eta Vetted cy Roger Metcalfe 2nd de | ‘ s Lele staN Mg lal a2 Lge analINTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE Design) & mechnology, SECONDIJEDITION Peter Metcalfe Roger Metcalfe 2nd Edition % BELG, oo Veg = S + amis SCHOOL OF BEUING[aii Ora CCopyiht CTBID Pres, Vitra st published in 2015 by IBID Pres, Vicon, Libary Catalogue 1. Daxgn and Tecnology 2nd. ton 2 leterntional Bacclareste Sei Tite Interottonal Bacclautete in Det Peter Metal, Roger Metcle 1SaN-978.1876650:19.6 Al ights reserved except under the conditions described in the Copyright Act 1968 of Austad subsequent aces ‘No partof this publication may be reproduced, tore in «retrieve ste, transite in any form o by any mean without the prior permission af the publisher ‘Wile eery cae been taken trace and acknowledge copyright the publisher tender thei apologies foray cident Intingment wher copyright has proved untraceale. They mould he plese o come aia arrangement wth the right owner in each case ‘This rsouce hasbeen developed independent bythe publisher andthe content isin no way connected with endorsed bythe nieraional Bacaaureat Organistion (TBO). The pblsher gratefully ackevedges the parmison grt by 1 to use and adap exacts em aous levant BO publiations. Cover desig by Key Sk Published by 10D Pres 36 Qual Grescet, Maton, 857, Asa Printed by KHLAUTHORS’ NOTE "his est has oun developed prima o meet the slabs equrements ofthe International Bacalaueate Design an ‘Technology Stas Hower itso ges beyond the sls to deliver background knowledge and support for the concepts sil prnspesundepining the progr. In rapidly changing technological word texts ke this mast reinforce the changing matte of sgn and the role of (200), Waste management of thse and scrote euipmen: comparative ans of endo fe rang. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag ol 7. 924-32, [Ava oli. Circular economy ~ the use of waste as resource Within elosed loop system “The ica economy refers to an economy Based the se of renewable sours of energy andthe vecpllng of Ise crente 2 mtarale economy. es Mhstatt in Figure 225 la this way the clcular economy is inne to mime process of bislogcal easter: ‘opposed tothe curently prevading elawely nour conan model in whichna-enewabl energy sources {reused sate prods which athe end of thet ie tre buried ia nl o incinerated characrae tbe ‘uke nake-consume dispose’ economy Examples of the operation of such 4 cease economy tan be scen in the une and rene throw reeling of Polyethylene teephalte(PET) athe beverage nds nd the pling of pope and ardboud tomes Se ry Circular 4 conomy IN a ee; Figue228 Cheulareconomy a 2014, the European Commision eased the CCommeniction Tan a alr econany 20 was programe for Europe, sa whi they Suggest that ¢ ‘lar ecodny i requted aches tre economic Stihl. Chine and a namber of other counties fe alo cxtmining the mesos of developing cular INTERNATIONAL MINDEDNESS eo . consaqunce of many manufacturing proces ithe production of waste some of which cin be hazardous thenironmentand human heal. Therthodby which this waste managed therefore a important se foe indsrysndthecommuniyingenetl,Common tides {0 waste tbanogement up ntl the ater sagen of the twentieth entry wes however, gly coneraed eth Inher the aneanted mater could most economical bre dmpes Several pic health tragedies highlighted the danger f ti plosopb Perhaps the fis of these twas the mercury poionng of thourande inthe cy of Minamata apn dicovered 1956, resulting fam the ‘ating of ef contested by mithyl mercury waste ‘ig charged nto Minamata Bay. The nesrloicl condlon camed Beam Known at Minamata disease ita ttl o2255 vietndenied nd thousands more ‘Sting rengniton he bacond high profile instance of 2oor waste managements the 1978 “Love Cana” teal Inthe ely of Niagara all, New Yor where housing had been bul over former damping te fr toxic cera tase wage and others add weight othe concerns Jf the envroamental movement and. warnings of Evironment harm sounded by scents such as Rachel, Casson in Sen