How to Win IN THE CHESS ENDINGS ‘Ao by TA. Horoite BY MODI IDEAS IN THE CHES OPENS I. A, Horowitz With 171 diogams DAVID McKAY COMPANY, INC.Contents Foreword FE eeueusere u 2 13, Mu 15, 16, 1. 18, |. Why the End Game? The Power of the King King Versus Pawns King Versus King and Pawns More on Kings and Pawns Hold That Pav! ‘Two for One Pawn Plusses and Minuses Knight Versus Pavns More on Knight and Pawns Bishop Versus Pawns Bishop(s) and Pawns Bishop Versus Knight Rook Versus Pavns Rook Versus Bishop Rook and Pawn Versus Rook Queen Versus Pawn End Games~Max Euwe BSERSLESBES ak u 8 180 M3 153 16TForeword aave teen prompted to wate this book for a numberof seasons. To begin wth, while I do not subscribe to the prop- sition that when you say "A" you mt also sxy Ih" Im, revertheles, impelled to complete my works onthe opening dnd mide gane with one on the end game, Be that at Ky, there ware even more compelling rests ‘While there are some books on the ending currently on the markt, and particularly «very fine production in Basle Chess ‘Ending, nota single one eaters to any extent to the learner ‘vho roqltsstep-bystep explnations of what all sbout Hw ta Wis in the Chess Endings, while nt ambitious in sowpe, on the contery, painstakingly overs the pertinent deal, Tn a sense, i a partdox tht this hook should come out stall tors agree that the loi presentation ofthe game af chess should gin with the endings that sts easier to com Drchend the movements of two une rather than thy 00, “The demand for opening-and middle gare information, Bow. cover, was a deciding tctr ‘One thing Is cetia If larner knows the endings, he mt ely wil gt ner eal forthe oer departments he ie Sure to reach 8 happy ending L.A, HonowarzWhy the End Game? “Tras cxsr ov casi divided into tro pats-the opening, ‘Bemidile game, an the end game, Bocuse the How of ens ‘ogi in the opening, courses through the middle game, and nds up in tho end unt may soem thatthe sy of chest Should parma the sae sequence, Curouly, and precely, ould ot Th the boglanng, to be sure, thee are thirty-two unis on the chessboard. Is only reasonable to asumo, however, that a plyer who cannot manage to or thre units corecty i a 8 Eomplete lose when confronted sith thy. two, Hence, i casy to see the nead for lnring the powers end propre Gf the sing nite in elton to eachother before ebracing the combined, progressive potentiality of the many. 24 ‘The endl game, moreover, contains baste positions akin to the axioms of mathematics, To know these positions f 19 ace (gine stochoute of fundamentals which ate art and paccel OF nearly every gime, This Inowledge i really the solid ‘groundwork of foresight, the prime requisite of planning ‘Foresight in the opening, for example, is nothing mere than 4 predispaved knowledge of the middle game, and possibly the end game. Foresight in the middle game is knowledge ofthe end game, Foresight i the essential atribute for favor- ably projecting the future. To eeystalize the thought, let us assume one of the usual variety of middlegame postions. In it we ad innumer- able contintions, many alternate cholees. To ttack, to de- {end, to stall, to swaps these are vexing problems. fone conld {ores with orainty a favorable rest by one of these actions, the would know what to do, There would be no problem. ‘Rarely, however, isthe sue so nt and dred. Almost always there Is present an element of specnlation. Yet it goes without saying that a favorable result Browghe abot with «minima of risk isthe correct procedure, And here is where knowledge ofthe end game is the answer. Because the end game hs 50 fow nits, tis often posible to ealeulate its consequences without fear of contridiction-without risky ‘Thus the frst ‘course of action to be considered is that which leads to an end "Even so we need knowledge ofthe end game, It sone thing tobe able to handle « winning end gatne when placed actully {nt Tis quite another thing, starting from our middle game position, tobe able to judge ifthe end game willbe a favorable ‘ne. Rare isthe talent that ean run out mentally the moves ‘hich bring about the end game aud thea superimpose another mental reckoning of whether or not that position sa winning ‘ne. Our essential foresight inthe mide geme most then in ‘le a sure knowlege af what endgame positions are wine ning ones 5 ‘Now that we have established the need for learning the end game, let us proceed to the task; KING VERSUS PAWN ‘When a Pawn reaches the eighth rank, it «wellknown fact that it will promote fo apiece of its own color, most Iikely a (Queen. This power to expand is one ofthe most decisive fctors (the entre game, That is why itt necessary in the end game to watch every enemy Pawn advance with sureptitions eat- tion. Because the general run of end gumos is garnished with a Jot of material and becauso even ene puny move may affect the final result, the caloulations are generally deep, profound, tnd exacting. tS rather a tedious procedure, in any given Pasta, to count the number of moves it requies for a Pawn to Queen in order to determine whether the avin can be stopped by the opposing King. Its even more tedious mentally to abserves “Igo here; he goes thers, I go bere; he goes there, ta” The chance of error or of a miscount is too great. Cane Eldering, moreover, thatthe ealenlaton wually comes at the tall end of other maneuvers not yet made but only in tho Imagination, the total number of moves to be observed azo ‘many-often too many forthe average ches player. Under tho Clroumstances, «shortcut i desirable to avert tortuous analysis, rtonately, for one type of position, there fr such a device. ‘There isan wary way of caleulating the relationship of a King to1an enemy Pawn so that you can determine with exactitud ‘whether or not the Pawn may be stopped.ey ie {In ardor to make the caleuations sep by step, we observe ‘the felling moves ie pon, can The ack Pa be 1 K86 Pea 2105 PRS SicKe PRB 4 Kc33 PR 5 KN? ‘The Pawn queens-to no avail ‘The Fawn can be stopped. But we have been taxed with ‘aleulating iv acenrate moves Since the diagrammed position may be part of earlier ealalations still im the mind’ of the player, we note the player is compelled to look aheed for a number of moves, pasitly beyond his ken, There is a much more simple way of doing the same thing. “Here isthe very same positon. Only tis time we have used & devico for determining whether the Pawn ean be stopped ‘We draw a line on the diagonal of the Pawn, extending from Black's KS to QBS. Then we extend the lie straight upward to the same rank on which the Black Pawn stands, We have described a triangle. Now we describe a second triangle from Black's KMS to KRS to QBS and back to KRS. Together, these ‘wiangles form a square. If the White King ean enter the square, ‘the Puvn can be topped. ‘At fist sight al of this effort appears tobe greater than the troublesome ealolations above. Afr a while, however, the aye can be teained to envisage the square of the Pavin at a tlinee, and the ealelations wil be made in a split second Here Aro a Few More Examples: ‘Wik Wie ont mor, ce he Poon be peed? No. The White King is out ofthe square, a ee What he suas af hak Poa?8 ‘The Black Pawn forms two squares, one oni right and one on it eft, Parts ofthe square, inthis case, are actually imagi- nary since they extend Beyond the scope of the boar. If the ‘White King ein get into eny square within the square of the awn, the King will top the Pawn, When a Paven is on the second rank, ite advance of two squares on the frst move mast be taken lato account. Hence, for the purposes of quick ealeuaton, the Pawn must be con. sidered as on the thie! rank. Ia eis position, the White King, cannot stop the Pav, appearances fo the contrary notwithe standing 9 fe may represent the “Pawn square” diagrammatically ia (his wise: HOW TO STUDY THE END GAME [Rarely wil an exact book position occur in a game, The position that will occur, however, may embody the self-seme Drinciples as the book position, In order to make ssrurance Alogby sure thet you understand the peiniple rather than the given diagrammed postion, set wp your own exerises. Comn- [ote positions similar to the ones you are stdying snd. atk yourself what diference, if any, exists betwoon the given sition and the ones you have composed. You will be sur- Drsed at the answers snd your knowledge and proficiency at Ihuneling end games will increase immeasurably.The Power of the King Sone cs or coms never leave the opening: the “bell Tiancy” i short and ewest. Between plays of pprociately equal strength, however, «game is shore an Hey to reach ‘ending. And its in the ending that the gune Is won, lot, te denwat The soy told about two beginners, completly ignorant af the primary end-gune concep, contining playin an end game featring Kinge-and noting eel A maser watched tho absord srg for some time but Sally guve up aiting for them to abandon ft When he returned Inter sad asked fey bad agreed to a draw, one of the beginners replied: "Note mated me" "hie incen early typical of chess player, even begi- ners. Yeti s surprising to lean how litle some nonbegimners Know about such rally base positions as even King and Pawn end games, “in Klag and Pawn endings, tho position ofthe Kings is often the decisive factor. King and Pawa verus King and Pan Inay bea win or a draw, depending on how far advanced the ‘Pawns may be, on whether one or both Pawns ean be stopped from queening, or on whether one King can freo the other ‘King out ofthe way, or in end-gume terminology, “guning the ition.” and 20 gobble up the enemy Pawn. ‘Often one King i able in a materially oven position to reach ‘and capture the opponent's Pawns, while the opposing King ‘cannot The “King position” i thus « simple demonstration of 1 “postion” advantage being converted into a “material” on. LEot ns now tum to a study of the movement of the King fn King and Pawn end games. REACHING A FIXED GOAL Alter you have become familiar with the shoetrange move- seats of the King, you are roady for the next steps. They fnlade King and Pawn (or Pawas) versus King (with and. ‘wthowt Pains) ‘Tho basie concept iavlved here is the movement of the ‘King. 18 important to realize that, a the King moves towardfixed goal, it has several equally short routes. One of these veil be 8 staight line more often than not: but other equally ‘host routes will not be straight lines. In ches, the old adage ‘of mathematics comes a cropper: the shortest distance between theo ponte may not be «straight Kine The fllowing examples ‘wil demonstrate. It most certainly seems that, o reach the xed goal, KBB (that is, to eaptore the Pawn'on KBS~and wore assuming the Pawn i fired: ic, cannot move), Whito mast play: TBS, 2 K-Q3, 9 KS, 4 KxPfour moves, Indeed, there is no shorter—with the factors shown. But that zoute can bo an illusion, given other factors, say, an opposing Bishop controlliag the agonal which ents through White (QB3. In such a ease, even the odd way of 1 K-BL 2 KQS, SK-KA, and 4 KeP is ellctive-and still only four moves. B So itis important to understand that the King bas many routes, Consider the zigzag one: 1 K-B2, 2 K-Q5, 3 K-K4, and ESP. Here werrefer you tothe bit of advice previously given under “How to Study the End Game.” Set up your own exereiss for ‘the King’s approach, tobe sure you understand the principle ‘and not jast the diagrammed examples. Actually, a King going from QUS to KES has