3D Building and Cadastral Models For Val

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Volume X, Issue 12, December 2014 THE MONTHLY MAGAZINE ON POSITIONING, NAVIGATION AND BEYOND
3D building and
cadastral
models for valuation
GNSS • Tracking • GIS
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[ COLOPHON AND CONTENTS
In this issue
Coordinates Volume 10, Issue 12, December 2014
Articles
Combined spatial-temporal filtering for interference mitigation in GNSS receivers E TASDEMIR, L KURZ
AND T G NOLL 10 Tracking ship using INSAT CHIRANJEEVI VIVEK G AND SUDHAKAR TATA 16 Implementations in planning
of public services in Riyadh SALEH MOHAMMED AL SAIF 22 Semantically rich 3D building and cadastral
models for valuation UMIT ISIKDAG, MIKE HORHAMMER, SISI ZLATANOVA, RUUD KATHMANN AND PETER VAN OOSTEROM 37 Importance of
international standards on ethics GARY STRONG AND DAVID PILLING 47
Columns
My Coordinates EDITORIAL 6 His Coordinates HANS-JOERG STRUFE 8 Conference INTERGEO 2014 52 News GALILEO UPDATE 28
SNIPPETS 54 GNSS 54 LBS 56 GIS 57 UAV 57 IMAGING 58 INDUSTRY 59 Mark your calendar FEBRUARY 2015 TO OCTOBER 2015 62
This issue has been made possible by the support and good wishes of the following individuals and companies Chiranjeevi
Vivek G, David Pilling, E Taúdemir, Gary Strong, Hans-Joerg Strufe, L Kurz, Mike Horhammer, Peter van Oosterom, Ruud
Kathmann, Saleh Mohammed Al Saif, Sisi Zlatanova, Sudhakar Tata, T G Noll and Umit Isikdag; Antcom, EOS Positioning,
Foif, HiTarget, iFEN, Javad, Navcom, NovAtel, Pentax, Rohde & Schwarz, Supergeo, Trace Me, Trimble, and many others.
Mailing Address Coordinates is an initiative of cGIT that aims to broaden the Editor Bal Krishna
A 002, Mansara Apartments scope of positioning, navigation and related technologies.
C 9, Vasundhara Enclave cGIT does not neccesarily subscribe to the views expressed Owner Centre for Geoinformation Technologies
Delhi 110 096, India. by the authors in this magazine and may not be held
Phones +91 11 22632607, 98102 33422, 98107 24567 liable for any losses caused directly or indirectly due to the Designed at Spring Design (ajay@springdesign.in)
Fax +91 11 22632607 information provided herein. © cGIT, 2014. Reprinting with
permission is encouraged; contact the editor for details. Printer Thomson Press India Ltd., B 315, Okhla Phase I,
Email New Delhi - 110020, India
[information] talktous@mycoordinates.org Annual subscription (12 issues) [India] Rs.1,200
[editorial] bal@mycoordinates.org [Overseas] US$80 This issue of Coordinates is of 64 pages, including
[advertising] sam@mycoordinates.org cover.
[subscriptions] iwant@mycoordinates.org Printed and published by Sanjay Malaviya on behalf of
Centre for Geoinformation Technologies at A221 Mangal
Web www.mycoordinates.org Apartments, Vasundhara Enclave, Delhi 110096, India.

Gain perspective
in real-world
GNSS simulation
The GNSS simulator in the ¸SMBV100A vector signal generator
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[ MYCOORDINATES
2015: Hope and happiness

All 12 satellites in the GPS IIF series have completed production.
The Air Force launched the eighth GPS IIF satellite on October 29, 2014.
Russia launches new generation Glonass K navigation satellite.
ISRO successfully launches navigation satellite IRNSS-1B and IRNSS 1C.
Also releases IRNSS Interface Control Document.
GAGAN (GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation) achieves RNP 0.1 certi¿cation.
Beidou system standard achieve recognition

from International Maritime Organization.
The Galileo pair, launched together on a Soyuz rocket

on 22 August, ended up in the wrong orbit.
Some highs and some lows in year 2014.
Let us navigate together in year 2015,
With hope and happiness.
We at Coordinates wish our readers
A happy and prosperous year 2015.
Bal Krishna, Editor

bal@mycoordinates.org
ADVISORS Naser El-Sheimy PEng, CRC Professor, Department of Geomatics Engineering, The University of Calgary Canada, George
Cho Professor in GIS and the Law, University of Canberra, Australia, Professor Abbas Rajabifard Director, Centre for SDI and Land
Administration, University of Melbourne, Australia, Luiz Paulo Souto Fortes PhD Associate Director of Geosciences, Brazilian Institute of
Geography and Statistics -IBGE, Brazil, John Hannah Professor, School of Surveying, University of Otago, New Zealand
6 | Coordinates December 2014

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[ HIS COORDINATES
“We have stood for quality,

precision and innovation in
all fields of wireless
communications”
Says Hans-Joerg Strufe, Director of Product Management, Signal
Generators, Rohde & Schwarz in an interview with Coordinates
Please tell us about the ‘four GNSS positioning in combination with And last but not least, GNSS is
pillars’ that guide the strategy mobile communications. This is an becoming more and more integrated
at Rohde & Schwarz? important growth application, given that into the different systems used in the
eCall systems will become mandatory in A&D ¿eld. All these applications
For more than 80 years, new cars in many countries worldwide. have dedicated environments for
Rohde & Schwarz has stood for GNSS which translate into various
quality, precision and innovation in In the mobile communications market, conditions where GNSS receivers are
all ¿elds of wireless communications. location based services are being integrated deployed. To improve the quality of
The company is strategically based increasingly. They are typically based service for any GNSS application,
on four pillars: test and measurement, on GNSS technology. To ideally address Rohde & Schwarz offers Àexible
broadcast and media, secure the special testing needs, which are often environment simulation capabilities
communications, radiomonitoring and de¿ned by the network operators who including shading and multipath effects.
radiolocation. Thanks to this strategy, want to ensure a high quality of service,
the company can address diverse Rohde & Schwarz offers a dedicated
market segments, including wireless test system called R&S TS-LBS. It Of the various solutions
communications, the broadcasting combines our GNSS simulator with mobile available from Rohde &
and electronics industry, aerospace communications testing for a complete Schwarz which ones are
and defense, homeland security and test solution. Rohde & Schwarz being based on GNSS technology?
critical infrastructures. The electronics a strong partner in both, GNSS as well
group, headquartered in Munich, as mobile communications, is working Some Rohde & Schwarz testing solutions
Germany, is among the world market closely with all key players making sure also rely on GNSS themselves. For
leaders in all of its business ¿elds. the right testing tools are available. example, GNSS is used for positioning
of the vehicle in drive test solutions,
so that the measurement data can be
How do you perceive the To improve the quality attributed to a speci¿c location. In order
growth of GNSS technology to assess the RF quality of a network,
and applications based on of service for any mobile network operators use reference
it, in future and possible RF receivers. These so called drive test
role of Rohde & Schwarz? GNSS application, scanners, such as the R&S TSMW or R&S
TSME, have built-in GPS receivers that
Rohde & Schwarz is addressing various Rohde & Schwarz offers serve as frequency and time reference.
business ¿elds with its wireless solutions They are much faster and more accurate
where GNSS solutions are deployed, flexible environment compared to commercial phones, and
such as the automotive, communications provide an independent view of the RF
and aerospace & defense industries. In simulation capabilities environment. With GPS as an absolute
the automotive segment, eCall is using timing reference, drive test scanners