Spring (1961) and Barry Caron in The Closing Cine (197, Renrieons and regulations sping the disposal of ase prodct begin to grow alongwith associated costs, purty for thre cas of waste conde to be atafal to human bel and the entronment. Onewayaroundsuchresictions wastotansportthe waste twa jaridiction where seh eilatons te noel. ‘tua therefore developed in which te pode factories in developed mations and which wail lsposed of was transported to developing counties were feieoamentalresrieton were fe Two ev el oan Intemational ert toban seh expotation In 1886 the cag ship Kon Sa was carrying inner 8s feom Philadelphia for disposal in Bermuda, Os tava however, permision to of load ws deed de tothe revelation that the ath cold contin tonic heavy cals. Afe 1 months sling wathost ning» pot n Which to dicharge ther cag Halt ofred Yo take the ‘wast as friar and 4000 tonnes ws dscharged on ‘rach before permission wat rescinded. The Khan Sea spent th next yeas a se charging is mae severe times inan tempo ind cout that would accept he waste Beir daring te 11988, 8 000 bartels of industri waste described 8 ebating to the bulding trade was se frm aly othe tonn of Koko in Nigeria vez twas stored on farm for t00/moat Several months ster the bare agen to leak The wit wasn found to conan ion asbestos snd over 150 tonnes of PCBs aly was eventually eid tonepatrae te waste Im one to prevent the expotaion of les devsoped cries hy developed counties hgh the siting of ‘spurt for waste management, the United Nations meting in Bae, Swern In 1989 prepared the Basel Contntn en the Transboundary Movetent of ‘zardous Wasteand thee Disposal The Bagel Convention ss char come toe known entered international lain 1992 lowing resin by (18 Pats (counties). The onerton sate that pate wil + nimi generation ofhezaous waste m + ensure adequate dipole are avalble ‘+ control and reduce iterations! movements of hardest + eosureenvconmentaly sound ms agement of wastes “+ prevent and punish illegal tain hazardous ses ovother wate ‘+ crete a regubtory system applying to cases were ‘eansboundary movements are pense + probit the export of Iazardoos wastes andl other ‘ese ifthe State of mport does ot consent in wg tothe spec import 1 prevent the import of hazardous wastes aad oer vats ii has reason © blieve thatthe wats In _ueton wil othe managed in an envionment found manger + prevent hazardous wastes or other wastes being {ported oor imported fom on party 1+ agree nt allow the export of hazardous wits oF ‘ther wastes for dspsal within the are south of 62" Sout tad, ‘Concer was ised: however that hard we could sill our ft was dase ak material fr recyeling. Aa !mendmeat tothe Covention kaves athe Bae Ba wt eubsequry introduced in 1998 banning he export ‘any hazardous waste oma developed county tales Aeseloped couatry fr any reson, Inlading rey. This amendment has been accepted by 79 counts but Is yet to be accep bythe segue numer to come lng force. he bani opposed by number of counres incuding Auseal, Canada, Germany, fpin UK and USA Further eading Brown, M (1973) Lave Cana. Sociology 10st [sale Onin] Oltbels, MT, SoyomboO, Adega, F, and (gungbuy K. (998). Traneoundery lea shipments of Insarous wot, re chemi (pss) contd hioajtorlyarcarbanss The Nigerian espevense Ath Tetntonal Cenfrecs on Envitonental Compliance tnd Enforcement. Apel 2-26, Chang Mh Thadand. [avalible Onisxe, Chukka N. (2008). The Prof Koala incident it Abjon Cate Divo A ertgue ofthe Basel convention amples mechanism. Sth Ieteroational Conference on “Eetronmental Complance and Enforcement Apel 5-1, (Cape Town, South Arica. [Avaliable Online) lop, J, 2002. Seping though the regulatory crack. ‘SAIS Revi, ol 2 (1) pp 131-155, [vale Online) ‘THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE Peete enti eee ee eee eet atte In this gusto, students nes Yo demonstrate at they understand tht meant by «padi st. Thames Kohn introduced the concept sa means of dieenttng etweenow normal science pegresesandthe disuption thatoccuswhen ene theory intodcera