more than twenty diferent “shortest” routes! Werk thom out; then, for a given position, you will ‘oe intelligently able ta answer the question which you must frequently ask yourself: "Which route” OVERTAKING A PAWN Te is sedom thatthe Pawn i “xed.” Moro often, inthe end apt to be pushing resolutely on to queen ‘You can extend the principle of reaching a xo goal, none- theless and so reapply the lesson just leased. The goal now will be the Bawn's queening square-ce, f possible, some square slong the route before it queens. avi dermal th que, you proce aan to tly hhow ican be approached, snd to this end the following prob lem becomes tnportant. I es wonderful example of how vital that question: Which route? can be. ‘The problems is « dilleul one. Do not fol too bad i, as4 Deginner, yon cannot solve i But do ty itt before red the solution. AS one important clue, consider that your King ‘an have one of two totally diferent objectives. Wie Paya Dre ‘Stopl A this potat study the position, try to determine what must be done for White to draw, and work out your solation(s) Ail you are sue, f you eannot succeed, then read on. 1 Wt Pechaps we could safely forego any comment hore. And yot Whites move represents & fst crucial decision. Taking tho Took permits Blacks Pawn to escape beyend the pale. Or, conversely, we may phrase it that the capture puts White ‘King hopelesly outside of the Pavn's square Suffice i to say, however, that the Rook must be taken: else, eg LK-NG? F-QBI, and Black has ample means for winning alter 2 KAP, IoP; or oven more hopeless is 1 K-RG? K-NS, ‘and Black has made vital progress wile White bas resolved thing at al. 1 PR ‘The dreaded Pawn advance. Stl, the poston is now one of King and Pawn versus King and Pawn. You can profit by rovonsidering the cuent leson-plus the clue mentoned. 5 ‘Our clue was that White's King has two goals. One isto try to stop the Black Pawn. The other i to ty to quoen his own Pawn ‘The achievement of either goal will suflce to dra. ‘Arif consideration shows thet neither goal canbe attained bby direct means. For example, the pursuit of the Pawn fils: 2 KRY, PAN, 9 K-RG, P-R6-and alas! the King can never reenter the Pawns square. And, as Blae’s King is within tho White Paws square, 2 PBT, KN2 is equally fai. [As onr clue suggests, however, we must uy t0 use tho White King to support its Pav. On the face of i, this procedure sso scems futile: 2 K-NT,P-RS, 3 K-BT, KNST and Black picks (of the White Bown mith utmost ease, while his own Pawn vill go on, unbampered, to queen, ‘White simply eannoe draw, it scems! The Solution(s) Curiously enough, however, White ean draw. His fallure in the ties above results from his employing only the apparently shortest, the straightline routes of approach. For the correct solutions (for White tes lead to more than ove soliton), you ‘mast fall hace upon that vital question: Which route? ‘As White's King has to goals, the question now becomes ‘which route wil best serve both goals. By employing a route ‘hat advances the White King upon both its possible objectives jn the shorest number of moves you cam attain one goal or the other-and draw.6 ere, then, isa striking demonstration of the value of the Kings diverse routes to @ given goal. First Solution Let us consider th earrect route. (conti rom lat agra) 2 kN By using a diagonal move, tho White King advances with ‘equil gain on each of goals: to overtake Black's Pawn and torreach and support ts own. 2 PRS Definitely Blac’ best try at the moment his unstoppable Pawn burres on to queen whereas White's quoening is stil ft of consideration 8 801 ‘Agaia, a diagonal move, equally directed toward both goals. a PR Black sill presses on to queen. His alternative tries willbe Aisussed presently 4K Hore, then, we see @ ute forthe apparently sonsoless zigzag, souto described carly in this lesion! The consequences now Tbocome fairly lear: White can reach and support his ow Pawn, a nood. 4 Pry Spr PReia) 6 P-BB(QIeh Drawn "7 For with Quoens on oth sides only a gross blunder ean lead toa win now. Second Solution ‘Adaittedly, White has demonstrated a draw; but was it Black's best play? What if Black tiesto stop the White Pain from queening? (Continue om lat gr Den PRs ake KMD Black moves on the White Pawn before is King ean sive to support i The Pavia ie lst, surely? xs! Again, «diagonal move of the King i the shortest approach tos two gous! wer ‘White's Pawn is gone, indeed; but now White's King table to enter the square of Black’ Fawn! wns 5 Kal Within the queening square White's King soon overtakes and captures the Black Pawn: 5... PANG; @ K-N3, PRT; a. In an actual game, the draw Would be conceded now, ‘ot sooner.8 Other Solutions "Those two main lines do not exhaust the possibilities. But enough bias been stated to guide the way. You will do wel ‘ere again to review "How & Study the End Game,” as you should egsin end again in each end-game lesson "For example, in the last line, note how White still draws, after A” P-R6: 5 K-Q6! by reverting to the gol of support ‘hs own Pawn on to queen: 5. PART; 6 PBT! K-N2 [6... PB(Q): 7 P-BS(Q)ch is also a draw); 7 KQT P-R8(Q); 8 P-BS(Q)eh, Drawn ‘And asother interesting study i the solution with 2 K-NT, NS fn which Black goes after White's Pawn immediately. ‘Work out each possibility for yourself. The effort will repay you by instilling an instinct, as it were, for all such positions Principles in the Solution ‘Having worked out sll the possibilities, your nest step isto sum up the principles iavolved. Then try to remember the Principles, rather than the moves-which may prove evanes- Tn this problem the outoome is a draw because White selects ‘hat King oute which permits him to switch, at need, depen’- ng on Block's moves, fom one tothe other of two saving goal. ‘Ths, n answering the question: Which route? the White King moves on the diagonal route: K-NT-D6 as i i quo as shor “En approach to Blacks Pawn as is K-RT-R6 and has the added fidountage of being a short approgch to White's own Pown. ‘The Diagonel Approach Tn the question ofthe shortest routes to either of two goal tho Kings diagonal move i mst Snportant. The beginner must Sralize Gherefoe, that the more “diagonal” the difection to & foal, the fewer shortest routes there are. “nagining, of cous, that tho Pav is “Sued,” ie, cannot 19 How many sit eae He? more, there are only four “shortest” routes: (1) 1 K-NS, 2 K-BT, 3 K.Q6 and 4 KP; (2) 1 KNT, 2 KoB7, 9 K-Q0 and AKAD, (3) 1 ENT, 2 KeB6, 3 K.Q6 and 4 KAP; (4) TENT, 2 KG, 9 K-Q5 and KxP. In the following postion there is oly one shortest route, the direct diagonal: KNT-B.QSKABSNENL (KR). HOW TO STUDY THE POWER OF A KING Puta White King and a Black Paven on the board at random, and ty to count the number of shortest routes, ‘When you reach a King and Pain ending in one of your ‘own games—stop! Try to vitwalizo all tho possble shortest toutes, Decide whether thee is any diferonce between these King routes and, if so, which isthe mast cllacious.King Versus Pawns “Tr sco esmrnnarn a in the ening i th ubigultous Xing Fora plece that reflects the climate of every move on the length and breadth of the sity-fur squares ad for one ‘with a powerful potential oft own, is appraisal far below pat This is comprebensbly s. Ta the opening aod in the mide game a ventresome King {a buffeted from plato post, and as often as not never reaches the post. In the ending, however, when raost of the major pieces are gone andthe rk of checkmate i therfore remote, the King can and ought to share the burdens of the ever recurring problems. It well consequently, to establish the relationship of the King and other forces in terms of endgame powers. Tn those tems, as an offensive end defensive unit, the King approximates the value of a Bishop or of a Knight, subject of course, to the law that it may not be captured, While it oes not exercise the long range of the Bishop or the devious hop of the Knight, the King attacks eight squares simulta neously in eight diferent directions, Iti indeed, a weighty force, not to be discounted lightly of to be ignored in the culminating activites, KING VERSUS THREE PAWNS {tis a carious fact, though seldom put to the test, that « King can stand off and even eapture three opposing, coanected Pans under given circumstances, Tn the folowing dlagram we must asume that Blacks other forces, including his King, re somehow deadlocked. In such ‘ase, White's King, opposing threo Pawns, must succeed in ‘expturing all of them. 1LkNa THis the best move slthough seme ethers may lad to sane result. 1 PesAlter I... B-R4, much the some danovement results in snieror image aa It were with 2 K-RA, But 1. P-NAToses at ‘once: eg 2 K-N, and Black, being compelled to move, must ‘vance ther the Bishop or Rook Pawn to be taken. There- tier, Black i age compelled to move, and all his Pawns are mopped up. 2Ke8 PRs 2 KNS 7 [Now Blac’s Pawns are stymied, Black must pitch a Pewn and soon rllaquish the others as wel. ‘So much for the example. Iti hardly, it must bo admitted, of thersteal value, For postions in which the Pawns are so ‘lterly on thie own are few and far between, Ta this example its to be noted that the Pawns fail only for waat of one puny tempos For example, after 1 KNS, P-DAy 2 K-BA, P-R4; 8 ENS, if Black’ King could make one move, Whites would then be compelled to reteat (obviously, 4 KSNP puts White's King but of the “square” of either of the remaining Black Pavens)- ‘Then a repetition of the procedure would lead ultimately to the promotion of the Black Pawns. "Because such postions axe so very rare in which one side is so tied up that i cannot conttbate even a tempo to the sus teoanoe ofits Pawns, safe to deaw the general conclusion: three Pawns on different fs will bat an opposing King, KING VERSUS TWO PAWNS Again, assuming the assistance of tempo at need, two Pawns generally ean hold the King at bay, although’ they cannot progress by force tothe quoening square. 1 tempo ithe val of ene ove. 33 1 Kas {LXaP is out of the question as the Queen Pawn runs on to queen, 1 Tempo 2 Kes Tempo ‘The Pawns dare not advance so Tong as the King holds contact with the advanced Queen Pawn. tis a standot In the previous diagram the Pavwns were connected, ie, on adjacent files, Here they are separated by a fle. Yt they can stl maintain each other with the assistance of a tempo at need. 1Ka4 Tempo 2 kas pKa24 "The advance of the further Pawn prevents the King fom capturing the nearer: 3 KxP? PKS, and tho Pawa runs on to-queen, ‘By jockeying the Pawns properly Black ean always manage to provent their capture. Indeed, Black makes progress f the King tes too hard: 3 K-BA, tompos 4 K.QS, P-Bls 5 KA, P.BS, ete. To hold is own, White must play 9 K-D4, tempo: 4K-BS: another standof. lack cant stand 4», PKS: 5 K-Qal Exception to the Rule ‘When the Pawns are separated by a file, as we have just soon, they ein sustain themselves against the King (with the assistance of a tempo). Tt goes without saying that distant ‘Pawns, the bwo Rook Pawns, for example, can do even beter. ‘The King cannot chase down one without leting the other queen, So ie appears at frst sight that «separation of two fies 4s even more favorable than of one. Oddly, that isan optical alhon 1 KKe Tempo On 1... P-QBS 2K-Q6, P-B4, 9 KAP, Whites King sill in the “square” of the remaining Pawn and so ean return and capture 2 KBs pa 35 [Now the Pawns old as before, as 9 KxP,P-BS leaves White's ing outside the “square.” 