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    gebbee ae see aaad 446 The Need for Global Governarne Protecting Human Rights ree Trade Agresment: wornafta-secalen ong ieee Bl Case Study: Rights of the Child and “Transparency Intemational: www ansparency org the Problem of Child Soldiers LUN Conference on Trade and Development: www.unctad org [UN Development Programme home page: www. ‘Women's Environment and Development Organization: www. wedo.org tellctual Property Organization: wwrwsunorg/partersusinessvipo him Summit on Sustainable Development: ww johannesburgsummit org ‘World Trade Organization: ww.0.0rg national human rights issue is of relatively recent origi, In 1989, the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) was signed by i av e possessions wuardians and recognizes them as human beings of equal valve. Thus, children have the right to survival and development; their best in- lerests are of primary consideration; they have the right to express their views ftcely; and they have the right to enjoy benefits without discrimination. On the ‘other hand, there are the conflicting states to subordinate the rights of Cay Among the most publicized issues unresolved by the signing of the CRC. ‘was the isue of child soldiers. During the 1990s, the numberof children fight- ak, over fifty countries, Liberia, Nepal, and fide sexual servi ry forces, and gueri ren to be excellent soldiers. They follow orders end are Wi 447 VAAAA A A AA a a ee 943. The Need for Global Governance Ishmael Beah (2007) in A Long Way Gone: Mer ‘Bath [GOs and NGOs, as well as key individuals in bot the first comprchen- led for immediate spokesperson 0 and especially to abuses in Aftica, Working with the self passed six resolutions, Feavekeoping missions and training of personel and appointing chil protes- for its missions. Teage group of NGOs formed the Coalition to Stop the Use of CCuild Soldiers to prevent recruitment, force demobilization, and provide reba- bilitation and reintegration services. Based in London, the coal ‘ludes Amnesty Intemational and Humaa Rights Watch, advocated the 18 principe” to ban compulsory and voluntary tof ehiléren under 2s been highly effective seherenoe to national, regional, and intemational legal standards through ma ‘Tonal and regional NGO coalitions and pays special attention to retabittation of neral Assembly approved the Optional Protocol tothe the Child on the Involvement of Children ie ‘Armed Conflict. Now ratified by 1 jovernments and ongovernmental armed groups from using ‘age in combat, Much to the chagrin of the NGOs, howe tary enlistment at age sixteen. cighteen-year minimum age for combat, having year-olds into combat in the Gulf War and Sora 3002, Other international and regional convent ‘same ban. “Haman Rights Watch (HRW) has been particularly active i the campaign and rehal we also incorporated the website relates the * Sone to show the human dimension. It provides information about how {0 = ‘Monitoring ports, The fist steps toward enforc punishing those respon: Court. Five members of 2005 for was crimes and crimes _ eer —_—_ al authorities to push for ratifies Protecting Human Rights 449 the optional protocol and viduals to become involved in national campaigns. HRW and “Os are involved in programs with UNICEF and its Child Protection ‘Network to train former child soldiers in specific skills such as carpentry, ma- sony, ishing, and tailoring. The real challenge for NGOs as well as 1GOs and sible have ng pro fo enforce these standards in conflicts involving nonstate armies, groups, or paramilitary groups. rliance with the CRC and its optional protocol on ate-based reporting system, with an indepen- process was designed as an interne from states and establish priorities for fon and to aid states in setting measures for meeting international is committe, however, is bogged down by the volume of state re- hibitions on use of child soldiers and beeen taken by the Intemational Criminal the Lord’s Resistance Army in Uganda were indicted in humanity, including forcibly recruiting Children to be soldiers snd sex slaves. In 2009, the tial of Thomas Lubangt ‘began. The ex-Congolese warlord i acc deeting children under fifteen years of age ‘video evidence compiled by local ‘Although the alition to Stop the that the number of conflicts in which ct prostitution, UNICER, with fil process, providing leadership in Sion, working closely with the Committes second protocol to the CRC, approved in \é child pornography. It has been 1d offices worldwide, played a key the CRC was not UNICEF's idea, by UNICEF had carved itself en official ole. from a temporary organization feeding hungry children after sking on child-elated needs more broad iments prepare thei re under the sysed of war crimes, including eomman- ‘nd sending them to war, based on ‘and international NGOs. ‘Use of Child Soldiers (2008) reported ren are used as soldiers had dropped from twenty-seven to seventeen since 2004, the with groups in Myanmar, Chad, the DRC jlators. Child solders are but one lem remains a serious one, ‘Uganda among the ns rights issues. iieen the ages of st convention brings to bear ve with core ILO principles. A 2000, bans the sale of