ISSN 1068-798X, Russian Engineering Research, 2019, Vol. 39, No. 11, pp. 986–989. © Allerton Press, Inc.

, 2019.
Russian Text © The Author(s), 2019, published in STIN, 2019, No. 6, pp. 35–38.

Influence of Intense Bulk Plastic Deformation on the Roughness

of a Milled AISI 321 Stainless Steel Surface
A. V. Filippova, b, *, S. Yu. Tarasova, b, O. A. Podgornykha, N. N. Shamarina, S. V. Fortunab,
E. O. Filippovaa, and A. V. Vorontsovb
a
Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050 Russia
bInstitute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634055 Russia
*e-mail: andrey.v.filippov@yandex.ru
Received December 26, 2018; revised December 26, 2018; accepted December 30, 2018

Abstract—The roughness of a milled surface is investigated for AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel with different
structure and mechanical properties. The grain size is modified by familiar methods of intense plastic defor-
mation: ABC pressing and rolling. For milling, stainless-steel plates of different thickness are prepared.
Cylindrical hard-alloy mills are employed. Analysis of the microgeometry of the machined surface indicates
that change in structure and mechanical properties by intense plastic deformation decreases the height
parameters Sa and Sz of the roughness by factors of 1.8–6.7.

Keywords: intense plastic deformation, milling, ultrafine-grain materials, stainless steel, surface roughness
DOI: 10.3103/S1068798X1911008X

Chromonickel austenitic stainless steel, character-
ized by excellent physicochemical properties and cor-
rosion resistance, is widely used in industry today. In
addition, it is easily cut. Accordingly, it may be used to
produce small and large parts, including those with
complex geometry.
The practical use of steel components is limited by
their large mass. However, it is practically impossible
to change the density of steel without disrupting its
integrity. Hence, a possible approach to decreasing
product mass it is to increase the carrying capacity of
the material employed. That entails increasing its
strength and hardness. At present bulk and surface
deformation are used to improve the performance of
particular components [1]. However, the most prom-
ising approach to decreasing the overall product mass
is intense bulk plastic deformation.
If the structure and mechanical properties of a
material are changed, its cutting properties and the
final surface quality may be modified. In the manu-
facture of high-quality products, particular care is
required in machining [2–4]. Hence, it is important to
determine the influence of intense bulk plastic defor-
mation on the machining of structural materials.
In the present work, we investigate the possible
influence of intense bulk plastic deformation on the
milling of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel.
We consider four types of samples. The first con-
sists of samples in the initial state; the second of sam-
ples after ABC pressing; and the third and fourth of
samples after ABC pressing and rolling with different
degrees of deformation (ABC + R1 and ABC + R2).
The initial samples have already been quenched to
obtain austenite. The ABC samples are obtained by
upsetting along the three coordinate axes. In the first
pass, the workpiece is heated to 500°C, with 50%
upsetting; in the second, it is heated to 450°C, with
45% upsetting; in the third, it is heated to 400°C, with
40% upsetting.
The ABC + R1 samples are produced in five passes
by rolling samples of thickness 20 mm obtained after
ABC pressing to obtain square rod (side 10 mm).
Between passes, the blank is heated in a furnace at
300°С for 15 min. The roller temperature is 20°С.
The ABC + R2 samples are produced in ten passes
by rolling samples of thickness 20 mm obtained after
ABC pressing to obtain strip of thickness 5 mm.
Between passes, the blank is heated in a furnace at
300°С for 15 min. The roller temperature is 20°С.
The plates (thickness 1.8, 5, and 10 mm) are
machined on a Vecoline DMC 635 milling machine.
The end surface is milled with a mill speed of 2000 rpm,
supply of 300 mm/min, and cutting depth of 0.5 mm.
End mills (diameter 10 mm) made of ZCCSM-3E-
D10.0 KMG405 hard alloy are employed. The work-
ing fluid employed is miscible with water.
After intense plastic deformation, the structure of
the samples is investigated by means of a JЕM-2100
transmission electron microscope (JEOL, Japan).
The surface roughness after turning is estimated on an

