-docs not mean 13 multiplied by 3 but instead 13 plus 3. 3. B+ When we add and subtract mixed numbers, we handle the fractions and the whole numbers separately. In some subtraction problems itis necessary to borrow, as shown in (©). RewRirreN WIT Prosiem, EQUAL DeNomiNators ANSWER © 12 + 2 32t + 25 Ba @ 12 1a s 2 1 BoRxowinc © 133 = z De ve 2 23 02This is segment J Mivertat wit no arrowheads. Thus MC Te Sparta wal abelgzoar> the ength OF *Bo wR he same denominators. Ty We Hegitt by rewriting each fraction so that they heave the fractions. ° pL. 0. 5 common denominators po a oe a. (OF 7 Peace, 22: added ~ 66 66 = 2 . added 66 = 5 simplified 1.2 Segment AC measures 10} units. Segment AB measures 43 units. Find BC. A B c on We need to know the length of segment BC. We know AC and AB. We subtract to BC = AC — AB substituted common denominators borrowed subtracted‘Subtraction with borrowing: ds 4 1 pase 5 2 a az 22. Se : aia 24. ; or nes ce a en 13 z 1 os 2 ik 2 S2 pegs a a7, 43-215 =e eS) orto 5G) mone 28. The length of AB is 74 units. The length of BC is 53 units. Find AC. —_____.__—_- A B Cc 29, DF is 424 units. EF is 24%; units. Find DE. —__-_____ D E Fe 30. XZis 12}! units. XY is 3; units. Find YZ. o—_+___e x zZin ingles made by perpendic' angie Called) Fa ae gical hon ome ane ale a ma straight it a straight angle is rwo right ang feamee ne repatejbatitent Hap. #20 angle. An angle greater Pe ingles and 2 obtuse angles tangle 2 acute ang! 4 right angles Straight 1a right angle is divided into 90 parts, we say that each part has a measu; ‘Thus, a sight angle has a monsue of 9G degrees, which can also a angles form a straight angle. Thus, a straight angle has a Ce also be writen as 180°. Four right angles have a measure of 360 Written as 360°. Thus, the measure of a circle is 360 re of 1 degree. written as 90°. Two right f 180 degrees, which cay legrees, which can also be te 90° in a right angle 180° ina straight angle 360° in a circle gonon, which 1 +” Modern authors define Ee mettic figures whose sides arc ti nts. The follow’ means “angle.” Thus, Polygons as simple, ‘ing are examples of eS. 3 (©) Nota Polygon (4) Not a polygon”concave and convex polygons as powsone argue «08 5 vores a ep Pages os se (0) ors eo a esl a le ee ee yee, ee eee a 4 a side. Esch endpoint of e wide i re aces sim, ee mn each segment of « polygon is atte rt ural of venes te YE ewe po ‘pment tices Fo awal te: otygons are nanved according (2 gon with the fewest number of my 4 sides i called 0 quarto at h 3 aides in emtled a pert anot os in called a xan” hepa jan organ 1 aumnber of sides they sides i the tani 2A Bel wie 1A URon wi Treas wih 7 te alle 1 Ape aes tole TA wn 9c called 2 renee i 1 sen acl 1 eee. Mi Te dr tcl nde 2 A pose i (2 des clea ade aes nave spoil amy ere te ues of Hs ba atc plo with 2 steno 8 ie, ar polygons che Siow 1 Some polygon of mone than £2 Inatend, wwe use the word polygon asd tell 0 the suttix -cor, Thus, iC polygon ba 4d gon. For easy’ rofesence, we Hest the nan ye POLYGON Sipes Nawe ot 3 Triangle Nenagen 4 Quadrlatera) 10 Decason 5 Bentagon Gndec | 6 Hexagon Dodecagon 2 Hepiagor n-gae 8 Gctago sjled a concave polygon. ANY vom called a convex polygon Any two points it the @ by a ine segerent that does not cut a side of the eave polygons. Most of the polygons tat you will Jygon is used it will mean convex polygon If « polygon fas an indentation (a cave). the polygon 6 © polygon that does not bs x polygon can be con is not true for con this book, when p4 e an indent interior of a conve’ polygon. This statew sindy wi be convex polygon unfess stated otherwise. as. | Convex polygon Concave polygo!