm uK6kec eKO e?= u# /r e"yD e .

-#<# ?Bk#/ >6/, 4D e$p?m µ#=# ur e"l1/5Dc. a# µ/l
DDD – Delay, icID D – Distract, [=D D – Drink Water K6m VD D – Deep Breath.

-#<# e?5# ??/ Ecm e= ecm n/RI ec#/ 5 µ/l 10 >I
# /pE?. /pE?tIRI, u χn/#$ µMDm a#/p?KOE i5kem. U$l
enj" EVl an/ ecm #=nD m. o5 χ$ eBn#/ "kEt EtC=D e6
#Dke , am C ek tEI eC=r. eBn#/ e$ e"yYm? /$l
µ^n/ # aIm π^D ?rkem, enjχ ?rkem, t.t aMm, "/m E?m. e/Kem am
χl# ell #Iχ<l Irt UC tm alD †C m. aE/ E?l / VD
ec m. /pE?I /pE?I ec 7 e#=nD m.

E7m, an/ ecKe avR †m µkCDm eD a#/p ?KO χnp?#/ /5. 15
D ^<15nD @EB et^ ?rkCE=m e6 #Dke . "/ Vke e$
E/6m? MnDEE e6/E$, U$l an/ ecKe Vm µkCDm
ekCE=? il#/E$! aE/ E?l -#<# e?5# ??/ Ecm e= ecm
n/RI a/#$ ce/D E?l, V^k e/Ie. V#Il V^p- >яm UC m.
cel /pE?E/ µ/l D.

icID D e?D Distract-$#/ #" 5pπ E6 ecl e"7D. u oE?ll
E^E alD ?t Etm. D o55ke oE? e"yD E?"m, an/ iI15nD
eEO enj" †m VInD e"lm. i#// e"y Ece6 il#. u $#/
#"5p-m e#/Ym e"ym. iv6 10 >I ke u $#/ #" 5p? µ^n/l,
-#<# e?5 ?KO ecm /$ #=nD m.

[=D D – Drink Water K6m VD D – Deep Breath. -#<# e?5 ?KO ecm n/RI
‘eD’, ‘Xp-rRI’ /c‹r e^k Ecm. UE epE?Dm /c‹# a5CEE
alD #p?<E #5k Ecm. eD, aIkl 5 µ/l 8 µ#= [F#" iMD
Dm Vl ?#$ /5m.

-#<# e?5 ?KO ecm 5mE?e/lm, -#<#l uK?IpE?em #R#

K?#$ e"yD ?5. enj" Vtl, u ec 7 ee e#=n5kem.
-#<# e?5# ??/ †cm JA>##Ym, Ut#Ym, iI#Ym µMD
/rD .

iv6 oE^y >6/ µ^Ym e= Vmπk# ilE alD >6D/l un/p?tI
u?#/ ?KO ?E i5n/l iE/ i5kC=D a/ X.

?^p?
^p?^y
y a#k
a#k e #=D
#=D #Iχ<l
#Iχ<l >6D/
>6D/K
/K$ Xµ
Xµ#=
Xµ #=
#=:

in/ µ#=<7m, µM#y >6/ E?em V# eODkec a#$5kem e/.Y. 4D

Xµ#=# ??D. µ^E il#ell, „ e"y Ec^D -#<# e?5#
??DD al. -#<# e?5l u ke E?#/ eD .ks e"y #kem
>kE^#$ tE eDkeD. ep?^ e6 EtC|r?
>kE^ ?π m ipE?D 2 mg al, t oπE.7m, et oπE.7m, el e?.
5nD #I7m C#IkC=D. u ke E/#$ oπE# „E 5nD #Ike e"6
Ckem. >kE^ ?π m-Œ "/ ?π m E? ‘"pπIkQID’. ?l ikCl
#D, ^D, eD el Ecm. enj" EVKe an/ oπE. # nD
ec^5kem. o5 eOpπtI "l, $ o5 # u VkCl E/6m, apE?D
el7#/ uI$^ >6t, yF. ?km >6 #k Ecm. enj"m enj"
>kE^ u < ut-=EE uOnj"p?t, EV^ i/ htIl nD, „
-#<# e?5# ??Dm E?D, e$ . i5keE aE/ ur# u5keC=D.
enj"m eD iD VIkem. a/$l uIE$ E?#/  Ece6 er?rk EcIm.
E?#/ e#=n/ uI, xcm eD a/#$ elm, F# n/RI >6 Im.
iv6 o5 ?π ml 3- 4 µ#= e"ym. "/ ?π m# E? e|r$l, u
y µMk m "rnD e.F"# ucIkem.  µkC al ekp?t Xµ#=#
Ve ?^DkeRm. in/ ?π m# ??Dm E?D, -#<# e?5t# a=E
??/kQID.

in/ ?π m#Ym oE al ?? kQID. ?^p?^ e#=D, #Iχ<l eOpπtI
Vl >6/ Ecm. UE in/ χCF#" u ?Bk#/ >6Dm µKχ# e/keE /,
Eˆk e"yD >6/ e"yD.

in/ ?π m χCF#"# Nicotine Replacement Therapy e6 Q6CE=m. µ# µl ep?D E?,
in/ χCF#" E# ?rkC=D. >kE^;ke a^#$ uI7kem, $Dkem E6 en/ o5
v/# u e?5t m ilD >kE^#$ tm /5D / i/Ke π$l u
/Dm.

U ?^p?^y e#=D t D e?D, -#<# e?5 ??t#I al, >kE^#$ /.
-#<# e?5t ??t#I e#=p?D e?D ?5ke µ^/ .m, ue$ll uCEE a
aR a^#p?Dm "k -#<# e?5t ke / uD.

EKe"$ Xµ#=# ul e"y µ^l E?$E alD aK#= #Iπ^p?l

u/D χkl uK?tIE alD >6D/l un/p?tI u?#/# "k µ^l
E?$E o5 e?D 5D#E, ?l 5D#E, $ V 5D#E alD ul
UE"r#E aƒe. E7m a#I6 -K6EVy 5D#$, a ?l 5Dk lr.
() 5D#$,  ?l 5D lr. K6m 5D#$ E?= ? iIl -#<#
?Bk#/ >6D/K$ i" χCF#" akp?C=D. ae e"6 i/K$ χCF#"# e?K6
u A# ke. ADk!
8

8. $Vm
$Vm ?KO
?KO a^k
a^k
^k^ Et
Etp?m E
E


u / >6$m akEI?r 10m E/# u $V $m e$ aODD. $V
µkCDm ?KOYm, $V ?nr ?KOYm a#$5kem e/.p?DE/ inV
ecIIp?/ µkC eOkE Uem. UE $Vm ?KO a^k^ Etp?m E ke
in/ t#< [m #IkCE=.

1. $Vm
$V m uIl
uIl V
V#/ E? µkC$/
µkC$/?
$/?

Um. $Vm uIl V#/ E? µkC$E/!

uI7m $µm oe= o6 e/Ir- ecI#. uI7ke u/D uK?tIl aD $#/ ?kem;
aE/ E?l $Dke u/D uK?tIl aD uI# ?kem. eDktI, u ke yF"l
uK?tIl, $m E"rnD E?y C=D aE=? $l uK?m πF"#$ uI1 el
?#Ym e"=#IC=D. $p?/K=l i5p?r r c#Ym EV5ke EV ?rD E?"
/er. r/l, i/D^p- a./l, [Fχ Em a./l,  яm Xk unD/l
E?= ? #R $l uK?m ?/tI/l uI1l #C=$.

E7m VD e"l= (efficiency)  a VD $V#/ "rn5kC=D. UE VD $".
E## $µI χ=p? e"y Vl $Vm aχm.