adel change Inthe way the world seen operate “he conept of a paradigm sit dows ot suggest that Lowe ds not develop athe times Kuhn pointed fut thatthe usual proces of knowiedgeaccumution ‘occured during the periods of normal scene, dating, trhich the comequcnctsand nights ofthe new paradigm ‘elated and expanded up, Many examples of paradigm shifts are valle frm scence any one of which coud be ured as an example ‘ofthe understanding pelo to the introduction ofthe new ‘ory and the rowing contradictory evidence tha led tothe paradigm si, followed by developments ofthat ‘hoor in subsequent yar A. short at of thors leading to pain sits ae provided below Daw theory af evolution Wegener theory of continental dit evr theory af opts Einentheory of ravi ‘Canasinile actuation the developmentofnowledge be rocoplied in alaras of knowledge? eee 2.3-ENERGY UTILISATION, STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION ESSENTIAL IDEA NATURE OF DESIGN Embodied energy Enbodid energy represents an asesnnent ofall ofthe energy associnted wth 2 product thooghost is le ‘el oeloding the energy eequired ea obtain rocest Sn teamaprt the rn tvs wed in te manufctre, The embed energy troughout the product if eee “cradle to grave therfore an energy balance ieling, the embodied energy of manufacture plas the embodied 2s‘energy of operaions/ maintancltepu plas the cenodied energy of damning real dspora, singe concept ofembodid ener theenirnmentally rend redentals of wide variety of disparate prac Jeanbe tered. cosurement of embodied energy canbe expec ns numberof waysschasthe maoulesofenerty expended pet ilogram of product (Energy Mig). o bebo exon expressed ask (or tonnes} of CO, released per alogram of product (XgCO./) Estimates of embod Jencrgy for various materials can afer signeanty. ndting the fica in making each asset. The ‘bodied energy fra smal st of materials is proved in Figure 21 then from the Prctoy of Carn an Brey ICE) V20, prepare by the University of Bath in20h “Taking values such those in Figure 23.1 a8 a starting post the esimate of embod enegy involved in the Me cyl of prt such as efigeaton automobile or vena buldig can beast ith relive eave and the ‘bodied energy ofet somewhat by the introduction of sexycng programs. ‘Thealieratveoe complementary approach to examine the possibilty of replacing 2 high embodied enery ‘material wth ne of lower embodied energy. While the oncept of materi sobtititin is snple and generally fallowed whore pachcal, the engineering rai fe, more complex sce the diferences material properties would fen invlveacomplete edsign Aiea fselages foe example, f manufactured fom set rater than the higher enbodied energy aluminium or compose ‘materls would incu @ mach higher energy penal de tothe increased weight gure23.2shows theembodied energy nthe production of rai materials compared eth the embodied energy ‘na bling in which these materials ar sed, From tis Sgureitcan be seen that while the enbadi energy ina “Elogeam of alsminiam thigh the amount ated i most bulings means that ts contribution tthe embodied nergy ofthe buldig, taken ava whole, t low By ‘conta althoogh the embodled energy inthe prodcton (fa Hlogram of eoneret Is oy the nou concrete ‘wad in many modern bung an men that once makes wp the highest proportion of embodied energy the biting ‘Wie «Lae proportion of concrete from demolition sites tl eat to landil reycting i increasng, with the eoncrete being crushed and recyeled a gravel inne ontrctionsand ws aggregate bse material roadway, Aluminio 155 nae 3% eyed) Coton bc 3 xs Wook earpet 106 553 Nylon 1386 6st Popcrbonate u290_| 600 PVC (gener) 720 261 copper 20 a6 (average 37% rece) Ste vgn 20 239 Steal -recyled 50 os ins (genera) 150 086 Piped 150 107 Timber (gee 100 a [Coamic es 30 os rics (common) 300 ot Gypsum paver Ls ou Fiowe23.1. Embodied enery 26 ‘bod enon 3 Faure232 _Comparson ofembodiedenergyina variety of moterilsandembodied energy n bung. ‘mtptmichaelamescasecomeseorch-btors! enermipd‘The calculons are however more