‘tog cg ——RAUEY POvGon Eccitaere) polygon ai Tre towing are examples of polygons that are repeat 9 el Cc? Pecciegasainen! Repaclperece) — Peguarhaaaal (eaulateral mathe) OUR Sa! on 60° nagles. Wo remember that a quad Sscttca tence Tepuleg e fowest number of sides is he tang 'mber that the poly zon with the Sowe: ia he ieee es and three angles. The sum of the pone doe ean 180". Ttiangles can be classified according tothe mcactr Jengtbs oF Ureir sides Triangles hee any triau, is 5 oF according ty eyg Fa triangle has a right angle, he tangle isa ight ae teat less than 90° an acute triangle. (fone angke ho tcianglois an obtuse triangle. The Latin preficeg eae a Anequtangaan aay ate Which the measures of all angles are equal. Bach ag 10 an Ccpingutar ciaugte must have a m mele are of 1° because 3 x 60° equals 180° a GC Acute trangie ngles have measurg jure greater than Yop, acne means “equa” ad he Latin P Mord angus Equiangular tangle Triangles are also fs0- means “e, © form isoscetes, lassified according tc Prefix qual” and the Greek Which m Wo Sides af equal length, means “side,” he selative le wsths of theit sides, The Greek | Word skefos means “leg,” eans We can put them, together “aval legs.” An isosceles triangle is a triangle that has at easy Sice the Latin prefix equi- means “equal -AtiD Word lates We-ean put them together to form equilateral, s “equal sides.” An and the 1 which mea2c triangles a aioe are equal: Ir altne sides of equilateral triangle sa triangle in which the Tenet of at sidep ne sae ial eater ie alferent lenge, the triangle is called & e2ueP° oS a Isoscales triangle Equilateral triangle Scatene triangle The lengths of the sides of a triangle and the mens of the angles opposite ese sides mre reluted. In any triangle, the angles opposite ich of equal lengths have eave) sis res Also, the sides opposite angles of caual mesrtt have equal lengths- ieee an ispeceles triangle is a tangle that Bas at leas Oe sides of equal length. The ples opposite these sides have equal measures. Al WCE Sides in an equiateral triangle have angles OP Penath, Since the angles opposite these sides have equal measures, an equilateral the sme Nenad Sine or rangh All rec anges in ao cobalt fave catal sian also an eguanlt hese angles have equal lengths an eatin reas equilateral tangle. The 3 ese SUF ina as eaudl eiCeds 20 he O70, aL a example 2.1. Find x pane A solution The sum of the measures of the three angles in any triangle 180°. The two given angles The saasares of 30° and 130°, ‘The sum of the measures of these angles iS 160°. Therefor angle x must have a measure of 20° beeause 20 + 30 + 130 = 180 ‘Therefore, x = 2 example 2.2 Find xand y: solution ‘The identical tick marks on two sid les of the triangle tell us that these two side lengths. In any triangle, the angles opposite sides of equal len Therefore, angle x must have a measure of 50°. So. x three angles must be 180°. So angle y must have a me: have equal jgths have equal measures. ‘50. The sum of the measures of the re of 80° because 50 + 50 + 80 = 180 Therefore, y = 80. example 2.3. Find x and y.‘Angles « and lengths Since bs all = __ 2p qWadrilaterais. S/S Trapezous Fectanghs Practice 4. b. Pind x and 70 problem set 2 11, What angles are formed by lines that are perpendicular? 2. What angle is formed by two right angles? 3. What is an acute angle? 4. What is an obtuse angle? 5. (a) What is the degree measure of a right angle? (b) What is the degree measure of a straight angle? (©), How many degrees are ima circle?oblem set 2 9 probier J. What do you call polygons in which all angles have the same measure? engih and all angles have 8 What do you call polygons in which all sides have the same length and all ang! the same measure? 9G) What isa right triangle? (&) What is an acute triangle? (©) What is an obtuse triangle? (@) What is an equi: 10, (a) Whatis an isosceles triangle? (>) Whatis an equilateral triangle? (© Whatis a Find © 12. Find y Add or subtract as indicated. Write answers as proper fractions reduced to lowest terms or as mixed numbers. ial We ee Te, She a9 se 4 12 bot oa 28 Bede 16. 2+ 17. ' 1g se Bas 42 h 2a 1 19. + 4h 20. 