$Vm µkC$D e$ e/.nDm, uIl VKe 5D# ?rp?D E?l Vm u $

VK$ ?nr# aƒel#?

#?kr / ul UE"r, ur, $ V 5Dr, χ=p-

?<Kχr E?= $V ?nr# aƒer e= /=$ 5D Vm "µ/l
? uD.

ep?^ ?K# ?.k ? 5D# "nkCE=E, i/ πF"#$ ke i/ >-#

"nkCE=E, aE/ E?l $#/ ?.k $V ?nr# "np?l /e=6m il#.
uc#<l $ V ?nr# "np?D, u $ Vm ?KO u ke i5kem ak#=#
eOkC=D. UE K=r u# E1 e"y/l, #/. e"l7 “ V V= i5k
Ece6 >#$kCE=”.

ul UE"#$ e=l e$?

ul UE"#$ e?D o5 nD#Il E?=D. ove5 l/;m ar

πF"#$# ere 1#Yr. av1## E7m ?p?DE/ ul
UE"#$< eOkE.

ul UE"#$< E?D, aOR# Bp?l#. u A# E7m χ=p?

B, u πF"#$E „E }rDke e"yp?m ul sr$ u/#E
ul UE"#$/UK6p?D/l eCE=m

ul UE"r e?r r?

ul (Psychology), "[p?n (Social Work) , UK6p?D/l & Xt/l (Counseling & Guidance)
UC u/D o5 ?^pπl e#=n/?t"m µD># ?tIm (Post Graduation) e?KO5p?r. en/ o5
?e?m, >?n/#$Ym iO, u πF"#$# #D u# /= >#$kD u#
ap?^E uK6ke m Vl7m ecIr.

“l/r a#$5m a^p?#I<l Vlr, Vmπk#ke ?$r”, “ove5

/ll/;m K=rI5nD E6?tIr, /l/# u#Ir. UE ove5
/ll/l πF"#$ m, K=r πF"#$15nD E6?tI#.” e$ u6 Vm-?r.

eOpπtI χ ul µ#=# ?? u# Em?/Rm, u πF"#$# }rkRm,

π$l kQm πF"#$# /Dk eRm u/ e"y?r.

2. u
ul UE"#$ e
e?D e/K
e/K?
?

Vm ove55m, /# #/.$, Ak#< "l# 5#I D#Ym iO /E
ere m "k u#Ir e$ Vmπ$7m, χ EVl K=.Im u/ e?6D e?D
V#Iµ#= aχC=D. i;m e"lpE?$l, “/$l µ^/ E?D, a#/ op-kec
K=.Im u/ Et?D” e?D o5 /ll/l ?m e6 e"$l aD #D. π5m
/5l, ul sr$ u/# VD Rm aχm.

aRke a$ $ u#F"l i5nD, aD $". Ak## ?kem E?D

$#/ JAnD e m, tIp?Dm, er#=$, uK6ke µ^/, µ#=K=

ec eMm e?MD

$ aM/DI "k i#

 Ak#, em?m, Vc?r, a7m UCKOl u u=Rl πF"#$,

."l uK?mE?D

?^p-/E#<l πF"#$/eBp?m

„^/ $FE"rR, ?m/#

†k#/a †k/l E# = ?kp?mE?D

Ak# B 5p?m e#=YmE?D

>#$p?#/ K=r ke e/.p?Dl πF"#$ uK?mE?D

5p?m, =, „ eVOl eBp?m uK?mE?D

/Ke#, /Kp?Dm ec uK?mE?D

3. u o5
o5 Vc
Vc?.IE/
IE/V
V  5mπ<IE
5mπ<IE UE"#$ e"y
e"y kQI/
kQI/?
I/?

Vc?r m, V5mπ m u Ak#< µkC V?r. ar I E?D u

πF"#$# }rkRm, A# Em?/Rm u/ µ^Ym, el;m al χ πF"#$ u$.
arl u πF"#$# V>#YI ?rk µ^l E?m. u# ee 
ar ke e/.Ym e?/l, „ ‘ip?^p?tIr/’ e?D E?= ec ar ke
i5km. UE ar e"n/k 5Dk#, a;?# u Ak# πF"#$ ke
}r e"l yp- am. ul UE"# eDkecr$l, u#Ym u
πF"#$#Ym ul Ž$, >zπkp?tI aOl uc## a^p?#Iy #D
V>##YI u ke u/Rr.

4. u
ul UE"#$ ep
ep?^ e$ke
e$ke u/Rm
u/Rm?
Rm ?

-/E6?tI µ#=<l χnDm, ".$ µ#=<l urFχ# ep?Ym, u $".

A πF"#$/iBp-/5D E6?# ". e"y ul UE"#$ u/Rm.

5. u
ul UE"#$<
UE"#$< e/Xl
e/Xl „eV
„eVO
eVO e
ee$
e$$?

ul UE"#$ e?D ‘/E$ 5mπ µ5?5kE’ akp?m. „ akem a#$D
v#Ym iχ #Dkep?m. u /l V?r  5kem
e/.p?/p?I tID. u F"m, π-m UCK#= $l #D ul
UE"#$ Bp?m. u kem, ul UE"5kem u u=R e/Xl µ#= u=R
tE. D, ?l, F"m, uIl e#=, ", "m, ?7=R µ#= E?= en/ o5 ?e?O
a#$5m " VI/p?r. u ke u/ Ec^ aRke /$ke =
il#e6 or ul UE"r 5$l, u ke ". u/kQ^ E6 o5
UE"#/$V 5D# u ke aOµp?Dr.

6. u
ul UE"#$ [m r
r a
a $ ?
?# e?= µ^Ym?
µ^Ym?

e;#I µKχ πF"#$# }rk u/l#; UE ul UE"#$ u/ e?K6 e
πF"#$# }rk V ie $m 5mπ nDE. ie C#Ikem UE"#$#
#Iπ^k >F" µKχ e"yE. an/ µKχ<l uE/;m /#I uK?tIl, /D xcm
ul UE"#$ e?= 5E” e6 ecn, =n/ $DI 5?r a ?# e?=
µ^Ym.

7. o5 E# V
V πF"#$# }rk
}rkD
D, u
u l UE"#$ e?=Rm
e?=Rm D
D i5pπ
i5pπ e
e$
Uem?
em?

πF"#$ e/IrnD }rkp?Il i5n/l, u ke e/.EE u πF"#$

e?./m, χkm. u#Ym, u a-ke.r#Ym aD e?. #<l ?k
yp- uc.

8. $V 5D
5D
5D5kem (Psychiatrist),
), u
ul UE"5kem
UE"5kem (Counselor)) ee$
e$$
E6
E6 ?
??

$V 5Dr e?r $EVy ke χCF#" akkQ^r. ul UE"r e?r
$l uK?m "$#, $". πF"#$# }rk u/R?r. χ EVl $V 5D5m,
ul UE"5m oE .$ πF"#$# #cI7m, i5. χCF#" µ#= m
E6?tI#. $V 5Dr E$/Dl (Psychiatry) M.D / DPM ?^D µ#= ?<Kχ
e?K=r; $V 5nD ak a@.kp?tIr.
ul UE"r e?r u πF"#$# #6D, u# e/ χnk /kem
/#I# cπ^kkQ^r. an/ eOpπtI /#I# E?k, u I (E/#p?tIl em?
u6pπ$r I;m) i#nD, V#Iµ#=ke oD5m ul sr$ }rR# cπ^k
u/R?r. $Fχ#/R, $FE"rR, a^#p ?Bk E?= χ $ πF"#$ ke $V
5D5m, ul UE"5m i#nD χCF#" ap?Dc.
9

9. χ=n/ e?K
e?KE=r
E=r i5k
i5k....
5k....

eBn#/ Al  µkC$ ?e Cp?D e?KE=r. um µMDm VI/p?tI
UyRl π5?# >zπkp?t$.