complex when ‘tints of the embodied energy in modern electronic ‘Govees are requze, I has ben estimate, fr ample, that he proton of single semicondacir nrochp far exceeds the energy associated sth the use of 2 Computer over yea! ite of thee year which ‘ona many semicondactors gure 233 shows 300 mm diameter cn wafer with merous microchip formed on the surface and aweting “partion oute222 300mm silicon water prior the _spaaton ofthe individu semicandutr microchips. eotne Commons “The semiconductor woul! therefore sem to be an vious canada for reyling a oder to rode the trnbodied energy im such products. Howeves,chougi the manufictre ofthe aw material for semicondoctors Imanufscture, pute sllcon metal i rately high in ‘ern of embodled ene, the joi ofthe embodied coengy dn smiondvcor manufac 1 concentrated fm the fabrication of the semiconductor Hell. xing Sich proceses ache vapour deposition (CVD) Tecase ofthis, and in contrast to any conventioaaly manufactured prot, he rcyeling of secondctons Iselin ines Further Reading Willams, ED, Ayres, RU: & Helle, M. (2002). The 17 log mara: enn aad maori use i the production of semiconductor devices Environ. Se Technology ol 7, sett 310, Avaable ole] Jackson, M. (2005). Bindodiad oneny and historic pretervaon: 0 need roasenment. APT Belin, Vol 6(0, pp 47-2 [Avaleble online Distributing energy - National and international ‘rid systems “Thomas Bison creted the works fist large-scale tricity ditebuton network when he supplied 110 Celts of DC to a snall numberof customers in Lower “Maahata, For yer asignfcant and acrimonious bute rogad betwen Haion and Tea over the most stable Sle of current tobe adopted in widespread fashion, While AC cannot be sored in a baer for ater we, | ca be ready transformed to higher or lwer vlogs Bocas ofthis, very high vllages canbe tasmited ffom power sation and ber sapped dawn by lal ‘canoer for domes use Sine, sal indivi ‘canner un be used to operte port ow else ‘places Unfortnately DC vole cannot easy be ‘hanged allow stored transi sss trough ‘conductor The eit ofthis that DC camo ually Use ficiently over lng distances, Thi was a major factor in the wldespread adoption f AC for eect ower distribution In 1488, Aernaing Cute won the day wth Nica “eda being geerlly credited with ie etablsbment as anc nse means of let tansmsion over Tong dstancs, However, even atthe belaning of the dain Century, eltrcty as sla wate expense owisudty by comparison wth other sures af energy Sch as gs which wail wel etrenched in he sup ‘fencgy fo ightng, otto mention heating and cooking lcrcy aay such a was, was confine to the provision of lighting and was therefore genersted. only ‘uring the evening Once AC power was adopted, economics of sale developed a interconnected generating plants prong tp acs the countrys, Demand increted resi proved, capital investment requieents reduced and ower cons wee alered to consumer. ‘The soply of ‘cecity supported the apd grow of infarc Sn economic development of Industrialized mations In many sustions the expansion of grremment but eneration plate vas boosted by the news of WW “These plants were Interconnect to donete network sometimes ein ong stance transmission, “Today, ost ode communities recive tae dectety sspples through consecton ia eeional or national gi “here pre compre x umber of lectely production centre stately poston around the ete such {those shown in Fiore 22 From hte cent, power 27Is ditt through a network of wreso the restfthe ramped up a down within limits they cannot be quickly ‘ounty. The generation of power at the varios centres roaght online fom ret In order to eccommeddte peak Is sched based on oasis expected requirements. lads landy gs frbines are afien we! x bac a Computer coordination between the deci genertor; they canbe qui dared and stopped a equiv allows the unforezen demand from one repon to be accommodated by drawing on excess spies clewhere inthe grid. Unfortunatly these units generally reqite continuous operation and whe power ouput ean be xtra High