2 kKal Now that the Queen Bishop Pawn has been induced to sdvance the King veturs, and for a purpose. 3 Tempo, either Pawn moves, it can be captured safely enough. 4 kas Harking back a lesson, here we see most definitly that @ straight line is not the King’ most effective route. Ia a cireu- ‘tons couse, the Klng has Vanquished the Pawns: 4... PBA: SAP ord. PBS; SKsP, andthe King is within the square ‘of th remaining Paven, It will return and capture it A Practical Example ‘Theoretical exposition, no matter how Interesting, is value= Jess unless some practical use ean be found for the subject AL fist sight Black appears to enjoy whatever advantage is in the postion. For itis clear that Black bas checked the advance of White's Pawns for good. Buti i not cle that ‘White has checked or eam check the advance of Black's Pawns White, stangely, wins TRS6 ‘Threstening 2 K3P and staying within the quae of Black's other Pawn. 1 Paka Preventing the capture ofthe Rook Pawn. I now 2... KP, White is outside ofthe square of Black’ King Pawn, White’ feint at the Hook Fawn seems to be in vin, Ist? 2 NG Alter having proveked the advance of the King Pawa, the King returns 2 ka Black cannot advance ether Pawa without losing both, 9 KBs Tnany ease, White wins both Pawns. The contianation might bed... PARA; 4 KaP, PRS; 5 K-B4, and White picks off the remaining Pawn, Exception to the Contrary Tn most eases, with two passed Pawns on one side, couter- balanood by two an the other side, with each King within the ‘quate of the adverse Pawns, the game is drawn, This is 50 regardless of whether the Pawns are connected or separated by file. The one marked exception i the postion Below. The point is: how far advanced can the Pawns be? a7 White loses as he cannot check the advance of the Black pens As soon a8 itis bis move, he must give ground, The King cannot hold separated Pawns which have already ad- ‘yance 0 far a8 the sixth rank, PAWNS VERSUS PAWNS ‘The most decisive factor in Pawn ending isthe ability to cotablsh & passed Pav, that i, a Pawn unimpoded in its frdvance by: an adverse Pawn. Where the Pawn position fnbulanced, that where opposite colored Pawns are on Ulferent files, the positions abound with opportunities for tresting passed Pavrns, Where however, tho position is bal- hood, itis nest to linpossible to effect a passed Pawn, ‘Here isthe elassle exception to the rule With Black to move, the Pawns can restrain each other ster 1, PINS. But it & White's move. TPN ‘This sacrifice effets a breach i the opposing Pawn aay 1 moeIf 1... BP&P, Black fares no better. 2 B-RG, PxP; 9 P-B6, and presumably the Bishop Pawn goos on to queea, 2 PBs Par 3 PRs "The Pawn is passod. WHY STUDY THE END GAME? tis an axiom that one bad move mullifes forty good nee As this upplios only to the end gamo-after forty moves have deen made-Q. E. D. a ‘Know your endings! Hore tt Whito to play and win, not dra, Try to soork out the wl, fist, then read text on “King ‘and Tio Paton” Grew to know such endings as by instinct. King Versus King and Pawns Tos rowans and posits of King and Pas ae song tad vazied, We have already observed a few cass of their Ss he ein of che oie nd crt fog to King snd Parma aro oy ae, however, yon {85 ope his wok although by no fos so for th scholar ‘ho ai for proiecy ‘We expect fo cover all th fundamental lementary tasks snd principles tating tothe end gate i tho order of ease Sf sation, That hy hve eg wh King ad30 In this connection we bogin with the proposition that King and two Pawns (oF more) almost always will beat alone King. i waning proce 0 sil ht requ But ite explant ‘The object isto promote one ofthe Pawns to a Queen whexe- after King and Quaen can mite the lone King with eonru imate case lence, the Pevins mast be sdvancod until one of them reaches the eighth rank, without being subject to capture, Tt doesnot matter, with two Pawns, if their King is not in the Vicinity. Tho Pawns are selfing (ae was shown eller), ‘and thero is always adequste time to maneuver the King to ‘tho required area. The frst step is to bring the King to the support of tho Pawns. Then the defense is helpless to deter their victorious march, Slight caution must be observed to avoid stalemate, KING AND TWO PAWNS ‘The position pltured on page 29 ilastrates the technique for promoting @ Pawn, and the single azard ia i. 1 kas ‘The King approaches to support is Pawns, 1 kar 2 kes ‘Trap. 2 KB fs stalemate, 2 kan ‘White's sole problem is how to approach without eresting stalemate 3 PeReeh! Ke 4 k86 ku 5 PNT Resigns Alter 5 ... K-R2, @ K-87, there is no stopping the Pawn from quoening. 3 KING AND ONE PAWN Inthe studies of King and Pawn varsus King, the principle ofthe opposition plays @ major role. Its important to under ‘and it thoroughly. Dagond Oppeston Dist Hora Opps ‘The Principle of the Opposition One situation that occurs vary froquenty f the end game i that ofthe Kings being directly opposed. They may be oppared ‘n various ways, as shown in the preceding diagrams ‘Three are all forms of simple opposition, with merely one Square between the two Kings. IF many’ squares separate the3 Kings, they are said to be in distant opposition, asin the Tast, diagram. “The cite point in sny case of opposition that thet side which must move mast give ground, Thus, i tho diagram on Yertical oppesition above, if its White's move, the King must tier retieat to the st rank end so permit Black’s King to Denettate to is sath rank, or the White King mast sidostop to the Rook or Bishop fle and so allow Black's King to make headway oa the Bishop or the Hook file respoctvaly: eg, TKRQ, K-B6 or 1 K-B2, K-RG, And therewith Black advances from the Bf to the sisth rank. (r, in horizoatal opposition, White to move, Black similarly cc ball his way fr the King fll to the Queen fle: K-B5, K-06 of 1ICBS, KK. So iti with all cases of opposition. The diagonal and the distant can be translated with due procedure ito the simple ‘vertical or the simple horizontal forms. Tn short, the sido that ‘mut move must give ground; and, conversely, the side that has just taken the opposition is said "to have the opposition.” Thus, taking the opposition is to secure an advantage and is often the surest and, infact, the only way to make progress in the end game. One Example “The importance of the opposition is well illustrated in the following position. 33 Here we have conflicting aims. White is a Pawn behind; ‘hence he strives for the dav. Black isa Pawn ahead: and he patarlly tres to convert the Pawn to a Quoen and victory ‘Wit Black's King behind the Pawn and the White King in front th correct play lads in early all eases to a deaw. “lee isthe procedure, 1 ves ‘This move i not the only drawing move. 1 K.QS oF 1 KES ‘wll also draw, with the corret follow-up. But this i the best rove, for it enables White to take the opposition no mater ‘where Blck’s King advances, 1 kaa ‘To make progrst, Black must play ether 1... K-BA or 1... K-QK TE he temporizes with 1” K:Q3 or... KS, White returns (2 KK4), and Black has not enhanced his chances, 2 kas White tke the oposion snd prevents the Blak Kin from mang fetes hen eto be meted in ping Sat ay ober nove lve for Whit, "The cat winning Intl et ane mve il be Sneed Inco, 1 Black plas 1 K.Q4, Whe ow plays 25-09, and ‘emer ag fe toca The bas prog os 2 xzeh Again, this is Blacks only means of making progress, A treating King move permits White to return (3 K-K4). 3 xs ere, too, thsi not the only drawing move. Since i restricts Blacks King, however iti the best move, 3 Ka34 ‘Thete is no way to provent Black from advancing. Forts. nately, however, there is 8 way to prevent him from Wwinaing. 4 ka Agata, tho best move, but not the only one. The idea isthe une as before. White i in postion to take the opposition no inater which way Blacks King advances 4 kas ‘This time Black tries his lack on the Quoca ilo. But ti of to avail aguinst the correct defense 5 K02 ‘Taking the opposition. Black cannot progress without od -vancing his Pawn. 5 PaKéch 5 ka ‘Here White's move is important asa mistep might bo ftal tis best to restrict the movement of Black's King. 6 Kas [Now again i fs White’ tor and this time he must make the one and only careet move: Any other loses 7 eK So that White can take the opposition no matter where the Black King advances 7 a6 Ske PTH 9 KK xe 35 ‘es inleresting to seo what would happen if White made ta incorrect seventh tnove, Instead of playing 7 KK, let us Suppose be played 7 K-BL, Now White loses: 8. K-26; SEKL PK? and, unfortunately, ti Whites move. He most bandon the qoeening square by playing 10 K-Q2 and Black decides by 10... K-BT, followed by Pawn, queens. “Thus, # can be seen that the ending is no place to make coven a slight slip of the foger. Tho diference between one quate and the next may be the diference between a draw fd los LEARN THOROUGHLY Tt is not sullcient of itself to Jean the drawing method we havo jut diseusod. The ype of postion and the procedure ‘ought to beso impressed in the mind of tho learner that is Second nature. Only a fraction of a second at most should be "qr to deteralve the recut In this way all the profound calculation is circumvented, and a player is able to calculate ‘resalt with ease, even though he is far removed from the final denowerent.now your endings! Here, with an obvious advantage i space, White's King looks a sure bet to win the Black Paton and pro smote ts oun. But see page 421 More on Kings and Pawns Basse cxass endings aro many. Roughly, they sumber about Sic or sven handed, Bocaase goodly number ofthese are ‘more oles on the elementary side, they ought to bo mastered ‘bya reaonable degree of application. Yet such i not neces stl tho a8 "Fer every prisipe in chess and for every method there are numerous excptons,Uafotuastely, tis the exceptions rather than the general principles that rule, Sure knowledge of the ‘exceptions I the line of demareation between the cs player 4nd the would-be chess player. 31 {nthe following general rule exceptions abound, Yo iis good staring point for determining the result in King versus King and Pawn endings, The King infront of e Pawn defeats «lone King, ‘THE GENERAL RULE “The main idea is: the King in font of its Pawn promotes, fis advance, Wii e Move and Ws Whit goal here ito advance hie Pawn tothe elghth rank and promote it toa Quoen, The method employed is stralght- foewerd and stnple, The King cles the path and drives the ‘opposing King from the queening square. 1 K08 ‘White takes the opposition. Black must give ground. 1 KK 1... KoB2s no better, Then White progresses with 2K-Q0, pPrsuing the miror image of the following text. 2 KBs 7 Here is «major point within the main priniple. When the ‘ing reaches the seth rank, ahead ofits Pawn, the Pasen will, ‘queen by force It important to remember this polat to be38 able to foretell such winning postions from innomersble ex- ‘amples in earlier end-gere and even middlo-game setups 2 kar ‘Whatever Black docs, ho i lst: ef, 2... K-KS; 3 P.Q4, KX2; 4 P.Q5, K-QK: 5K-Q6, and White wins presently as in the text 3 K06 ore isthe key square forthe King, forthe King can move later to either the King file or the Bishop le, ae Ka After 3... KK, White continaes as inthe text 4Pa4 ‘White necd mako no calulations. With his King on the sixth rank, in the key square in font of his Pawn, all White reed do i push. Pash the Pan as far as it will go. 4 kar 5 Pas Kar 6 KK White quoons by marching 7 P-Q8, 8 P.Q7, and 9P.Q5(Q). 