BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Primary Building construction

tecniques
 post and lintel /post and beam
 – classical Greek method

 arch and vaults

 – Mesopotamian origin (Iraq),
 masonry construction
 Parts: keystone, voissoirs, tympanum,
 Imposts, springer,intrados, extrados, soffit
 Truss
 – Andrea Palladio “ if triangle is rigid,
 then combination of such is also rigid”

 cantilever
 – Corbelling-supporting stone bracket
BASIC CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
 1. Wood – technically known as
xylem
 -durable: stronger than
concrete relative to its weight
 -lightweight
 -ease in fastening
(nails,bolts,screws,glue,
joinery)
 -artistic and with natural beauty
 -recyclable and renewable
resource
Wood Classification
Mode of growth
 -exogenous –outward growing trees
preferred for lumbering
 -endogenous – brittle in character
Density
 -softwood – conifers, evergreens
 -hardwood – deciduous trees w/
broad leaves
 Uses for Various Tree Species
 Both softwood and hardwood species have
many uses. Because they often have attractive
grain patterns, many types of hardwood are
cut into appearance-grade lumber used for
interior woodwork and to make furniture. While
some softwood species are also made into
appearance-grade lumber, softwoods are more
commonly made into products such as poles
and pilings, support lumber used for
construction, and paper and cardboard.
Timber Construction Terms
 Logging – defined as the harvesting of the tree crops (
felling – skidding – bucking)
 Lumbering – the term applied to the operation in
preparing wood for commercial purposes.
Sawing Methods:

 Plain or bastard sawing

 Quarter or rift sawing

TERMINOLOGIES

 Slab – kind of rough lumber which is cut tangent to the

annular rings of wood running the full length of the log w/
at least one flat surface
 Timber – five inches or larger in the least dimension
 Plank – wide piece of lumber from 2 – 5 inches thick
 Board – less than 1 ½ inch thick and at least 4 inches wide
 Flitch – thick piece of lumber
 Stick – small in cross section; other than the stated above
 Lumber – refers to term applied to wood after it has been
sawed or sliced into boards, planks, sticks, etc.
 Rough lumber – unplanned or undressed lumber
 Silviculture – the process of growing timber crops of the
better and more valuable species as rapidly as possible
through scientific forestry
Wood defects

 Shakes or cracks
 Knots
 Dry and wet rot

 Seasoning –of lumber means “even dryness”

 -natural or air drying (several months)
 -forced air drying (using fans)
 -kiln drying (using furnace)-few days
 - radio frequency dielectric drying
Measuring wood:
For square or rectangular sections:
 bd-ft. = thickness x width x length
 12

For round sections/logs:

bd-ft. = (D-4)² x Length
 16
Sample problems:
 1. Compute the number of board-feet of a
rectangular timber measuring 8” x 8” x 12’
 Answer: 64 bd-ft
 2. Round log measuring 11” in the larger
diameter, 10” in the smaller diameter and
having a length of 11 ft?
 Answer:24.75 bd-ft
Carpentry

 Post (halige, poste) –

upright structural member
supporting the structure
 Girders (guililan,
barakilan)- The principal
beam extending from
wall to wall
 -supports floor
joists and beams
either solid and built-
up
 Lumber and related products
 veneer and plywood
 hardboard
 particle board
 Plywood, construction material consisting of thin sheets
of wood glued together. The grains of wood in adjacent
sheets are arranged at right angles to each other, which
makes plywood exceptionally strong for its weight.
Plywood is used in construction, particularly for floors,
roofs, walls, and doors. It also is used to build molds for
concrete formations, such as foundation supports. Inside
a house, plywood often is used in a variety of
furnishings, including cabinetry, shelves, tables,
countertops, and wall paneling.
Terminologies
 Floor joist (soleras) – are those
parts of the floor system placed on
the girders where the floor rests
 Sill (pasamano) – is that part of
the side of the house that rests
horizontally upon the foundation (
wood plate)
 Header – short transverse joist
that supports the end of the cut-off
joist at a stair well hole
 Trimmer – is a supporting joist
which carries an end portion of a
header
 Flooring (suelo)– refers to the
wood flooring materials: tongue
and groove
The roof system

 1. shed or lean to type

 2. gable or pitched roof
 3. mansard
 4. double gable
 5.valley roof
 6. gambrel
 7. ogee
 8. saw tooth
 9. French or concave
 10. butterfly
 11. dome
 12. pyramidal
 13. hip roof
 14. conical or spire
Types of roof frame
 Rafter types
 Common rafters (tahilan)– extended at right angles
from the plate or girt to the ridge
 Hip rafters – laid diagonally from the corner of a
plate or girt to the ridge
 Valley rafters – any rafter which does not extend
from the plate or girt to the ridge
 hip jack, valley jack, cripple jack.
 Valley jack
Valley rafter
Common rafter

Hip rafter
Hip jack
 Truss – is a built up frame commonly employed on a
long span roof unsupported by intermediate columns
or partitions.