1. e?KE=r / eBn#/ c µ i5kem .. eBn#/ e?KE=rI5nD

E?k?#/ I a VIp?K#= lE/ K6keC=r

2. e?KE=r eBn#/# VIDm µ#= eBn#/ ?c-l eOpπI /en/ al ?p#?
uK?DC=D

e?KE=r a#= eBn#/p?5 Ak# µ#=# opπm E?D, i#= Ak# µ#=Ym,
em?m e= "[ >6$µm ?K? K=# "nD$. UE χ=n/ e?KE=r i5k
µ$r K6kecI eOp- aKO Vm?/## iBnDtI$. i6 χ=n/ e?KE=r
i5k -/y ? v# e/IrnD K6ke tIp?/p?tEm.

in/ E?t^ ul eBn#/ /# ># >6ke, K=rI5nD E6?

/l/#y tI ? ?.l e5EKOke Ec^<5kC=D. eDktI,

urR# e?5/$ µ#=<l ep?Dm =

e =
M (values)
aORkQr#
Uk=
u=R# χ=p? # m =
uIl K6m $ Vm E?ƒ/l
#t, VI$m, eX E?= ?, lr. ?ItI# /c^ =#
?#/ # m =
tt#I >rCkem =

E?=K#= eBn#/ K6ke yp- /p?I Ecm. il#ell erl ar
πF"#$l t^kec µXk yp-c. in/k eBn#/# ?5.

eBn#/: V e?.$ Uem E?D, o5 Es$ i5kƒm- ; µ^R e"njχ5kE.

ap?: e. et! Es$;m$ „ Ip?t u#Bkƒm, e$?
eBn#/: V u#Bkƒ? „/ Ip?t u#Bkƒm!
ap?: V$??
eBn#/: U! „ u#BF Es$$, u $$ V;m Es /E$!
ap?: !?
in/k eBn#/ >F"y aORkQr# u eBn#/, U$l a;#I M#/p (Values)
?5. Mm il aORkQr# >F"m Vl Xke eBn#/# ec e"lD.

eBn#/ #p E?=r. . i/A# E? ar ?lE6 ?.. .
o5 χ i/A aRke a nD, χ i/A E ill E?$l a#/ „
aB$ e6 e"ltr? UE ‘a#$D ?.7m rFχ/µE$K=m‘ e?E/
i#= E/#. ap?^p?tI rFχ ecIr#/ u. E# ke ekC=r,
arl / ep?^p?tI JA >##Ym "D eKO  µ^Ym.

uE/ o5 ?.l tm eBn#/# K yp- ep?D U?/$D. aE/ EVl, ?
v# oE^ K6ke tI?DDm ‘a#$D ?.7m
rFχ/µE$K=m‘ e?/Ke }e #kem. “aRke njχ$l ar/µm Vnj” e?#/
>#$l e . oE^y ? v# K6ke/Ke ar o6m e?.r
C#ID. ? EVl e?.rEE χ v# oE^y K6k e µ^/ E?D,
ar# tIp?DD >m UD. aOl sr e"$l, arD [# ?
v# oE^y K6ke avR e?.D C#ID.

µkC
µkC eOp-:
eOp-: uc# e$ell eBn#/ o5 ?5Ke π=e /$E rC=r. UE
/ ‘E?t^k‘ e= UCF e"l# eBn#/ rp- e=ll ‘e?KE=r
i5/l/VInD e /l‘ e$ eX e?rkCE=.
10

10. “Ak
“Ak#
Ak#p
#p ?#/ e
e?D E/rn
E/rne/
rne/k
e/k
kp?I
Ec^
Ec^c^D, a#/6
a#/6!”
6!”

?/m ep- # Vm l µ#=<l elE5m el ?I#Ym ?^k Ecm. ?/m
ep-ke π=E, / e$ ?^p- ?^km e6 E/rne/kem " uc. ?/m epπ7m,
?cnecIm epπ7m r am e?DE/rRk /r?/p?C=r. U$l
e?DE/r# µ^/ π=e e$ ?^p#? E/rne/k Ecm e= µ^# ep?/Ke am
/re"yp?l#. i/$l ?r ?/$ πF"#$ ke UC=$r. /$ke
e?5/$ ?^p#? E/rne/kD, e?KE=r e$ e"lC=rE, e#/p ?^/l a
"m?l E# C#IkeE, e#/p ?^/l e i5kem e6 "µ/m e"lC=E/ an/
?^p-# E/rne/D, ?r ?^k µ^l O 5C=$r.

ul ?^, /$ke e?5/$ ?^p#? E/rne/p?D e?D o5 nj$m. iD ?KO
ur ?lE6 UyFχ# e"yD$r. aOl sr e"yp?tI an/
UyFχ µ^#$ o5 χ6 e/ep- / in/ t#.

?^p#? E/rne//l e?#/ Ak#p ?#/# E/rne//l e6 e"$l aD #D.

ue$ll o5 Vl a EV#/ VD E#<l Vm e"XkCE=m. Vke e?5/$
E## e"yYm E?D, VD V "nE/v a#C=D. ove5 V m "nE/vy i5kem
E?D, Ak#E "nE/vy i5kem e?D uc# /E$? Al a EVm e"Xkem,
E## E/rne/p?D e?/ a^p?#I ?^p#? E/rne/p?D/. UE Ak#p ?#/
E/rne/p?/ µ/l ?^ ?^p#? E/rne/p?/em

Ak#p ?#/# E/rne//l e?/Ke a µkCDm / Ecm. Ak#p ?#/ e?D

E?C= E?kCl C#Ip?D C#ID, u Ak#p ?#/# E/rne/k Ecm, E?C= E?kCl
C#Iktm e$ tIkQID e?/K$  iE/!

Ak# ep?^ i5kpE?C=D e?#/ >rm e"y

Ak# µM/Ke$ eOkE# >rm e"y
„ e6 u kem, K=r kem Q= 5m-C|r?
Vl $VDI Ak# µMDm i5k
el = m e?K6 µM# rFχ e?=
e?5/ /nm e?=, -A a#I, "[ an/sD e?=
5I u e/Ir- i5kpE?C=D e?#/ >r<k

Ak#p ?#/# E/rne/p?l e?D i5kem  e$e6 ?r}r$l,

π5?# /.

^./χl e$ e"lC=E/

Vc?r e$ ?^p#? E/rne/kC=rE
eD ?rp?/Ke rFχ i5kC=E/
e?KE=r e$ e"lC=rE
em?$r, u=$r e$ e"lC=rE
 eD π? i5kC=E/

uc#<l i#  /=$ . iK#= a^p?#I #D ?^p#? E/rne/p?D
e?D /$ke e?5/l/ ?^p#? E/rne/kRm, πF"#$$ Ak#p ?#/#
E/rne/kRm Xekem.

ul ?^ Ak#p ?#/# E/rne/p?/Ke $l e Ec^ aOl sr$

a^p?#I n# ic # π.km.

1. urn/ n

2. -=m"rn/ n

1. urn
rn/
rn/ n
n

a. Urm (Interest))

π^kl ?^/l, ?^p- Rm ^$ i5kem. π^D ?^/l, ^$$ ?^p-m e/
i5kem. UE π^/, Urµ ?^p#? E/rne/k Ecm. apE?D / ?^kem 
E?D "nE/v ?^k µ^Ym, ?^D µ^/ π a/Ke. E#l "nE/v e"l?I
µ^Ym. a7p- /tID, Ak# µMDm an/ eOpπtI D#=<EE i5nD, O 5m Ke
uK? e/IrnD K6kecEI i5k µ^Ym.