¿eld, Rohde & Schwarz is supported What is the latest GNSS
Some emerging economies by its French subsidiary Arpège SAS, offering from the Rohde &
which implements satellite monitoring Schwarz technology stable?
want to be independent systems in close collaboration
with the Munich headquarters. The R&S SMBV100A GNSS simulator
from GPS and launch from Rohde & Schwarz is a complete
test solution for various navigation
and operate their How do you see emerging systems. Looking at the list of various
economies as a potential applications which the simulator
own GNSS systems market for your product is already supporting shows Rohde
and solutions? & Schwarz’ strong commitment to
support the GNSS market. We have
can also validate whether base stations Emerging economies are very interesting included in various GNSS standards
are synchronized, which is relevant for markets for Rohde & Schwarz because such as GPS, Glonass, Galileo and
example in TD LTE networks to avoid of their fast growth. GNSS is driven BeiDou. All these can be used in
interference between uplink and downlink. in these markets by the prospering basic and sophisticated environments,
population who is very interested in supporting complex applications such
mobile communications and location as a realistic drive through a dense
Please tell us about the based services which are becoming city automatically taking into account
Rohde & Schwarz satellite standard in newer mobile devices. In the effects of buildings, bridges and
monitoring solutions portfolio? addition, some emerging economies want so on. In addition, simulation of
to be independent from GPS and launch attitude and body shadowing like
Satellite monitoring solutions from and operate their own GNSS systems on a plane is addressed. The latest
Rohde & Schwarz include stationary such as Glonass or BeiDou. Supporting enhancements for GBAS, general
and mobile systems for use on the these standards in our GNSS simulator avionics like DME and VOR/ILS
ground, at sea and in the air. In this is key to success in these markets. make the simulator complete. [
2015
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Navigation Bordeaux - France
Conference
Technology - Innovation - Business 07 – 10 April 2015
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[ GNSS
Combined spatial-temporal
filtering for interference
mitigation in GNSS receivers
As an effective counter measure against GNSS interference, this paper presents a combined
spatial-temporal filter for interference mitigation in an antenna-array GNSS receiver
Emrah Ta demir
Research Associate, Chair
of Electrical Engineering
O ver the recent past, the vulnerability
of Global Navigation Satellite
Systems (GNSS) to interference has
of freedom are limited by the typically
small number of antenna elements.
That de¿nes also the maximum number
and Computer become a concerning issue (Mitch, of interferers, which can be mitigated
Systems, RWTH Aachen 2011), (Pullen, 2012). Nowadays, illegal simultaneously. Furthermore, a spatial
University, Germany portable jamming devices are becoming ¿lter with limited degrees of freedom
popular to protect the user from being does not enable a sharp separation of
tracked by GNSS in their vehicle. These the signal directions. Therefore, the
so-called personal privacy devices mitigation of an interferer in the spatial
Lothar Kurz radiate different types of interference domain also leads to the suppression of the
Research Associate, Chair signals in the GNSS frequency bands satellite signals, if they have a direction
of Electrical Engineering and can make conventional receivers close to the interferer’s direction.
and Computer inoperable. Counter measures have to
Systems, RWTH Aachen be taken to prevent strong interference As stated in (Rounds, 2004), spatial
University, Germany from blocking the GNSS-receivers ¿ltering can be combined with temporal
for safety critical applications. ¿ltering, in order to enhance the
interference mitigation capability of an
A modular architecture concept for an array-antenna receiver. In this paper,
Tobias G Noll array-antenna receiver is described in a combined spatial-temporal ¿lter is
Professor, Chair of (Kappen, 2012). In this architecture a presented in order to exploit the spatial,
Electrical Engineering spatial ¿lter at pre-correlation stage (i.e. as well as, the temporal domain for
and Computer before correlating the signal with the local interference mitigation. The ¿lter consists
Systems, RWTH Aachen satellite signal replica) is proposed for of three stages: a notch ¿lter (NF), a
University, Germany interference mitigation. As proposed in spatial ¿lter and an equalizer ¿lter (EQ).
(Kappen, 2012), (Kurz, 2012) presents The NF at the ¿rst stage is realized as
an implementation of a 2x2multi-antenna a bank of ¿nite impulse response ¿lters
GNSS receiver architecture that features (FIR) and suppresses temporally correlated
a sub-space based digital adaptive ¿lter (narrowband) interference in the temporal
at pre-correlation stage. Based on the domain. The spatial ¿lter at the second
architecture in (Kurz, 2012), a recursive stage is inherited from (Tasdemir, 2013)
method for coef¿cient adaptation and suppresses wide band interference,
is presented in (Tasdemir, 2013), which gets through the ¿rst stage. The
which leads to signi¿cant reductions last ¿lter stage is required to reduce the
in the computational complexity negative side effects of the NF on the
both in hardware and software. acquisition and tracking performance.
The pre-correlation ¿lters presented in Notation: Throughout the paper, vectors

(Kurz, 2012) and (Tasdemir, 2013) use and matrices are represented by bold
only the spatial degrees of freedom for roman letters. ||.|| stands for the Euclidean
¿ltering interferences. The disadvantage of norm, (.)T for the transpose of a matrix,
the spatial-only ¿ltering is that the degrees (.)H for the Hermitian transpose of a

chosen for the ¿lter step is shifted to the post-correlation
output. In practice, stage. Composition is required, in order to
this is a typical compensate the carrier phase ambiguity
precision for the induced by the decomposition step.
GNSS signals
and does not lead
to a signi¿cant Temporal filter
loss of accuracy
in the code delay In this section, a two-stage temporal ¿lter
estimation or in is presented for interference mitigation
the user position at pre-correlation stage. The ¿rst stage of
estimation the ¿lter is an adaptive NF that attenuates
(Mezghani, 2010). certain signal frequencies in order to
Figure 1: Adaptive spatial filter remove narrowband interference. As a
The re-quantization side effect, the NF generates echoes of the
matrix, and (.)* for the elementwise of the channels is carried out separately, original satellite signal and can negatively
conjugate. E{x(k)} is the mean value i.e. the thresholds of the quantizers are inÀuence the signal acquisition and the
individually adapted to the variance signal tracking performance at the post-
(power) E{|yn(k)|2} of the particular correlation stage. In order to reduce these
channel (n = 1, ..., N). As a result, re- side effects, an EQ ¿lter is applied in
of a sampled input argument x(k) quantization equalizes the powers of the the second stage of the temporal ¿lter.
computed at the time k . Ts over the last individual channels to each other. That
K samples. Ts is the sampling period. means that after re-quantization, the power Notch filter
of the interference channels is suppressed
to the level of the noise channels. After The adaptive NF in the ¿rst stage of the
Spatial filter despreading (i.e. correlation with the temporal ¿lter is realized as an FIR-¿lter
locally generated satellite signals), with M taps (Figure 2). The adaptation
The block diagram of the adaptive GNSS signals are raised above the of the ¿lter coef¿cients is based on
spatial ¿lter in (Tasdemir, 2013) is noise and the interference signals. the power minimization approach
given in Figure 1. White blocks stand (Zoltowski, 1995). The complex tap-
for computations with a processing The decomposition matrix UH is weight vector b = [b0 ... bM-1] of the ¿lter
equal to the sampling frequency. In derived from the auto-covariance is set to minimize the output power
(Kurz, 2012), these blocks are realized in matrix Rqq = E{q(k) . qH (k)} of the
dedicated hardware. Gray blocks stand quantized ¿lter output q. With V =
for control oriented computations mapped diag (E{|y1,(k)|2}, ..., E{|yN(k)|2}),
to the embedded GNSS processor. UH = [u1 ... uN]H is given by the subject to b0 =1. Since GNSS signals are
eigendecomposition of the matrix V1/2 . well below the noise Àoor, the power
The input vector x(k) = [x1(k) ... xN(k)]T Rqq . V1/2 and contains the eigenvectors minimization ¿lter implicitly suppresses
of the spatial ¿lter contains the digitized un (n = 1, ..., N). A computationally interference signals, while letting the
down-converted complex outputs of the ef¿cient method to adjust UH iteratively noise and the satellite signals through.
antenna-array elements with N being the is described in (Tasdemir, 2013).
number of array elements. In the ¿rst step, After the interference mitigation, the
x(k) is multiplied by an orthogonal matrix The last step of the spatial ¿lter is ¿ltered output y(k) is re-quantized to
UH and is decomposed into N orthogonal the multiplication of the ¿lter output reduce its wordlength. If correctly
signal channels y(k) = UH . x(k). Nint of vector q by U to transform q back adapted to the dynamic range of y, output
these channels belong to the interference to the original orthonormal basis of the quantizer can be modeled as
subspace, if Nint uncorrelated interference (composition). In (Tasdemir, 2013), this
sources exist. (N – Nint) channels are
interference-free and contain the noise and
the GNSS signals “hidden” in the noise.
Decomposition is followed by the re-

quantization step to reduce the wordlength
of the signals. This is done in order to
reduce the hardware complexity of the
subsequent signal processing stages. In
(Kurz, 2012), a wordlength of 2 bits is Figure 2: Adaptive notch filter
Coordinates December 2014 | 11

