‘Summer, 2009 SOLUTIONS July 15, 2009 MAE 20, Elements of Materials Science Mid ~term Exam 1. One page of notes/formula sheet allowed 2. The number of points (Total=50) are indicated next to the question Question 1 (a) Show that the body centered cubic (bcc) crystal lattice has two atoms/unit cell and that the face centered cubic (fcc) crystal lattice has four atoms/unit cell. Also give one example each of an clement/material that has the bce and fee crystal structure (4 points) bee —+ (Lato at conten) + (Balomat corre) ¥(¥g)=2 fc > (6 clomy om faces) 4 (Bebo of Coreen) be 4 Ae tea onal Shuck — Re KO St oyptlrnine At, la, Ne (b) Does the surface energy of a single crystal depend on the crystallographic orientation, with respect to the surface? If'so, for an fec crystal is the surface energy higher for the((100) plane or the (111) plane? Why? (4 points) ; jablegraphic plirr, As the c for veriows O71 f fle hae, oh ae delermunt the Seas energy ) Abe csp fone pene plone ne (10) % wove Leoscly pocked ee tl ae pobhn{k) @ baler munface Orenty (too) c aes humber cy warpkbersarel Li rushes ee ae “poss fel ot d =) lower She energy2 (c) The slip system for a face centered cubic (fec) crystal is given as {111}<1T0>. In this context, define the terms (i) slip plane, and (i) slip direction and sketch them both on a diagram. Also, write down all the possible slip planes and slip directions? (6 points) Slop lore - west eltonely packed Omplallyral.c plove elore buck arr md ee lee take . Sip een olden eb yl th bt oe be? ‘ I STine coe “12'nbp &plems 18 all Sy (i) D100] CT) Duel CDGeT (7) iow : fio Tou) Lue] Cont] Question2, O~ choo [ie [ott] cr LOT ee (a) Briefly discuss, with reference to one/two applications why materials should be case hardened, say through carburization? (3 points) "Carn" my Cobo de dafte rave Care ber dons improvee tht howdweo Aayolante of welenak ja tgp dey dfjuorye hoon Cahn nls be onkbr -ocsfoct Lpen Appliiakona = Steel gfoms ,Oefine ows forts Subsect to “Sele dinl lp’ Sevteus Preanes Achorp umpods (b) A plate of iron is exposed to a carburizing (carbon-rich) atmosphere on one side and a decarburizing (carbon-deficient) atmosphere on the other side at 700 °C. If'a condition of steady state is achieved, calculate the diffusion ux of carbon through the plate if the concentrations of carbon at positions of 5 mm and 10 mm beneath the carburizing surface are 1.2 kg/m* and 0.8 kg/m’. respectively. Assume a diffusion coefficient of 3-107 m7/s at 700 °C (5 points) Te -Da A-Ce Ca (eae Smm)= (2g - Ce (x Qe lomm)? 0-8 ple (12 = 0.8)lepln? = -(3 x10 Ww Ree, ( xo a) (S107 - (07) m XA XB 2 40 24% Jo ase3 (©) How does the diffusion of atoms through a lattice change with temperature? (2 points) The chi ppioton increanee up treshally with fempicabirt, bo the sono lat o abowe wo enhanced. Question 3 (a) What is the difference between an engineering stress-engineering strain curve and a true stress-true strain curve? Which is easier to experimentally determine? (2 points) ‘s)2 Apphed pve Epoour se AE alee ¢ pred pre True oben (2) fe omcokoL om Tie erpereouy Shem Cxpreeing Obvain (ude in osoctr] ts apeing tly (b) Define (and indicate on an engineering stress-strain curve) the following quantities: ’ (j) Elastic region, (ii) Plastic region, (iii) Duetility, and (iv) Fracture stress (6 points) —s Prachne Shess Flask ee © pai Begron ~ west , Elashe goa Here He difsnchon(t) > gu pornacsat = abien opplsd Lood Dabicroed,, that piece vehina & wrgprd rebepe Plasre goon Sr Hi reper, (he defmak on 6 peat | nese snthon took how lhteon ee Frned” bo bbe phen Shem Crue Das Med ab inn 2 naked ty Os arco Rachne Sie4 (© Comparing a brittle solid (say, a ceramic) to a ductile metal, which material possesses a greater toughness? Why? (2 points) The duchle mobil bao Gyecler forphsens (Taghrin Os woclily ds relent fo alose nergy ap rachire and inclult, Wk phreyh ancl duct lity ) (@) Show that the area under the elastic part of the stress-strain curve is proportional to the energy stored in the material (Assume an elastic modulus of E and that a stress s is applied) Why is this quantity termed resilience? (4 points) $s ~ Tle Shedal ante epeenk th Punta (obdit, } woltmal, bo alesorle energy whem deformed dornrcall, anh 1 gah ts Pn Der Unlocdae) iy Sun Gamat a) trea. = (dasumiy » frogle) = FS eg of leh xs) = Tos rs (Georgy [Ud len) (e) Define hardness of a material. How is it related to the engineering stress-strain curve? Compare the hardiness of a brittle ceramic (say, porcelain) to a ductile metal (say, Aluminum). Cpoints) 7p harduens sugrrets & motiroh! inion, fo Locobasgle plore dabrmbon Cannot bee berecly olalerereredl ¢from bbe Speers Abétas-sRrmin ondwe A bole came 5 vouch Korie Conpaied (oo cluchle mabl 2 , ih Ly pone dafvinchon (ranah Le sepritrontl, Cuskeened 2 O - mow. Question 4 Explain why there is an increased stress near the edge of a crack? Would the stress concentration be higher for a sharp crack or a blunt crack? (4 points) Pn netoxd peo fb da fe an abpl chaxpo bo Orwss-Sechirch ato. Lich Con Suppo applad Lood!> Lpavly, tF Sheed Corcantaion serlbs 00 JG A pe Mox. Stress thor ? eke 4 urachor era 4 sharp trav + srell f 3 hgh shen Contnbahen +F A Tat Grace > fury, fs seller” # ‘te “Ls Namunal Stress= Question 5 (6 points) (a) Briefly explain the difference between ductile and brittle fracture? Bole front Dahe drachore robin Subctarkel plohe iforrcben igi te Hh Raped Grok propepahon Show Crack. Propepehon Snel het pee mex all fbn fue mre (b) Give one example each of a material that fails in a ductile mode and one that fails through fracture Dahle wede, Metab /Allep Prt feet Ceramin|afarso. (©) Define “fatigue of materials” and give a practical example of file by fatigue f » «4m 4 fauloos thet occ os ‘aebycokech fo dagraame/flachobye "cae ocaun ob a toer Sash emunehoecthly Linon Han te Good [yd shag for a Stabe bone! - Fobpue cece ot wachtnieel abmchuus mubyect & fool jane otronee Fa, bce, Wrest ump, phbep cloned cick on Cor axles