Votoge Y“=200 MW since Pan 2est0 27510 (realy AC, soma HVDC) Fawe 234 ecristy grid schema image by MBion MBizon (C8 3.oreatve commons. rg censes//3.0 via \kimedta Commons 28With the exception of hero etry the production of bce ond clectecl power achieved sng steam driven fatbine, Heat wed twtr Int sesm i applied Iya energy ofthe combustion of fou acs suc, color gs, Local combined heat and power (CHP) As can be seen from Figre 235, the generation of ‘Seti energy esiog cntwentonal meats rete In a Trge amount of excess hes th Is ypcly Het othe stimoypere during. production, Because of th the ‘isency of cecteeyprcton seldom exeeds 37%. Data reported in TWh ed ow peed cheng porter Bio energies 895, ‘Other renewables 593 Figure235. nergy Rowsin the lobl lec system ‘Soue Combines Heat ond Power© OECOVIEA, 2008 In ation to these sit loss, farther loves ae lo sustained ding the trasmision and dstution of deta energy to cstomers In an atempe to recoup some ofthe energy eat lol combined het and power (CHP) sates also ‘own as openers becoming increasingly popula. Scape tole! the wast ost fom eetcky prdacton and pats through ast exchanger whee Fan beused oben ror afd ech ar wnerailintated inFigine 236 The tem cogeneston i theretoe tt nate that fiom one fel source Ovo forme of fal energy are evened, electricity and het.” Using CHP technology ‘ficenies of round 75% have been med oe eat COnOODaee “ees ees of CH aed atest CCHP i particularly appliable to lange bulldogs an Indusval sites which operte their_own lect feneraor In thee stustions the ware eat can be sed {o provide hot water rar condoning, The into ‘of CHD ates nlarge bungee the ang of ‘nergy ose throvgh anamision line ‘rom thermal ported Transmission & Gross Net electricity | electricity production | production 18307 | 17219 Coo paler its a oY Fqwe236 Cogeneration system producing both ety and uel heat 29‘Systems for individual energy generation Solar energy may be harnessed a ane of two ways for ‘When materials sich a the sel conductor, selenium, mania and lic ae expeed o light the photons Of ight are absorbed and electrons are release fr ‘he sic lading to «positive ad negative termina Feeming. eondicors ae connected totes terminal hetvohai cell glare scene in which an eerie ‘outs formed and a electric eament crete Individual solar cls ae typicaly arranged ina frame 1 form a mode or panel that cn provide a tad fan ara is rated (Figare vole By connecting pa ‘Fgure237_ Solarpanel image by Wayne National Fores CC-BY.20 htp/eeatnecanmanscrgficerse! /2.0). wa Wikimedia Commons The carte subsoqunty prodent 6 dependent on ‘he amount of ight hr sts the utes Today may homeshive install panels thio generate dlecoey (gee 2.38), Fourezsa Ary solr pande The solar pans generate direct curet electric hy during "&s a +. 2 c 2B 9 % = % cS ; & “aL prove” Fgwe 264 Logo of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPL ‘hese packages allow the LCA of «product and the solecioa of motels and proceset tht miinine fovironmenta eects. Using such roftvars designers an examine the environmental consequenes of aos ‘cisions and optimice their dsga To abun + cost fective envionment sete outcome, 82 ‘CAD sofware packages such Solidworks” have leady Incorporated LCA tools tha can examine final products impact fon rade to grave The analysis tool onsets material mining prodcton, munulactring. prodict ase and endo We dpa Transporation impacts between allofthese tage ao ‘alclate. The etaluaton i terms of sr accion, ‘xtbon fount, ttl energy cansimption and wer ‘eutrophication canal be manipulated within he vware ‘by changing various paramere sich as iaterals selection, manufacturing proces, plant tesa! 0 on This poweal on allows designers 0 consider ‘wha scenarios before making any nal produc peifeation ‘ecommendaone mR [ss Piste |S nas Powe 285 CADewionmenta impact analysis Converging technologies Technological convergence is the amalgamation of maging of exiting technologies tn new forme that ete lasovstive produce and sys tht may er (eater