Reproduced from An APEC Trade Agenda?

The Political Economy of a Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific edited by

Charles E. Morrison and Eduardo Pedrosa (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2007). This version was
obtained electronically direct from the publisher on condition that copyright is not infringed. No part of this publication
may be reproduced without the prior permission of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Individual articles are
available at < http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg >
Index 243

Index

A changes required as result of

ABAC-PECC study team, 3 FTAAP, 6
AFL-CIO, 59 community-building process, 11
AFTA (CEPT) preferential tariffs, 194 differences with WTO and EU, 89
Aggarwal, Vinod K., 4, 238 extending outreach, 12, 13
Agreement on Dispute Settlement leaders meeting, 232
Mechanism, 209 liberalization agenda, 195
Agreement on Trade in Goods, 209 main organs, 232
agricultural goods Ministerial meeting, 232
exemption for, 77 model provisions, 186
agricultural products natural venue for consultations, 21
Japan’s strong opposition need to revitalize, 124
concerning, 116 process of intergovernmental
agriculture discussion, 16
difficulty in liberalizing, 117 revitalization as an institution, 15,
Andean Community, 16 16
Andean Community Agreement, 139 role of, 62
Andean Pact, 20 rules of origin, 177
anti-China legislation Secretariat, 232
violation of U.S.’s WTO trade liberalization, 11
obligations, 30 trade liberalization agenda, 39
anti-dumping measures, 62 undertaking organization reforms,
Anti-Monopoly Law, 91 13
APEC 2010 Trade Agenda, 1, 11 APEC approach
aligning regional PTAs, 11 guiding APEC cooperation, 97
deepening WTO, 11 relevance to China, 88
elements, 11 APEC Best Practices, 95
enhancing outreach, 11 APEC Business Advisory Council
undertaking APEC reform, 11 (ABAC), 1, 74
APEC, 2, 37, 58, 73, 191 duty to recommend FTAAP, 33
broad agenda, 233 recommendation for study of
challenges for, 228–34 FTAAP, 15

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 244 Index

study on FTAAP’s effect on FTAs with countries, 166

economy of APEC countries,
18
suggestion for APEC’s reform, 229
APEC Common Understanding on
RTAs, 90
APEC economies
adherence to WTO obligations, 2
differing approaches to FTAAP, 10
APEC members
a ready Plan B in FTAAP, 19
APEC mid-term stocktaking report,
93
APEC Ministers
view on free trade agreements, 5
APEC Most Favoured Nation, 83
APEC non-discriminatory
liberalization, 83
APEC process
proposal for restructuring, 87
APEC Secretariat, 34
APEC trade liberalization, 84
APEC trade liberalization process, 87
APEC-wide FTA, 87
Argentina, 146, 150
financial crisis, 148, 149
ASEAN economies
view on FTAAP, 9
ASEAN+3, 18, 92, 106, 166, 190, 217,
218
average tariff rates, 108
process, 225
ASEAN+3 countries, 122
ASEAN+3 Economic Ministers, 106
ASEAN+Six
FTA proposal, 20
ASEAN
challenges, 223–28
economic integration, 200
FTA partners, 215
FTA with, 101
importance to Japan, 105
key role, 223, 224
need to be outward looking, 214
perspective for promotion of trade,
190–234
population of, 214
promotion of agenda driven
process for APEC, 234
regionalism in Asia, 194
ASEAN countries
FTA status of, 197
ASEAN Economic Community
(AEC), 193, 195, 199, 201–205,
226
ASEAN Framework Agreement on
Services (AFAS), 200
ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), 188,
192
ASEAN Industrial Cooperation
(AICO), 191
ASEAN Industrial Joint Venture
(AIJV), 191
ASEAN Industrial Projects, 191
ASEAN integration, 227
ASEAN Investment Area (AIA), 200
ASEAN Plus Agreements, 208
building blocks, 207
ASEAN Plus FTAs, 185
ASEAN Plus One, 169
ASEAN Plus Three framework, 207
ASEAN Preferential Trading
Arrangement, 191
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), 190,
224
ASEAN Security Community, 193,
226
ASEAN Social and Cultural
Community, 193
ASEAN Vision 2020, 193, 200, 203,
226