U.  = (Skills))

iK#<EE i5kem = u ?^kem ?^pπKem, a/Ke. E#kem E/#

i5n/l, „ e"K# en/ =#$Ym K6ke E/#<l#. UE u D#=<l
„ ee #l, µl# e?= µ^Ym. . Urm tm i5nD = ill E?$l,
u ke iK#<EE il/ =# K6ke eem π^kem, χ EVl
µ^l QI E?m. UE ove5 ?^pπKem E/#$ = e$e6 aOnD, an/
= / ke i5kC=/ e$ UynD / ke e?5/$ ?^p#? E/rne/k Ecm

i . eV
V (Personality))

ove5 E#kem/?^p-kem, o5 eOpπtI eV E/#p?C=D. Urµm =;m i5n/l

tm E?/D. ?^p-ke uK= eV;m aχm. e?O<l/5Dm ?^k Ece=l,
am χkem ?Bkm aχm. U$l, ap?^p?tI ?Bkm o5. eVll il#e=l,
e?O<l/5Dm ?^p- ?^kem yp- C#I/l QI, al eKOe?= µ^D.

2. -=m "rn
"rn/
rn/ n
n (External Factors))

a. e?5
e?5/ JA>#
JA># (Economic Situation))

i6 ? ?^p- > ?^p- UCtI JA>#<l, e?5/ JA># e?D aχm

kCl e Ec^ o5 nem. o5 ?^p-ke E/#$ Urm, =, e V in/
[6m i5n/7m, an/ U. e/
/ p
pe?
pe?c
e?c (Marks))

?^p-k$ tIm tIkQ^ >#<l em?m il#e=l, an/ eOpπtI ?^p#? ?^k
µ^l E?m.

U. e/
/ p
pe?
pe?c
e?c (Marks))

V= ?^D, V= E/rR eM<5n/l QI, χ5ke / 5mπ ?^p-ke uK= pe?c
C#Ikl E?<5kC=D. a/  χr /Ke# QI e"yD eC=r. e$ a?/m
iD? pe?c tm / Ak#? a/#$ e#= e/l, Ak# B ar
/eK=r UCC=r e$? ilE il#. >/r"$l, CtI/tI el
?^p- kem r# E/rne/k pe?c# µ/l n #kC=r. a/$l,
pe?c e#= e/l, / 5mπ ?^p- ?^k µ^l E?m. UE/, ip?^p?tI
o5 JA>## ere ur K6 tI e#=n/?t"m 5 ?^p-#D
o= π o= µ$E E/rne/D #5k Ecm e$ 1Y6DC=r.

i . ?^p-/
^p-/E# um
um ?KO
?KO
KO /l
/l

O5m uk JB1l, ecnI ?^p- ove5 V m aOµp?/p?C=$.

ove5 ?^p-kem E/#$ Urm, =, e V ee$$, /$tχ lr. e=l
e$, >r>#p ?l#kBm e=l e$, eOpπtI ?^p-ke ep?^ cpπp?D e?D
E?6 ? /$ /l#, ?^p#?Ym, lr.##Ym E/rne/p?/Ke µ e/.nD
#5k Ec^<5kC=D. in/ /l m, ?^p#? E/rne/p?l µkCp ?e CkC=$.
iK#= e/.nD e, u ke e?5/m e$ „ >#$kem ?^p#? ?^/, an/ eOpπtI
D#=<l E#?rp?r# "nD u#I Ecm.

i/K, .r R"r e$p?m ul UE"r#Ym "nkm. u ke e?5/$
?^p#? E/rne/k, ul sr$ E/rR m i5kC=$.

UE EKQO U6 #Ym $l ec ?^p-# E/rne/. ap?^

E/rne/kp?tI ?^p-,u ke al "nE/v#/Ym, o5 Vl Ak##Ym
a#D/5m. >F"m Vl u. E# C#Ikem. ap?^ C#IkD E?$l, Al Vmπk#
iBkD „E u k$ E## u5kCketr.

#Iχ o5 ?njF Ik: iD u Ak#! „ tm / u Ak#ke e?6p-,
u e?KE=rE, K=rE al!
11

11. /l
/l eX
eX# K6k
K6ke
K6ke 
e 
 

/1kem E?D alD 5m VIn/ -l, /m? ke i5kem eV5km Vt e"lF
e"l e#=nD/y elIm ?5m Q6C=r. in$ Ak#<l, /#
ep?/ E?D$ EVµm, UK=7m ill E?yD/ iv6 ?r e"l/Ke
π$l i5kem m e$ V >#$kCE=. e#=$ EVl, k e#=n/ UK=#
?? E# e"yYm in ?K#= Vm a=I Al ??5CE=m. aE/
E?l /# ep?D/Kem u/D X i5kC=/ e$?

Um. o5 X i5kC=D. an/ Xke / D##p ?KO o5 χ6 -./l i5n/l E?Dm. an/
X< e?r / “/l eX”.

µ#$r. E. "pE e= ul UE"r, ?lE6 UyFχ e"yD, /r//m?<$r
5 #l / /# ep?DC=r e6 cπ^Dr.

1. ?t
? t r
r#/
r#/
#/: / E/K=#/, e"l# ?tI Ece$ er?rp?D. ap?^p?tI
?t [m /$D /$mπk## Em?k e #BD.

/ D# e"yYm ove5 v#/Ym e"K# ill uc#E $m unD ?tI
Ecm. ?tm E?D u e1l /l ep?I Ecm. u D# Q6m v#
$, e?6# EtI7m in/ /l eX<l aIem. In/l VIn/ /6#
lD, aK#=p?KO E?"l >Al ADm u /# ep?Dm 5em.

2. /$k
/$ke$E EVm
EVm e"X
e"X/
X/l: / D#kE πE EVm oDkC, en/ o5 e/n/Rm
ill E"rnD i5p?D, o= E#?rp?D E?=KO [m a#? ep?DD.

tt^l i5kem EV#/E alD e<l Qt^Fe"l7m EV#/E D#ke$ EVm

e"Xp?/ eDke µ^D. ?r tt^l i5kem E?D, E6 uE/ E#
?rDkecEI, D#YI e<l e"l7m E?D e"loE?ll E?χ ?^E i5p?r.
ap?^ i5p?D in/ /l eXke e$D. D#YI, a$ EVm e"Xk Ecm
e6 aχm il#. enj" EVy i5n/7m, a/#$ µM# / D#YI, /
D#kE e"Xp?E/ in/ /l eX< /Dem.

3. ?.
. : ?. /5/ [µm a#? ep?DD. i/#$ ‘UF".m /5D’ e6 QI
eDkem.

?. e?D a # p-/y i5k Ece$ il#. „E u #l
eM/5m o5 AD at#IE alD 5 z?y Eя s QI i5km. o5 E#
u D# in/ /l eX# µ/# /l eX ec^5n/l, 5 V, π=n/
V E?= µkC /5# =nD D a5ke en/ uK=#/ /5m.
4. u/
u/ e"l
e"l: /$D D#ke en/ #elm u/ E/#p?C=D e?#/ cπ^D,
an/ #l u/ e"y /#$ /r?keD, u/ e"yD E?=#.

tt E#7m, a7 E#7m u/y i5p?D, aχ$ EVl, µM#

/ D# e"y Ec^ E## /E$ e"yD µ^DD E?=# in/ eOpπtI /l
eX<l aIem.