convenience eficenles or ety new features {nd fanctions not eres in eitence, Some examples ‘feanvergence ar sted inte fllowing fel‘Telecominaniations| Modern commaniition systems inezesingly provide fpenter persona acest to communication, inimation Endesteralament Infct,hetedecommunistionindusty fas moved ffom a mere prover of communistions ‘anne to ene of information provider wth the advent ‘formate networks ich a he tert Incresingy 4 multitude of technologice previously cco ony through seers devices are Dang made trail aa uingle device or carnerging to allow acess ‘asin platform, “Thlschangeisheingseenperhapsmostceayinthemabile plone. Toay thee are more mai phone connections than Sea ine connections and mile phones afer an Incresing array of fanetions such a5 test mesaing, (ME player, gta camera, personal organiser, ema {GPS directions, video player nnd internet aces. This interonnecedaes of leommunkations and computer ‘chology sometimes descebed as convergence. Medicine Drug delivery implants are Becoming smaller snd more cuttin dosing patient a increased computing pom, Sensing technology and wiles power apes converge. Mobile connected heals devices soc a6 watches and ‘male phone that inlade applications to reco store nd sometimes transmit dt tclating 4 exec and ‘ep boa! presi, heart rae alone intake, cose level and soon maybe wed o constantly monitor an individ health Bio-robotics is & deeoping field ix melee merging ‘homed an eaginering ecologies lathe areas of remote robotic surgery, prosthtcs and nanotechnlogy for drug selvery. exortory diagnoses and even cardlvescise eatment Wearable technology Wearble tchnalogy Nends the fd of fishion and Imulile technologies to proce new and innovative Cbalded devices Incading google glass) elotonic enact lentes employing -micrchips and pheose Sensors to monitor blood sugar levels and temporary Figh technology tttor made from fexble dectonic ‘Grails wed to montor patent, eomotaly Transit information cha terpertuse hatin and ain, are ea ee INTERNATIONAL MINDEDNESS ‘The problem of anthropomorphic contributions of venhouse gues recogesed as having along history thing back othe begining othe Industral Revolution, ‘The economic development that cecured over the {allowing 200 years oe mor, edt largely unrestrained gscnhouse gas (GHG) emisons by those considered foday to be developed ntlons, In response fr calls 0 reduce GHGs, the devdoping nations called for the leveloped nations to take 2 lad in GHG reduction. “his ws jstiied based the observation that most ofthe GIG in the amoopere wore there because of the developed ons, and that to rect developing atone av hey atlemped to mest ther developer! ‘cede would be uni This poston was aged to and Imondated in the 2005 Kyoto Protocol, The phrase “Common but diferentied responsi” descees te poston adapted, meaning that al parisons hve ‘como responsibly to gh mate change ba that this responsi des baseé on storia emisions Notable exerptions to signing the Kyoto Protocol were the USA and Auta who hed tht Bocas 80% of the ie icing Inds and China were exempted, de to the conseraton of historical emissions that thei ‘conoid er ‘THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE Many developments in uman technology ome thei cexttence Yo the stay af natural stems ad how nate Insole certain design sis Inaniverngthisquestion the studeat might speolte on wheter is pose to tow what nara proceoes might be beyond human ndevour, considering tht fre activities ae dict toforee ry COREaoe SAMPLE QUESTIONS s ‘Which ofthe flowing are futures of incremental een dignt A Process streamlining pats stondaraion, 8 Produc optimisation. in-blt obsolescence. © Bold design change proved relblity. competitor benchmarking ral ‘Which of the following wil asi eth designing ew ied procaet Life ste amass Lean mnatcaring seo oc materia Use ofeyeled materials ‘Which fhe flowing factors would mostdtermine a products longterm impact on th environmen? A Prost ot 3 Egremicioms © Pret durability D Product sets ‘Which