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 Index
ASEAN-6, 226
ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand FTA,
170
ASEAN-centred FTAs, 199
ASEAN-China agreement, 216
ASEAN-China Comprehensive
Economic Cooperation (CEC),
209
ASEAN-China Framework
Agreement, 209
ASEAN-China FTA (ACFTA), 82, 83,
91, 169
ASEAN-China-Republic of Korea-
Japan FTA, 83
ASEAN-EU initiative, 208
ASEAN-India Comprehensive
Economic Cooperation, 212, 213
ASEAN-ISIS, 202
ASEAN-Japan Framework
Agreement, 210, 211
ASEAN-Japan FTA, 170, 211
ASEAN-Korea Comprehensive
Economic Cooperation, 211
ASEAN-Korea FTA, 171
ASEAN-plus agreements, 184
ASEAN-Plus FTAs, 177
ASEAN-wide FTA (AFTA), 105, 194
ASEAN-X formula, 204
Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM), 191
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC) see APEC
Asia-Pacific
economic context, 2
trade liberalization, 8
Asia-Pacific disintegration
costly effect, 20
Asia-Pacific FTAs, 184
Asia-Pacific integration, 168
Asia-Pacific PTAs, 186, 188, 189
Asian Bond Market, 218
Asian financial crisis, 208
10 FTAAP Index 245
245
Asian interests, 92
Asian Monetary Facility, 34
Asian Monetary Fund (AMF), 231
Asian values, 92
Australia, 28, 44, 82, 106, 122, 175
FTA, 78
negotiation of FTA with, 123
B
Baker, James, 50
Bali Concord, 202
Bali Concord II, 193
Basic Telecom Agreement (BTA), 43
behind-the-border issues, 94
Bergsten, C. Fred, 4, 5, 86, 96, 238, 239
bilateral FTAs
continued proliferation of, 16
bilateral preferential trading
arrangements, 19
bilateral trade agreements, 38
see also preferential trade
arrangements (PTAs)
bilateral trade issues, 94
Bogor Declaration, 22, 166
target date set, 93
Bogor Goals (1994), 2, 3, 84, 90, 93,
195
changes since, 16
failure to deliver, 87
importance to APEC, 11
Bolivaar, Simon, 128
Boliverian Alternative for the
Americas, 150
Brazil, 64, 146
primary barrier to successful Doha
round, 19
Bretton Woods regime, 47
Bush
fast track authority, 53
Bush Administration, 27, 59
political weakness, 62
6/7/07, 10:15 AM
 246
trade policy as integral part of
foreign policy, 28
Business Forum, 140
Business Roundtable, 53
C effect of FTAs, 82
Canada, 122
free trade area with, 52
Canada-US Free Trade Agreement
(CUSFTA), 42
Cancun Ministerial meeting (2003), 24
Cancun WTO ministerial meeting
(2002), 5
capital mobility, 205
CARICOM, 139
Caribbean Basis Initiative, 50
Caribbean countries, trading
agreement for, 52
Central America, 20
Central American Common Market,
180
Central American Free Trade
Agreement (CAFTA), 16
acceptance by U.S. Congress, 28
debate over, 57
involvement of small economies, 58
Centre for Strategic and International
Studies, 35
Chavez, Hugo, 150
Chiang Mai Initiative, 34, 217, 231
Chia Siow Yue, 239
Chile, 20, 44, 130
China, 53
accession to WTO, 73
ASEAN’s response to economic
rise of, 208
benefits of own RTAs/FTAs, 94
CEPA with Hong Kong, 81
CEPA with Macau, 81
challenges in terms of
administrative resources, 93
10 FTAAP Index 246
Index
charges of being “currency
manipulator”, 85
competition law, drafting of, 76
current trade policies, 75–83
economy of, 2
exports to the U.S., 2
full accession to WTO, 61
global surplus, 29
increasing trade tensions with U.S.,
17
joint feasibility studies on FTAs, 78
labour intensive and low-skill
product exports, 82
long-term strategy for APEC, 90
macroeconomic policy changes, 17
multinational corporations, 85
participation in RTAs and FTAs, 79,
90
participation in WTO Doha Round,
76
phased-in liberalization, 31
preference, 9
relations with other APEC
members, 74
relevance of APEC approach, 88
restriction on textile exports, 58
revaluation of renminbi, 17
RTA/FTA development, 78–83
services industry, 76
state-owned enterprises, 84
trade policy, non-problematic, 30
unilateral trade liberalization, 75,
76
U.S.’s trade deficit with, 4
WTO membership, 2
China-ASEAN Closer Economic
Agreement, 105
China-ASEAN FTA, 198
China-Chile FTA, 184
China-Japan rivalry, 34
6/7/07, 10:15 AM
 Index 247