(1)
with n(k) modeling the quantization

noise as an additive white Gaussian
noise with a power of .
The adaptation of the ¿lter coef¿cients

can be carried out iteratively
using a gradient-based algorithm.
The coef¿cients are updated after
every K samples, according to
The update value , by which the Figure 3: Effect of the temporal filter on the correlation function: a) notch filter with a narrow
coef¿cient has to tap-spacing b) notch filter with a wide tap-spacing c) equalizer filter subsequent to the notch filter
be changed at the time k . Ts, is given by
While suppressing interference signals, but one. A gradient-based algorithm to
(2) the NF generates echoes of the original ¿nd the solution iteratively is given by
satellite signal as a side effect. As a result
. Note that (2) requires of this side effect, time-shifted copies of (3)
the computation of the cross- the main correlation triangle appear in the
correlation between the input and correlation function of the ¿lter output with . Since
the output signal of the ¿lter. with the local satellite signal replica the tap-weight vector b of the NF is
(Figure 3a). Similar to the echoes produced changed slowly by the gradient-based
According to (Haykin, 1996), convergence by satellite signal reÀections (multipath), algorithm given in section of notch ¿lter,
of a gradient-based ¿lter adaptation is an overlap of the echo-triangles with few iterations of (3) are required after
guaranteed, if the step-size parameter the main triangle disrupts the satellite each update of b to adapt bEQ(k) to the
satis¿es /tap-input-power with tracking loops. Therefore a tap-spacing > updated value of b(k). In this paper, only
2 . code- chip-duration is to be preferred, one iteration (I=1) is carried out after
in order to avoid an overlap (Figure 3b). each coef¿cient update period K . Ts.
Therefore, the variance at the input Equalizer filter

of the ¿lter is monitored, in order Combined filter
to adjust the step-size parameter In order to suppress the echoes produced
inversely proportional to the input by the NF and amplify the main Figure 4 shows the spatial-temporal
signal power, as shown in Figure 2. correlation triangle, an EQ is applied in ¿lter combining the spatial ¿lter and
the second stage of the temporal ¿lter the temporal ¿lter. As in Figure 1,
In order to reduce the complexity of a (Figure 3c). The EQ is realized as an white blocks represent computations
hardware realization of (2), y(k) can be FIR-¿lter with MEQ taps. The tap-weight realized as dedicated hardware blocks,
replaced by the quantized output q(k) vector bEQ = [bEQ1 ... bEQ,MEQ] suppressing while gray blocks are tasks mapped
from (1). If done so, (2) becomes the echoes is the least-mean-square to the embedded processor.
solution of the equation bEQ . B = d with
The ¿rst stage of the combined ¿lter is
a bank of N NFs to suppress temporally
with correlated interference. The NFs are
followed by a spatial decomposition
of the temporally ¿ltered signal into
a band-matrix composed of the its orthogonal spatial components.
Thus, the step-size parameter must be shifted copies of b and
chosen proportional to the standard Estimation of the spatial and the temporal
deviation of the ¿lter output signal. ¿lter coef¿cients is decoupled from each
This explains why the signal variance at other. The spatial coef¿cients of the ¿lter
the ¿lter output is monitored in Figure the desired combined response of the NF are derived from the spatial covariance
2 additional to the input variance. and the EQ. d indicates that all copies of matrix of the quantized output. If the
the correlation triangles have to be zeroed ¿lter coef¿cients are adapted correctly,

it is suf¿cient to vector b of the NFs was normalized
compute the cross- by its Euclidean norm after each
correlation for coef¿cient update. However, if b is
one antenna and normalized, it does not converge back
use one common to the default vector b0 = [1 0 ... 0],
tap-weight vector after interference signals disappear.
for the NFs. Since the EQ realized as an FIR is not
capable of perfectly suppressing the
Here, the echoes for all possible values of b,
composition the “normalized power minimization
step, which was algorithm” may slightly degrade the SNR
shifted to the post- in the absence of interference. In order
correlation stage in to avoid an unnecessary generation of
Figure 4: Combined adaptive spatial-temporal filter (Tasdemir, 2013), echoes in the absence of interference,
is necessarily b needs to be slowly forced towards
narrowband interference is mitigated by computed at the pre-correlation stage. b0, if the temporal ¿lter does not detect
the NFs and only wideband interference Otherwise the carrier phase ambiguity and suppress any temporally correlated
is detectable in the spatial covariance induced by the decomposition step interference. This can be detected by
matrix. In other words, in the steady destroys the estimation of the temporal comparing the input power and the
state the spatial ¿lter ignores narrowband ¿lter coef¿cients. Computation of the output power of the notch ¿lters.
interferers. The coef¿cients of the NFs are variance at the output of the NF (see
determined based on the cross-correlation Figure 2) can be left out, because the mean
between the quantized ¿lter output and variance after decomposition is equal to Simulation results
the ¿lter input signal. It is a justi¿able the mean variance before decomposition.
assumption, that an interferer is received In this section, the bene¿ts of the combined
by all antenna elements and the same Simulations showed that the interference spatial-temporal ¿lter over the spatial-only
temporal interference characteristics can mitigation performance of the combined ¿lter are discussed based on MATLAB-
be observed for all antennas. Therefore, ¿lter was improved if the tap-weight simulations. A single-antenna receiver
SD33_CMPL_Antcom_Aug_Ad_AS.indd
11/12/14 5:45 am
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Figure 5: Simulation 1: Resulting beam-patterns and frequency response of the notch filter
Figure 7: Simulation 3: Sky-plot with one

satellite, two wideband interference
signals (red squares), and three CW
interference signals (red circles)
direction. In contrast to the spatial-only

filter, the combined filter mitigates
CW-interference in the temporal
Figure 6: Simulation 2: Post-correlation SNR for different interference bandwidths domain. The frequency response of
and frequency change rates the NF is shown in Figure 5 (right),
for this case. In total, one spatial
(1-ant), a 2x2-array-antenna receiver As can be seen from the corresponding degree of freedom is used because
with spatial-only ¿ltering (2x2-ant + sf), beam-pattern, the spatial-only filter is of the wideband interference and the
and a 2x2 array-antenna receiver with forced to attenuate two distinct signal post-correlation beam-former is able
spatial-temporal ¿ltering (2x2ant sf + tf) directions, in order to mitigate the to form a beam approximately to the
are simulated. The element spacing of the interference. As a result, the beam, satellite direction. Compared to the
array-antennas are Ȝ/2. Antenna-signals which should be focused towards the spatial-only filtering, the combined
are down-converted to the baseband and satellite in the interference-free case, filter increases the SNR at the post-
sampled at a rate of 2.047 MHz before is strongly shifted away from satellite correlation stage by 6.14 dB.
interference mitigation. The NF and the EQ
of spatial-temporal ¿lter have M = MEQ = 5
taps with a tap-spacing of 5 samples.
Averaging time is 1 ms, i.e. the averaging
is done over K = 2047 samples. SNR of the
received satellite signal (GPS PRN 1) before
correlation is -16 dB. A blind adaptive beam-
former is applied at the post-correlation
stage to form a beam towards the satellite
and maximize the SNR (Kurz, 2012).
Simulation 1 examines an interference

scenario with two interference sources,
in order to demonstrate the differences
between the spatial-only and the combined
spatial-temporal ¿ltering. Interferer
1 is a wideband interferer (two-sided
bandwidth = sampling rate) with an
interference-to-signal-ratio (ISR) of 50 dB.
Interferer 2 is a continuous-wave (CW)
interferer (bandwidth = 0, frequency =
fL1 + 100 kHZ) with an ISR of 45 dB.
Figure 5 shows the combined beam-
patterns of the pre-correlation ¿ltering
and the post-correlation beam-forming. Figure 8: Simulation 3: Reaction of different receivers to appearing interference signals