children, cil fed by 12 , supports workshops with atthe field level, translates recommendations ‘butes information locally, and works with NGOs. odd ddbddddadaddaaa 450 The Need for Global Governance Implementation and enforcement rest with governments, but UNICEF now serves as at ‘ool and sees its programming as "rights-based” (Oestreich 2007: 26-64), ‘The problem of child soldiers and the issue of 9's human rights more generally reflect increased attention to human rights issues since World ‘War Il, a trend that Zbigniew Brzezinski (1989: 256) bas called “the single ‘most magnetic politcal idea of the contemporary tine.” That iden and att tion have spurred the development of a broad range of intemational rights | The Roots of Humanitarian and Human Rights Norms ‘The question of who should be protected—who is human—and how they should be protected has broadened over the centuries. Beginning with the ‘As Martha Finnemore (1996a: something one could create by individual ‘Africans now had human including the ve right to self-determination as well as indivi 1¢ Holocaust-—Nazi Germany's campaign of genocide against Jews, Gypsies, and other “undesirables,” which took the lives of 6 million people uring World War Ii—became a powerful impetus to the development of the contemporary human rights movement. Inthe 1970s, human rights violations in the Soviet Union and astem Europe dew public condem! “disappearances” of individuals under the authoritarian regimes of Chile and Argentina. South Africa's egrezious policy of aparthi majority of the country's ddbdddd ddd daa Protecting Human Rights 451 Jantaneous news broadcasts report the abuses of governmen- st own people, Suppressed groups or their ize help and develop broad co: ‘Technology has helped create the idea of international human rights and led to pressure by states and individuals for pieces of global governance. The fact that over 100 of the 192 member states of the UN are now dem ms can be found in all major religions and in sophical traditions. to their fellow humans. Hindus prohit support the sacredness. idvals, as well as the responsi those in need, Buddhism’s Eight-Fold Path ways.” The Philosophers and Political Theorists Like the world’s religious thinkers, philosophers and pol conceptualized human rights, although they jdeas, Human rights philosophers fr. al theories. By custom, these rights have human rights. To some theorists and many med dh dd dd kd dd we 452 The Need for Global Governance US pundits, these are not only the key human rights but also the only recog. nized human rights. ‘Theorists influenced by Kar] Marx and other socialist thinkers concentrate fn those rights that the state is esponsible for providing. Fimerping from Marx's concern for the welfare o te duty of states isto advance the well-being of their citizens; te right ofthe citizens is to benefit from these the state must provide to in rights, these include the 1 socialist theorists believe cialist states ofthe former Soviet bloc, as well as many European social welfare states, ranked economic and social rights as high or even higher than political for states to promote and consolidate democracy. There is much more contro- vversy over these emergent third-generation human rights ‘The contemporary debate revolves around the relative pririty attached to these thee gen ical and civil i ny other parts of the world, “lopment. Such dls mechanisms protects of human rights bave received Ie part because itis more diffi- cult to establish standards of compliance for economic and social rights, hhas been a perennial one. Since the 1970s, some Islamists have notion of universal human rights. Two issues—the rights of ‘Muslims versus non-Muslims and the tights of men versus women—have posed the most problems, reflecting conflicting interpretations of Islamic teachings and practice. One approach offer reasons whiy the principle of em Protecting Huy ts ASB ‘2 2003 conference in Beirut where Islamic human rights activists, NGO: | some governments proclaimed the universality of human rights and rejected the use of either culture or Islam fo restrict those rights. In the early 1990s, a number of Asian states argued that the principles in the Universal Declaration and other human rights documents represented 1997), an Indian economist and wi surveyed the diverse Asian cul ‘motion and protection of human rights in any society ‘Much of the debate has been clearly political, taking place between au- thoritarian states concemed about human rights intervention in their domestic alfairs and Western democratic states eager to promote pol icularly sensitive, ild protection, snd practices such as female ciroumeision, tion and Programme of Action, adopted at the 1993 iman Rights, stated: “All human rights are universal, indivisible and interdependent and intorelated." Regional arrangements, the ‘declaration stated, “should reinforce universal human rights ‘even that document included the qualific tional and regional particularities and various backgrounds must be bome in mind.” Thus the debate continues, fl Human Rights Institutions and Mechanisms 1GOs, in particular the UN, as well as NGOs, have played key roles in the powerful idea that certain rights