Chinese exports Doha Development Agenda (DDA),

U.S. trade barriers against, 17 2, 7, 58, 87, 130
Civil Society Committee failure, 16
FTAA, 141 preferred choice, 8
Clinton, Bill, 53 Doha Plus, 64
Closer Economic Partnership Doha Round, 37, 65, 66, 131, 150, 153
Arrangements (CEPAs), 78, 208 admission of failure, 24
Cold War countries representing primary
end of, 52 barriers, 19
U.S. concerns, 47 extension of talks, 25
Colombia, 20 failure, effect of, 64
Competition Law failure, potential effect of, 20, 21
China, 76 marginal liberalization to be
competitive liberalization, 38 achieved, 18
competitive liberalization strategy, 53 possibility of failure, 39
computable general equilibrium (CGE) Dominican Republic-Central America
impact of FTAs on Japan, 113 Free Trade Agreement (DR-
concerted unilateralism, 88 CAFTA), 59, 180
countervailing duty measures, 62
convergence E
prospects for, 179, 185 Early Voluntary Sectoral
CTC rules, 178, 179 Liberalization (EVSL), 343
currencies East Asia
misalignment, 29 proliferation of subregional and
customs, 203 bilateral FTAs, 16
customs classification (CTC), 177 East Asia EPA
importance of, 106
D East Asia Summit (2005), 92
da Silva, Lula, 149 East Asian Economic Group, 20, 92
dairy products, 117 East Asian economic grouping
Declaration of Principles of the fear of, 63
Miami Summit of the Americas, East Asian Free Trade Area (EAFTA),
159 9, 16, 20, 21, 73, 92, 122, 166,
defeating bilateral trade agreements, 171
59 alternative approach, 222
Democrats, 59 alternative scenario of, 91, 92
“docking rights”, 28 challenges for, 219
Dillon Round (1960), 68 China’s promotion of, 96
Doha agreement common destiny, 220
Non-Agricultural Market Access, developmental gaps, 219
on, 58 economies of scale, 219