39 ANOTHER APPLICATION It is to bo noted that, once White's King occupies the key square, Q6, st doesnot matter who i to move. White wll win, Ii the previous line, Black was to move, Now assume White Wie fe Mov nd Win 1 K86 Or 1 K-X0 pursuing a mirror image sequel. 1 kar On 1... K.K2, White immediately assumes contra of the ‘Quemning route and quooning square with 2 K-B7. 2 Pas Kar 3 par Kx 4 ke? ‘The Pawn queens0 FIRST EXCEPTION In the following position Black's King i in front of ts Pawn; and, according 0 the general rule, Black ought to win. ‘With corect play here, however, White draws Wie a More ad Drew 1s Wiite takes the opposition, and Back can make no heade sway Siping iro age ies, th teat trates the gene tral prose. — 1 Kee 2 «ee taking the epaston, Wit esas Dc fm ay gros Now Bhd ing ste de, Wie con EOE ding he spoation 2) eke, 0 EKD, KOS teehee - 3 «4 Now Bk King io loge not he Pa. eK Drawn an THE RULE MODIFIED From tho foregoing we can adduee what amounts to @ ‘primary modification ofthe general rule: besides being in font ‘of ty Pawn, tho King may neod a foe square between it end the Pawa. The modification applies when the adversary may otherwiso secure the opposition. Between this postion and the previous one there is but one slight difference: the position of the Black Pav. ‘tis the slight difference, however, that makes all the difer- ‘ence in the result, Now Black wins! Tes Pxst ‘The Pawn advance places the onus of moving on White. With seca Tempo! Black secre the eppostion, White ‘ust give ground, and Black goes on to win in the manner just diseasedTHEORY AND PRACTICE Jodging from what we have leamed, the following position sears toe a win for White. ek fe Nove and is ‘Troe, both sides have a Pawn; but, clearly, White's King will approach and pick of the Black Pawn, Then the King will ‘remain in front ofits Pawn, and’ White will win, Allis not what it seems, however, It i Black's move, and Ihe has a resoure also based on what we have just learned. By a deft stroke he can draw. (As @ secondary lesson, bear in mind that, although end game combinations are comparatively rare, they do exist!) 1 Pas! Since the Pawn must fll anyway, i offers itself immediately snd ro tums the table. White must now either capture the Pawn, by-pass it, or retreat his King. The other options are ‘worse; 50 he eaptures. 2 PxP kaa 3 es 0r 9 P-Q4, K-KS, and White's King is no longer in font of ‘he Pawn, Then Black draws as already demonstrated 3 kx, [Now Black matntains the opposition and draws, 8 ‘SECOND EXCEPTION stadt alte ras tall eer a my, pr chee ep pele sai et cen on eee ee Lent Drow White's King shuts back and forth between RL and NI, sand Black can do nothing to disturb these movements, Even tually, when the Black Pawa reaches the seveuth rank, pro- ‘usted by the Black King, White will be stalerated (unless, of course, Black abandons his Pawn). Ty“4 [AGAIN THE ROOK PAWN! ‘That pesky Rook Pawn figures yot another way in King versus King and Pawn endings. Hote Black's King isin front (ofits Pawn, nor ean White easily get his King to RI In fact, 2 looks Ike clear sailing for Black. ‘Wile Move ad Dw It would be, indeed, if it were Black to move. But it i White's move 1 Ks! White not only heads for RI, the ultimate drawing goal Dbut also bores in Black’ King. (Look always for such dual purpose moves in endings!) 1 Kas, 1... KRG is futile: White makes for RI. Nor does 1 PRS change matters: White heads for RL. with 2 K-B4, and a ray results in similar fasion to the following text 2 kes PRs Alter 2... K+R6, White bas options: 8 K-NS, and he picks off the Pawn or 5 KB, continuing the policy of maintaining ‘he opposition and hosing in Black's King, Either line draws 3s KR 42 45 ‘White still heads for Nand RI. 4 Kay 5 Kat PRS If Black at any time abandons control of White's KNI, ‘White secures his draw with K-NI. But, st seems, Black can progress comfortably enough with his Pawn. 6 Kea PR6 7 «81 KR Black cannot allow 8 K-NI; but he ~an make way for bis Pawn. 8 «x2 pa 9 KBr Stolomete! Bven though a Pav ahead, Black it stalemated! ULTERIOR GOAL ‘When studying the endings, the learner cannot help but chafe over one goose egg after another harvested from mistakes ‘in opening or mile game. It dificult to see how improved ‘nd-game technique can remedy those etre. ‘To those who suffer from such sente of futility the only ‘dviee is: “Be patient” Perfect end-game technique will not ly win end games. Eventually it eannot help but esmese to the other departments.Know your endings! Here a & White to play ond win, not dro Try t0 work ou the win fs, then read test on “Queen- ing with Check” Do lewis, for that matter, with each dio- grammed postion, and the lesson will “take” more efetiely. Hold That Pawn! "Tos cxmarnns ofthe Pawn is proverbial. Annals of ll io are punctuated with such stents as “But lower Sloboin ‘rae scrfcnd a a mere awn nthe ctet game of poles” Masters ofthe chesboard on the ober hand, speak diferent One of the enlist great autre, Philidor, declared that Pawn play ithe sol of chess” And Pl Keres fold ame br of the United tater team only lst summer: "The older T grow, the more I valoe Pans” “o a7 Probably neither spoke solely in seypect to tho end game ‘Bat we must dwell upon play, both with and against the Pawn, fn the end game. For here itis that the greatest power of the ‘Pawn comes cogently into effet In two senses you inust hold ‘that Pawn! You must preserve your Pawn to have winning hanes, or block an opposing Pawn to avoid losing PAWN VERSUS PAWN. All other things being equal, Pawn versus Raven results in «draw. The likelihood of eamplete balance, however, between the Kings and other factors 15 too remot, That ish ‘essential to comprehend and appraise all routine and even apparently extraneous factor ‘Who Queens First? Who quoens fist is probably the mos important factor, The zee is generally decided on this proposition. When Pawns queen simultaneously, that i, one queens immediately after the other, the usual result isa draw. For Queen versus Queen vith lone Kings on the board isa no-decsion contest, ‘When one Fawn reaches the eighth rank aad promotes toa ‘Queen and the opposing Pawn reaches only the seventh rank, the Queen ought to win, Here isan example of the technique:8 White's problem ia his position to prevent the Black Pawn from queening with immonity. To do so, White requires the sistance of his King, fora lone Queen cannot drive the enemy ‘King from the defense of its Pawn ‘White's gos, of course, isto capture the Black Pavn, Ta the text postion White dare not approach with his {for Black will queen, and the game will end in «draw. So the fist step is to reach a postion in which the White King ean proach the Pav safely. To do so, White must immobilize the Paws, "There are variows ways of accomplishing this objective. The quickest, however isto bring the Quoen in cose contact with the enemy King, 1a ‘Any move giving check and approaching the Pawn is good enough. The shortest route, however, bogins with the text ove, which exerises a pin on the Pawn, 1 Kee “This reply is foreed. On any other move, White stations his ‘Queen in front ofthe Pawn by playing Q-K1, approaches the Pawn with the King, and then picks it of, 2 bth KNT ‘lack, on the other hand, keeps open the threat of queening the Pawn, 2 ... KKB i a move which Black will make only tinder compulsion, for that move allows the White King t0 sexs White attacks and threstens to pick ofthe Black Pawn, Note that White is ullising various motifs to achieve his objective the pin, the check, and the dict attack, Any one of these 49 taatcal weapons of itself would be insuficient for White's purpose. 3 kes Forced, to defend the Pawn. 48h KKe At lst Blok’s King i shuntod to blockade the Pawo, 5 ks At Tong last Whites King is able to approach. 5 kai Forced, 6 Kas Because Black's Pawn is pinned, White is again able to move ‘im with his King. Now, whatever Black does, the Pawn falls 6 Kas TO... KS, 7 QaP mate, 7 ow Because the White King inthe text postion was on ‘ah vat of te Bc Pm the ning cedars es orpaatvely short. Had the White King stated, on QU ERS ron any autre along way ro the Blick Pao, the Proeture would be longer. But the method wold be the Sas (1) Foe he Bac King nro offs Par bythe pi, het dct atk (2) Appronch the Pan th tho White in, whenever the Pav canot move (3) Pak of Pat, wy titomection vty ft at Quen wl in EE sounummate ease aginst a Fava whieh hs ot rach Sage ah sot os ide ice batso Queening with Check Another factor that often upsets the simple calculations of a ‘Pawn ending that one side queens with check. The check, ‘which must be respected, acts as a brake inthe routine pro: ‘cedure ofthe adversary. Here i 2 ease ia point. Wie fo Move ad Wn ‘There fs mare to this ending than mects the eye. Appear ances favor a dra, but sch isnot the ease. White has a way of jockeying the Black King into an unfavorable post which ‘will eost im a nove, And that move will be enough to decide or Whit, 1 Kas Clearly, if White advances I P-RG, Black follows suit with 1. PBS, and both Pawns queen vith a resulting drat. ‘White's King move does not appear to affect the ise. But it does. 1 ens IE instead, 1... PRG; 2 KKB, White's King reaches B2 blockades the Pawn and then White quoens his own Pave 2 PRE 36 Black has litle choice, He cannot afford to Tose time by moving his King 3 ks kes Forced. st 4 pr P87 SKI KNT Farad. Now wo see the plat of Whit King moves, He armoire he Bek King eto a ufotnte spe 6 Preach ‘Check. Black’s Pawn remains on the seventh and soon falls by the wayside nd Combination ‘Another factor to be considered inthe Pawn r0e for Queens {satallend combination. Often after both sides have quecned, ‘nasty check by one of the Queens results inthe gain of the ‘ther. The decisive check may be administered om the diag- ‘nal, lo, or rank, depending upon the pasiton. Here the set- ting iin proper alignment for just such a conclasion Waser Move Fi Ws 1 Black moves frst, he wins as follows:3 Black's last move, discovering check, brings sbout the tac- tical motif known asthe Xeay. White's King most move, after ‘which Black picks of White's Queen. With White to move, the win f considerably more dificult, requires an exceptional knowledge of technique. But the win fs there. 1 PRs Pra 9 PRs Paes 9 PRE PRs 4 PRT PR 5 PeRa(@) 1 Black now queens, White moves his King and discovers check, and Black's Queen goos by the wayside. Hence, Black twies to avert the discovery and hopes to promote his Pawn ate, 5 Ka ‘We now reach a tough postin, somewhat ahead of see ‘ule. In most respecte sti similar to Queen versus Pawn oa the seventh, already disoused. But there are some salient dit erences. Black's Pown is 4 Rook Pawn, and this factor gives Black somewhat more leeway inthe defense, 6 Kas White's King approaches tho Pawn and readies for Q-KT, blockading the Pawn, 6 kona Preventing the Blockade, 7 a-Nech Begining « methodical approach to the Black King and Paw 7 Re 8 Inthe pcos Queen ver Pawn onthe svt portion sa'tng rent move fs fot of a Pe Bene ak SHES Prom towers, Whe king to fotoe ot Sees na lt sont Ws Soash Kx Sensh as wes iar Tenn ean Bene tx eat The er mv, Caowy, Whit omld xt prevent Bla from queening. a » 0.) 