5. s?."m: a#? µ/y, t^ π^p?D, /t^kep?D, uI7=R eD E?=KO [m
e/.p?DD.

?r 5$ -l #ErD VIp?D, E/l #E?tkeD, a?y E/l "ynD
eD E?=K#= e"y5p?r. i# s?."m e;m /l eXE. aK#=
5C evR 5I$7m e"yE!

ep?^ /
/ D#<
#< /l
/l eX
eX# cπ^p
cπ^p?
cπ^p?D?

u D## $l #D π5m E ke #Ip?/ [m u D#< /l
eX e# e?/#$ cπ^DIm.

ep?^ /# e D# elIm ep?DC=r?

e$ .$ v# V e"yl# e$ e D# elIm avE?D -r

Q6C=r?

e D# elIm en/ v# a^k^ e"yY6 EtkeC=r?

i/ [m u D#< µ/# /l eX#Ym, icIm, [=m /l eX#Ym

cπ^D, an/ eXl u /# ep?/ K6ke Ecm. ?5m / /#
/;#I /l eX<l tE / D#ke ep?DC=r. av6 e"yD, /EB
e/./ o5.Im e"6 /Xl E?χt, evR e"$7m -.nDeE tEI eC=r
e6 e"l7m µtI/$Ke "m.

E6 χr ekF"k$ /# $Dke #Dkec a/#$ ep?/E tEI

eC=r. iD EVr7ke e"6 t, /$ke e$ =# i5kC=D e?#/ arE
e/.nDetm, V eDRm e"ltEI e6 e"l/Ke "m.

UE / D#ke en/ /l eX<l / /# ep?/ Ecm e?#/ -.nD

ec, avE?D an/n/ /l eXl ep?DE/ /l u= iχm.

oE .$ /l eX# ecI i5r /m? e?5m?7m a#l#.

Ec$l, i55m oE .$ /l eX# e /#
?Bkp?kem, a/ µ/l ?^, /$D D#< /l eX# aOnD, an/ #<l
/# ep?DD Uem.

in/ /l eX e;m ul Et?t^#$ 5Ke /r?ke/K

akp?m UE"#$< E?Dm, πF"#$ uK?t, ul UE"#$k aƒem E?Dm,
url /m?<$5ke e"l1/p?C=D. iK#= ?? u Ak##
p?ke . ADk!
12

12. K
K= µ^Y?
µ^Y? al
alD = µ^Y??
µ^Y??

lIm ul UE"#$ke 5m ?5m / em?$r o5# K= µKχD al E/l
a#InD π$r ul UE" e$l ar# K=µ^Ym e$ >#$D 5C=r.

aπ [m K=r# K= µ^Ym e6 ?r Vm-C=r, U$l uc# e$ell
aπK 6D e?D avR e/ VInDD C#ID. aπK = Ecm e=
tIm u=l nkp?m E?D, u=R enj"m enj" "ke/IeC=D. a- e?D
tIK=D. u#/ u ?^E uK6keD/ uc#$ a-. tI
nkp?tI a-, ?C=D. „ ip?^ O$l tE e a-ke u./ e6
Q6D >K=D.

aπK 6D e6 >#$Dkec, /#$/E$ tIp? 6D e?D /#$
iBnD, /$mπk## iBnD, a/$l / xDm, K=r xDm u ?r# O, u#
k a#IFe"yYm. Ec$l a-, u# „E KOke o5 †cEy,
e/Iky i5km. apE?D u u rR K=K$ E/## u ke ur
u# Xtm. ap?^ „ u ke e"yYm K=E >n/y i5kem.

ul e$ e"lC=D e=l, e?.r rnD tI 5#I e V#Ym K=
5m K=µ^D. ar /E / e V# KOke Ecm e6
>#$/l tE, ar = Vm u/ e"y µ^Ym. e Vl K=m e?D eBn#/
?5l tE a?t"m "m. χkct πyt µ/l i;m ? ul aOr e
V e?# a eBn#/p?5l u5CC=$ e6 Q6C=r. e$E
ar eBn#/p?5 a;?#p e?6D ar e V u5C<5kC=$. o5.
eV =Ec$l, arD eBn#/p?5 a;?# njm aKe, ar
- Ak# a;? i5k Ecm, a/  ar ke / xDm, K=r
xDm, in/ uC xDm uK$E i5n/ ?r# O i5k Ecm.

ul UE"#$< E?D, ar Ak# a;?# E6 #<l ?rk u/
e"y/ [m K=K$ #/# #/kCE=m. an/ #/  , ar =,
arD EcE E?.l u/ e"yCE=m

e V = Ec$l, VI#/<l K=m uK?I Ecm. VI#/<l uK?m K=m

e?D 5 ?^ >#l VIp?/ peF"s & ^Cct UC -A e?K= ur
Q6C=r.

1. χn/#$
χn/#$ke
/#$ke µn
µn  >#:
#: VI#/<l K=m e"y Ec^E/ il# e= ecm i5kem
>#

2. χn/#$
χn/#$ >#:
#: VI#/<l K=m e"y/l V= i5kem e= ecm uK?m >#
 3. /r
/r?Dm >#:
# : VI#/<l K=m e"y /#$ /r?ke m >#

4. K
K=m e"yYm
e"yYm >#:
#: VI#/ K=#/ uc#<l e"yYm >#

5. K
K=#/ /k
/k #Dk
#Dke
Dke m
e m >#:
# : e"yD VI#/ K=#/ Ak# µM/Ke
/k #Dke m >#

in/ Et?t^ ?^, ul UE"#$ke 5m o5r en/ ?^ >#<l i5kC=r e?#/
cπ^D, a/Ke /en/ UE"#$ akp?t o5 ?^ >#<15nD, a/ ?^>#ke
ec u/ e"yCE=m. oE o5 "npπ [m o5# ‘χn/#$ke µn#/ >#<15nD’,
‘K=m e"yYm >#ke’ ec µ^D. o5 "npπl χn/#$ke µn >#<l i5kem
o5#, χn/#$ >#ke ec u/ e"y/l aDE eKO /. ? EVl K=m
e"yYm >#ke π=e, a/Ke µn#/ ?^># ke χr e"6D uc. ap?^p?tIr#
xcm ove5 ?^>##Ym /cI u/ e"yD, ‘/k#D e m >#ke’ ar n/ π=e
/, VI#/ K=m uc#<l >AC=D. e$E K=m >B enj" m π^kem. e?6#
E/#.

µkC
µkC eOp-:
eOp-: ar X<l B a5ke u.# uc. o5r = Ec$l aD
a;?m = Ecm. K=r# K= Ecm e6 „ >#$D a/K e$ket
u/D e"yD ecEI i5n/l, #Iχ<l „ / kke Utr. = Ec^
vl o5r =l# e6 „ 5$l, Ak#Ym uµm /k a;?m eD
ar# = #kem e?#/ $l e . K=r = Ecm e6 >#$D u/
EtIl tE „ ar ke u/ e"y µ^Ym.
13

13. a#$5kem
a#$5kem aχ
aχm E/# a"rt^v
a"rt^ve$
rt^ve$s
e$s!

Vm Ak#<l Vm ?5I e/Ir- eCE=m Vm e"K m e"l m χ# Vke

eV5kkeC=$, χ# e. m UkeC=$. e. u5/Kem, Vc?r C#Ip?/Kem
Vm VI#/ m, e"K m o5 µkC$  i5kC=$.

Vm VI#/ m, e"K m K=#E alD /#$E -c?IFe"yYm E?D, eV5km e#=nD

?##  yp- uK?C=D.