 Purlins (reostra) - structural members placed on top of

the rafters or top chord of a truss that supports the
roofing materials.
WOOD AND METAL FRAMING
 Splicing - a process of joining two
pieces of timber in their longitudinal
direction in order to transmit stresses
from one member to the other
 Lapping
 Fishing
 Scarfing
 Joinery- advanced branch of carpentry that requires
considerable skill in
precision and accuracy.
2. MASONRY AND CONCRETE
 MASONRY (kanteria)- is
the art of building with
stone, bricks, concrete
blocks or similar
materials.

 BRICKS (ladrilyo)- are

manufactured from clay
and other materials
processed into a
workable consistency
molded to standard sizes
and fired in kiln.
CHB WALLS
Vertical
reinforcement

Running bond

Roughing-in

Dowels
BRICK JOINTS

 Struck
 Concave
 Flush
 Rudded
 Stripped
 Weathered
 U- shaped
 Beaded
 Raked
Standard Brick Size

2’’

6“

4’’
BRICK FACES
 1. HEADER
 2. STRETCHER
 3. SOLDIER
 4. ROWLOCK
 5. SAILOR
 6. SHINER
BRICK LAYOUT

 BOND- term used referring to the

arrangement of bricks

 STRETCHER- when brick is laid where its

longer side is exposed to view.
 HEADER- when head is exposed
 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK- most
commonly used masonry materials for all
types of construction walls, partitions,
dividers etc., with varying thickness and
designs
Flemish Bond English Bond
CEMENT

 Hydraulic Cement –
bonding agent that
reacts with water to form
a stone like substance
that is resistant to
disintegration in water.
 Portland Cement-
type of hydraulic cement
- named after Joseph
Aspdin, after a natural
limestone quarried in
Portland England
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
 TYPE I – used for general
construction
 TYPE II - concrete construction
exposed to moderate sulfate action or
where heat of hydration is required.
 TYPE III- high early strength
 TYPE IV- high sulfate resistance is
required
 POZZOLAN CEMENT- amorphous silica that hardens as
a silica gel by reacting chemically with alkali in the
presence of water.
 WATER – should be clean and potable
 AGGREGATES - inert materials that when bound
together into a conglomerated mass by Portland
cement and water form concrete mortar or plaster.
 Coarse Aggregates- number 4 ( 4.76mm) sieve
 Fine Aggregates - number 200 ( 74 micron) sieve
 ADMIXTURE- material other than water, aggregates
and Portland cement.
ADMIXTURES
 RETARDANT
 SUPERPLASTICIZER
 ACCELERATOR
 COLORING
 WATER-PROOFING
 Air-entrained concrete is concrete in which minute air bubbles
are intentionally trapped by the addition of an admixture to the
cement, either during its manufacture or during the batching
and mixing of the concrete. The presence of a properly
distributed amount of these bubbles imparts desirable
properties to both freshly mixed and hardened concrete. In
freshly mixed concrete, entrained air acts as a lubricant,
improving the workability of the mix, thereby reducing the
amount of water that needs to be added. Entrained air also
reduces the need for fine material (sand).
 CONCRETE- an artificial stone as a result of mixing concrete,
fine aggregates , course aggregates and water- it is called
PLAIN CONCRETE
 Concrete masonry is block and brick building units molded of
concrete and used in all types of masonry construction.
Concrete masonry is used for load-bearing and nonload-
bearing walls; piers; partitions; fire walls; backup for walls of
brick, stone, and stucco facing materials; fireproofing over
steel structural members; firesafe walls around stairwells,
elevators, and other enclosures; retaining walls and garden
walls; chimneys and fireplaces; concrete floors; and many
other purposes.
 WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE – pertains to consistency,
plasticity, mobility
Plasticity, consistency, mobility
A good cement will show a tensile strength of 19.4
kg per sq cm (275 lb per sq in)