are universal. States have seldom been prime ‘movers in this process, although their acceptance of and support for human are clearly critical. The international human rights movement—a dense ork of human rights-oriented NGOs—and a number of dedicated individ ls have been responsible for drafting much of the language of human rights ‘conventions and for mounting transnational campaigns to promote human tights norms. These groups and individuals and the processes by hhave persuaded governments to adopt human rights norms dem power of ideas to reshape definitions of national interests, a proc plained by social constructivist theorizing. Ada a Pada bd Wee eeeeeaaeaada 454 The Need for Global Goverr NGOs and the Human Rights Movement ‘Nongovernmental organizations have long been active in ties. Anti-slavery groups were among the first and most active o cific measures to abolish the pr Many human rights NGOs formed around specific issues either dusing or ‘immediately following wars. The Intemational Committee of the Red Cross was established in the 1860s to protect wounded soldiers, prisoners of war, and ci fans caught in the midst of wat. During and after World War I, numerous NGOs {oomed to protect wornen and children from the devastation. With World Wer Il, hhumnsnitarian relief organizations grew in number, including grou Catholic Relief Services, originally formed in 1943 as War Relief Services to provide emergency aid to refugees flecing conflict in Europe, Later its mandate ‘expanded to include pr to poor and displaced people in Africa, Asie, ering from natural ds In the late 1970s after the to international covenants went ino 1975 Helsinki Accords were signed to support hu and the Soviet Union, and the growi ‘human rights abuses 1e Plaza de Mayo, and the National Endow- (GO. One study counted 325 , with about 75 of them formed after ‘and Pagnuceo 1998). Following the end of the Cold War, wit the cratic states, another generation of NGOs dev ciety Institute. Most international NGOs that both independently and rights regime. These include educating the pu expertise in drafting human rights conventions, m s, naming and shaming violators, implementing human rights norms, and mobilizing bdbddddddddddaa Protecting Human Rights 455 public support and publicity campaigns within countries for changes in na- tional policies. They may also undertake operational tasks such as providing relief aid for vitims of human rights abuses and programs to rehabilitate for. meri {GOs provided much of the momentum for the 1¢ 1990s, including the 1993 World Confer- ) and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on ‘have involved both local groups and transnational coalitions. They take advan- tage of new communication technologies and link issues in Ways that resonate larger constituencies. As con shape discourse and ideas, leading tonom creation, As sirong and vocal as the human rights NGOs are, they do not always get their way. Atthe 1993 Vienna Conference, for example, a number of key NGO demands were not included in the final document, such as rights of the dis- abled, victims of AIDS, and indigenous peoples. NGOs were also re from participating in the drafting of documents, ‘Thus, NGOs are still not equal partners with states in hum: ‘emance. Much of their success, however, has been due to opportunities pre- sented by the League of Nations and UN. The League of Nations ‘The League of Nations Covenant made persistent efforts by some delegates toi le mention of human rights, despite principles of racial equality and ry Concerns the efforts by the Japanese watives, Marquis Kimmochi Saionji and Baron Nobuaki Makino, o convince the principals, including US President Woodrow Wilson, to adopt s statement on human rights and racial equality. As a vitori- ‘ous and economicelly advanced that such basic rights would no 1996: 82-93). The League's for protection of minorities and dependent peoples in colonies held by the defeated powers of World War 1, namely Turkey and Germany. These were placed under the mandate system laid out in Article 22 of the covenant. Until they were ready for independence, a 456 The Meed for Global Governance designated victor nation would admis ‘would supervise the system throug ‘The Mandates Commission, though it had no real power, including hav. ing no right af inspections, acquired a reputation of being th tral in its administration. Britain administered Palestine, Transjordan, iraq, and ‘Tanganyika; France assumed the same role for Syria and Lebanon. They di vided responsibility for the Cameroons and Togofand; Belgium administered Rwanda-Urandi i sed South West Africa; and Japan ad. Pacific islands. Between 1932 and 1947, pressure from the idence for the Arab mandates 1, with Palestine a glaring exception, The and Rwanda-Urundi) and fe the mandate. The League, in tun, fandates Commission, sleeship system in 1946, wi South West Africa being the sole exception, South Africa continued to adi ister the teritory as its own, claiming that the League's demise relieved it from ‘any obligations to the successor organization, An International Court of Jus. i sd that South Africa could not unilaterally tory. South Africa ignored gree of protection