Simulation 2 analyzes the behavior of the in an antenna-array GNSS receiver. Ministry of Economics and Technology
combined ¿lter for growing interference The ¿lter is based on the spatial ¿lter based on a decision of the German Federal
bandwidths or for changing frequencies. introduced in (Tasdemir, 2013) and extends Parliament reference no. 50 NA 1111.
The frequency of a narrowband can change this by a bank of adaptive FIR-¿lters in the
due to an acceleration of the receiver front. These are used as notch ¿lters and
relative to the interference source. In the take over the mitigation of narrowband References
simulation, an interferer (ISR = 50 dB, interference by attenuating certain
center frequency = fL1 + 150 kHZ) radiates frequencies in the frequency spectrum S. Haykin (1996). “Adaptive Filter
from the same direction as the satellite. In of the input signal. The adaptation to Theory”, 3rd Edition, Prentice-Hall, 1996.
this case, the mitigation of the interference the interference situation follows a
signal in the spatial domain also cancels gradient-based power minimization A. Mezghani, F. Antreich, J. A. Nossek
the satellite signal. The estimate of the method. As a result of adding temporal (2010). “Multiple Parameter Estimation
post-correlation SNR over the interference degrees of freedom to the spatial ¿lter, with Quantized Channel Output”, WSA
bandwidth and the frequency change the ¿lter capacity in the spatial domain is 2010, Bremen, Germany, 23-24 Feb 2010
rate is shown in Figure 6. While a CW- preserved for the mitigation of wideband
signal can perfectly be mitigated in interference. Undesired side effects of R. H. Mitch, R. C. Dougherty, M. L.
the temporal domain, performance the notch ¿lters on the satellite signal Psiaki, S. P. Powell, and B. W. O’Hanlon
of the temporal ¿lter decreases for tracking are diagnosed and minimized (2011). “Signal characteristics of civil
growing interference bandwidths and by adding an adaptive equalizer ¿lter GPS jammers”, ION GNSS 2011,
for growing frequency change rates. subsequent to the interference mitigation. Portland, Oregon, 19–23 Sep 2011
Simulation 3 demonstrates the Functionality of the ¿lter is veri¿ed by G. Kappen, C. Haettich, M. Meurer
improvement of the combined ¿lter over simulations using synthetic data. As (2012). “Towards a Robust Multi-
the spatial-only ¿lter for the case where the expected, the bene¿t of the combined Antenna Mass Market GNSS Receiver”,
number of the interference sources exceeds ¿lter approach becomes evident mainly PLANS 2012, Myrtle Beach, South
the N-1 spatial degrees of freedom. The in two cases. 1) If an interference source Carolina, 23-26 Apr 2012
directions of the satellite and the interferers has a signal direction close to a satellites
are given in Figure 7. All interferers direction, the satellite signal is also L. Kurz, E. Tasdemir, D. Bornkessel, G.
have an ISR of 50 dB. Interferers intensely affected by the interference Kappen, F. Antreich, and M. Sgammini
1, 3, and 5 radiate CW-signals with mitigation in the spatial domain. While (2012). “An Architecture for Embedded
distinguishable frequencies (fL1 -50 kHZ, the spatial-only ¿lter does not distinguish Antenna-Array Digital GNSS Receiver
fL1 + 250kHZ, fL1 + 550kHZ); interferers between different types of interference, Using Subspace-Based Methods for Spatial
2 and 4 radiate wideband signals. the combined spatial-temporal ¿lter can Filtering”, NAVITEC 2012, Noordwijk,
rescue the satellite signal from narrowband The Netherlands, 5-7 Dec 2012
Starting without the interferers, an interference. 2) Signi¿cant improvements
interferer is turned on after every 200 ms. of the combined ¿lter over the spatial- S. Pullen and G. Gao (2012). “GNSS
At the time of 1200 ms, all interferers only ¿lter can also be observed, in case Jamming in the Name of Privacy”,
are turned off again. Estimate of the the number of interference directions Inside GNSS Magazine 7(2)
post-correlation SNR, the code phase exceeds the number of spatial degrees
error, and the frequency error of the of freedom. This case is not unrealistic, S. Rounds (2004). “Jamming Protection
signal tracking loops are plotted over since its occurrence does not require of GPS Receivers”, GPS World 15(2)
time in Figure 8. It can be identi¿ed that the existence of a high number of
the spatial-only ¿lter is overextended, interfering devices but can also be caused E. Tasdemir, L. Kurz, and T. G. Noll
if the number of interference sources by reÀections of one interfering signal. (2013). “Optimization of a Blind Adaptive
exceeds (N-1). In this case, the SNR While spatial-only ¿ltering is defenseless Spatial Filter for Interference Mitigation
drops abruptly and the tracking loops start in such a situation, the combined-¿lter in GNSS Receivers”, ION GNSS 2013,
to drift away from the satellite signal. provides an improved protection against Nashville, Tennessee, 16-20 Sep 2013
Especially, the carrier tracking loop is interference by exploiting temporal
intensely affected and “deceived” by characteristics of the interference. M. D. Zoltowski and A. S. Gecan (1995).
the unsuppressed CW-interference. “Advanced Adaptive Null Steering
Concepts for GPS” MILCOM 1995,
Acknowledgements San Diego, California, 5-8 Nov 1995.
Conclusion
This work was funded by the Space The paper was presented in
This paper presents a combined spatial- Administration of the German Aerospace ENC-GNSS 2014, Rotterdam,
temporal ¿lter for interference mitigation Center (DLR) on behalf of the Federal Netherlands, 15-17 April. [

[ TRACKING
Tracking ship using INSAT

In this paper the topics of INSAT coverage, INSAT-MSS modem architecture, working principle,
RTOS-based data logger, data reception software and commissioning are detailed
Chiranjeevi Vivek G
CSIR – Fourth Paradigm
Institute, Bangalore,
T he most basic operation of a
vessel monitoring system is to
determine the location of the vessel
multipurpose performance of such a
system is discussed in the paper.
India. Previously worked at a given time, and periodically send The designed ship track system as
in National Institute this information, usually by satellite, shown in ¿gure 1 is installed in NIOT
of Ocean Technology, to a monitoring station ashore. Most research vessel. Data logger collects
Chennai, India of vessels are tracked using the purple the date, time and positional details
¿nder. This ¿nder uses various satellites (Latitude, Longitude) from the in-built
like Inmarsat, Globalstar and Thuraya GPS transmits, and transmits the GPS
for tracking the vessel. INMARSAT-C details through INSAT-MSS modem
Sudhakar Tata has been the most considered choice, using serial (RS232) port. Reception hub
National Institute of since INMARSAT transceiver is already receives the data from MSS transponder
Ocean Technology, ¿tted onboard many ocean-going on INSAT-3C satellite. The hub sends the
Chennai, India vessels as required by GMDSS (Global data to NIOT mail server. Data reception
Maritime Distress and safety System). software running on server checks the mail
server continuously and shows the exact
The carriage and operation of VHF- ship location, generates *.kml (Keyhole
based Automatic Identi¿cation System Markup Language) ¿le depending on the
(AIS) onboard vessels, as required by the period selected, calculates the average
revised SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) ship speed and generates a back up of
international convention, has greatly the data in database for future use.
improved the identi¿cation and tracking
of vessels in coastal waters. However,
it needs to be extended in coverage, at System architecture
least over the entire EEZ (Exclusive
Economic Zone). It is also adopted as System contains Data logger, INSAT-MSS
an Automatic Location Communicator modem with in-built GPS, 24 volts DC
(ALC) in the VMS (Vessel Monitoring supply as shown in the ¿gure 2. RS-232
System) of many regional ¿shery is used for data logger to communicate
management organizations (RFMOs) with INSAT-MSS modem. Data logger
and countries. Implementation of the gets the GPS data from the inbuilt GPS
long-range mode of AIS with INSAT- available in INSAT MSS modem and
3C satellite communication and the stores it in the memory. Depending on
the slot assigned data logger transmits
the data through INSAT-MSS modem.
Data logger, a Single Board Computer

(SBC), is an expandable embedded
controller designed for industry
applications to replace PC or PLC devices
in harsh environments. It supports Input/
Output (I/O) expansion bus that is used to
implement various I/O functions as shown
in ¿gure 3. The salient features of data
logger are Digital input/output channels,
Analog/Digital channels, 4 serial ports, 2
Figure 1: System architecture for ship tracking no’s of RS-485 port of 3000V isolation,

Programmable
Read Only
Memory
(EEPROM)
and Watchdog
circuit. Data
logger has 64-bit Figure 4: INSAT-DRT Transponder Coverage
internal hardware
Figure 2: System architectue serial number,
1 LED (Light
Emitting Diode) display used for power
or communication indicator, 5 digit 7
segment LED display and I/O buffer.
Data logger supports 10 types of I/O
Expansion Board used to expand the
features of the controller. Depending
on the type of embedded ¿rmware
programs and I/O Expansion Board, the Figure 5: INSAT-MSS transponder coverage
data logger is used as a single versatile
controller. Data logger uses Mini RTOS The memory details of the data logger
(Real Time Operating System). The Mini are 512 K bytes SRAM, 512 K bytes
Figure 3: Data logger architecture RTOS is a set of commands or code that Flash, 2 K bytes EEPROM, 31 bytes
manages the computer how to process NVRAM. The nominal working
Real Time Clock (RTC), Non-Volatile information. RTOS runs programs, voltage is non-regulated 10 to 30 volts
Random Access Memory (NVRAM), manages ¿les, controls information (DC) at 3 watts power consumption.
Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), processing, directs input and output, and The operating climatic conditions are
Flash memory, Electrically Erasable performs many other related functions. -25°C to 75°C, (0 to 90) % humidity.
SD37_CMPL_Munich_Dec_Ad_AS.indd
11/12/14 1:51 am
pm
Table 1: INSAT-MSS Modem details
Sl No. Speci¿cation Details