 TEST OF CONCRETE
 SLUMP TEST- method that requires a fabricated
metal
 COMPRESSION TEST- using UTM
 MIXING CONCRETE
 job site mixing
 ready mixed – discharged in 1 ½ hrs.
 REBOUND HAMMER TESTING
 CURING CONCRETE – hardening of concrete depends
upon the chemical reaction between the cement and
water
 7-28 days
 3 days for high early strength
3. REINFORCED CONCRETE
 When concrete structural members must resist extreme
tensile stresses, steel supplies the necessary strength. Steel
is embedded in the concrete in the form of a mesh, or
roughened or twisted bars. A bond forms between the steel
and the concrete, and stresses can be transferred between
both components.
 FOUNDATION - to transmit the collective
building load to the ground
 spread footing
 mat/ raft foundation
 piles
 pier
 Caissons box/caisson piers
 floating foundation- special type of foundation applied in
location where deep deposits of cohesive soil exist and the
use of pile is impractical. The weight of the building should
be equal to the weight of the soil extracted.
STAKING AND LAYOUTING
 The process of establishing the important
points of the building inside the property line.

Stakes

Batter boards

String or chord
EXCAVATION

 The process of extracting the soil underneath

the natural grade to attain the desired depth or
the established level.
Shallow Excavation –not
deeper than 1.5 meters
below natural grade
Deep Excavation-more
than 1.5 meters

Manual excavation
Excavation by
mechanical means
FOUNDATION

Piled foundation Mat or raft

BACKFILLING
 Aggregate base coarse
 Aggregate surface coarse
 Common burrow/fill
 Loose fill
 Pile- is a structural member of small cross sectional
area with reasonable length driven down the ground by
means of hammer or vibratory generators.
 -bank stabilizer
 -cohesive soil compaction
 -for loads to reach the hard stratum underground
 Important terms:
 Sheet pile
 H-pile
 Shoring
 Tie back
 Deadman
 Wales
 COLUMN- loosely used in a general sense for
any support a floor and a roof beam or arch.

a. Short column H= < 10x B
 b. Long column H = > 10x B
REINFORCING COLUMN
 TIED COLUMN- held by lateral ties
 Lateral ties- 10 mm min. ACI
 with formworks

 SPIRAL COLUMN- term given where a

circular concrete core is enclosed by
spirals with vertical or longitudinal
bars.
 spacing 2.5-7.5 cm.
 not less than 6 pcs. 16mm
steel bar
 COMPOSITE, COMBINED AND LALLY
COLUMNS- where the structural steel
column is embedded into the concrete
core of a spiral column
 LALLY COLUMN- fabricated post made
of steel pipe in filled with concrete.
MATERIAL STRUCTURE
RELATIONSHIPS
 COMPRESSIVE STRESS

 TENSILE ( TENSION)
STRESS

 SHEAR AND STRAIN

 TORSION
STRESSES
 The loads imposed on a building are classified as either
“dead” or “live.” Dead loads include the weight of the
building itself and all major items of fixed equipment. Dead
loads always act directly downward, act constantly, and are
additive from the top of the building down. Live loads
include wind pressure, seismic forces, vibrations
caused by machinery, movable furniture, stored
goods and equipment, occupants, and forces caused
by temperature changes. Live loads are temporary and
can produce pulsing, vibratory, or impact stresses. In
general, the design of a building must accommodate all
possible dead and live loads to prevent the building from
settling or collapsing and to prevent any permanent
distortion, excessive motion, discomfort to occupants,
or rupture at any point.
 SHEAR- slip from each other/ tear up
 STRENGTH – cohesive power of a
material
 MOMENT- tendency of a force to
cause rotation.
 STRAIN- alteration or reformation.
 STRESS – pressure of load, weight
and some other adverse forces or
influences
 REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR
SYSTEM-
 refers to the beam, girder , and floor slab.
 BEAM AND GIRDER-
structural member that
support the transverse load
with each end resting on a
support.
 continuous
 Simply supported
 cantilever
 t- beam
Bending and Cutting Bars
Bended bars
1. Stirrups
2. Lateral Ties
3. Dowels
 REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
 1. ONE WAY SLAB span/ 20
 2. TWO WAY SLAB span/ 24
 3. RIBBED span/ 28
 4. FLAT SLAB span/ 10
PRECAST CONCRETE
 TILT UP SLAB - cast on site then tilted up
 LIFT UP SLAB – lifted by a jack anchored to a pilotis
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

 PRE STRESSING- cables are stretched

before concrete is poured
 POST TENSIONING- with ducts for
the cables to be able to be stretched
even the concrete is poured.
STEEL CONSTRUCTION
TYPES OF STEEL
 1. carbon steel
 More than 90 percent of all steels are carbon steels. They contain
varying amounts of carbon and not more than 1.65 percent
manganese, 0.60 percent silicon, and 0.60 percent copper. Machines,
automobile bodies, most structural steel for buildings, ship hulls,
bedsprings, and bobby pins are among the products made of carbon
steels.