from abuses than they would have en- absence, The system reflected the growing sentiment that terto- ries were not to be annexed following wars, thatthe internat hhad responsibilities over dependent peoples, and the eventual determination. US President Woodrow Wilson's powerful promise of a right to self ‘determination brought groups from all over the world tothe 1919 Paris Peace Conference, not just from parts of the defeated Austro-Hungarian, German, Russian, and Ottoman Empires, As a result, the rights of minorities and the corollary responsibilities of states were a major topic. Five agreements, known as the Minority Treaties, required beneficiaries of the peace settlement, such 48 Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania, and Greece, “to assure full ‘and complete protect nationality, language, race, ion.” They also prov ical rights and a number of other guarantees, and imposed similar obliga- ‘on remnants of defeated states. These “obligations of international con- ‘cem” would be guaranteed by the League of Nations. Late, the League made ‘admission of new members contingent on a pledge to protéct minority rights -chanisms to help monitor and implement this minority item for the League bod- ts for increased in- eee eee eee Protecting Human Rights 457 mother haman rights activites, the League conducted a study of slavery after intensive lobbying by the British Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Protection, sporary Slavery Commission, whose report led | fn the Abolition of Slavery and the Slave id not list specific practices, dseussions vere slavery in all forms: serfdom, forced mariage, age, and native labor. The tcaty was pathbreaking in set ting the standard, but weak in terms of enforcement. The League had no way ‘of monitoring whether its provisions were followed. ‘The League also established principles for assisting refugees and ereated the first organization dedicated to refugee relief, the Refugee Organization, Pressed by NGOs, it devoted attention to issues of women's and children’s rights, as well ws the right toa minimum level of health, and in 1924 approved | the Declaration on the Rights ofthe Child 130s, the League Assembly even discussed the possibility of an intemational human rights document, but ‘no action was ever taken, Rights of workers were an integral part of the Intemational Labour Orgt- "s agenda, as discussed in Chapter 3. The ILO’s mandate to work for improvement of workers’ living conditions, health, safety, and livelihood ‘vas (and remains) The United Nations Avery od the rafting of the UN Chacter. President Franklin Roosevelt's famous "Four Freedoms” speech in 1941 world founded upon four essential freedoms,” and his vision of “the moral order” formed a normative base for the Allies in World War Tl (Roosevelt 1941), The liberation of Nazi eoneen- iuman rights as an international issue. Peac imately on respect for Charter took a major step respect to human rights. At self seemed 10 rest ule surprisingly, the UN | re League of Nations with spectrum of groups, fr from a number of s ‘guage. The Preamb| dignity and worth of the human person, in the equ ‘and of nations large and smal.” Although more weakly worded than advo- cates had hoped, human rights was referred to seven times in the UN Char- ter, placing the promotion of human rights among the central pusposes of the new organization bbbdbdbdRRRARRA Protecting Human Rights 459 PAdaaa aaa aaa 58 _The Need for Global Governance ‘The UN Charter adopted a brozd the League of Nations. tion would be responsible ional problems, including those of 8“ ng and encouraging respect for human rights and for funda language, or reli ‘ake joint and seperate action achievement of the purposes set "These provisions didnot define what was meant by “human rights and fon- damental freedoms,” but they e temational concer and that st national obligation relating to them. Despite the inherent cence in a state's domestic affairs, these provided the UN toundertake the definition and codification of human rights. The first [Ease dosororoe | ics fl ions” Taken tps, the UN Chartrand fearsome sof Human Righs represented a wtersed in there view these comp! 1970, and then y-three member states of the commission met an- | began in the commission with rally to hear state complaints and individual petitions, as well as address sion’s actions from 1979 to 2001 found that “targe ‘major human sights themes such as racism and the ‘controversial vie fen to a considerable degree by the actual human rights rocords of poten sraci-occupied Arab tertitories. The UN buman gets” (Lebovie and Voeten 2006: 863). By the mid-1990s, some 60 per~ the more egregious violators had been examined by the commission, & ‘consistent with the 2002-2005 period. But chere was a growing ten. t olution that has pl ‘In 1946 and 1947, the UN’s Economic and Social Cour complaints of human right Human Rights the authori ‘only confidentially. The fi of governmental representatives, speetable record ‘on standard-seting and promotional matters. Most human rights conventions ee ee Oe ee ee One Cae Aeeee ane a 460 The Need for Global Governance ‘The commission, however, became the subject of intense criticism