oftherecombinations are notenstonmentaly Fendi? Reuss, yee pale Reduce renovate reclaim Replace, repurchase, remake Refuris, estore recondon. gone An emionmentlly response designer would do ich ofthe Flowing? Design wing rcpt mtr. Arempt to change societal opinions. Develop new and innovate products ‘Analy every stage of the prot ie ye foretvicnmentl impacts cose Which of the following is the most important smatrials consideration for designers when developing sustainable designs? AD Seah B Deadly, © Recycbiy D Sapp local ‘Wha green dea strategies can degre employ to limprone a peoductsn-ervice we? Describe the le designers, mapufaurers and consumers layin geen prot development Describe thee factors alfcting the rte of green Assign responses to product dag? Explain how “ake back” legion can asst esis and manufacturer. Expsin the advantages offered by sechaology convergence to denen, lain the difereace betveon trade to grave’ and ‘rade to cradle philosophies. "Explain howe eco labeling ads both consomers and ‘he environment Outing the dferences betwcen en-f-pipe and clean technologiesMODELLING Contents 3:1 Conceptual modeling 32-Graphle modeling 33--Physcal modeling 344 Compute aided design (CAD) 35~Repid prototyping (ose study: Fender ~30 printing Sample questions 3.1-CONCEPTUAL MODELLING ESSENTIAL IDEA NATURE OF DESIGN ‘The ole of conceptual modelling in design CConcepusl modeling is defined by Preece etal, (2002) 28s description ofthe proposed stern n terms of et fuerte sees and concep aboot wha should, tev and lok ike, ta wl be understandable by the ters inthe manner intend Conceptual sndeling contains al of the information eoquired to describe s potent design solution that Simulates the yay othe desig, fonction fetus, Peformance sesh, et. At thi stage designee can fe fa rho wll the design mest the onal design Tre specications and user needs to macimise chances of prod acosin the dented target market To be eft, conceptual models should be as simple as posible Incorporating concept limited to thoe reused far functions Consuking Pofeuoe of Computer Sense at Stanford University, Dav Lite (996) when commenting onthe sleneance of concepaal models is quoted at sing ‘the mos import! hing sgn propery the ses conceptual model concept model represents what the wer ily to think and how the ser ly to respond. I 2 igh-lere description of how aster sorganns and ‘operate I species and dss + the major design metaphors and analogies ecployed inthe desig, asore) + the concepts the sstem expose to user, ncding the taskedomain data ~ object users crete and rmaniolt, thei atributs, and the operations that fan be peetormed onthe, + therclatonships Between these concept =the mappings between the concepts andthe ts domain the systems designed to appr isvitaltothe succes ofthe model tht ler bjsives re st before starting the proces, Poorly defined modeling objects may ead to overly comple inaccurate models Uke ther aspects of the dea cyle, conceptual modeling is an erste process and this the mode ‘rales and proves over time Because ts th fis stp, conezpual dg fect all of ‘he falling stages inthe design process. Decons mde during the concepoal design stage will etre the Fundamental ofthe design project. Poor choi may lex to fad or subpar design sotons. Ire designers ake the tole to design aod eine & conceptual made for products and systems bere they esi more Lely the en esl wl beer Bt te ers equrements Conceptual modeling tools, skills and contexts Conceptual models ae mostly a ay for designers to straighter out ther thinking before pial staring 0 sig. it atare, concepanl modsligtools end ls vary wth he design comer, Pencil satches may be used 0 tansforsn a ent onceptunl mad, lying out coneps tirbuer ad ‘saonships, Non-specific, comms sowie packages sch as Micro Word and. Micrsoh Powerpoint may be nmployed to rake digital representation of conceal models Th skllevel sociated with hes nwo ost computer ses are familar withthe workings ofthis Sofware. These packages are 0s probebl nly uitble Fortherost bas ofconeptal designs ands the ys come more comple perc purpone bull sofware Is more sppropriat A vari of stare packages are aval fo diging conceptll modal, ny of which are avaible fe or fnline use and come equipped wth standard symbol braces. 