2p 9245: 23. 95 + 55 : i 28. The length of AB is 25 centimeters. The length of BC is 53 centimeters. Find AC. 29. PRis 16} meters. OR is 97 metenes Semele 1 ed et bine prance we a 3 is 9 inches. Solution several lngths are not given. So tempi. Since vis 13 tees across jength on tp is 8 ine we 4 re ititeao the height ofthe iebt-hand 3 4 15 which equals the sum of the Jengthy he distance around the figu ‘The perimeter is the sides of the figure. Perimeter = (9+ 44+5+8+ +3 +9 + 15)inches = 58 inches 3.B Gireumference Every point on acircte is the same distance from the center of the circle. This distaneayy the radius of the rele, The diameter of a circle is twice the length of the radius ofthe, Radius Diameter We call the perimeter of a circle the circumference of the circle. Many anciedit that the circle was the perfect geometric figure. They were especially interested relationship between the diameter of @ circle and the circumference of the same ciel3.8 circumference 4 found that it takes approximately 3.14 diameters to go all the way around a circle no matter how small or how large the circle is, The symbol = means “approximately caval Dian, — 0.14 diameter vars Now we know the exact number of times the diameter will go around a circle. This exact lumber we call pi (pronounced pie"). We use the symbol 7 to represent this, (e 7 as a decimal number would require an infinite number of digits because 7= ber. A calculator gives decimal approximation of 7 as 3141592654 lation for when doing calculations that the circumference of a circle, and it takes number is a humber. To ws is an irrational nu In this book, we will use 3.14 as an approx involve the mumber z. It takes 7 diameters to equ: 2rr radii to equal the circumference of a circle. D ae Circumference = 2r Circumference = xD Circumference of a cirele = 7D = 4@r) = 2ar nce of the circle. example 3.2 The radius of a circle is 3, solution ‘The formula for the circumference of a circle of radius ris given by Circumference = 2zr Substituting 3 em for r, we get Circumference = 2(3 em) = 2.14) em) = 18.84 em ind the radius of the circle. cumference of a circle is 24 meters. example 3.3. Thee ‘or the circumference of a circle of radius r is given by solution The formul Circumference = 2ar Substituting 24 m for circumference, we get 24m = 2ar 24m = 2G.14)r 24m = 6.28r Solving for r, we get r = 382mexample 3.4 solution we begin by find te the suen Of the TIEMEIHS ofthe nis figure. Dimer example 3.5 te perimeter o he straight sides. solution We begin by finding the 2 : fh equals the sum of the lengths of the straight sides and the lengths of the two semicircle oa 724 tO) 2n(5 ft) Perimeter = 14ft + 10% + 6 + 2 ° 23.144 f) , 2G.14)5 fe =30n + Ma b = 30% + 12 = 58.26 tt practice h of a rectangle is 10 centimeters. The width of the rectangle is 5 centimeter, Find the perimeter of the rectangle Perimeter ofa square is 12 meters. What is the length of one side of the squame? Pr aFind the perimeter 0 rites are righ angles. Ps The radius of a circle is 5 il the perimeter of this fiz Dimensions are in feet < 6 te Whats tho eur) of the measures of the thres angles of any triangle? tures of the angles of an equiangular triangle Jn equilateral triangle? problem set 3 is truc about the angles opposite () What are the m tures of the an two sides of a triangle have equal lengths, then what out the sides opposite 2 those sides? sofa triangle have equal measures, then whatis true 3 sides? If two angt those angles? What is the name of the quadrilateral that has two pairs of parall 6 What is the name of the quadrilateral that has exactly two parallel sid fe is 12 inches, The width of the rectangle is 8 inches. Find the 7. The length of a rect perimeter of the rectangle. &. The perimeter of a square is 16 feet. What is the length of one side of the squat 9. The radius of a circle is 6 centimeters. Find the circumference of the circle 10, The diameter of a circle is 8 meters. Find the circumference of the circle. Find the perimeter of each figure. Corners that look square are square. Dimensions are in inches.yt 29. 