1 68 mae en te cio hat hk ral ofr more est ancy unsung wih PR). Queen ver Eig fer fe bo aspen fhe Quen Hite pne edb TKS Ra IS Q-NL WN 5 ad lm lbh hs Knob telXow your ending! Here ts White to pla ond win ry {0 work out the tin fs, than conn the tex onthe lt empl ahs coptr Two for One "Trex aca, yowen of the puny Pawn isso grat that the advantage of single Favarsll ober things being equa—is ssually sufleint favorably to determine the outcome of the tnt hts poo, Bug anders, an pening own ‘sam be nursed through the mide game and trmed i! poten, usually detsve factor inthe ending Teis in the lst department purclary that expert tote ‘is requted to avotd the sures, pial and swindle implicit nthe postion Tei at this tne Cat the ight procedure, ve 35 the right move, means so much, for ene thoughtless move will nullify all the procediog laborious forts “The following examples will serve to indicate types of rethods that can come up again and again. They are well rorth Knowing thoroughly, ‘THE LEAD PIPE CINCH “When two united Pawns, as in the following position, are pted against a lone Pewn blackadod by the opposing King, the result is a foregone conclusion. The two Pawas wil win ‘wih consummate eas. Wi fe Move and Win The method isto advance the Pawns ina way in which they support each othe, threaten in die time to queen, and draw the adverse King into their orbit, Ar the last action causes ‘the King to relingush i guard over the single Paw, that ‘Pawn is then picked off. In turn, the other King is freed to join in the queening operation, and the rests what Is deseubed 5 "A mater of technique.” ‘A DELUSORY PERIL Bren when the two united pasted Pawns ate apparently stopped dead in thei tacks as a this poston, and he Wate56 King is out ofthe “equate” of Blacks passed Pawn, all & not lost Wii io Mee and Win Even a couple of Pawns and a King can effct a mating net to win ot at least to gain time by a well-dizected jostle. 1 RNG Its clear that an attempt to reach the Black Pawn Is futile KABA te mot by... PN678(Q)- 1 PNG ‘The Pawn cannot be stopped. White must act fast. 2 ps7 ‘This isnot the only winning move. 2P-QTch ought to win, ‘too, But this isthe pretest. 2 PNT What cs? 2... K-Q3; 9 KANT, and White qucen wh check eo) 4 Par mate “The forging posto strats one ofthe rae ocsions with snplied Fen endings in which state other than Tei i the dosage. 37 ‘AN ESSENTIAL DIFFERENCE Hiro it sto be observed that, if neither of the King Knight Pawns were on the board, the game would he a draw. But ‘hey aro on the board, and this factor makes the difference. A Paven plas is usnilly «win ia the ending, and the adai- ‘onal Pawns, even though well balanced, add to the winning. chances, Hence the rue: when swapping down for a winning ‘ending exchange off pieces but uot Pans eo far ax possible. Here itis two versus one, but the two White Pawns are Separated. The general idea then isto draw the adverse King ‘sway fom the support ofits own Pawn, After that, the single Pawn is “ey picks” and the renuant potion i simple 1 Ks kes ‘Black has Htle choice, 2 Kaa White dashes forthe other Pawn, while Black’s King must ‘ep the Queen Knight Pawn under close observation. 2 ka 5 ves kp 4 Kas Kae 3 oP Black is miles out of hounds, So he resigns.8 YET ANOTHER DIFFERENCE ‘Here is the very same position, with one notable difference, “The opposing Pav are on the Rook fl, instead of the Knight fle, Note we have mentioned that the Rook fle is almost always an exceptional case. Tt changes the complexion of things completely here, The best White can do, with coreect hay, isto draw. 1 Ke wena 2 Kas Curiously, 2 KB, followed by 3 F-NS of 8 K-Q4, gains no 2 kena 3 ks tor 4 es Kaa Black heads immediately in the general drection of his KRI. 1 he reaches KBI in time, he can hold the game. 5KNS KO 6 KP Ka 7 RNG KI Drown ‘There is nought to be done, On 8 K-RT, KBE draws as we Ihave previously demonstrated; and, otherwise, Black reaches is KID and draws 0 eis to be noted, however, that, f the postion had been modded by placing Blacks Rook Pawn on R3, and White's on 1BS, White would win. Blacks King eould not then reach any of the key squares in tim By the same token, with Black’s Pawn at RS and White's at 1Ré, Whites only winning move would be 1 P-RS, 1 i were Blacks move, his only drawing move would be 1... P-R. To determine the odds of any ofthese potions coming up exactly in ¢ game would require the ealeslations of a Univac. Hence this study is meant to suggest a conrse of action for any similar poston. Iti not a state expedient just for the ones ‘explained, A BLACK DILEMMA, ‘When two united passed Pewns edvanee upon an oppering Pawn and King, the result also s usually a win, The technique, however, must be dawles. Here isa elasle example, Clearly inthis positon there x no way of diving acs Xing from tho support of is Pawn. Hones, the winning plan ‘must be to promote one of White's Pawns. The fist step isto race oof the ote th rk 1 doe ot mater which : Tpke KR60 Here ie Blacks dilemma, At a given move it will matter vastly whether his King # on RL or NI. Actually his moment tof dilemma is past, as White ean now force the ereation ofthe fotrect positon. And, in slog terms, it would have been 8 true dilemma; for if Mack had foreseen and chosen to have his King at BI at the star, Hkewise White could sil bring about the desized postion by fore, or rather ting 2 PRS ka [Now comes time for socurate timing. The right move will win; the wrong one will draw. The point i that White mst ‘eventually play P-NG and exchange of Pawns. When he does £0, he mist bo sure that Black's King & at Ki, not NI. Hlece ‘White has the choice of moving the Kaight Pawa one or to aquates, Which is correct? 5 PeNat ‘The only winning move, (Try the position, also, with Black's ‘King at Hl, and work ovt the results both with 3 P-NS and SPNi) 3 ker 4PNG KANT 5 PANS Kar 5 PNe | PxP Nor does 6... K-NI help. There follows: 7 PNT, K-B2 SP, ee. 7 ap [Now White has cancelad the drawing outcome of « lone Rook Pawn. 7 KxP leads only o that draw. T Kn 5 pany Kea o KR? asi ‘Here we see the nal result of the corrct 3 P-NSI With 3 PNA, the subsequent play would have offered Black the cchaneo of 7... -L: 8 PANTch, KENL; 9 KANG, stalemate! o ‘A FINAL FINESSE Hore is another example of two for one, with White's Pawns ‘nfted, Unless Whit is able to utilize the theoretical informa tion which he has gleaned fram our studies, he can fiddle away his win. ‘he Ast move is the star movel 1 P-O6ehll —PxPch Black can da no better, If he moves his King, White leans ‘up with 2P-Q7(ch), walls hi King to KBT, with appropriate ‘ining, and gurers Blacks Pawn for an easy win, 2 kas! KSI ‘Trp. 3 K-B6t ‘Not S KAP which draws, ater 3... K-QU. Now the threat is PT, a kar ter Now Wht ht won the Pan whl taking he oponion, ‘and the latter makes all the difference. i “ vex SeatCon White win? Work on this position for yourself fst, then see page 71. Pawn Plusses and Minuses A. sesrren of technique" is the phrase which, curiously ‘nough applied to the hopeesly lot ending that requires to technique at all Simple, dzet, routine pay, devoid. of sablety and finesse and Brooking no opposition, i what this ‘haze depicts. To he sue, many Pawn endings culminate ia uch « manner ‘Many Pawn endings, onthe contrry, ae fall of ticks and toape and sagciour trate. Sometimes tele general contour {sa camy-over from the mide grme, when the static cat- @ 6 cf the ending is already mapped ost. Sometimes tho Sttegie motif is introduced inthe finale, Io all cases, however, fata clea, identifiable characterises prodominate. And they ‘treot the ensuing play. ‘THE PASSED PAWN ‘A Paven unimpeded in its advance by an opposing Pawn is 4 significant characteristic. Tt 6 dangerous Paven, for ‘hrestens to queen. Hence, it bears constant suvellance by ‘the opposing King in King and Pawn endings. Thus it diverts the attention of the King from sundry other aft. A passed Pawn, a5 a Tul, isa strategic pus. ‘When such # Pawn ie protected or capable of belng pro- tocted by anothor Pawn, itis technically called a protected, ‘pated Paven, It carrer ot of weight. Here 4 position with such Pawn, Units, it will be ‘observed, are even. Black bas @ pasted Pavwn; White @ pro- tected, passed Pawa. The weight is by far in favor of the protected Pawn. ‘The fist idea is direct. White heads in the diretion and ‘square of Black's passed Pawn. And Black is helpless to defend, 1 kes PINS64 If Black tomporizes with his King, say by 1... K-Q4, White kkeops on approaching tho passed Pawn, until bo isin dire contact with it At no time is the Black King ablo to defend, the Fawn without stopping out of tho “square” of Whites ‘passed Pav, 2kas PNG 3 es PNT 42 Now White picks of the Pawn and retums tothe other side to win, While the win & comparatively easy, there are stil some obstacles which must be hurdled. (See following di gam.) 1kas (Kea 1 bit of jockeying here inorder for Black to pat ‘up the strongest resistance, He strives for 2 Kl SPO? K-RS; 4 K-BB, stalomate. 2 K-N2 will not do on acount of 8 K'BS, KB 4 P-NGch, KIND; SINS, after which Black's Rook Pawn falls by the wayside. ‘White's goal i to queen hie Kaight Pawn or (Asst) pick off ‘lack’s Rook Pawn, 2 KK6! White must dive Black from QN3. 2 K-BS, K-NQ; 9 K-96 falls versus 3... K-NS, malataning the opposition: 4 K-QT, 6s K.NZ 5 K-Q8, K-NL After the text move, White gains the opposition. kana 3 ear ‘White has the opposition. Observe the ierencs. 3 kana Ua... KONI; AK-B6, KRG, 5 KBT, Ko; 6 KNG, Black's Pavia fall 481 ‘Thus White ceuventod the Blck King and drives from the exkteal eld. 4 Ke 164... K-Bl; 5K-BT, Whites Pawn marches on. 5 Kor RI 8 NG ‘The rest i “tochnigue” ‘This simple ending ilstrates any number of potnts. To begin with, it clearly exemplifies the power of the passed Pawn. Here both passed Pawns—White's and Black’s—com- ‘man attention. Only because the White King can reach the square of Blac’s jolted passed Paven isthe Pawn easy prey. ‘Because White’ passed! Pawn is protected end eannct be ‘optured, ts both 4 Tatent and potent threst. Yet, sil there ‘i Black’ last hope, the stalemate trap to be sumousted. THE OUTSIDE PASSED PAWN A passed Pawn, as we have seen, demands constant surveil lance by the enemy. An outside passed Pavwn, or an outside Paw, as tis sometimes called, is one which i even more dangerous than the usual passed Pawn, It x a Pawn outside ofthe squares of eritial hostilities. Since i threstens to queen, 4 draws the opposing King away fom any alLsmportan stor ‘nd leaves tht sector valnerable to enemy penetration.66 Here is « positon with an outsdo passed Fawn in the Acunory grant White the advantage, for ho i bout to win a Pavn. A second glanoe will give Black the sdvantage, for he can establish an onside Pawn. A third glance wll only reveal the problems. 1 kas 1 seems that Black ought to make a dash to queen by ‘stablishing am outside Pawn with 1... P-RA. For after 2 PaP, PxP, White's King eannot provent Black from queenings ‘whereas Black's King ean prevent White from queening. This action, nonetheless, Is superclal,iusory, and il-advised, for afte 1... Pl, Black doesnot sins he lose! White tars the tables with 2 PIBS, and it he who establishes an outside Pawn: 2... NBSP; 3 PYRP. Hence, Black must exercise caution, 2 ee a other moves Black wine with ether 2... PARA or 2 KCK, depending upon White's play. 2 PRs ‘The purpose of Black's King move bocomes clearer. 