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 248
establishment of, 124
external orientation, 220
political objective, 219
possible roadmaps, 221
rationale, 219
early harvest, 169
Early Harvest programme, 78, 209,
216
Early Voluntary Sectoral
Liberalization, 62, 84
East Asia FTA, 217, 218
East Asia Study Group (EASG), 218
East Asia Summit, 199
East Asian Study Group, 225
East Asian Summit
process, 225
econometric analysis, 176
ECOTECH, 195
Enabling Clause for Developing
Countries, 201
Enterprise for ASEAN Initiative, 29
Enterprise for the Americas Initiative,
128
environmental issues
importance of, 154
EU-MERCOSUR, 46
Europe
declining growth rates, 3
protectionist pressures from, 34
European Coal and Steel Community
(ECSC), 42, 43, 49
waiver for, 49
European Economic Community
(EEC), 49
imports from, 49
European Free Trade Area, 196
European Union, 21, 196
differences from APEC and WTO,
89
primary barrier to successful Doha
round, 19
10 FTAAP Index 248
Index
F
Feinberg, Richard, 57
Financial Service Agreements (FSA),
43
Financial Times, 56, 60
fish products, 94
Five Interested Parties Plus
group, 76
food security
achievement in, 120
footwear, 19
foreign direct investment (FDI), 74, 94
liberalization of, 123
restrictions on, 94
Forum for East Asia Latin America
Cooperation, 191
Free Trade Areas of the Americas
(FTAA), 5, 21, 127
administrative and financial
support, 138
administrative secretariat, 137
agreement, 129
agriculture, 143, 144
ambition of negotiating mandate,
132
attention to smaller economies, 133
ambitious negotiating agenda, 142
breakdown of negotiations, 148–51
challenges faced, 141
chronology of developments (from
1998 to 2004), 156–59
civil society, 141
civil society participation, 140
controversial issues, 143–48
de facto completion, effect of, 20
economic diversity of participants,
132
extended time-frame for
negotiations, 141
historical context, 128
intellectual property rights, 146
6/7/07, 10:15 AM
 Index
incorporating capacity building, 133
innovative features in negotiating
process, 131
issues, 138–41
lack of clarity on definition of
WTO-Plus, 143
large diversity of participants, 142
lessons to be drawn from, 151–55
mechanics of negotiations, 136
negotiations, 129
political climate at time of
launching, 130
preparatory years, 134, 135
private sector participation, 140
rotating chairmanship, 133
services/investment, 144, 145
size of free trade area, 131, 132
structure of negotiations, 136
technical and analytical support in
negotiations, 138
Trade Negotiations Committee
(TNC), 137
venue of negotiations, 137
view of Japan, 122–24
Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific
(FTAAP), 1, 195, 224
advantages of, 32, 33
advocated by ABAC, 74
agricultural products, 117
alternative to DDA, 8
benefit vitally important, 20
case for, 18–23
China’s participation, 95
China’s reaction to failure of, 95, 96
China’s stand on impact on APEC
Approach, 88
Chinese perspective, 73–96
consolidate bilateral and
subregional preferential
trading arrangements (PTAs),
19
10 FTAAP Index 249
249
desirability of, 6, 7
economic benefits of, 122
effect of political will, 6
effect on U.S., 26, 27
evaluation of, 3–10
factors affecting evaluation of, 5–7
food security, 120
fall-back plan if Doha Round
failed, 23
hopes for a high-quality agreement,
90
impediments in joining, 86–94
Japan’s position, 17
market access and dynamic effect,
83, 84
obstacles on formation for Japan,
115
political coalition required, 57–60
political economy of, 56–63
political viability, 7–10
potential benefits, 83–86
potential U.S. endorsement, 17
prospects, 63–66
recommendation on study by
ABAC, 15
revitalization of APEC, 22
strengthening APEC, 84
U.S.-China relations, 85, 86
U.S. fear re free trade with China, 7
U.S. perspective, 37–66
views of top U.S. officials, 27
FTAAP Pan Asia-Pacific Trade Pact,
84
FTA templates, 185
FTA-Plus arrangement, 226
FTAs
as building blocks towards global
freer trade, 198
economic impact of, 112
need for minimal interference from
other RTA negotiations, 153
6/7/07, 10:15 AM
 250 Index