 2. Alloy steel
 More than 90 percent of all steels are carbon steels. They contain
varying amounts of carbon and not more than 1.65 percent
manganese, 0.60 percent silicon, and 0.60 percent copper. Machines,
automobile bodies, most structural steel for buildings, ship hulls,
bedsprings, and bobby pins are among the products made of carbon
steels.
 3. High-strength low alloy steel
 They have been specially processed, however, to have much
more strength than carbon steels of the same weight.

 4. Stainless steel
 Stainless steels contain chromium, nickel, and other alloying
elements that keep them bright and rust resistant in spite of
moisture or the action of corrosive acids and gases.

 5. Tool steel
 They contain tungsten, molybdenum, and other alloying
elements that give them extra strength, hardness, and
resistance to wear.
VARIOUS STEEL SECTIONS
WIDE FLANGE
I-BEAM
H-PILE
C-PURLIN
PIPE
TUBULAR
ANGULAR
Z-SECTION
STEEL STRUCTURES
 Welding, in engineering, any
process in which two or more
pieces of metal are joined
together by the application of
heat, pressure, or a combination
of both. Most of the processes
may be grouped into two main
categories: pressure welding,
in which the weld is achieved by
pressure; and heat welding, in
which the weld is achieved by
heat. Heat welding is the most
common welding process used
today. Brazing and soldering are
other means of joining metals.
LIGHT STEEL STRUCTURE
ADVANCED BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
 1. bulk active structures
 Structure or structural member that
redirects external forces primarily
through the bulk and continuity of its
material, as beam and column
 Ex. Post and beam, bearing wall system,
frame system
1. Vector active structures
redirects external forces through the composition of
tension and compression members

 Ex. Truss
 A. Space Frame- derived from a truss
 A three dimensional structure based on the rigidity
of a triangle
 Also called a “ space truss”
 B. Lamella roof
 A vaulted roof
composed of lamellae
forming a crisscross
pattern of parallel
arches skewed to the
sides of the covered
space.
C. Geodesic domes
3. Surface active structures
redirects external forces primarily along the
continuity of the surface.

 Ex.
 a. Folded plate system
 A plate structure
composed of thin
deep elements
joined rigidly along
their boundaries and
forming sharp
angles to brace each
other from lateral
buckling
b. Thin shell – rigid shell structure
4. Form active structure
a structure or structural member that redirects
external forces primarily through the form of its materials

 Ex.
 A. arch and its
derivatives
 Abutments –part of the
structure supporting or
receiving the forces in an
arch
 Thrust- outward pressure or
force exerted by one part of
a structure against another
 Drift- the thrust of an arched
structure to its abutments
Membrane structures
- a thin flexible surface that carries loads primarily to the
development of tensile stresses

 A. Tent structure
 B. Net structure
Pneumatic structures
-membrane structures that are placed in tension and
stabilized by the pressure of a compressed air

 Air supported / air inflated structure

High rise structure framing systems

 Perforated tube

 Framed
THE LEVER HOUSE
 Trussed tube

 Braced Tube

 Latticed tube
HONGKONG BANK
 Tube in tube

 Bundled tube
SEARS TOWER
AND TAEPEI 101
Damping systems
 Tuned mass damper
 Aerodynamic damping

Shaping of a building to
create air turbulence
 Internal damping
 Base isolation
WALL PANEL
BOARD EXAM TIPS
 Do not just read the lines, “Read Between
the Lines” or even “Read beyond the lines”
 Enhance your vocabulary-understanding is
better than knowing
 Read as much as you can
 Develop your own memorizing technique
but do not “overdose” yourselves
 Manage your time properly-
 time = chances of passing
 Pay attention to your weaknesses
BOARD EXAM TIPS
 Trust your instinct-NEVER CHEAT
 Enjoy every second of your exam
agony-keep away from stress

 READ…READ…READ….
PRAY.
Reference and Credits
 Building Construction, Max Fajardo
 Visual Dictionary of Architecture, F.D.K. Ching
 Building Design and Construction, F.D.K. Ching
 National Structural Code of the Philippines
 ASD Manual
 ASTM Manual
 Project Site Documents
 World Architecture e-magazines
 Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia
 Ebscohost
 Google.Scholar
 ScienceDirect
 Researchwork Compilation
THANK YOU AND
GOOD LUCK!