9 PBs o On other moves, Blake Rook Pawn gets there fist, And lack wins sai 3. Pers 8... PINP will aio do, The point that Blak’ King ean ovr take eare of Whit’ Bishop Pawn. "Thus we see how an iltimed advance may convert a poten tial outside Paven to an inside Pave. ‘nthe following postin, White's Queen Rook Pawn is an “outside passed Pawn It cannot queen by foree by advancing, oe Black's King ie within its square. But its threat to queen {sullcient to demand the atention ofthe Black King, which, fn tum, leaves tho Black Pawns as booty. 1 PRS, "This move effects a breach in Black's left wing, 1 pr lack has litle choice, He must ether eapture, as in the text, advance his Pawn to NA, or counter with T... P-BA ‘The counter easly disposed of by 2 RPxP, KK9; 3 PP alter ‘which Back’ position is hopeless, Alter 1... PIN; 2 K-Ki, black cannot prevent the eventual Penetration of K-BS. Thea all of Black# Pawns fall by the ‘wayside,68 Now isa question of tning. Whit plan i to draw the Blick King aay rom iow Pes, od Black hs no hoe but to submit 2 x33 “The moves of 2... K-KD and 2... SBA only delay the Inoitable,Blck’s Faas are doomed, and he mst abendon thom and ope tht he ea erin tne t draw agit ook Pawn 2 Ka kena 4 K05 eRe 5 ee tor ONG KING 7 Kae Kas, 3 KN7 Black cannot return in time, THE BACKWARD PAWN ‘A Paven that is behind is own Paven on the file tothe left or right and which cannot advance because it i immediately subjoct to eapture and lst by an opposing Pawn fs a back: ‘ward Pawn It is chronic weakness n the Pawn aay. Unless it can be dissolved, it usually creates situation tantamount to being a Pavn bain fr then one opposing Ren ols 69 ‘Here, with White on the move, be wins handily because Blacks Queen Pawn 6 backward. 1 eka Kx Deas (Kaz 5 PN Black ie hopeless, His King must stop the Knight Pawn and abandon the others. Ta the very sime position, with Black on the move, the game isa draw, for Black can dissolve the backward Pavm with 1. P-QK THE DOUBLED PAWN Doubled Pass, that is, two Pawns of the samo colar onthe same fle, are werk in the ending because the Pawns eannot ‘efend cach other. For practical purposes, the weakness noed tot be fatal when all the Pavens—both Whito and Black—hap- ‘pen to be in the same sector. When the Pawns, however, are feparated, they are serious handicap. ‘in the following example from actual play (Flohr=Capa- blanca), Black, on the move, draws by a quick dissolution of the Pawnsze ‘This Pawn sacrifice isthe key plan 4 Pat AK-K2, PsP grants Whito no headway, 4 Pas Disolving all the Pawns. White remaine with a doubled ‘Rook Pawn which is of no consequence. “The rest is a matter of technique.” With White on the move in the very same poston, White wins: PKA, K-K45 9 K-BS, K-Qk; 3 CBA, ICKS; 4 PRS, and Black must abandon his Pawns. Thus wo observe that at best the doubled Pav le rarely a virtue, (OTHER FACTORS In Pawn endings, any mumber of factors, sigaifeant and ‘extraneous, play an important role. Quantitative and qualita- tivo Pawn stroctres, superior King postions, correct Uning “all are part and parel ofthe whole, Tt is not within the scope of this work to document each and every one of them. One factor, however, which erops up Sullicietly to demand attention isthe Pawn mating net and the corllary threats which stem from thi source. ‘An example to the pot i given. ™ ‘The above poston ia singular clue to the next ono which 4s quite fnvalved. A hasty appraisal discloses (1) White is a Pevm ahead, (2) White has to protectod passed Pawns (8) Black has » protected passod Pawn. (4) Tho White King {s quite a distance away from its passed Pawras and will most ‘kay not be able to asst in thelr advance, ‘The denouement rests on this Ist polnt. 1a KMS 2 pre Kea ‘So far, so good, White has made a lite progress. 3 xs kes Now it sooms, however, that White is stymfed. What Is the next step? 4st Ra 3 K831 7 In connection with White's last moves there are some obser- vations. Fist, it to be noted that the White King is still ‘within the square of Blacks pasted Pawn: 5... P-B6;8 K-KS, BAT, 7 K-Q2, and the Pawn goss by the wayn Again ther isa principle called triangulation." White wishes torreach his KB to assist in the Pawn advance, Black, momen. tarly, prevents this action. White succeeds, however, by de- scribing a tianglo with his King? K-K4, #K-K9, 5 KDB. ‘This action places tho onus of moving on Black, and White i able to make headway. jpltanguliton i often an festive proedae for gaining o losing a move 5 Kano CPNG KR 7 PRS Kena Again White's Pawns are stymied. But the process of tr angulation to the forel 8 KKs kaa 9 Ke White has again desribed a triangle with his King K-B8, K-KS, K-Bi-to place the onus of moving upon Black. Black rust give way. Observe, too, that Whites King i stil fm the ‘square of the Black Passed Pawn, 9 kno 10 RNS KR LIL P-N6ch White's Pawns have made sapid sees. As he approaches the goal of quoening, the tsk bneomes harder, Here this question arises: Why did White advance his Knight Pawa to NO? Why did he not advance his Rook Pawn to RG? The answer Is that White was soquainted with this ‘ype of position. The specie play does not eriginate with a Dineple I originates with knowledge. a ka 2 n oder Wo endetand tnglition te well omer da 3 imp ein fae ere ony on King i'n oan gree ‘i te oes blo move sot fel ete above pation at 13 ‘Again White's Pawas are stymied, And again tiangulation! 12 KK! “This is nota retreat, eppesrances tn tho contrary It the betinning of tangle. ‘hte wes to each the positon which ut exited, oly swith Black to move. 1B kuz is Ke KR Kee And so White achieves his goal tis Black's move. “ kaa Up to this poiat White has made much progress without risk At no tne has the King been ont of the square of the Bick passed Pawn. Now, however, f White is to win, he ‘mutt be certain of what he is doing, for a mistep ean be fatal 15 Nt ‘The King i outside of the square of Blacks Pawn 6 pas 15 PR6ch KANT Kes pay lacks Pawa is enough to chil the ardor of an expert. 1S P-Rch KART 1618... KBI, 19 P-RS(Q) mate, 19 87 P-B8(Q) White mates in three BO PANTEh —KeP 21 PANB(Q\ch KD 22 ONG mateCan White win? draw? Study this problem first: Doa't lok now! Not eoen atthe page or tle, But its covered in the nest to lst example on poge 6. Knight Versus Pawns “Toe ran ofreitive values ofthe chesmnen gives « Kright 1 approximately qual to thos Pawns, This i, of course, 4 ‘le of thm, fr the formal evacabl. a the opening nd dnlile guinea Knight, more often than ot, exonede tree avs ts versity a leaping from one side ofthe bead 1 tho other in attack or defense i «ples tri Inthe ending however trae Pawns are wualy superior. This ao asthe pnlon simmers down beease Latent factors take onan acti 18 ‘le. The promoting powers of the Pawns, for example, assume et proportions. And, conversely, the Knights mating ability ‘minisbes to nearly nothing as st becomes a sole survivor. ‘Even the single Pawn looms menacigly a8 it enjoys a clear approach to the eighth rank unimpeded. In such postions, Knight versus a single Pawn, the question is ean the Knight stop the Pown by cisect means by holding or blocking its ‘advance? Or by indioct means which involve combinations? ‘Usually f the Pawn ean be stopped by the Knight, one way or another, the result is a draw. THE PAWN ON THE SEVENTH ‘When a Pawn Ison the seventh rank, i i deeidedly most dangerous. In the following type of pesition, however, the draw is easy. The Knight can hold the Pawn and stave off the {nterittoat sniping ofthe enemy King, even without the asst noe of his own King (except for an oosssional tomo). 1K ony KS 2K ony KS 9 Nth a7 4naa Black can make no progress. The Knight will continue to ‘wing, as noods be, bebwoen QU9, KL and KN2.76 ‘When the lone Pawn is on the Knight fle, the Knight move- ment is restricted to some extent. Here, for example, the Knight Iheads for NI Should i get there, it will not beable to describe the previous motions. With proper play, however, the game ‘yl Sil end in a draw. TNH Kay TEL... KB6; 2 N-Nlch, K-BT; 8 N-RS, the Kalght cannot be driven from foeusing on NI. 2 Neat ‘The trick clause, The Knight must abandon conteol of NI. Yet the results tho same, Whito threatens 3 NSP. 2 P.Na(a) (Ofcourse Black can promote to a Knight, but to no aval, 2 NIH K any 4 Nea Draw "The above position and this one axe similar except for the location of the Black King. With the King controlling the quoening square of a Knights Pawn, the Pawn frequently ‘ins, Here fs one example, ” IL N0%eh K-88 Black must be careful and actully permit the next chock ‘ther than avoid it For on J.» KB White has 2 NB, a8 ‘we have previously seen. 2NNch Kae Resigns THAT ROOK PAWN AGAIN ‘The pesky Rook Pawn, a usa, ntroduoes exceptions to the general rule, Here, however, despite the limitations of the Knight by the ege of the hoard, the Knight can bold the wn, eventhough iis already on the sith rack,8 INNS KNG DNK Kae 162 ... PAR, IN-Bich, followed by NaP, draws ona Kay NR NZ raw ‘The Knight and the King can continue to play slng-around- rosy. ‘When a Rook Pawn ison the seventh, the Knight by isle ‘camuot keep the Pawn in check againt the incursion of the ‘opposing King. Here White is helpless. tek Wine ‘White can do nothing about ... K-B6, ....K-NT and KN, 0 ven egninst a Rook Pawn, howover, there are tricks and ‘apn if the King can join the Knight inthe defense Here, as before, the Knight is doomed. But another factor comes in 12 Kes 2 ka Kn 3 Re oN 481 Stlomete ‘Thus we see that, ifthe defending King ean land on BL or ‘Be inthe csitical sector, the position can be held to « draw.80 ON THE TIGHTROPE 1m actual play the Knight and Pawn positions can be very profound. With all the knowledge gained in the precoding postions applied here, White can draw, But one mistep is fatal Nem NN loses. 1... PRG, 9 N-BA, PNT; 9 NKOK, KOT 4AN-N3, KS, and White cannot avoid the los of the Knight 1 PR ‘Necessary. Otherwise the Knight park i front of the Pawn with 2 N-NG and 3 N-BS QNNSP. 3 Nea ‘This isthe key move, Observe in the note to White's fst ‘ave that N-N8 loses. The reason for the loss is that Blacks ‘King ean reich KS before White has time to setup for any kind of defense. Now the Black King is barrod fom that qn for a sufficient leagth of time to grant White « defensive 3 kay 1E3 ....K-Q5, White sets up a barrier with 4 N-B2, for then Black cannot progress with 4. K-K6/on account of 5 N-NSch, followed by 6 NxP. Nor can Black progres with 4... K-K4 (to be followed by -.