Vm Ke=55I e/Ir- e m E?Dm, K=r I E"rnD e"l# e"yYm E?Dm

π5m [6 #$ -c?/ll u/D oE= VIp?#/ ?rkm.

1.K=r $m -c?6 u/D e"l1CE=m alD VInD eCE=m (Aggressive Behaviour)

2.K=r $m -c?IkQID e$k 5, e"l Ec^#/ e"ll alD e"y Ec^#/
e"yl Vm $#/ VE -c?k eCE=m.(Passive Behaviour)

3.an/ JB1l r $Dm -c?Il i5k Ec^, e#/D e?y# e"l1 "kCE=m
alD JAFχ VInD eCE=m. (Manipulative Behaviour)

in/ [6 #$ -c?/l #R# ?rpE?m. K=r -c?6 Vm VInD

ecIl, ae µ#= e/IeC=D. e=D o5 V -c?tIr Vm# -c?/ yp#?
er?rD ec^5p?r. yp- C#Ik, C#Ik µ#= e/Ir#/C E?em. K=r
-c?IkQID e$ „E u# -c?kecIl, or el#ke π=e Vm# VE aOl
K=# -c?/ e/ICEm. K=r -c?/kQID e= a^p?#I EVkm
>#=E=l E?ym. e?y e"$E alD JAFχ VInD ecIE, uc# e/.
5m E?D, Vm $E alD π=r $E >F"m -c?m.

UE in/ [6 µ#= E /rkp?I Ec^E. ul ?^, -c?/l e?D l/Ke
uK=/l. aD /$ke uK?tI7m "., K=5ke uK?tI7m "., icE /=$D /.

in/ -c?/# E?k ul µ #kp?m =E$ a"rt^ve$s.

‘a"rt^ve$s‘ e?/ e?5:

K=#Ym Ip?/D, /#$Ym Ip?/D e/Ir-el K6m VInD

e /l

/#$Ym, K=r#Ym " ?/l

K=r# Ip?/D, / /$ A/l

 / E/##Ym, urR#Ym K=5ke o5 e?5/$/".$ µ#=<l
ep?D/l

K=r K6m / xD E?p?I7m, 5ke7m e"l# e"y/l

K=r πF"#$#, / πF"#$ ?D e?6#y lD Et -.nD

e /l

a5ke u. u.## /l

Vm E/##Ym K=r E/##Ym a;".D µ^R# e/l

e$E a"rt^ve$s e?#/ /Xl ‘5m -c?I cm /#$ ># >6kel‘ e$
eX e?rkCE=.

ev6
6 i/#$ V#Iµ
V#Iµ#= Al
Al #Iπ^p
#Iπ^p?
π^p?D?

µ^n/ # K=#Ym, u#Ym 5/D, u urR#Ym ec#Ym

EVr# K=r ke e/.p?D. eDktI, u ke E?m 5C=D
e=l, a/#$ tp?kec V^kl, aE/ E?l E?p?t /l, e$ke
E?m 5C=D e6 e# ur/l e"l Ecm.

u $m e"l/Ke e VInD e}r. uE/ o5 v#/ ul e"y
µ^D e6 5$l, ‘µ^D’ e6 eK= urll, aE/ EVl K=#
Ip?/l e"l7.

a"rt^ve$s e?D o5 #. a#/ K6ke enj" m π^kem. in/ ##

K6ke m # µKχ# #ID i5/l aχm.

5m
5m -c?I
-c?I c
cm E?
E?D ep
e p? ^?

?^ 1: a/r E?/Ke p?D lY

?^ 2: „ e$ lD -.nD ecr e$ a/5ke e/.p?D

Cpπ# E? 5m? e"l7

u r#/# E?t e"lm

ar e$ urRI E?χ$r e?#/Ym Q=Rm

?^ 3: i5n/7m (‘U$l’ e"ll) e6 e/IC u 5#/ u6$ e1l e"lRm

u .## D
D VInD
VInD e 
e 
  

K=r a5ke. u.## e?KO5kC=r („ m /). aK#= D e"l?I
Ecm. π5m u.# u al ? aOrl Q=p?tI#, "E=rl
uK6kep?tI#.

1. ?l, i$m, D e$ en/ o5 ?e?O, o5 "$ /ll/$ VI/p?I u.#

2. e"l = ecI l/$, u. .#/E VI/pe?= u.#
 3. ep?^ /$D EV#/ ??/ Ecm e?#/ E/rR e"yYm u.#
4. ‘e$ke e/.D‘ e6 oDke m u.#
5. aB u.#
6. e$ EcE a#/ Et u.#
7. (e/.l) /6 e"y u.#
8. ‘µ^D‘ e$ eK= urR ill e"l7m u.#
9. / E/## K=r ke e/.p?Dm u.#
10. ‘e$ke -.l#‘ e$ uc## e"l7m u.#
11. /l# e/.nD e m u.#
12. /n i5k/B u.#
13. V V$ B u.# (K=r e#$ ep?^ B e"lC=rE ap?^ al)
14. / $#/ KOke u.# (7m tIp?/?ID)

in/ 21m 0K=c^l, Vm l/ u.# ?KO am E?CE=m. l e?= u.#, /l e?6m
u.# e$ "tI [ a^p?#I u.#l ? u.## E"rkem Vm, EKQO χ
u.## /l l/ Al i6m 6D / 5CE=m. il µkC$ πF"#$
e$e=l, Vml CtI/tI elE5keE "tI/l Bp?tI u.# /c^,
EKe"$6 ? u.# u$ e?#/ e/.l i5p?E/!!
14

14. UC
UC
Cm eD
eD

X<l ?^/7m "., UC X<l ?^/7m "., UCl E?D e?D IE uD.
i/Ke  ee$$ e?#/ µ/1l ?r/l, aK#= ep?^ ". e"yD e?/#$
el cπ^D Im.

UCm e?D o5 eX e?#/ =nD t alD #=D t ?kl<l ?ItI
ekp?t$. UCm e?D o5 ?Im e?D E?l ?ItI u$.

E7m UCm e?D o5 aOR e6 ?r e"l V Et^5kCE=. ar iC‘ VEtj
e6 eOpπC=r. ip?^ e"lD µKO7m /6! o5 eOpπtI ?Il aOR e?= an/
?I#/ ?^km. U$l o5 eOpπI eX<l -# e?= an/ eX# ?^k QID.
K6ke Ecm.

aOl sr ?r/l, eX# K6ke m /µm, ?I#/ ?^kem /µm evE6.
eDktI, E<l ?I#/ eDke . E<1l aOR e?=, Epe?5t,
"?, aK#= ??Dm µ#= E?=K#=p -/#/ ?^E/ alD Uχ.r
[E e/.nD e Ecm.

U$l VD /y eX# K6ke -/#E alD Uχ.r# V^E$m?

il#E!

en/ o5 eX#Ym K6kel Ve ?e u$.

1. lp?D (Listening)

2. E?D (Speaking)

3. ?^p?D (Reading)

4. eMDD (Writing)

VD /y eX# K6ke, µ/1l Vm ‘lk’ e/ICE$m. VD em?$5m, akm
?k$5m Vm#F KO E?#/ -.l lD π$r enj"m enj" -.e/IC ‘E?"’
e/ICE$m. E?m E?D ap?^E " kCl Vm E?" e/Il#. µ/1l
heMD, HeMD, [e=MDk u e e"K# Vm K e/ICE$m. eDktI
, E?, s, am, ap?, ac, , /c‹, k, Vy E?=#. π=e e kC#
#$F e"K ec E?χE$m. apE?D E?l Vm e"y/ /6 ke /cI#$
C#Ikl#, 5m E1 e"yl#. Vm ". e"yp?tEIm. i/Kelm π=e/ ?^p?Dm,
eMDDm n/$.