5241 its ag. abo ae ene 26 29, The length of AB is 145 fet. The te rt ze 30. DF is 7} yards. EF is 43 yards. Find DE TESSON 4 Review of Ari thmeti 4A numerals and numbers ‘Amumber isan idea. A numeral isa single symbol or a collection of symbols that We use fo express the idea of « particular number. above all have the quality of shreeness. The three children and the three ing at the right also brings to mind the re not of the same kind. he three drawi pencils both brin of three, although all the thin; mind the idea of three. The di inthe draw ate the idea of three, we could write any of the If we wish to use a symbol to desig following: m1, 3, 3 2 1 6 + 2, u-8 Each of these is a symbolic representation of the idea of three. Throughout the book, when we scribing the idea, We will use numerals to designate the4.6 real numbers 4B natural or counting numbers 4c real numbers 15 marks we make on paper are numbers But we will remember that none of 1 because ‘A number is an idea! Since the symbols 5 30 ma 32 "Thus, - vm and we see that the 1 numerals that represent the sam e of a numeral ts the number represented by the num: words valve and number have the same meaning. we tse to designate numbers is called the decimal Arab neighbors, and finally Thala, passe € the rates uses 10 symbole that we call digits. ‘These The syst was invented by the Hindus to Burope cirea A.D. 1200. The dee digits are 0. S a sie a # mnselves or in combination with one another to form the numerals We use these digits by th that we use to designate decimal numbers We call the numbers that we use to count objects or things the natural numbers or n with the number 1 and the counting numbers. When we begin counting. we follow it with the number 2, etc 8 9, 10, 11, 12, J. so these numbers $ or or such as or counting numbers with, Ic would not be natural to try to count by using number are not called natural or counting numbers. We designate the natu the number 13 indicate that this list continues without end. The three dots af the list above, Tis, al ig murnbers shown here o.ooies 363 324s agotszaz3a3aa of them can be used to describe physical distances when used. are positive real numbers, for 2 with descriptive units such as inches, feet, yards, ete 363 feet 3: 8 meters 3 mile 0.000163 yard 4 400.1623232323 centimeter kilometers 46 inches mber, but it can be used to deseribe a physical call negative numbers, and these and or use negative numbers and zero, in algebra we use numbers that we mbers. The ancients did not unders The number zero is 1 distance of no magnitude. Thus we say that zero is a real number. In addition to the positive led real numbers. A man could not own negative 10 sheep. If he owned any sheep at all, the number numbers are also c: reater than zero, The ancients could subtract 4 of sheep from 6 and result in a number thai impossible. had to be designated by a numbe but they felt that it was impossible to subtract 6 from 4 because that would To their way of thinking, this was clearly get 2, was less than zero itself4.D aber lines ST ies we 16 seme wome mish tent 0 20S of nes oy i nen teen mame yt ie ive rent ma covers 9 Toa re by WHINE Soret Meer he negate TO Soe here © secfsumeanonative eT .