1 Maximum Data size 55 bytes
2 Frequency 2.6 GHz
3 Operating Voltage (DC) 10 to 24 Volts
4 Idle Current 40 mA
5 Transmitting current (Nominal) at 12V 1.9 A
6 Satellite INSAT-3C
7 Transmission Cost Rs 1,500/- per month
Figure 6: INSAT MSS modem architecture
C-band. INSAT-MSS has a (BPSK) is digital modulator scheme that
less coverage compared to conveys the data by changing or modulating
INSAT-DRT as shown in ¿gure 5. the phase of reference carrier signal. The
Synthesizer generates required range of
INSAT-3C satellite has a wide coverage of frequencies from a single ¿xed oscillator
India mainland, Bay of Bengal, Arabian to lock the frequency to transmit the data.
Sea and Indian Ocean. The modem used
in this paper works in inner lobe area only The analog part of INSAT modem has
covering Indian mainland, Bay of Bengal been designed with Solid State Power
and Arabian Sea due to a small antenna Ampli¿er (SSPA) which takes advantage
dish and less transmission power apt for of current cutting edge technologies
Figure 7: INSAT MSS reporting network scienti¿c applications. Antenna size and in both design and manufacturing,
power consumption should be minimal thereby resulting in high reliability, high
INSAT details for easy installation, maintenance and performance and cost effective alternative
longer system life in remote locations. to the Traveling Wave Tube (TWT).
Depending on the frequency of operation,
INSAT modems are of 2 types, namely Both modems work in TDMA (Time All these sub-systems are housed in an IP65
INSAT-DRT and INSAT-MSS. Division Multiple Access) mode. In this enclosure suitable for marine conditions.
paper, INSAT-MSS modem is used for The power supply and interface connector
INSAT-DRT:- INSAT-DRT (Data Relay ship tracking. In the next section, INSAT- are located outside of the terminal. Users
Transponder) works in UHF (Ultra High MSS modem architecture, the reporting can con¿gure terminal ID, frequency of
Frequency) band (402 MHz). INSAT-DRT network has been explained in detail. operation by using RS-232 interface. MSS
modem transmits from remote location to terminal operates in TDMA (Time Division
satellite and from satellite to the reception The details of INSAT-based modem are Multiple Access) mode which has unique
hub in C- band. Received data is processed explained in detail in following section. ID code operated in S-band and transmits
in data reception server for data quality. messages at 300bps. The INSAT MSS
It is extensively used in land-based AWS INSAT MSS modem architecture modem works in S-band at a frequency
(Automatic Weather Station), ship-based of 2.6 GHz with down-link in a C-band.
AWS, tide gauge network, MET-Ocean The INSAT-MSS terminal uses SXC
Buoys and other observation platforms by transponder of Indian geostationary INSAT-MSS reporting network
IMD (Indian Meteorological Department), satellite INSAT-3C. The INSAT-MSS
INCOIS (Indian National Centre for Ocean terminal mainly consists of S-band Data logger sends the data through
Information Services), NIOT (National synthesizer, BPSK modulator and RS-232 to INSAT-MSS modem for
Institute of Ocean Technology) and ISRO SSPA, GPS receiver, Central processing transmission which is received by the
(Indian Space Research Organisation). controller, DC-DC converter, S-band and INSAT-3C satellite. The Reception hub
It supports a transmission rate of 300 C-band antennas[1] as shown in ¿gure 6. receives the data from satellite and sends
bps (Bits per Second). INSAT-DRT it to NIOT mail server immediately
transponder has coverage in Africa, Asia Central Processing Controller (CPC) without delay as is shown in ¿gure 7.
and Australia continental mainland and controls the modem hardware and GPS
ocean area also as shown in ¿gure 4. receiver data. The DC to DC converters INSAT-MSS modem details
keeps the output voltage level (9–36VDC)
INSAT-MSS:- INSAT-Mobile Satellite to the required voltage level irrespective A control string ‘@#N’ is required at
Services works in S-band (2.6 GHz). of the load. The GPS receiver is used to the start of data to transmit and avoid
Modem transmits the data to the satellite collect date, time, latitude and longitude and false triggering. To receive the latitude,
and the same is been received in hub in stores in to CPC. Binary Phase Shift Keying longitude, date and time from the built-in

SD37_CMPL_TraceME_Dec_Ad_AS.indd
11/12/14 9:33 am
Start
Check RTC
No
Is
Min=007
Figure 9: Data reception software
Yes Marine Electronics

Association)
Get GPS
format. The modem
takes a minimum
time of 45 seconds
to acquire the GPS
No
GPS and send the same
Valid? to data logger.
GPS data contains
date, time, latitude,
Yes
longitude details at
that particular time.
Wait for the
time slot
Program
architecture Figure 10: Ship track
No
Allotted
time slot?
Data logger checks its RTC (Real track as shown in ¿gure 9. The software
Time Clock) time continuously features are to calculate the distance
for 0th minute of every hour to traveled for the particular selected
Yes send GPS request to INSAT-MSS period, GPS data backup for future
Transmit the
modem. Data logger checks if reference, continuous ship tracking, etc.
data the received GPS data is valid In future, the software can be upgraded
or not. If the GPS data is invalid to calculate the average speed, Expected
then data logger sends the GPS Time of Arrival, sending Vessel position
Figure 8: Flow chart of program logic request for a maximum of 3 times. reports through SMS, E-mail, etc.
GPS data is stored in temporary
GPS, the command is ‘@#G’. The power memory. Data logger waits for
consumption during idle mode of INSAT- the allocated transmission slot, Commissioning of
MSS modem is 40mA. The idle mode since the modem is used in TDMA Track ship system
current of satellite modem contributes mode. When the RTC is exactly
a major part in the power budget while the same as the time slot allotted Track ship setup was installed on Coastal
sizing the communication system, as this for the particular ship, data logger Research Vessel Sagar Purvi in Chennai,
modem is idle for most of the time and transmits the latitude, longitude, India. INSAT-MSS modem was installed
transmission takes only a few seconds with date and time through INSAT- on the top most location in the ship.
peak current. The details of INSAT-MSS MSS modem. Data logger runs in The data logger inside the ship was
power consumption and cost are shown in in¿nite loop as shown in ¿gure 8. powered with 24 volts uninterrupted
table 1 which also indicates that INSAT- power supply. The vessel being tracked
MSS is economical compared to Iridium, sailed from Chennai to Kavaratti Island
which needs about Rs 40,000/month. Data reception software (Lakshadweep) via Tuticorin, Kollam.
The same has been shown in Bhuvan
In-built GPS details Data reception software runs continuously (Gateway to Indian Earth Observation),
on server computer. It receives the data an Indian Geo-portal in ¿gure 10.
INSAT–MSS modem has an inbuilt GPS from the NIOT server, decodes it and Bhuvan is a software application which
receiver. It supports NMEA (National generates the .kml ¿le showing the ship allows the exploration of a 2D/3D

representation of the Earth’s surface. The using various satellites. The developed Communication for ocean observation”:
browser is speci¿cally tailored to view system is very cost-effective compared Proceedings of ICCCI 2013,
India, offering the highest resolution to the commercially available vessel International Conference on Computer
in this region provided with local four tracking services. Ships can be tracked Communication and Informatics.
languages. Apart from visualization, in the vast Indian Ocean region if [2] Chang, S.J, “Satellite-based vessel
Bhuvan provides timely disaster support INSAT-DRT modem is used, since the tracking and monitoring as the long
services, free satellite data and products INSAT-DRT satellite footprint is large. range mode of AIS”: OCEANS,
download facility and rich thematic 2005. Proceedings of MTS/IEEE
data-sets. Bhuvan is using crowd- [3] Xiu-fang Cui, “Research on
sourcing approach to enrich its maps Acknowledgement vessel monitoring system”: 2nd
and collecting Point of Interest data. International Conference on
Authors gratefully thank Dr. Mechanical and Electronics
M.A.Atmanand, Director, National Engineering (ICMEE), 2010
Conclusion Institute of Ocean Technology [4] Wangqiang Niu, “The Integrated Ship
Chennai, for vital encouragement and Monitoring Systems: from Small
The tracking of ships using Indian support for this development work. Size to Large Size”: International
satellite has been successfully Also the authors wish to thank Vessel Workshop on Intelligent Systems
implemented, tested and commissioned. Management Cell (VMC), NIOT and Applications, 2009
The positional information has been for installing the track ship system [5] Reynolds, J.C, “GPS-based vessel
exported to an Indian Geoportal, in vessel and all team members of position monitoring and display
Bhuvan. The system can be used for Ocean Electronics Group, NIOT system”: Position Location and
better tracking in Indian waters using Navigation Symposium, 1990.
domestic satellite. Commercial decision- The 1990’s - A Decade of
making, Àeet management and cost Reference Excellence in the Navigation
control can be improved by using the [1] Muthukumaravel.S, Tata Sciences, IEEE PLANS ‘90
tracking system. Presently, only one Sudhakar, Chiranjeevi Vivek.G, [6] Bhuvan Website, http://bhuvan.
industry provides ship tracking services Atmanand.M.A,“Low power satellite nrsc.gov.in/bhuvan_links.php [
SD37_CMPL_Labsat_Dec_Ad_AS.indd
11/12/14 1:48 am
pm
[ GIS
Implementations in planning
of public services in Riyadh
This plan aims to improve the level of these services in the city, fill the
existing gap and identify the future needs of Arriyadh
Saleh Mohammed
Al Saif
Manager of public
T he provision of public services is
considered as one of the basic goals
which city managements all over the
Vocational Training Corporation, Saudi Red
Crescent Authority, Central Department of
Statistics and Information, and Saudi Post.
services planning unit, world seek to realize. In particular, the
High Commission for the provision of public services indicator is The plan included the collection of data
Development of Arriyadh, considered as one of the most important related to the quantity and quality of
(ADA), Saudi Arabia urban indicators which reÀect the quality public services from different public
of life for city residents. In this regard, the agencies, and a ¿eld survey of different
High Commission for the Development public services facilities in the city of both
of Arriyadh, that is responsible for public and private sectors was also carried
planning and comprehensive development out. This included information related to
of the city, has approved an overall ownership, metadata, number of labors
plan for coordination and provision and bene¿ciaries of these facilities, as well
of public services in Arriyadh city. as identifying their locations, such as if
they were for developed locations or lands
This plan aims to improve the level of allocated for public services or if they
these services in the city, ¿ll the existing haven’t been developed in approved plans.
gap and identify the future needs of
Arriyadh. The plan also includes the The phasing in the plan
establishment of a database at city level, included the following:
which will include all information, a. Phase 1: This phase is concerned
spatial data for public services in terms with the collection of information
of locations, distances and ownership, and an overall ¿eld survey for
and any other information that may the public services in the city.
help the relevant agencies to develop b. Phase 2: This phase is concerned
their future plans and priorities. with the evaluation of the current
situation and the development of
The plan was prepared in coordination planning standards. The numbers of
with relevant public agencies through currently-needed public services and
a technical committee formed for this their distances have been identi¿ed as
purpose. This committee comprises 15 well as the future needs till 1450H.
representatives from public agencies c. Phase 3: This phase is concerned
concerned directly with public services in with the development of an
the city, where these agencies in addition to executive program to achieve public
The plan was prepared in the High Commission for the Development services needs in Arriyadh city.
of Arriyadh city include Arriyadh
coordination with relevant Municipality, Ministry of Education,
Ministry of Health, Ministry of Interior Methodology
public agencies through (General security, Arriyadh Police, Arriyadh
Traf¿c Police Department, General The Establishment of
a technical committee Directorate of Civil Defense, Passport Geographic Database
Department), Ministry for Islamic Affairs,
formed for this purpose Endowment, Dawa and Guidance, Ministry The provision of a geographic database for
of Higher Education, Technical and public services in Arriyadh city is one of