U$l Vml ?r ep?^ UC eX# K6kecEIm? µ/1l ?^k, eM/e/IC E?"
n/l, /= E?χ$l E1 e"yr e$ >#$D >#$E/ UCl E?"l i5nD
CE=m. #Iχ<l UC#/ l/l e?D ?5ke yp?E/ il#.

U o5 eX# K Ec^ µ#=<l UC#/ Vm K/Dm, o5 ?I#/ ?^p?D E?6

UC#/ ?^/Dm/ ipE?D Vm UCm E?" µ^l E?/Ke a^p?#I .

e$E UCm E?" e/Ie/Ke µ? UC#/ lk /$ke e?5/ u
X# cπ^k Ecm. UC#/ am Et^/r eVt UC e"y
a#.#"#p ?r/l o6m -.D. av6 e"y/l, ‘ayE, o6m -.l#’ e6
Vmπk# iBnD I yp- uc. i5kem Xl u ke e?5/$, u ke EtIl
-.Ym #<l u X# E/rne/D e"l?/ Ecm. i6 UC eX# lk ?
yp- u$. eDktI ? /A a#.#"l, UCF e"y# /Br
χkC=r. an/ UCm hRke elE5kem -.Ym, aE/ E?l inl ekp?tI
UC #p?I# /A alD UC ‘"p #It^l’ uI ?rkm.

Et Et, UC eX< uF".p- m, kC a#p- m u ke hRke ?.F"C
m. en/ eX<7m Um?l E?/Ke E/# e"K m, e#$ kC# a#k
ikµm.

UCF e"K ke Vm inrIm ?nj"E i5kD. Vm ??Dm e"Kl UCF

e"K ? i5kC=$. aK#= #D enj"m ik#/Ym K6kec ic, [6
r#/ ecI e kCl e/IC, π$r e# E Et K6kecIl
UCl E?m ## K6kem.

E?F ?<Kχ ep- u ke UC#/ lkRm, ikm K6keD enj"m
enj"y E?"Rm u/m. av=$ ep- ke E? µ^l# ell, UCm
e/.n/rIm avE?D UCl u#^Ym, lDm m. UCm eM/p ?^k
e/./ ?r, K=rIm u#^E UCm K6kec^5p?#/ V ?r5kCE=.

K=rIm u#I yp- C#Ikl# ell, u I „E UCl E?"m. „
u ke χnp?#/ UCl e"ym.

u ke e/./ r#/#, UCm e/.n/rIm EtEI alD u /yeX<l
u e"K ke >$ UC r#/# akem e"l# ?rE/ e/.nD
em.

e/IrnD iv6 UC#/ lDm, QF"p?Il, eK= urll UC#/ E?χYm
n/l V#Il " UCl E?D "E!

eOp-: ?5m UC aOR (English knowledge) e= e"lI# ??DC=r. uc#<l
ar e"l 5D e$e=l, UCl -# (English fluency) e?D/. UE
UCl -# e?= -/ ec E/rRk ?^p?D E? ?^kl, lkRm, E?"Rm
e/Ie. ADk!
15

15. DRke
DRke a^
a^#D
#D hr
hr uIl
uIl, $, em?,
em?, "µ
"µ/
EVy
EVy

i6 D e^p?D e?D "[/l a@.kp?tI o5 ?BkC tI >#<l, e^ke

a^#e?r ecnk# a.DkecEI e"lC=D.

µ/1l E"/#$ e"yD ?rkem / e/IC, enj"m enj" E?#/ a;?#/ xcm
xcm e?= Ec^ e/IrnD ??/ e/IeC=r. o5 tIl, D e^kl i5n/l,
uIl Vm il/D E?l ukQ^ >## a#IC=r. an/ EVl, / e^ke
a^#C tEI e6 urn/7m, uIl VE/ i5k tIm D e^/ Ecm e=
JBl uK?t e^ke a^#C=r.

DRke a^#$ ?5m Um?EE a e^D, a^# UC IpE?/ J #D

e^/r al. Vc?rl K-6/l, "nE/v#/Ym, Dk#/Ym ?CrnD e/ QO
enj"/ e^k e/IeC=r. V#Il ar kE e/.l DRke
a^#CC=r. D$l, uI1l ?p?#I/ u6p- eDRE il# e$m.
aRke a$ e^$D,  µkC [## ?D, >#$K=l iBp-, eBp?m,
$pπm# uK?IRm, i/#/ ?D ur i/ aM/m, µ#=K= V^ D^p- uK?IRm,
ν## ?D, " EVy utI ? EVy e/K6  a yp- uK?IRm, i#p#?#
?D, a/ utr tCpE?/l, i/pE?ke, <K6p-c E?=# uK?IRm, l‘#
?D, a/#$ tkm a#IFe"yD aBKχ EVy E?=KOKe UkC -K6EVy uK?IRm
e"ym. E7m #m, c‹l, χ6„m, UC K= ? u6p-#Ym ?kC=D. eOp? D
e^p?/$l, Uc#ke#=R uK?Dm, -K6EVy uK?Dm /KE?D a.D 5C=D.

D $ aM/#/ e#=p?/ ?r 5DC=r. uc#<l D, ??D?r#

a^#p? $ aM/#/ t e5#/ /kC=D. e#, /Ke#, -rFχ,
eBn#/# ?1l Ž µ#= e"yD E?= "m? m,  µOR a.D Rm D
o5  µkC em. E7m #, $ aM/m, e$ $># K=m a#I/l,
/Ke# ecm K6m $Fχ#/R EVy UC# uK?I D y i5kC=D.

i6 a.D 5m "[ πF"#$ ke D o5 µkC m. e^ke a^#/ ?r,
l o5 V, ?rt^ e$ e$ e^D t $m ht^ ?. u<5kem u#I# kem u#
#kC=$r.

“V ? 5I e^D t c^ htCE=, U$l ?D VIn/E/ il#” e6 D

e"$l, "#<l e"= K=r elm ?rD $y c^ ht^ i5kC=r alD
"#<l E6 5E il# e6 ar/E /, an/ eOpπtI V?r e^D t c^#
=# ht^$r e6 ar/m C#ID. ap?^ 5m e"yRm µ^D. ue$ll D o5.
[## / tp?tke eDkeC=D. o5r D a5n<5kem E?D, "#<
>AR c kem, D kem uK?m - urR X [## e"=#I //m
UC, [# a/Ke. tI# eD, # m l m E/#$ VI^k# ek enj"
EVm π^kem. iD "/$ EVl a# eV^<l VInD m >AR. U$l D
e^5p?r ke, ?D VInD enj" EVKe π=e /, ?D VIp?D ?KO Xp-rR
uK?m. a/Ke ?. u<5m u#I# m ?O E?<5kem.

DRke ?m C#Ik/ E?D /$D tt^l 5Dm, tt^l i5kem e?5t# 5kem
e/.l eD K6Dm, / tt^l ?m il/ E?D, a/r u#I##
5D >AC=D. eIl1<l VIn/ k e’$ -rFχ "m?l, eK=m e"y5n/
elE5E e^5n/r e?D o5 µkC e"y.

D o5 /ll/l uI#Ym, $#/Ym, "[#/Ym ?p?E/ tll, aD K=

em?$#Ym en/ ?p-ke ukeC=D. eDktI,  e^D t 5r
e=l, #$$r “i6 e$ UeE? oMy t nD E"r? tt^l e$ tI
i5keE?” e6 enEVµm #p ?KO #p?t #p?t aD E## ".
e"yl, eBn#/# lk µ^l E?m. e^D t em?$# a^p?D, tt^l
u e?5t# u#Ip?D, E?#/ e/n/RI E?#/<l e/.l e"y// QO lp-
Et?D i6 ? VInD 5m >AC tID.