need for targeted achievable I

outcome, 152 Iceland, 78, 82, 64, 78
obstacles to establishments of, 119 India
subregional and bilateral, 16 primary barrier to successful Doha
trade in goods, 174, 175 round, 19
Indonesia-U.S. FTA, 199
G information and communications, 99
GATS, 189 Information Technology Agreement
GATS Mode, 3, 182 (ITA), 38
GATT, 100, 174, 188, 198 initial Seattle summit of APEC, 25
fundamental benchmarks, 90 Institute for International Economics,
GATT-based multilateral 27, 35
multiproduct approach, 50 institutional strengthening, 205
General Agreement on Tariffs and intellectual property rights, 205
Trade (GATT), 16, 21, 48 China, in, 76
Kennedy Round, 48 FTAA, 146
Tokyo Round, 48 International Trade Commission, 35
Uruguay Round, 50, 52 International Trade Organization, 47
waiver for ECSC, 49 interregionalism, 46
Geneva Round (1956), 67 investments, 204
global trade policy consequences, 25 liberalization of, 207
Goh Chok Tong, 101 Israel
Green Lane system, 203 U.S. bilateral agreement with, 52
GTAP model version, 5, 114
Guarino, David, 66 J
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 106 Japan 53
agricultural content in FTAs, 235
H agriculture liberalization, issue
Hadi Soesastro, 240 with, 9
Hanoi Plan of Action (HPA), 193 assisting developing countries, 110
Harmonized System contentious issues in FTA
tariff classification, 178 negotiations, 103
Hemispheric Guide on Customs economy of, 2
Procedures, 140 endorsement for FTAAP, 17
High Level Task Force on Economic FTA developments, 101
Integration, 203 FTA with Malaysia, 100
Hong Kong, 44, 53, 78 FTA with Mexico, 100
Hu Jintao FTAAP, 99–124
visit to U.S., 30 FTAs, 174
Hufbauer, Gary, 23, 24 FTAs to revitalize economy, 109
hybrid interregionalism, 46 imports from, 49

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 Index 251

keen on East Asian FTA, 111 Japanese society

long recession, 109 impact of foreign workers, 120
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Jiang Zemin, 97
Industry, 113 Journal of Commerce, 58
Ministry of Trade and Industry, 100
Ministry of Welfare and Labour, K
117 Kaesong Industrial Complex, 235
motives behind FTA strategy, Kennedy, 48, 49
107–11 Kim Dae Jung, 103, 118
policies to overcome obstacles in Kiyoshi Kojima, 4
FTAs, 119 Koizumi, Junichiro, 101
post-war systems, 109 Korea, 28, 116
proposal of an EPA with ASEAN, concerns from FTA with Japan, 104
105 Kwei, Elaine, 63
protecting agricultural sector, 120
relations with South Korea, 118 L
stable supply of food and natural labour issues
resources, 123 importance of, 154
U.S. pressures, 110 labour market
Japan External Trade Organization liberalization of, 120
(JETRO), 102 Lamy, Pascal, 24
Japan-ASEAN EPA, 105 Least Developed Countries (LDCs),
Japan-ASEAN initiative, 198 77
Japan-Chile FTA, 117 leather products, 94
Japan-Korea FTA, 114 Lee Kuan Yew, 29
Japan-Korea FTA Business Forum, Long Term Arrangement on Cotton
103 Textiles and Multi-Fibre
Japan-Korea FTA discussion, 104 Arrangement, 43
Japan-Malaysia FTA, 105, 116 Long Term Arrangement on Cotton
Japan-Mexico Closer Economic Textiles, 49
Relations, 102
Japan-Mexico FTA, 102 M
Japan-Philippines FTA, 116, 121 Macau, 98
Japan-Singapore Economic Mahathir Mohamad, 92
Partnership Agreement (JSEPA), major economies
99 need for unity of vision, 151, 152
strengths and weaknesses, 102 Malaysia, 28
Japan-Singapore FTA, 101 FTA with Japan, 100
Japan-Thailand FTA, 116 Mandelson, Peter, 56, 60
Japanese economy manufacturing industry, 61
impact of FTAs on, 111–15 Marshall Plan, 21

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 252 Index

McKinsey study, 201 New Asia-Pacific Community, 88

MERCOSUR, 21, 139, 145, 148 New Zealand, 44, 83, 175
Mexico, 130 New Zealand-Singapore Closer
FTA with Japan, 100 Economic Partnership (NZSCEP),
negotiations with, 52 170, 180, 181
MFN non-government organizations (NGOs)
removal of, 198 greater participation needed in
Vietnam, 58 APEC, 2
Miami Declaration, 129 non-tariff measures (NTMs), 202, 203
model provisions Norin-zoku, 122
APEC, 186 North American Free Trade
Mongolia, 53 Agreement, see NAFTA
Morrison, Charles E., 62, 239 Northeastern Asian powers, 20
Multi-Fibre Arrangement, 48, 52 Norway, 116
termination of, 58
multilateral MFA O
increasingly protectionist, 48 Obuchi, Keizo, 118
multilateral trade agenda, 38 OECD, 21
multilateral trading system, 87 OECD members, 188
multiproduct multilateralism, 47–50 open regionalism, 88
Mutual Recognition Agreements open sectoralism
(MRAs), 42, 204 politically hazardous, 52