Geographical database for public services – 1431
Information sources
Information
Secondary sources sources related to Information sources
of information sectoral policies
Data and Saudi Arabia ADA database

reports issued Five-year plans
by international Stakeholders
agencies MEDSTAR database
The guide of Aerial images for
Specialized reports preparation and periods of time
and researches for update of structure
different services. plans for cities and Social characteristics
rural areas- MOMRA Field survey
Figure 1: Geographical database for public services – 1431
the main requirements of the plan, where it • Services without

provides spatial data about public services spatial coordinates
as well as achieving the following: and metadata.
• The geographic distribution of • Services with
public services in terms of quality available spatial Figure 2: Represents the main features for the public
and quality at city level. coordinates but the services data collection from its sources.
• Compare provision of public service metadata
services in Arriyadh city with is not available. Arriyadh city with an area estimated
those in cities across the world. • Services without spatial coordinates at 5,400 km2 (¿gure 3).
• Estimate the level of these public but the service metadata is available.
services provision with the population • Different information and statistics To ensure the compatibility of the
needs according to the city, sub (urban, social, population, etc.). ¿eld survey deliverables with database
municipalities and neighborhoods. requirements, speci¿cations and analysis
• The provision of scienti¿c bases After the data collection process, the requirements, it was necessary to develop
which help the decision-maker to data is indexed, classi¿ed and numbered. a detailed methodology for the ¿eld
improve of public services in the city. This is followed by the analysis survey that deals with the ¿eld survey
• Identify the future qualitative process, and from the comparison deliverables, questionnaire design, survey
and quantitative needs of process, the following were found: area division, identify and train the
these public services. • Identify the services points which will required staff, and identify the mechanism
be targeted during the ¿eld survey.
Based on the above, the importance • Identify the survey area.
of database provision is clear, because • Identify the time framework
it contains accurate and updated for the ¿eld survey process.
information of public services and their
locations in the city, that was based Figure (2) represents the main
on the overall geographic database features for the public services data
existent in the High Commission for collection from its sources.
the Development of Arriyadh.
Figure 3
Due to the need for updated spatial
The work methodology in this plan was metadata for the
based on the review of all information public services in Figure 4
sources, data, and aerial images, as Arriyadh city, the
well as data of social and demographic ¿led survey process
characteristics and ¿ve-year plans has been carried
of the Kingdom and MEDSTAR. out in accurate
and scienti¿c
Data collection and field survey manner. The ¿eld
survey covers
The available data from basic sources the development
and before the ¿eld survey was classi¿ed protection
into several levels as follows: limits for

of coordination between the survey Garmin Etrex) with accuracy of 2 m. calculate the serviced population
teamwork and download and verify data. and land area in which the service
Registration of survey information is provided. This process is done
The ¿eld teamwork is formed from 24 and data in geographic database through Thiessen Polygon, in which
groups distributed all over Arriyadh city, the following are carried out:
where each group includes a surveyor, By the end of the ¿eld survey and ƒ Calculation of the scope of
researcher, ¿eld auditor and watchman. Cadastral Survey, the (GIS) teamwork service a mathematical equation
has registered the metadata digital which calculates the average rate
The ¿eld survey is carried out in accordance information to be processed in the for distances from the service
with the recognized scienti¿c bases when geographic database framework. centre to the periphery range.
carrying out such studies, including ƒ Calculation of serviced population.
ensuring the collection of accurate After the collection, revision and ƒ Calculation of land area rate of
information and ¿lling the questionnaire registration of information, the most service for the population.
for the required service. Then locations and prominent characteristics of the current ƒ This information is collected within
coordinates of service and the metadata situation of these services have been a speci¿ed range, then formatted
related to each service are ensured, as well reviewed and compared with the into (EXCEL) and included (Pivot
as the quality control process in collecting, international indicators. Then, the current tables) to check their compatibility
classifying and downloading information situations have been evaluated and with the current standards.
to the (GIS). These processes are done in analyzed through the revision of available
accordance with international standards. data and in the light of the approved Analytical model
planning standards. The degree of these
The survey teamwork provides surveyors services are measured, and the suitable In the light of the above, an analytical
with the necessary maps, navigation distribution at city level, sub municipalities model has been established by (GIS)
equipment and coordinates, so the meters and neighborhoods. The indicators related to evaluate the current situation and
of equipments used in monitoring the to service quality have been concluded estimate the future needs of public
public services points were set, where and compared with measurements targeted services in terms of number and
these speci¿cations should be uni¿ed in all from services agencies and international distance through the following inputs:
equipment in order to ensure the accuracy standards, particularly in terms of 1) The available data for numbers
and harmony of monitoring works. medical and educational services. and distances of public services:
ƒ The main database existent in ADA.
The teamwork has carried out an This was carried out on two levels, the ƒ Databases existent in
inventory of all required services ¿rst is the statistical level and the second agencies involved.
and has monitored their points on the was through comparison with the current ƒ Aerial images for successive periods.
ground. After that, a coding system for standards (not updated). These standards ƒ Field survey.
these services has been prepared by depend on the scope of service in meters, 2) Numbers and distribution of current
identifying a ‘CODE’ for each service. as well as the serviced population population and predictions:
This code is introduced (GPS) during the and the land area allocated for each 3) The planning standards to provide
monitoring process to facilitate the data individual by using (GIS) as follows: public services, in this plan, planning
classi¿cation and utilize them in (GIS) • The ¿rst level: The statistical tables standards for the provision of public
programs. The table 1 shows the way of for the current situation of services services in Arriyadh city have been
classifying the service type and its code: which show the facilities number revised and developed based on
for each service and the extraction the following considerations:
The ¿eld teamwork has carried out the of urban indicators and compare ƒ Evaluation of compatibility of the
Cadastral Survey and registered metadata them with the current indicators. current situation of public services
of the location, code, number and • The second level: The analysis and provision with the current standards
service location which were monitored comparison with current indicators that are applied when lands are
in accordance with the coding system that require identi¿cation of planned by Arriyadh municipality.
approved for services by using (GPS service scope for each service, and ƒ Comparison of the current standards
with the local and international
Table 1: standards in other similar cities.
ƒ Consideration of urban fabric of
Use Service Category GPS Code neighborhoods and the demand level
Medical Private hospitals PH compared to the available supply.
Medical Hospitals (governmental) GH 1. Analysis of current situation of
Educational Primary schools – bys PBS public services and the extent of
Educational Intermediate schools – girls ISG current standards applications.

