Genome editing:

The technologies to make permanent changes in the genomic sequence of DNA of cells of
organism is genome editing. Zinc finger nuclease (ZNF) or transcription activator like
effector nuclease (TELENS) are the some method of genome editing technique which are
quite expensive , slow and difficult in comprasion to the newer and advanced technique
based on CRISPR, which stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic
repeats. This new technique is very reliable and flexible for many biological application. Use
of the CRISPR and associated Cas9 enzyme for genome editing has been a major
technological breakthrough, making genome modification in cells or organisms faster, more
efficient, and more robust than previous genome editing methods. The CRISPR-Cas9
System is an optimized genome editing solution that outperforms other CRISPR approaches
for producing on-target, double-stranded DNA breaks.

Brief history of CRISPR:

 CRISPR gene editing is based on a natural immune process used by bacteria to defend
themselves against invading virus.

 CRISPR sequence which was first identified in 1987 as short genomic DNA sequence
in e.coli are know to be part of an adaptive defence mechanism that involves cas
enzyme.

 since 2013 this technology is used in mammalian cells.

 Cas enzyme are the part of a bacterial immune system that incorporate short, viral
DNA sequence into bacterial genome, this is complicated process which is not entirely
understood.

 Well characterized of this technology is that viral sequence are found at regular
intervals, short distance from one another in the bacterial genome.

How does the CRISPR work:

This method of genome editing requires 2 components :