begin hing in the 1970s for targeting some countries while ignoring the records of tos, Between 1970 and 1991 a few cases, namely ibility, the 2005 Workd Summit approved a proposal to replace the comin ‘with the revamped Human Rights ‘The new Human Rights Cou bers are selected ina sembly for three-year, terms distributed among the five recognized regional groups. While the commission met just once a year for six weeks, the ‘Human Rights Council meets at least ten weeks throughout the year and re- ports to the General ly not ECOSOC. To address ing human rights vi hbuman rights records a bers suspected of abuses ‘The council has retained many of the same responsibilities and mecha- nisms as the commission, including the use of the Special Procedures (1235 and pointing either ‘cers or thematic i rapporteur for the the consent of the state concerned, in this ease Israel. Another important innovation is the Universal Periodic Review, whereby each member stat is re viewed by three separate sources: by the state itself, by the Office of the UN ‘High Commissioner for Human Rights with inpat from other UN bodies, and successfully sought election. And, a8 effective asthe European system hasbeen in its uman rights activities, the EU, a 4 regional organization, bas been less effective using its leverage gained fom attention to human sights issues inthe United Nations sysem, An analy- sis of voting pattems found that in 2007, European polices on human rights had the support of only 48 percent of UN members, compared fo 72 percent support a decade cari, father evidence that te effectiveness of the Human Rights Couneil isin jeopardy (Gowan and Brantoer 2008). “Tae council now shares is preeminent postion with the Oifie ofthe UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, created in 1993. The UNHCHR pro- Protecting Human Rights 461 vides a visible international advocate for human rights in the same way th ‘UN High Commissioner for Refugees focuses international atte problem, The office is responsible for mainstreaming human right system, furnishing information to relevant UN bodies, promot tion, Increasingly, the UNHCHR is assuming an operational prison officials, electoral assistance, and advisory services on cons legislative reform, among other things (Mertus 2005: 17-18), the UNHCHR is able not 0 by its relatively small budget allocation just 2 percent of the has had to appeal for voluntary contributions o perform essential tasks ‘Two of the first four commissioners have been effective and voc: spokespersons. Both Mary Robinson, former president of Irland, and Li Arbour, former member of Canada’s Supreme Court and ehief prosccutor ibunal for Rwanda (ICTR), enjoyed ou lenges and elevating the effe duced the issue of South Africa's treatment of ‘UN's longest snother prominent human eral Assembly’s role was circumscribed, bec ‘exercising a blatantly double standard. Inthe 19706, for ex: Pedssdssedeesiag The Need for Global Governance violations of human sights in the Soviet Union and Eastern European coun. tries. That poli sf human rights undermined the General Assemt legitimacy and effectiveness as a forum for human rights issues. Ovcasir however, a new human rights issue is introduced by the General Assembly. In 2008, for example, sixty-six states, supported by the European and Lat ‘American states, issued a declaration seeking to decriminalize homosex spported by the UNHCHR, Although opposed by more than sixt by those in the Organization of the Islamic Conference, the decls- the subject of homosexual rights in UN bodies. Neit Cold War's rity threats wi declaration of (now Zimbabwe) in 1965, and Aca regime in Southern Rhodesia, ty apartheid regime in South ed intemational peace and Since the Cold War's end, With threats to peace connected to ‘ands for intervention under other crimes against hum ‘authorize interventions and {o create ad hoc war crimes ies are decdy affected In late 2008, for took the step of agreeing to hear 2 report from then- ‘Secrelary-General Kofi Anan on human ri 2007, however, China and Russia vetoed @ res ‘claiming that they had nothing to do with international peace and 2008, the United States and others pushed in the Security Council to impose international sanctions on Zimbabwre for its governs umman tights viola- tions, but China and Russia both vetoed the action, explaining that the mea- sure represented excessive interference in that country’s domestic affairs, ‘The ICI’s role in human rights has also generally been minimal. It did con- the principle of selfdetermination in the Westera Sahara case, noting that “selfdetermination requires a free and genuine expression of the will of the maddadaaeaeaadn Protecting Human Rights i concluded that South ¢ Africa (Namibia) under 1993, the first case under the ‘concerned the ongoing ethi ‘cussed in more ‘As legal scholar Lonis Henkin (1998: 5 rpose of inter- national concern with human sights is to make national eights effective under Jaws and through nati , then the task of ational organizations like the UN is particularly problematic, because it aff es, one of the iations have un- dercaken & varity of functions and roles. | The Processes of Human Rights Governance just over