2. Comparison of current standards boys, also schools for girls suffer
with local and international planning The executive plan, from de¿cit, particularly secondary
standards in other similar cities. schools. Universities suffer from poor
3. Consideration of urban fabric of particularly the approved distribution as they are concentrated in
neighborhoods and demographic the north and central part of the city.
distribution and demand level projects included in • Medical services suffer from
compared to available supply. poor distribution where some sub
the operational plans municipalities suffer from de¿cit.
• Security services and police stations,
Developed planning standards of agencies related particularly civil defense, suffer from
a big de¿cit at a neighborhood level.
It was found from the analysis that there to services, can be • There is also a de¿cit in the
was a multiplicity in standard sources used provision of parks and recreational
by agencies related to public services, and monitored through services, especially playgrounds
there is a variance in the effectiveness of and public parks city level.
standards currently applied, in particular, ‘performance indicators’ • The percentage of public services
standards used in planning lands in the located in leased buildings rise where it
city. For example, it was found that the is estimated at (46%). This inÀuenced
standard used for primary schools for boys ¿ll the current and future gap. To realize the provided service and location
is the provision of a school for each 3.600 these goals, a comparison was carried appropriateness, and an unwanted
people and this is considered as a very high out based on population and current situation resulted from the lands which
standard compared with other cities where it population densities, calculation of density were allocated for public services and
has been modi¿ed to become one school for average in all neighborhoods and the still owned by the private sector. This
each 6.000 people. While the standard used adoption of revised standards used for is in addition to the change of some
for hospitals was speci¿ed by the provision all services on sub municipality level. land uses allocated for public services
of one hospital for each 160.000 people, to other uses, the lack of ¿nancial
is considered as a suitable standard, so it Results have been presented in detailed support necessary for expropriation
was adopted in the developed standards. reports of the plan through charts and or the implementation of public
tables which show surplus and de¿cit for services buildings in allocated lands.
It was found that the current standards each service on all sub municipalities level, Through the evaluation of the
focus on the required services at the that will facilitate the development of current situation of public services,
level of neighborhoods, where there are plans in future to ¿ll the gap and improve some issues that face the city have
no standards related to traf¿c centers, the level of public services in the city. The been identi¿ed as follows:
universities and public libraries and others, standards proposed for services that are • Change uses of some lands allocated
as suitable standards have been developed included in the study have been applied for public services, where the total
for these services and included with the to identify the current de¿cit and surplus. distance of public services lands
developed standards. In the light of this, The most prominent results are as follows: established for other uses is estimated
developed standards of public services • Mosques are properly provided at (at 31 km2), whether for leasing or
related to Arriyadh city have been obtained city level, although there is variance concession by service agencies.
jointly with the relevant services agencies in provision
which participate in the preparation of this or de¿cit at
plan, where the evaluation of the current neighborhood
situations and speci¿cation of the future level.
needs of public services in Arriyadh till • Educational
1450H was based on these standards. services are
considered as
the service that
The most prominent results suffers most
and issues of public services from de¿cit and
poor distribution
The identi¿cation of de¿cit and surplus at city level,
process in the provision of public services whether
is based on viewing the current situations kindergarten
in terms of quantity and quality related to or primary
the number of services and coverage level, and secondary
as well as the land distance available to schools for Figure 5: Thiessen Polygon

as well as urban growth trends.
- Available means for lands provision:
The continuation of the current
situation of reserving a percentage
of lands when planning for public
services, and in case of unavailability of
lands, ownership for targeted locations
is expropriated. The establishment
of land bank at city level will allow
land swap between public services
agencies. Contract with the private
sector to provide necessary lands
is followed by the commissioning,
maintenance and operation of
services against money paid
periodically, and then the ownership
is transferred to the government.
- The available means for ¿nance: The
continuation of government expenditure
where services are implemented from
the public budget, are approved for
different service agencies in accordance
Figure 6: Shows a typical sample of services of police stations and its scope of service in the city. with a schedule consistent with the
implementation phases included in the
• The percentage of leased buildings insurance, Wasil postal service, implementation program. Participation of
of public services is high where the E-government, electronic education and the private sector in ¿nancing, building
buildings of public services located in distance education). This reÀects on and operation, followed by ownership
leased buildings is estimated at (46%). the standards related to providing these of services is then transferred to the
• The lack of lands owned by public services and their scope in the city. government. In the joint development
services agencies, particularly with developers, the developers of
Ministry of Education, Ministry of comprehensive development projects of
Health, and security agencies. Executive program residential and commercial complexes
• Regarding the need for unifying are committed to build public service
planning standards related to public The executive program reÀects the facilities located within their projects.
services, it was found that no conformity executive plan for coordinating and - The available means for
of previous standards of public services providing public services and its implementation and management:
in the city compared with international management in Arriyadh city, where it is The implementation and management
standards, as well as concentrating concerned with ¿lling the gap in public of public services facilities is
on the provision of services at local services and ful¿lling the current and carried out through public agencies.
level, and ignoring other levels such future needs till 1450H. The program Participation of the private sector in
as hospitals and universities. represents a planning reference for ¿nancing, building and operations,
• The weak coordination mechanisms relevant executive agencies related to is followed by transfer of ownership
between executive agencies of public services. It includes the following: of services to the government after
public services in terms of planning - Identify priorities: Priorities have been an agreed period (BOT). This is in
and executive aspects related identi¿ed according to seven indicative order to mitigate the burdened budget,
to priorities and providing the atlases that show type, volume and and improve level of services such as
necessary ¿nancial support. location of services required at establishing new postal, educational
• The clear lack of data and information neighborhood level for each service. and medical services. Transfer of
related to the public services that are This is in accordance with time priority the responsibility of management,
not connected with spatial data through identi¿ed by four phases till 1450H and operation and development to the
(GIS). This led to lack of knowledge estimated costs to provide these. The private sector by management contracts
of agencies about their service identi¿cation of priorities was based for a period of time are made against
locations and slowdown of monitoring, on the level of requirement for each an amount of money according to the
implementation and updating aspects. service, taking into account the aspects performance improvement. Leasing
• The expected impact of new policies related to availability and quality of the assets owned by the government, such
in providing public services (medical service, current and future population, as medical and educational services.

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Galileo update The executive plan, particularly the
approved projects included in the
Second call of H2020- GPS while using a comparatively operational plans of agencies related
Galileo now open simple system architecture. to services, can be monitored through
‘performance indicators’ for each of the
The second Horizon 2020 (H2020) call Instead of having a Security Module approved services projects by measuring
for Applications in Satellite Navigation, integrated into every individual end- the scale of achievement in these projects
managed by the European GNSS Agency, user receiver, the concept – developed according to the approved schedule.
is of¿cially open. With a budget of EUR by Kogler and his colleague Jan Wendel
25 million for the 2015 call, the deadline – relies on complex assistance servers
for submitting proposals is 8 April 2015. and secure communications links. Recommendations
• Approve the database related to the
To accelerate EU space policy, the The assistance server, equipped with a public services in Arriyadh city, and
H2020 call focuses on growth and impact complete PRS receiver with a Security design a joint portal between relevant
across all market segments, including Module, receives the satellite data and agencies in order to update data
transport (road, rail, maritime, aviation), transmits them to the users via the secure continuously and periodically, monitor
high precision surveying, location based links. The end-user receivers thus don’t and follow up on the implementation of
services (LBS), agriculture and emergency need to be equipped with the Security projects, and measure their consistency
services. Priority is also placed on raising Modules while maintaining the exact with the planning standards. This
productivity and competitiveness while same level of security as the primary must be consistent with the trends of
reducing adverse environmental impact. receivers. http://eandt.theiet.org/ the establishment of E-government.
• Approve the developed planning
Horizon 2020, as the biggest EU ESA will attempt to standards included in the plan and
Framework Program for Research and improve orbits of errant consider it as the main reference for
Innovation, targets the development Galileo satellites lands planning and distribution of
of new space enabled applications in services locations in Arriyadh city.
different focus areas such as health, The European Space Agency • Emphasize on stopping transfer
citizen safety, mobility, smart cities, announced plans (November 10, 2014) of lands allocated for public
sustainable resources monitoring and to implement a series of maneuvers services in approved subdivisions
management, regional growth, low- to reposition one of two Galileo full (schools, hospitals and others),
carbon energy infrastructure planning operational capability (FOC) satellites and be committed to the decrees
and protection, and disaster management left in the wrong orbit this summer, as of Council of Ministers.
and climate control, including natural a prelude to its health being con¿rmed. • Establish ‘the Land Registry Center for
catastrophes. www.gsa.europa.eu The aim is to raise the lowest point of public services lands in Arriyadh city’
the satellite’s orbit — its perigee — to that is concerned with the inventory of
Spoof-proof Galileo receiver reduce the radiation exposure from the public services lands and specify their
wins satnav award Van Allen radiation belts surrounding ownerships, transfer them to identi¿ed
Earth, as well as to put it into a more services agencies and set procedures
An innovative and cost-effective useful orbit for navigation purposes. necessary for swapping these lands in
Galileo signal receiver designed to accordance with needs and surplus for
simplify the use and speed-up uptake Should the two-week operation prove each agency at neighborhood levels.
of Galileo navigation services has successful, then the sixth Galileo
won the European satnav Oscar. satellite will follow the same route.
The Galileo pair, launched together References
Developed by Airbus engineers, the on a Soyuz rocket on 22 August,
receiver offers considerably higher ended up in an elongated orbit The High Commission for the Development
levels of security and reliability than travelling out to to its apogee. [ of Arriyadh (ADA) , Planning and
Projects Centre, 1433H, the executive
plan for the coordination and provision
of public services in Arriyadh city. First
edition. Arriyadh: The High Commission
for the Development of Arriyadh.
The paper was presented at 9th National