986
 INFLUENCE OF INTENSE BULK PLASTIC DEFORMATION ON THE ROUGHNESS 987

Olympus OLS LEXT 4100 laser scanning microscope (a) (b)

with specialized software. A Testsystems machine is
used for compressive and tensile testing. The hardness
is determined by means of a CSM Nano Hardness
Tester.
The initial material consists of austenite (γ phase)
with a small ferrite content (δ phase). The austenite
matrix contains large carbides Ti2N and small carbides
TiC [5]. After ABC pressing, the structure is greatly
deformed (Fig. 1a). In the ABC + R1 samples, ultraf-
ine-grain structure (grain size 50–800 nm) is formed
(Fig. 1b). In the ABC + R2 samples, ultrafine-grain
structure is again formed (Fig. 1c), but the grains are
extended in the direction of rolling (maximum size
1 μm). The phase composition of the samples
(Fig. 1d) indicates a predominance of austenite
(γ phase), with a small quantity of ferrite (δ phase).
The use of intense plastic deformation changes not
only the structure of the samples but also their
mechanical properties (Table 1). Compressive tests are
important, since cutting involves shear deformation of
the material initiated by compression under the action
of the cutting edge.
The yield point is increased by a factor of about 2.7
after ABC pressing; by a factor of 3.1 in ABC + R1
samples; and by a factor of 3.6 in ABC + R2 samples.
In the tensile tests, the increase in the strength is less
pronounced: by factors of 1.5 after ABC pressing and
2.1 after ABC pressing and rolling. After intense plas-
tic deformation, the relative elongation at fracture is
approximately halved. The hardness increases by 26%
after ABC pressing; subsequent rolling has no signifi-
cant effect.
The height parameters Sa and Sz of the roughness
(Figs. 2c and 2d) are determined by analyzing the
microrelief of the milled surface for surfaces in the ini-
tial state and after intense plastic deformation (Figs. 2a
and 2b). These parameters are most commonly used in
assessing the quality of cutting [7–10]. Variation in
width of the cut layer over a broad interval (1.8–10 mm)
has no significant influence on the roughness of the
machined samples after intense plastic deformation.
In machining the initial samples, increase in the
milling width leads to increase in Sa. The high value of
1 μm 500 nm
(c) (d)
I, rel. units
ABC + R2
ABC + R1
ABC
Initial
500 nm 40 50 60 70 80 90
2θ, deg
Fig. 1. Microstructure of ABC (a), ABC + R1 (b), and
ABC + R2 (c) samples after intense plastic deformation I
at temperature 2θ; and phase composition of the samples
(d): γ phase of types 111 (*), 200 (d), and 220 (j); and
δ phase of type 110 (r).
Sz in machining initial plates of thickness 1.8 mm is
due to their low rigidity. In the machining of initial
plates of width 10 mm, low mill rigidity tends to
increase Sz.
In all the cases considered, the milled surface of
samples subjected to intense bulk plastic deformation
is significantly less rough than that of the initial sam-
ples. We note decrease in Sz and Ra by factors of 3.9–
5.1 and 1.8–2.8, respectively, when milling thin plates
(1.8 mm); by factors of 1.9–2.2 and 1.8–2.1, respec-
tively, when milling plates of thickness 5 mm; and by
factors of 4.3–6.7 and 3.4–6.2, respectively, when
milling plates of thickness 10 mm. The minimum val-
ues of Sa and Sz are observed in milling ABC + R1

Table 1
Yield point in
Sample Tensile strength, MPa Relative elongation, % Hardness HV
compression, MPa

Initial 277 ± 7 535 ± 10 61 ± 2 205 ± 2

ABC 741 ± 12 814 ± 12 33 ± 1.5 259 ± 3

ABC + R1 867 ± 11 1133 ± 15 32 ± 1.5 265 ± 5

ABC + R2 1010 ± 15 1137 ± 17 29 ± 1.5 262 ± 3

RUSSIAN ENGINEERING RESEARCH Vol. 39 No. 11 2019

988 FILIPPOV et al.

(a) (b) mation of ultrafine-grain structure with increased

hardness significantly improves the milling of
12Х18Н10Т stainless steel.
(2) On the basis of the results, we may recommend
23 μm 7.1 μm structure formation by ABC pressing and rolling
(ABC + R1 samples), which effectively increases the
strength and hardness of AISI 321 stainless steel and
Sa, μm (c) Sz, μm (d) the milling quality.
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2 FUNDING
3 1
1.0 1.0
1 This study was carried with support from Fundamental
0.8 0.8 3
Research Program of State Academies for 2013–2020 (Proj-
0.6 0.6 ect no. III.23). X-ray micro-diffraction analysis was funded
2
0.4 0.4 2 by RFBR according to the research Project no. 18-38-
0.2 0.2 00058.
Initial ABC ABC + ABC + Initial ABC ABC + ABC +
R1 R2 R1 R2
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Fig. 2. Typical 3D microrelief profile of the milled surface The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
of samples in the initial state (a) and after intense plastic
deformation (b); and the roughness Sa (c) and Sz (d) of the
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Translated by B. Gilbert
2019