six decades, an international human rights regime has emerged 1s and codified these standards in tes, receiving. the noms of the regime, educate countries about how to modify their systems, end enforce compliance when states have committed gross vio human rights governance. Setting Human Rights Standards and Norms for domestic laws and international ady been discussed. We can NGOs and the ar ‘movement aot only discussed eater, helped create the norm proki diverse constituency in Great Methodists, and Baptists) and wealthy businessmen, the movement fed individuals in Franco and the Americas, forming what may.be called the first transnational advocacy network, They worked tirelessly to abolish slavery, using a variety MkALAMAAAANADAD 464 The Need for Global Governance tions, popular theater, and publi sending freed slaves ‘on public speaking tours and exchanging strategies and (Hochchild 2005). Later, the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines P fed a key role in lobbying the League of Nations and in writing the 1926 Slavery, as well asthe 1956 Sup- group had expand ficking in human bein tion, the group changed ts standards in many jing human trafficking, continues relped a woman from Niger take her rt of Justice and in a ing rights agenda for the UN. In part ‘eidated innovative principles: that people have these rights by virtue of being human; that they apply universally; that human rights include both political, rights includes 1e 2009), Six decades lt aration continues to serve as a “rallying ban- ner for the young, the poor, and the oppressed in their quest for a more just sembly resolution, the expectation was that these rights would be set forth in treaties that would bind states to respect them. Although other human rights conventions were approved in the 1950s, it took until 1966 for the General Assembl Covenant on Civil and Polit lowing the necessary number of ion, they aro known as the “international bill of rights jrty years to define these legal standards suggests the di aaa RADDA Protecting Human Rights 465 task in a world where stats jealously guard national sovereignty. Indeed, fates have ratified the covenants. The Uni ify the Covenant on Economie, Social, and Cultural Rights, Ocher states have ratified the covenants but atached reservations, declarations or interpretative statements that in some cases undercut the whole intent. The same pattern is ound with other human rights treaties such asthe Convention on the Elimina- Discrimination Against Women, As of 2007, , more substantive law. The price of ratificatir IN's role in human rights. Subjects include women, re, refugees, apartheid, and various kinds of dis- ‘These same standards ate also found i ents, and court cases, often referencing direct ‘major UN standard-setting documents. Regional human rights standards. Regional human rights bodies are also in CCharter incorporates economic and social rights, including protections against poverty and sexual harassment. The 1953 European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms covers political and civil rights. The char- ter was revised in 1996 and all forty-seven members ofthe Council of Europe have ratifi Inter-American Convention on Human Rights, highlights political and civil rights although widespread abus ing state-sanctioned dis in the 1970s and 1980s, undermined the regime, In the 1980s ‘experienced what has been called rapid ‘ognizing the legitimacy of human rights norms elucidated in the regional and intemational conventions (Lutz and Sikkink 2000: 638). In the 1990s, the ‘OAS incorporated protecting democratic governments ino its mandate as dis- ‘cussed in Chapter 5 ich was approved for two reasons. le with |. The preamble notes “the virtues of Protecting Human Rights 467 masbdddaddd adds ages ‘ble 10.1 Selected UN Human Rights Conventions or Oped Yar nee easton se Gone oo Een, aca ene 6 1078 18 ries are guaranteed except for reasons sto suspend fundamental right ‘andards articulated in the African Ci from the regional picture are Asian and Middle East- em norms, standards, a although this is changing in Asia. The 9 1st ws [ASEAN Charter, approved ludes hunnan rights forthe firs time-anc the Working Group for an ASEAN Human Rights Mec tergovernmental ASEAN human rights body that woul 2 Pemational human sights standards and have recommendatory, monitoring, | and promotional functions. Do hhutnan rights stand cross-national study find state behavior? A major ternational human rights ese wa v6 we 2100 0 a significant cases wher Efforts by Turkey and Eastem Euro, ‘oe a ie hhuiman rights conventions and to boos! are powerh fe ofthe pull of eompliance. As David Weissbrodt 89) apt ing countries to te the mark is only possible when these me sss 10, js a mark to toe." The UN and some regional bodies have moved ineremen- tally from articolating the standards to monitoring states’ behavior. a wt » | ing Human Rights tea nites procedures 0 2003 * or interested 07 208 ‘groups and reports of state practice. It may a ake rocommendatio ips or special is, and vote on sesolutions ru! public shaming are key tols. The ILO was the first IGO to establish STEED

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