- K-35) on account of 5 N-NSch, fol lowed by 6 Nip. And, on other tres, the White King ap- proaches the crltieal sector. anno a8 5 kas ne eachiag KS, aftr all. But one move to late 6 xs kay Tee Drow ‘A KINGDOM FOR A HORSE tsa wellknown fact that @ slaglo Knight is insulient mating force, i it the only unit on tho board (in adlition to the Kings). It is equally wel known that two Knights ean- ‘not mate by fore, i they are the only survivors onthe board. Paradoniealy, ifthe adversary is loft wth somo matorial, a Pawn or to, ther are occasions even when a singlo Knight fsa decisive advantage. Below i sucha postion. ‘This the rere exception to the rule IF Black were barren ‘of material, the game would bo a draw. Bat Black, unforta-& nately, has two Pawns and he is literally hoist by his own, petard. N86 KR 1... BANA leads to the same denouement QNNS PNG 2 Ker PR? 4-82 mate ‘A PAWN TO THE BAD “This fs another variation of the some theme. Wie Wins Black loses beenuse he has a Pawn TNKe KR Obviously, if 1... PART, 2 N-NS mate, 2Na2 | KRO 3 Ne PR NENG mote eee Se teste Tag oie Serene maaas Soa Sesschiee More on Knight and Pawns Or nz sos on the chessboard, the Knight peulialy sagt leap ove ll nd sony ons, landing ae were, om iter blak or white squares singular Iegp tases Os iagination and renders to simplest poston dicult of calelton,84 (One trait resulting from the Knight’ leap is tht the Knight ‘cannot guin a tempo. Any of the ther pieces, Bishop, Rook, ‘or Queen, in relation to the King, can oten steal « move, by corte, tochnial mani "Not so the Knight. IF the Knight toure the length and breadth of the entire board a ‘numberof tines, while the opposing King moves to and fr, every time the Knight approaches the King, their relationship {s exactly the samo-and the same side is on the move, ‘This characteristic isnot an asset for the Knight; itis in fact, a lability. Yet itis something to remember In the Sal ‘reckoning of the give and tako of the essential computations. EXCEPTIONS COMBINED As we have seen, the Rook Pawn contributes a goodly share ‘of the many exceptions to the general rules of chess. When the peculier Knight i involved with « Rook Pawn the exceptionals ‘lash head on, and the men fail to coopersts. In this poston Black is « Knight and a Pawn to the good. 1 thero wore any justice in ches, Black ought to win. But ‘who said there was? Here thee i no prodding White's King ‘rom its haven at RI, The approach ofthe Black King to R oF te N@ torminates hostitie in a stalemate. And the Kalght ‘cannot move without abandoning the Pawn, 85 Tn rogerd to thls and similar postions i is well to note the partinent details, The Rook Pawn i on the seventh rank, foarded by the Knight. With the Pawn on the sith and #0 ftrded, Blac wins, But even if the Knight defends the Pawn fon the seventh from ether BG cr BS, tho results stil a dra. QUITE ANOTHER INSTANCE [Now let the above position be inverted, soto speak, with Black's King in frat of Its Rook Pawn on tho seventh rank, and spare Knight in the offing. Thero ought, it seems, to be rho question about the result. Yee there Isa definite question. owt Tl the Boa? Ofthand it seems Black wins. Actually, however, it depends ‘on whose move it With Black to move, for instance, the sole isa draw: Nas ‘The moves can continue ad tfinitum and ad nauseam. Bat 4s the Knight cannot gain 2 tempo over Whites King, the result must be a draw.86 With White to move in the same postion, the story is erent Kor Nos 2 Kar NK Resigns White loses control of BL, most abandon that square, and free Black's King, whereafter Black quoens his Pawn and wins, The Easy Way All well and good. Yet how ie one to know the result of this type of position without going into extensive analysis? "Fortunately, thee fe an omy mechanical way. IF the Knight ‘an check the opposing King, th result isa draw I the Knight ‘cannot cheek, the lone King lores. When Knight and King are far separated, ist nsy to determine tho result at a glance If Knight and King sre on the same colored squares and the Knight isto move, the rosutis a draw; ifthe King isto move, ‘the omult ea los forthe King. Conversely f Knight and King fare on opposite colored equate, the Kaight wine if i isto ‘move; and the rent i a draw ifthe King Isto move, ‘All this stems from tho fact that the Knight eannot gun & tempo. A Knight on a white square moves to « black square and gives check to white ove, So, ifthe Kalght ison a white Square and the King 5, to, with tho Knight to move, no mattor hho far removed the Knight is from the King, the Koight will, check tho King as soon as t comes within checking distance. ‘That isthe guiding principle A One-move Pay-off Often it san exaggeration to say that the result of @ game depends on one move. Here itis no exaggeration, It is the hones” truch ‘With the foregoing in mind it clear that White mast move both to confine blacks King and to a square on which cao 87 be checked by the Knight eventually. Here, singe the Kalght fon a white square, White King must move to a whlte square, 1 K-B2 draws; J K-BI loses Try i KNIGHT VERSUS THREE PAWNS It is exceedingly dlfcult to generalize on an ending of Knight versus three Pawns. One thing, however, i certain: sce the Pawns can hardly lose, the real question is: Can they win? ‘Whea the Pawns ae separated and not subject to immediate capture, they are dangerous indecd. One or two Pawns tie Alown the opposing King, and the third Pawn, with the help ofits own King, manages to trade itself for the Knight, leaving winning result.‘When the Pawns aro together, asin the diagramed pos tion, they are dangerous, to, To determine th result, however, requires the most accurate calculation, Here, with White on the move, White wins: with Black to move, Black draws. kaa Nas N86 Nach NING kant NR NING Kar Resigns With Black to move, he can draw with 1... N-Q& The variations, emanating from this move, are long and laborious as are, too, the Variations from the winning. procedure above. Its beyond the ken of the average player to work out such positions to a conclusion, with ro many moves to go and s0 ‘any variations and sub-variations. The best advice i to figure ‘the threo Pawns as a win, particularly if two ate aleady om the ‘th rank. Then play the game on a move-tomove basis ‘Merely grasp as much of the postion as you ean and hope (and pray) to draw the game iF you are the one who has the Tone Kaight. A TRICK POSITION When & King occupies « Rook square behind a barrier of avons, It sequently impossible to drive it out. Hence, de- spite a preponderance of material the result is « draw. Here {5 a type postion. ‘Supevlily, st oom that White should win with ease. As ‘a matter of fact, ho does when he fllows the correct proce ‘dure. But, then, what is the correct procedure? ‘At fst glance the idea seem to be to sacrifice the Knight for one of the Pawns, then win with the extra Pawn. But try this on your planola: I N-Q4, K-NI; 2 N-BS, KRU; 9 NeRP, BeN; 4 KO (not 4 K-BT, stalematel), KNI; 5 P-NT, K-R2 and White must ylld his extra Pawn, say, by 6 K-KT or else 6X87, stalemate, anyway. ‘There are other ways t© mismanage to a draw; but White ‘wins a follows INBA [Not the only move, but onthe track ofthe only winning plan. 1 ka QOS KR SND AN Forced. 4 Ks Pos 5 PNTeh Resigns ‘The point was to get to BS (oF BT) with tho White King without stalemating.‘THEORY VERSUS PRACTICE “This postion from the reoent Rosenwald Tournament exem- piles tho winning procedure in an ending of three Pawns Ys. a Knight I Nas? "The idea behind this move is excallent.Tts execution, how. ‘ever, is poor. White antilpated 1... KxP; 2 N-BS, K-BS; F'N-Q7 alter which the Knight setaine an ison grip on the position, Whites King then marches over to the eriteal sector tnd pleks off all of Black's Pawns. But now the gume takes ‘nother turn, 1 Past 2 Pap my 3 Nez kena With a clor Knight abd, t stil seems White ought to win. Bat soon an uns postion is reached. pPPUBIR te ball fe eee egret ce at ean eed by 7... PKB. Daa as eg aeear pr fae ce ee ae Sth ay wi he ne sare ‘lear Knight ahead and ought to wi. Yt his apparently valiant stood is nought but « pompous as 1 ealeo This isthe key and star move. The pont, a¢ willbe seen, is ‘that White's King joins the fray a move sooner. This gain af ‘tempo makes all the difference in the outeome ofthe game 1 kas, PBA; 2 FXP ep, KeP; 9 N-Ktch, followed by its all over, for tho Knight is immune, and. White's Xing joins the notion and decides, 2NOsh KP Or 2... KKS; 8 K-BLthe point of I K-NA Nas Kaa 4NQ7 Resigns ‘For Black s helpless agunst th ineusion ofthe White King. ‘This delicate Knight varus Pawn end game could have arisen ina variation ofa postal game between the strong Texas amateur, Homer Hyde, and his opponent, Willa ‘Taber, former champion of several states, Fide ‘With White to move, thee ate yet a number of obstacles to be hurdled, The play would have gone as follows: 1 Kast 93 “The key move, On J N-B2, K-86 is sufcent; and, on 7 K-Q3, K-86, White makes no progress. 1 kaa On I, KRG; 2 KS, KANT, 8N-NB, Black i soon shunted. from the defense of his Rook Pawn. 2 Neat “The appareatly meaningless gyrations of the Knight are the most purposeful part of the winning stratgy. 2 kas BN Kae Buck’ only chance: eg, 9 ... K-Bls 4 K-QU, and White soon inftrtes. A NeNeh KANT 5 KA ray 6 KBs Resigns Five star moves, and now i ll over, for Blacks Rook Pawn ‘goes, ad the rests eary. (Note, however, that 6 K-BA permits draw by 6... K-BT) ‘This miniature ending Mustrates the when used with precision technique. to advantage ‘ie Wie94 Before proceeding withthe soltion, lt ws analyze the prob- Jems involved. Black threstens .. K-NS, followed by PAU56 and the exchange of Pawns, leading to 2 draw. In ‘the event that White by-pass ... P-R6 with PANG, Black, of course, continses with P-AT and P-RS(Q). “There are two ways to meet the threat. On the face of i White's fast ny seems to be the answer. 1 er kas 20s Pe 30s RS Nee ‘The further advance of Black’s Pawn is checked. With a leer Knight ahead, the rest ought to be “a matter of toch- nique.” Yet even the combined brilliance of Alekhine, Caps Dlanea, and Lasker will not win the game against best play for Back 4 kena Black takes the opposition and maintains st. And White ean make no progres, For example, consider; 5 kos KNS 6Ka3 | KN6 7Kas | KNS Any Knight move allows the eventual exchango of Paws 95 The Right Way ‘There is another way to check the advance of the Black Pave. {Rann rom at ola aga NN ‘This move appoars to be way out of contet. Yet it f the aly yay, The iden i to contin with 2 NR. Then, when laos King is at NS, Black eannet play ... P-R6; for Whito thas N-Bch, flloved by PxP, with an easy win. ‘Hence the Knight mancuver successfully staves off Black’s prime threat. ‘But Black has plenty of ight left. 1 kas Since that prime threat can be met, Black attempts an in- carson from the reer. one Kas 3K Even though far removed from the extial sector, Whites ‘King ean join the fray in the nick of time, 3 kar The alternative . PRA fails: 4 K-Q8, PRS, 5 KB, K-Q7; 6 KN, KBB; 7 KRG, K-NS, 8 N-NST and White wins. 4n0s Ke SPN KNT 6 Ksett ‘White can sl go astray. Curiously, on 6 K-BS, Black draws by... KG, 6 Kas 7 ks Resigns ‘Now Black ean do nought to prevent K-N6 snd the eventual {all of his Rook Pawn: 7"... K-Q6, 8 K-N6, K-B6; 9 K-RSIKnow your endings! Obetously, White cannot Tose én this ‘postion. The eal question i: Can he win? Study the problem fist, for that ‘8 the best woy $0 learn, But you will find the ‘answer on page 105 i case of need. Bishop versus Pawns "Te xan ov relative vals ofthe chessmen gives a Bishop 4s tho equivalent of tree Pans. The formula, of cour, ‘only a rule of dumb, t0 be modifed by circumstances. Inthe ‘pening std middle game, for example, the Bishop i wstly ‘more valuable. Asan aggresive weapon, ican ict greter damage than Paws. And defensively, to, rapid ste i ‘aching eal seztorsqulely rule it favor, ‘o or Inthe end games mating threats have vanished, the stature ofthe Pawns grows and that of the Bishop dimlalshes. Clexey, the lone Bishop, as opposed to Pawns, Is at a disadvantage. ‘The chance of admlaitering checkmate is exceedingly remote, f not impossible. The only question is how much of a dis. advantage. ‘Generally, 2 Bishop will hold one Pawn surely; two Pawns, IMkely; and three Paws, possibly. As the Pawns grow in mum ber, the tak of the Bishop grows, too. THE LONE BISHOP ‘The eases in chess history where a lone Bishop administers sate are extremely rare, But they do exist, Here i an illus ‘ration in point. 