56 ‘Advantages and disadvantages of using concept modeling Conceptual modeling sc veil that the rot ease ofthe original brie i Being met that i the dented problem being sre A slated advantage of conceptual modeling is the "grou examination ofthe prt uiremens Design features and prods! functions come under scrutiny “This examination may reve caracteriticepeeviosty thought fo be eset as elvan may alo inate ea of debe inthe produit requiem, ‘Conceptual design sw for truly creative end inovaive thinking without the resecons of specie technology The design company ‘Finish Line’ bet puts ths 3 ‘Nanowly focused development teams who. ae act ‘ive an opportinity to think ote ofthe tradtonst technologies endo genre the same kinds of sltions repilenothe prob or the reuiemens As the old ‘yi goes toa hammer everyting look ikea ‘wna nshllgpds cam/conptl- design il (One ofthe major edvantagss of concepts! modeling {sits abiity to sve tine further ito the aga eye by eliminating coy fae lends, Moding ay ao be concurenty developed alongwith resumement eration. Conceptual modeling as dtnct adanges for ‘designers manufacturers and diet, incidng + opportiniis for user tials 1+ leat input io deseoping models + speeding up product development cyl + posshiies of tating production mthods and mses prir production toting + reducing development caste by among. costly sakes and estar in production une + functionally of the design becomes more obvious ‘when reviewing physi mode and pottypes + testing poof of concept when examining ineructing ‘or meving components or internal mechani 1 should ako be noe however; thatthe exhive ase of conceptual epodeling nthe design process may caine Problems inthe form of+ performance-modelsmay notalwaysbe representative the nl prodoct + fantionality- modal are not alvays able to replete + predictions - models may ot always provide a tu Fndiaton ofthe final product ater, pecormance tr ineraction wth he envionment. Further reading Johnson J and Henderson DA, Conceptual Made Begin Ey Desig What o Desig Interactions Jan-Feb 202 Iohinson Jap Henderson DA, Conca Mada: Coe 0 (Good Dei, Monga & Claypool, 201 THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE Suents should start with the consideration of the pote of concept dag. What ae dsgners ting {o achive at hip in the deta ce? Who are hey commiting wih? Cael consideration acd toe geno inclding cling components of & model patically where ues of dependency may cause the modelo fallor faker when evaluated under user et conditions. Ie pimary fncionafa models tofoxer the evaluation inital dese nd led o further terative development of the desig, then which aspects ofthe design specication ‘ne lnpornt for incksion inthe concept model? Who ‘cides wht x important and wht maybe tou athe ‘modeling stage! 1s one model, of one sl, sfcient 10 erate all ef the dega rqunements or we mutiple modes wig a rey of tecniqus and medi incorporating dierent Feaares required? Exercise Does the projec under consideration have any bearing 00 thetype ef mods produced? 3.2-GRAPHICAL MODELLING ESSENTIAL IDEA NaruRE OF DESIGN Aim Prodoct design sats with sketching and modeling 1s employed by designers to preview thei des, prove soncepts, develop erations, detect eros, erginomic ‘secrets and make cent retentions. Jay Jenbs (Goro) comments on the value of modeling When he sts, the cet of aa modeling outweighs the investment {model an dea Models ei 0 suppor decisions, they tempt oan quetions saved tt Models are aso used to inpeow inouse communication between designers enginces and non-enginering aff ring the design pase Te proces fas cheap and ‘ine ecient Intl sketches, photographs, doodles, ‘eral descpions, ar often emploed asa fst wey ‘of ommaniting fname design concept tht sy 37