N P
NAFTA, 16, 35, 52, 103, 128, 130, 139, Pacific Economic Cooperation
145, 162, 178 Council (PECC), 1, 4
open accession, 28 rules of origin, 177
trade diversion for Japan, 113 Trade Forum, 90
U.S. relations beyond, 20 Pacific Free Trade Agreement
voting concerns, 59 proposal, 4
NAFTA approach, 182, 183 palm oil
National Council of Textile import restrictions on, 91
Organizations (NCTO), 58 People’s Congress, 91
national security pressure groups, 91
obstacle to formation of FTA in People’s Trade Agreement, 150
East Asia, 117 Peru, 20
NATO, 21 Plaza Accord, 192
negotiating process political landscape
need for finance and support, 154, Americas, 149–51
155 Brazil, 149
Network of Bilateral Swap preferential trading arrangements
Arrangements, 34 (PTAs), 2, 3

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 Index 253

alignment of, 12 Russia

between APEC economies, 165 seeking WTO membership, 2
convergence, 167–69 RVC rules, 178, 179
diversity of, 173, 174
domino effect of, 167 S
importance of positive direction of, San Jose Ministerial Declaration
11 (1998), 135, 139, 140
Japan-Singapore, 44 San Jose Trade Ministerial meeting,
Mexico-Israel, 44 146
prospects of linking, 164–88 Santiago (2004), 34
region’s, 187 Schott, Jeffrey, 23, 24
South Korea-Chile, 44 Schumer-Graham bill, 62
sub-multilateral level, 46 Scollay, Robert, 239
U.S.-Israel, 44 SECOFI, 102
U.S.-Jordan, 44 sensitive industries
U.S.-Singapore, 44 protection for, 91
preferential trading architecture Sheng Bin, 9, 240
gaps, 172, 173 Singapore, 28, 44, 65
priority integration sectors, 205 Singapore-Korea FTA, 188
process small and medium enterprises (SMEs)
need for short time-frame, 15, 23 liberalization of, 99
protectionist policies, 24 Smotto-Hawly Tariff, 44
South Korea, 49, 53, 103
R FTA with, 103
Ravenhill, John, 53, 57 state trading enterprises (STEs), 77
regional free trade agreement, 3 state-owned enterprises, 91
regional trade agreements (RTAs) Steel Advisory Committee, 61
creation of more favourable trading steel industry, 61
environment, 81 Stephenson, Sherry, 5, 6, 240
as instruments of commercial subregional FTAs
diplomacy, 81 continued proliferation, 16
rubber products, 94 subregional preferential trading
regional value content (RVC), 177 arrangements, 19
regionalism Summit of the Americas, 127, 128
ASEAN style, 191 major objectives, 128
renminbi Switzerland, 106, 116
revaluation of, 17
residual protection, 94 T
rules of origin (ROOs), 6, 17, 75, 176, Taiwan, 49, 53
180, 203, 227 diplomatic activities of, 93
inconsistency, 176 treatment of membership, 92
variations, 178 tariff peaks, 94