1 k83t ‘The star move, elesing the stalemate, Without it, White 1 Paia) 2 NBIh GN 5 xa mate 2 Ths potion i erm. One of caus fates i shit he wenn eck aw oo be sped cad al PEs hel On he mt wb al by +e08 THAT ROOK PAWN AGAIN It & common knowledge that «lone Bishop, without other ‘material on the board, eannot alle checkmate. It i not 30 wall known, however, that a Bishop and a Pawn, opposed to ‘Tone King eannot win under certain circumstances. ‘As umal, the Rook Pawn plays is part in this grotesque rosul Depo the prepondernce of miveril toe White Kg anno be budged from its haven st KR. Any efort to prod im from tat square by force wil reslt aly ta salor “The features that make for the daw ao to be noted: (2) ‘he extn Pawn i+ Tock Pan; (3) The Bishop tof tho pposte color of the quoening square of the Rook Pawn, (8) The lone King ocouies a able to occupy the queaing ‘square, This combination of factor sell draw. SIMILAR CASES ‘The following postions are all variations onthe sume theme. Despite material preponderance, tho result a deaw. ‘There is no Rook Pawn inthis positon. But the Pawn jxtae position forms barvier that Is tantamount tothe same thing. White's King merely moves to RL and back, and there is no sway to disposes him from theso quarters. The advance of the Black King to KBT creates stalemate. And the sacrifice ofthe Bishop for the Knight Pawn will lead to a drawn King and ‘Pawn ending ‘oro again Black romains with a Rook Pawn. This time, however, Black's Bishop doos control the queening, square Normally, this postion would be a win, White Rock Pawn, however, prevents the Black King from approaching at N6,Hence thee is no way of prodding the White King fom NI. Results dete, “his portion ess. The rents a daw becase Black's Bishop incarcerated. Thre snowy to promot ts atl, And lack sells to nae prego without eating a sale = WHERE THE ROOK PAWN RULES ari toi itn a ne of er of ous ones. White ar & Rook Faw, and his Bishop dow Seton tng re, But th Bak Kg ds mt sccapy Bl, and with cnet play ennct reach tat square ‘This factor makes all the diffrence a ‘White's plan i profound. Te & prepared to counter the edvanco of the Knight Pawn to NS oe Nd with 2 P-RE, keeping fhe Black King from seaching Rl. This isthe tactical basis of the move. Strategically, be intends to drive the Black King from the defence of the Knight Pawn, which he will pick of with his King, Then i¢ will bo eles sling. "7 K-BS wil not do, for Black counters with ... P-NSch, and ‘no matter which way White captures, he willbe in one of the Araoring postions above, "T KM wil aot do. For ... P-Nich creates the necessary acces forthe Black King to R 1 Kaa In edition to the text move, Black has at his command the following moves: I... P-NS, I... P-N4 and sundry King ‘After 1... PANS or 1... BANA, White immediately plays 2 P-RG, Keeping the Black King from RI, via N2. White then ‘mancuvers his King to pick off Black's Knight Pawn and drive Black’ King away from the critical sector: ths: 1... P-Ns BENG, PANS, 3 KB, PANG; 4 KaP, K-B3; 5 KN4 (ariving in the nick of time to prevent Blacks ... KN4), K-B2; 6 K-B5, K-BL; 7 K-B6, followed by 8 K-N7 and the eventual quecning of the Pawn, OrL... PANS; 2P-R6, K-BS; SK-BA, KDI; 4 KNG, followed by the capture of the Pawn by the King and leading to the same denouement. Or 1... KeBl; 2 K-25, K-Q% 9 BANS, Kd lowed by K-N6, KXP, ete 2 ENS kar HE... K2N4;9K-Q5, followed by K-Q6-B7 and the capture ‘of the Knight Pawn, with clear sailing for a Queen. 3 Ks kor 407 BBS, folKeeping the opposing King from Rl. 4 K-82 5kNS PND 6 PRs kat 7 ae ‘Back is driven from the eritical sector. EXCEPTION UPON EXCEPTION ‘Tho folowing position briags up some interesting points, ‘With no Black Patins as we have aeesdy observed, the reslt {5 a draw. If Black hat only one Pave, the result & & draw. ‘But Black has two Pawas~too much wood fr his own good. And that changes the piture. Wile We 1 eK ‘The Key move bore & based on tactical considerations. Blac’ King threatened to go to BAS and capture Whites ook Pawa or exchange it of 1 Kaz Now I ... K-RAis met by 2 PR, followed by 3 PxP and an easy wia, forthe exta Bishop decides fn any but problem positions. 103 Black ie not concerned with losing one ar both of his Pawns, for he would normally reach a stock drawing positon. 2 ors ‘The basis of thi move is tatial and strategical, IF Black returns to NS, White wishes to be in postion to check at QB fd Keep the King from I ‘Strategically, White has two things in mind. If he succeeds {in elther one ofthese, he wins, Fit, he attempts to stalemate the Black King. If he succeeds, lack must advance hie Pawn ta NG. White then captures, PP, converting his Hock Pawn {nto a Knight Pawn, with a resulting eary win, Secondly, he stterapts to drive the Black King out ofthe critical sector (ts (QHL) and to\a polat where he is unable to retur in tne Success here grants White time to eapture both Pawns before ‘Black can reach the drawing poston. 2 Koz 9 Kas Kaz 4 BNS kat Black is putting wp the strongest resistance. SNS KANT 6B bih KT If. K-RL, a Bishop tempo compels 7 ... PING, after which 8 PxP wins handily. 7 ena 5 oe 9 KN 10 KN7 [Black bas been compelled to abandon the eritical sector. IKE KKD Baek Kar 13 &N7 Now White pick off the Pawn and wins easily108 Tho foregoing Is only @ rough outline of the posites of ‘the position. To give every caneelvable defense is beyond the soope of this work. Soice ft to say that with correct pla ‘White wins. WHAT, AGAIN? By comparison, tis position is an easy win, that i, easy if ‘you know how. Curiously, without the Knight Fawn, Black draws. But he das tt 1 ka7 kur 2K wat 3 B87 Kaa 19... PING (or... PAN4); 4 PAP (0p.), KN2; 5 KKO, followed by K-BS-N&HS and the removal of Black's Pawn swith an eary wi, 4 K88 ka Sent | PINE 6 PaP ap. PRA 7 PANT mato 105 BISHOP VERSUS TWO PAWNS ‘As a gonoral rule, « Bishop can hold two Pawns, This post ‘ton, at fast sight, scems to be no exception. Buti, PRs Ba So that 2 P-R6 will be met by B-BA with an easy draw. 2 kas ‘To prevent the ... BAB4 defense, The thret now is P-RG. 2 BRS ‘n onder to stop tho Rook Pawn by ... KG, 3 PANSchit —BxP MES... KxP, 4 P-R6 as the Black King interferes with the Black Bishop, 4 ee Resi For now tho King interferes with the Bishop on another ingonal. There is 20 way to stop the Rook Pawn.‘Know your endings! Study this Reti portion with care beforo Tooking at text balow. How does Black win? Simply? Now take up the frst example tn the text Blow. Bishop(s) and Pawns Tr sae ervor of chess could be reduced to gute and Drege a wenethcentury automaton would make a mck af the grand maser, te th takes fo the cessnen the answers tothe mest perplesng problems ‘ald be produced with erat and hacer. Such, weve, sot the eae. Even what appents to bo tho simplest ead gene nay, infact, bo a er oF fotos ror roves, embodying multifarious devious ideas interwoven in a ‘lan which ie yet part of another plan, ‘Tako the potions withthe Bishop and Pawns. On the sur {aco it may teem that « few guiding principles should wrap them up. But there are principles and exceptions, and excep tien to the exceptions, so much so that i is better to withhold judgment. Particular postions are seldom wholly subject to Sint. Spleens av Be dsl pe ically. ‘ATYPICAL EXCEPTION By all the laws of tho Meds and the Persians and of ches ‘White is hopelessly lost in the photographed position shove. ‘His King eannot stp the Black Pawn from queening, while ‘lacks Bishop can stop White's Pawn. Yeti ll an son TKK “How this move affects tho Isuo is decidedly wnclar. The ‘King even blocks the advance ofits own Pawn, So much for eppearances. White now threatens 2 K:B8 which wins Black's Pawn, for 2... B-Q6 is countered by ‘OP-RT. Blacks reply i forced. 1 PNs 2 Kaen ‘This move raises a question: Is White a member of the Dodgers? Far home plate i i the opposite direction. ‘But White is really on the right Wook, threatening 3 K-KS to approach Black's Pawn, That Pawn must scamper, 2 PANS 3 par BN 4K ‘The searet is out By stacking tho Bshop, White galas a rious fempo. If te Bishop i not saved, te can queen 168i than White's King inthe “oquare” of Blac Pan snd makes a timely return t catch fe108 4. Bar 5KOG | KN Or 5... PING 6 KK, PNT; 7 K-52 o KK kaa 7 kee kas 5 Pxsiq) Ba 0 KP Drown ‘A neat object lesson on how the shortest distance betwoen two points may aot always be «straight line in ches. If you really absorbed that lesson you could have saved this ending at tho outset IRONIC INSTANCE “This Bishop and Pawn ending has a unique twist: Without the Bishop Pawn, Black draws. But there it ist {es essential to blockade the Bishop Pawn st once. Faure todo sores in a deaw: eg, 1 K-QT, PB7;2 BRS, P-BS(Q)s 91xQ, drawn, 1 Par 20st Ket 3 7 109 The tick play. a xB On any other move the win is simple, 4607 P33) SPNTh RR 6 P-NB(Q}mate 1 willbe noted that the extra Bishop Pawn was a Hability 1 prevented a stalemate and, in turn, gave White the oppor: tunity to build up a mating ne. UNDER TWO FLAGS ‘There isan expression that erops up in ches time and time again Ii "tops of epost ars” Trees to oe Bikey conoling white squre andthe enemy Bop convaling “Bishops of opposites” isthe boon and bane of the expert, ‘depending upon Which side ofthe fence he i sitting on. “ere, with two Pawns pls, beaase of “Bishops of oppostes,” Black fe unable to make any progress, ‘The Pawns are Axed on the wrong squares, White slnply oes to and fro with his Bishop, and there & nought to beHere is why “Bishops of opposites” are dreaded. With to ‘Pawns pls, apparently on the right squares, Whito cannot wi, lack shutles back and forth with his Bishop. Ifthe White Xing sbandons the King Pave, it will bo captured. If White's Pawn advances to Q6ch, Blick plays... BaP, and White ‘remains with a Tone Bishop pls, for a draw. AGAIN, THE EXCEPTION ‘This position is similar in some respects to the previous one, bt thee ar some vital differences, sufcently 0 to affect the result of the game. For one thing, the Pawns are on the sath, where they are ‘extremely dangerous. For anther, White's King ean join the fray. TENS Bes 2KN6 RNS 3 ka7 Resigns Black cannot prevent P-KTS. With Black to move ia the diagramed position, the out. ‘come is tho same. For example I. KL 2 BN3ch, KB, fand Whito wias by inftzating with his King on the Queen side: 9 K-K4, 4 K-Q5, § KBE, 6 K-QT, and the advanco ofthe King Paw, Whilo all thi i going oo, Black is able only to ‘emporize. LIKE COLORS ‘When Bishops are of the same colors, that is, they control the same colored squares (in the diagram, black), an extra Pawn often i sullctent to decide the game. Wit te Mom and Wa Fin glance ere gives the impression ofa draw. For Black's Bishop controls the queening square of the Pawn, and there doesn't seem to be a way of driving the Bishop from the di- ‘goal. Bue there is 1 eRe kanaBlack's movo fs foreed, for White was threatening B-B2-RT- 1S, challenging the Black Bishop and driving it of the a ‘agonal. Then Black has no defense: eg, (Place White's Bihop st NS), 1... BINS; 2 BANS, B-R2; 3 B-BT! and White must ‘queen perforce. 2 ebach KR 3 wast ‘The point ofthis move wil become cleat Inter on. Now, Black could pass, White could make no headway, But Black i in zugewang: ho soust move. Bove NS Or other squares on the dagonsl

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