- positive umber oto desi a write the nume! enmetic and just We may use a plus SEF sign as we aid i in, we designate a positive ore may toave tte Fe eae eerie seed aya : By when discussing the addition of + math called new algebra level Soe und it is especialy © In the 1950s the 30~ number Hine ac the el ghee ley fed numbers .d divide it into cqual units of lengty when dis Signed numbers. Tro construct a number Tin bbe any length as 1on; we first draw a lin the as they ar ‘er lines to emphasize that the ling rrowheads are not necessary We call this base ‘The units Many books show small arrowh ro with this point continue without end in both direc and may be omitted. Now we choose 2 pol point the origin, and we associate the number 2¢ - ie ° Fried we aiscciets the postive real numbers with the points to the right of the origin anil negative real numbers with the points to the left of the orig Bc osen’ Abe 1% 2 numbers, and dicated the location of zero, the coun the negative counterpart of each counting number. As required, we can indicate the postion Gf any real umber by locating it in relation to the numbers shown. For example, on the number line below we indi +3, and +2.6 by placing a dot at the approximate location of each number. 7 On the number line above we have in fe the position of +26 4 a number, We When we place a dot on the number line to indicate the loc say that we have graphed the number and that the dot is the graph of the num a the number is said to be the coordinate of the point that we have grapl We use the number line to tell if one number is greater than another number by a number is greater than another number if its graph lies to the right of the4.€ multiplication and division of 17 e ser than 1 because the graph of j lies to the right of the fe detail in later lessons. of the other number. Thus } ise fraph 11- This topic will be discussed in considerab oF Ht units to the left of the nitted) lies 2 units to the right of the orig in. Since the graphs of these numbers are equidistant from the is sometimes helpful to think of each of these numbers Imber. In this example, we say that ~2 is the opposite directions, the other n opposite of -2, 4.E multiplication multiplied by multiplying the numerators to get the new numerator, and by and division he denominators to get the new denominator. or racnons: Promiom Souumion af 3 w 4x2 ~ and th We divide fractions by inverting the divis OLE INVERTING Sovurion o 4,15 4 3 If cancellation is possible, it is easier if we cancel before we multiply PRowLem CaNcenLAr © 2x2 Z x 2 ) * z Seer Ss oe) @ 2x ox 8x2 21 3 ai eae We change mixed numbers to improper fractions and then multiply or divide as indicated. Proniem IMPROPER FRACTION 8 Penal © x st exe 2.3 ae a : 3 3 ‘i : @ ee Be ae 7 9 6 13 t . ¢ 3 13 10 (s) = st ii Bee as a (33. 5 ee4F ee se ‘symbols of equality and ty, operations addition ‘subtraction multiplication jnus we can write ao Bie Ey the namical 7,12 care not equal. TBY wat to 1 of algebra. The operations 1] because 7 is not eat sanetie are atso te baste OSTA ow these Operations h spe rnurpasicopersonnoracinci wSUNson Ne Mil SCS, ie the Ponte ae eetlon, arbiacton, uN ers of A G4) to indicate the | Gna will restrict our dis jhumbers and zero the plus sign pit we call the result a Sum, ore 10 BC aber an addend, 2 ve wish to add two mands Me ie oe We call cect of the mu salar rea nple, we use the plus ai 5 is the sum. real number is the P: ¢ to be multiplied tc There are several ways to indicate If two numbers a and the result is called a product. multiplication 4.32 4@ 212 @-@)=12 @E=1 4x3=12 In each of the five examples shown here, the notation indicates that 4 is to be multiplied by 3 and the result is 1 jgebra, we will avoid the last notation because the cross can be confused with the letter.x, a symbol we will use for other purposes. In cach of the above, We 4 and 3 are factors, and we say that 12 is the product. nber 1 is the say d We note that the product of a particular real number and the nu particular real number itself. 