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 254 Index

tariff rates trade liberalization

average in ASEAN+3, 108 golden age, 48
technical cooperation, 205 Trade Promotion Authority (TPA), 59,
textile and apparel industry, 61 150
textile industry expiration of, 9
restrictions, 58 extension of, 25, 26
textiles trade-plus provisions, 183, 184
VERs, 48 FTAs, 184
Thailand, 28 Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic
political crisis, 235 Partnership (P4), 222, 223
Tokyo Round, 50 Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic
Toronto Ministerial Declaration Partnership (TPSEP), 169, 181
(1999), 140, 162 transregionalism, 46
trade and investment liberalization travel goods, 94
and facilitation (TILF), 90, 195 triangle trade
transitional period, 93 detailed description, 97
trade barriers, 16 Tyson, Laura, 43, 52
trade deficit, U.S., 38
trade governance U
classification of varieties, 41 United States of America, 122
multiproduct bilateral regionalism, aggressive unilateralism, 42
44 basis of participation in East Asian
multiproduct bilateral summits, 21
transregionalism, 44 current dynamics, 56
multiproduct minilateral docking rights, 28
interregionalism, 45, 46 domestic protectionist pressure in, 38
multiproduct minilateral economy of, 2
regionalism, 45 effect of economic slowdown, 2, 3
multiproduct multilateralism, 46 effect of FTAAP, 27
multiproduct unilateralism, 44 erosion of support for
sectoral bilateral regionalism, 42 multilateralism, 45
sectoral bilateral transregionalism, 42 evolution of trade policy, 46–56
sectoral minilateral regionalism, 42 focus on competitive liberalization,
sectoral minilateral 63
transregionalism, 43 full employment, 30
sectoral multilateralism, 43 House of Representatives, 30
sectoral unilateralism, 40, 42 industries harmed by China’s
trade in goods emergence, 61
liberalization of, 206 inter-agency review of East Asian
trade in services, 181–83, 204 architecture, 28
liberalization of, 206, 207 interest rates, 2

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 Index 255

moving away from multilateral V

multiproduct trade variable geometry, 185, 186
agreements, 63 Venezuela, 150
possibility of favourable attitude Vientiane Action Programme (VAP),
towards FTAAP, 32 202
presidential election (2004), 27 Vietnam
pursuit of competitive economy of, 2
liberalization, 57 WTO membership, 2
restriction on Chinese textile voluntary export restraints (VERS),
imports, 58 42
trade deficit with China, 4, 38, 61 voluntary import expansions
trade tensions with China, 17 (VIEs), 42
use of CTC rules in FTAs, 178 voluntary export restraints (VERS)
Urata, Shujiro, 241 steel imports, 49
Uruguay Round, 19, 86, 119, 150, 189 textile and apparel, 48
U.S. Congress Vietnam, 42
extension of President’s Trade
Promotion Authority, 25, 26
W
U.S. trade policy
White Paper on International Trade
1940s to early 1980s, 51
(2003), 100
after mid-1980s, 50–56
World Customs Organization
mid-1980s to, 54, 55, 2006
programme, 188
polarization of, 59
world economy
post-World War II to early 1980s,
projections regarding, 2
47–50
World Trade Organization (WTO),
U.S. Trade Representative (USTR), 35,
57, 58, 150 100, 198
U.S.-CAFTA-DR FTAs, 145 China’s accession to, 73
U.S.-Canada auto agreement, 50 countries complicating
U.S.-Canada Automotive Products negotiations, 8
Trade Agreement, 42 deepening of, 12
U.S.-Chile FTA, 145 differences, 69
U.S.-China trade differences from APEC, 89
trade imbalance, 29 dispute settlement mechanism, 31
unresolved issues, 29 membership, 2
U.S.-China trade deficit, 60–62 multilateral trade negotiations, 4
U.S.-Israel free trade agreement, 50 obligations adhered, 2
U.S.-Japan integration, 65 test of covering substantially all
U.S.-Korea negotiations, 65, 86 trade, 18
U.S.-Oman PTA, 61, 62 WTO Doha Round, 86
U.S.-Singapore FTA, 198 China’s participation, 76

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 256 Index

WTO rules Y
governing rules of origin, 175 Yerxa, Rufus, 24
WTO Seattle Trade Ministerial
Meeting, 130 Z
WTO Singapore Trade Ministerial Zedillo, Ernesto, 102
meeting (1996), 130 Zhu Rongji, 104
WTO TRIPS Agreement, 161 Zoellick, Robert, 53

10 FTAAP Index 256 6/7/07, 10:15 AM