Dp?Bk#/ teIXk alD a^#D i5k, ove55kem iD eO/

Xp-rFχ aχm. D uI7ke, eOp? i/Ke VlD e$ UyFχ e"l/ ?5m
Q6C=$r. iv6 e"lp?m UyFχ eVt^l e"yp?tI#. ae i5kem
D?$ ute?5t E6, VD Vt^l u D?$ ute?5t E6. UE
ae e"yp?tI UyFχ µ^R Vm Vt^Ke e?5n/ ypE? il#.

D e^p?/$l, πF"#$ /$ }rnD I E?l#. uc#<l πF"#$ a.kE

e"yC=$. uIl,$ V#$ iBnD, ?#/Ym iBnD "[l hr iX$ >## a#I D
 i5kC=D.

D$l uK?m }## /k, a/#$ e^D E"/#$ e"yD ?rkl i5p?Dm, µM#
teIXp?DE F χ=n/ X µ#=em. e^ke uK$E a^# UC i5n/l, a/K$ u.
5D χCF#" eDkec, Ak# µMDm e^kl i5k ove5 V m #<l
“i6 V e^k tEI” u6 eDkec, U/R eMkl e/IrnD ?EK6 5/
[m Dp?Bk15nD e µ^Ym.

D e?D "[ A o5 ?e e6 5D?r, em?$r, em? 5Dr, Vc?r,
ul UE"r E?=rIm ".$ UE"#$ EKec e^kp?m D
a#Ym, e^kem Vt#Ym, e^kem E?D ekp?I Ec^ µ eF".k##Ym ".$
µ#=<l ek Ecm. eDktI, “V /Ke o5 µ#=, aDRm 30 .1 tm e^pE?.
apE?Dm /l e^k tEI, c^ eDRm htI tEI.” iD E?6 /$ #
eDkec, a# tI #Iπ^kp?t n/l D$l uK?m }## hRke
tp?/ µ^Ym.

VO: ^.^.E 5D#$

16. u eBn#/

#/ m-
m-e/
m-e/l
e/l#ke
#ke u
uC
C=r
=r?
?

m-e/l# e?D ? ep-l, ? eBn#/ ke >Mm >A i5kC=D. m-e/l#
e?D a^p?D, tD, / D, $kIm eFe"yD, ?tIpe?r #Dk QpπD,
E1 e"yD, ?µ6DD, π^k/#/F e"yk tIp?DD e$ eD Ec$7m
i5km.

in/ m-e/l# >#= eBn#/#  a al ?kC=D. E7m e?5m?#$
eBn#/ avE?D iv=$ m-e/l# ke UC=r e6 - ?
e/.kC=$. ? eBn#/l in/ m- e/l## ep?^F "p?D e?D ?KO
#<EE ?^kl, ?Il $m e"7/ µ^l E?C=D.

aD E? am E?r ?^kem ep-l, Uχ.rl eBn#/#F ".k lk µ^l

E?C=D. Uχ.rIm E?yk eBn#/ e"lm e=l ? Uχ.r ke r e"l#/
Vm-D e= eBp?m uK?t, EV#  elE5m, e$ VIn/D e6 e?6#y
".k µ^l elE5m oK6#y i5k Ece6 e"l1t m-e/l#
e/I R$F "tχ i5nD E?C=r.

i/$l Uχ..Im e"l/l o6m ?ll# e6 >#$Dkec eBn#/

/ keEE an/ E"#/ #Dp -MCkec i5kC=r. E7m ?keF e"lD
o5 $ a;?y ilD, i6 e$ VIkp E?C=E/ e6 >#$D >#$D ? e?D
?µ6Dm iI OpE?C=D.

u χ eBn#/ K=r# m-e/l#ke UkeC=r e6 ?r/l, ar

K=r $#/ HrkRm, / a#/ K=r xD cπkRm av6 VInD
eC=r. e?5m?7m m-e/l#ke K=r# Ukem eBn#/ em?l
avE?D "c#I m, E?/? m VIp?/ UyFχ Q6C=$. / xD
em?$l e"7/p?m a#/ E6 r x/D tIRm, / em?$l
ekp?I/ µkCD#/p e?=RE eBn#/ av6 VInD eC=$.

m- e/l#ke Ukem eBn#/ µ- E6 /l m- e/l#ke UkRm

?t^5km. aE/ E?l o5 eOpπtI eBn#/ m-e/l#ke K=r# UkeC=D
e=l, an/k eBn#/ m-e/l#ke e6E UD e6 C#ID.

m-e/l#ke en/k eBn#/ UC=$ e6 ?r/l, r K= 5I;m ap
?Bl oDC i5kC=rE, # m-e/l#ke UkC$l, erk #/.m ill
i5p?rE, #F ~c^$l $kIm erE, r e#=n/ /p
ecIr i5kC=rE ar/ el m-e/l#ke UC=r.

m-e/
m-e/l
e/l#π
#πF"#$#F
"#$# F "p
"p?
p?D ep
ep ?^ ?

u eBn#/ m-e/l#ke Ukem eBn#/y i5n/l, u em?F JA>##F "K6
uK6EVkCp?5.

em?l avE?D 5D E6? m, "c#I m VIn/l, eBn#/ a/#$p ?rD

5m E?D, ar# aOl Ak# e?D "c#I "F"R I i5n/l/ aD
sm e= o5 Vmπk# u5C I yp- uc. UE em?l uK?m 5D
E6?#k # /en/ VI^k##k eBn#/#k 5l ec ek Ecm.
Ec$l, ul UE". u/#p e?K6k em?F JB# Em?kem.

u eBn#/ ke µ.y i5p?E/ ? πF"#$#k #nD m. E7m K=r#
m-e/l#ke Uke/l, VlD >#$kem Vc?r tIm an/k eBn#/kek enj"m
enj"y e#=nD E?#/F e"l1p -.#Y.

K=r $#/ HrkRm m-e/l# e"yD, K=r xD am e"7D#/ I

Vl µ#=<l K=r ke u/ e"yDm, E?t^l nD ecm, e?6p-#
eDkec aK#=F ". >#=EK6/ [µm K=r $#/ Hrk µ^Ym e6m,
/=$ µ#=<l e?=p?m $m /K1$D, er#=$D e6m eBn#/ kep
e?6# eDFe"l7.

elE5m "$r, 5m 5kem e#=$r m alr, E$r m alr e=
pt#IYm, K=r I#p -.nD eRm, K=r e"l#/p e?6#k
lkRm ?<Kχ e.

µ^n/# K=r#k Ip?/7m, aE/ EVl /#k Ip?/7m /
5D# K=r ke e/.p?/Rm, avE= VInDeRm K6ke.

u eBn#/ m-e/l#ke Uem eBn#/y i5n/l, π5m v#F e"yY.

K=r u eBn#/# m-e/l# e"yC=r e=l, aD u eBn#/kep
π^kl# e?#/ u6$ e1l #/. an/ V?.Im e"6 e"l u eBn#/#
/r?D. ap?^Ym an/k eOpπtI V?r Etl# e=l, an/ V?# µMD
/rD IF e"l7, ar m-e/l# e"y#/ en/k m ecm
cekQID e6m, cecIl ar E7m E7m E1 e"y yp- am
e6m Q6. ip?^elm e"yDm an/ V?r e/IrnD m-e/l# e"yD ecEI
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