4-1 PE iis i = 15 The number zero also has a uni . & so has a unique multiplicative property. The product Gee be crowithermnerseco. ro bese 2 ajocimal numbers review of operations with di 18 4H ors called ea result, dhe frat number is € ton trone number isto be divided by another number achieve ares 1 ET Gy aliviston 1fone number sto be deg yale the divisor, and ue result alied MS-4 ie ee i hown here indicate that 10s to be divided by 5 and) she divisor, and say that the quotient is 2. Wis se fraction such as 42, we say that 10 is the mum at the result is 2 n the indicated rator of Both of the notation We call 10 the dividend, cal division is expressed in the form of the fraction and that 5 is the denominator of the fraction. 4.H Feview of We must align the decimal points vertically wher we show here n we add operations with decimal 1.005 numbers + 300.012 301.017 example 4.1 Add 4.0016 and 0.02163. solution We remember to place the numbers so that the decimal points are aligned 4.0016 + 0.02163 4.02323 example 4.2 Subtract 0.02163 from 4.0016. solution Again we align the decimal points. 4.0016 0.02163 example 4.3 Multiply 4.06 x 0.016. solution We do not align the decimal points when we multiply 4.06 x 0.016 406 0.06496 example 4.4 Divide 6.039 by 0.03. solution As the first step, we adjust the decimal poin Tt i al points as necessary. Then we divide 201.3 0.036039 _3f603.9 9 94. unit multipliers ‘conversions of length example 4.5 solution example 4.6 solution example 4.7 solution hnange the ValUe of the "To write 5 with q edo not a wine number the mum ber by 3 0 Tover?, mae ange the am te ome Jom change, we by aepminasor oF Te : Las by 1. Thirty-five Over7 hag owe ba mt oo “re fra value of wie fraction 7 over 7hass valle OF dealue of 3 and isjust anche fe call these fractions unit Be for 1yd. Weed 7 vie novber ame FOC TYE: tee « equal to 1 because Al dare eat’ Sunit multipliers 1 ¢ we multipliers. We © ength meast pliers to conve mult it} se unit In this section we w iain). pots (18 2 and per and vee what happe cin. 228 Bex Din ia in seats ty the other unit multiplier x ip 32(12) in. ie 4 paver thas a value of a Se ee earalanzwer we wall not do the muldplication ois and | i ean Pen eet eee od a isi bose te fect on tie boom will cancd mm Patel Sears ies attontay equate the top. We remember th 36H . Imi T 5280 % 6 mi ~ 0.0068 mi 0 68 entimeters (1 in, = 2.54 cm), Use one unit multiplier to convert 47,25 inches to c The inch is defined to be exactly 2.54 cm, so there are Cea ly 2.54 cm, so there are two unit multipliers that we may, and 254m4.5 conversions of fength because it has inches on = 47.25(2.54) em A numerical answer is not necessary, so we will leave the answer (1m = 100m). {Use one unit multiplier to convert 42 meters to centimeters (1m = 1 1s in 1 meter. The two possible unit mm im 100 em ‘example 4.8 Solution ‘There are 100 contin 100m agg Tm We will use the first unit multiplier because it has meters om the bottom. S2uf . 100em _ 4209em T Tet Use two unit multipliers to convert 42 feet to centimeters. I use inches, feet, and miles to make measurements. The fers, and kilometers, Thus, U.S. engineers often find it The crossover point is the exact relationship, example 4.9 solution Many people in the United rest of the world uses centimeters, 1 o anothe We will convert feet to inches and then convert inches to centimeters. necessary to convert from one system Lin. = 2.54.n di Weta a Sbiensh 6g ae 1” lie We will not do the multiplication because a decimal answer is not required. We are interested in the method, not in Use two unit multipliers to convert 4 miles to inches. example 4.10 convert feet to inches, solution We will convert from miles to feet and ant x 5280.8 = 4$280)(12) in. Tani The following table provides the basic equivalent measures, Imi = 5280 ft 1km = 1000 m Lyd = 3 ft lem = 10mm Ta: 1m = 100em re Problems to provide practice in operations with decimal numbers will appear in the problem sets. Do not use a calculator when working these problems. Practice Perform operations as indicated, Do not use a calculator. 1 4 1 3 a 4— x 2— bs ee rs ee bee d. 800.62 - 75.88 47.123 + 8.416 + 705.4 f. 4.028 + 0.04 e. 47.05 x 6.42