GIS Symposiun in Saudi Arabia at
Damman during April 28-30, 2014. [

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[ CADASTRE
Semantically rich 3D building and

cadastral models for valuation
The current valuation practices in various countries are analyzed: Turkey, United Kingdom,
USA, Germany, and the Netherlands. The (possible) role of semantically rich 3D building
models and 3D cadastres in relation to valuation and taxation is explored
Umit Isikdag
Beykent Üniversitesi
Ayazaga Kampüsü
V aluation of real estate/ properties is
in many countries/ cities the basis
for fair taxation. The property value
GeoInformation models These models
contain geometry and linked semantic
information in compliance with the feature
Sarıyer/Istanbul, Turkey depends on many aspects, including the model of the GIS domain (as explained
physical real world aspects (geometries, in ISO 19125-1). Since the start of 2000s,
material of object as build) and legal/ detailed models containing geometric,
virtual aspects (rights, restrictions, topology and semantic information
Mike Horhammer responsibilities, zoning/development have began to emerge with the advent
Oracle, USA plans applicable to the objects spaces). of Building Information Models.
The aim of this study is to investigate the
opportunities provided by the semantically Isikdag & Underwood (2010) de¿ned
rich 3D building and cadastral models for Building Information Modeling as
valuation and taxation. In this paper we “the information management process
investigate the following related aspects: throughout the lifecycle of a building
Sisi Zlatanova 1. Relationship between physical (from conception to demolition) which
Delft University of real world objects and legal mainly focuses on enabling and facilitating
Technology, Faculty (virtual) objects, the integrated way of project Àow and
of Architecture and 2. Use of (semantically rich) 2D and delivery, by the collaborative use of
the Built Environment, 3D descriptions of both physical semantically rich 3D digital building
Department OTB, GIS real world objects and legal (virtual) models in all stages of the project and
Technology Section, objects for valuation, and building lifecycle”. From this same
Delft, The Netherlands 3. Maintenance of the 3D information. perspective a Building Information
Model(s), i.e. BIMs can be de¿ned as
Ruud Kathmann “the (set of) semantically rich shared 3D
Member, Management Background on building and digital building model(s) that form(s) the
team, Netherlands cadastral models and data backbone of the Building Information
Council for Real Estate Modeling process”. These models are
Assessment, The Hague, Building models (physical objects) capable of containing geometric/semantic
The Netherlands information regarding the building indoors
The representation of physical buildings and outdoors, in a very high level of detail
Peter van Oosterom with digital building models has been a (i.e. models can be regarded as LOD , or
Delft University of subject of research since four decades LOD N models), where a model in some
Technology, Faculty in the ¿elds of Construction Informatics cases contain the geometry/semantics
of Architecture and and GeoInformation science. The early of nut & bolt or a picture frame in the
the Built Environment, digital representations of buildings mainly house. The complexity of the BIMs (in
Department OTB, GIS appeared as 3D drawings constructed by terms of object relations) is very high
Technology Section, CAD software, and the 3D representation and furthermore as the population of the
Delft, The Netherlands of the buildings was only geometric, entity instances (i.e. the data) of the model
while semantics and topology were out of increases, it becomes costly to store and
modeling focus. On the other hand less perform advanced queries on the models.
detailed building representations, with Another model that is found valuable
often focus on ‘outside’ representations, in 3D representation of buildings, has
were also found in form of 2D /2,5D its roots in geoinformation modeling. A

well known schema of GML (an OGC are associated to the whole entity, as wall, edge of road. In case of 3D parcels,
standard which is developed mainly for included in a land administration system. this is even more true; e.g. the geometries
the exchange of geoinformation), namely A parcel can be described by 2D or 3D of physical objects such as tunnels,
CityGML (OGC,2012, Gröger and Plümer, geometry or even by textual descriptions building (parts) or other constructions
2012), offers digital representation of (Lemmen at al, 2010). Homogenous correspond also to legal spaces with
models in different levels of details, LOD means that the same combination of unique and homogeneous RRRs attached.
4 of the model offers possibilities of RRRs equally apply within the whole Perhaps valuation is not directly a 3D
indoor representation. As explained by spatial unit. Unique means that this is the cadastre topic, but is it strongly related,
OGC City Geography Markup Language largest spatial unit for which this is true. because most property tax systems are
(CityGML) Encoding Standard (2012), Making the unit any larger would result one way or the other based on an assessed
“Buildings may be represented in LOD0 in the combination of rights not being value of the property and relevant in
by footprint or roof edge polygons. homogenous. Making the unit smaller context of multi-purpose cadastre.
LOD1 is the well-known blocks model would result in at least 2 neighbor parcels
comprising prismatic buildings with Àat with the same combinations of rights. Relationship between physical
roof structures. In contrast, a building in The objects (parcels) are called legal or and virtual objects
LOD2 has differentiated roof structures virtual objects, because they do not need
and thematically differentiated boundary to be visible in the real world. However, A (3D) building registration is something
surfaces. LOD3 denotes architectural it should be noted that quite often the else than a (3D) Cadastre. Cadastre is
models with detailed wall and roof boundary of a parcel coincides with a about the legal spaces. That is, spaces
structures potentially including doors physical real world object; e.g. a fence, described by geometry (and topology)
and windows. LOD4 completes a LOD3
model by adding interior structures
for buildings. For example, buildings
in LOD4 are composed of rooms,
interior doors, stairs, and furniture.”
Land administration (legal/

virtual objects)
Land administrations systems (land

registry, cadastre) have different origins in
different countries. The information was
sometimes collected for taxation purposes
and in other cases for legal security. Over
the years, in many countries the land
administration systems more and more
served both applications; e.g. in the area
of spatial development or spatial planning.
In this context the term multi-purpose
cadastre is used. Based on the initiative
of the FIG (International Federation
of Surveyors), ISO has developed the
standard Land Administration Domain
Model (LADM), ISO 19152:2012. In the
standard, land administration is described
as the process of determining, recording
and disseminating information about the
relationship between people and land
(or rather ‘space’). The LADM standard
de¿nes a basic administrative unit (‘basic
property unit’) as an administrative
entity, subject to registration (by law), or
recordation, consisting of zero or more
spatial units (‘parcels’) against which
(one or more) unique and homogeneous
RRRs (rights, e.g. ownership right or land Figure 1: LADM Core classes (in color and ‘LA_’ prefix) and LADM
use right, responsibilities or restrictions) external classes (with ‘Ext’ prefix), taken from ISO 19152:2012

where certain rights, restrictions or role of 2D/3D geometries in countries taxation is accomplished by local or
responsibilities (RRRs) are attached to. such as: Turkey, United Kingdom, greater municipalities in Turkey. The
So, all kinds of building details, such as USA, Germany, and the Netherlands valuation of the houses and Àats are
different rooms/ spaces, may not always be The section is concluded with a short determined by valuation commission
relevant (when same RRRs apply). Only analysis on the potential use of 3D of the municipalities. The tax is known
when the RRRs are different then also a geometries for the purpose of valuation. as the property tax. The law regarding
separate geometry is needed. So, most the property tax is Law No. 1319. The
likely only a part of the indoor building Turkey regulations that explains how the taxation
modeling information may be relevant value of the house would be determined,
in 3D Cadastre context (and perhaps There are 2 different types of valuations. is dated 29.02.1972 as Cabinet Council
that geometry is even implicit; e.g. a 3D The ¿rst one is regarding the sales Decision 7/3995. As mentioned in Bal
boundary de¿ned by the ‘middle of the of the properties to calculate the (2014) according to this regulation
wall’). The geometries of the real world market value, and the second one is there are 3 methods for valuation.
(physical) objects and the geometries of valuation for taxation. The two types a) First one is comparison method. This
the legal objects should be consistent and have many similarities in calculations method is similar to the ¿rst approach
we should design rules for this. Further, and some small differences. of market value determination. The
one could argue that when in a certain similarity between the property in
jurisdiction one has the responsibility Determining the Market Value focus and other properties that the sales
to pay certain amount of tax based on prices would be compared needs to be
the function/ type of a room/ space in The ¿rst type is called Real Estate similar in terms of 1. use (Residential,
a building, then this would fall under Appraisal or Real Estate Valuation. Of¿ce, Other Speci¿c Building), 2.
the de¿nition of a legal space. This will In Turkey, experts in this ¿eld work building construction type (Steel
further reinforce the link between 3D as ‘government certi¿ed valuation Framework, Concrete Framework,
cadastre and building models. The Annex experts’. There are 3 commonly used Stone, Stone Frame, Timber, Shanty,
K from ISO 19152 (Figure 1), is a UML methods for determining the market Sun-dried / Mud Brick), 3. building
diagram showing in color core classes of value of the built properties: quality (Luxury, Class 1, Class 2,
the LADM standard: green, LA_Party a) The ¿rst one is comparison with a Class 3, Simple Construction) and
(person), yellow, LA_RRR (right, etc. reference sales price approach. This 4. comparison factors (proximity
such as ownership)/LA_BAUnit in blue, method includes ¿nding a set of to businesses/ parking/ gardens/
LA_SpatialObject (parcel) and showing similar properties, comparing the schools/ public transportation/
not in color the LADM external classes attributes of the property-in-focus seafront/ main road; existence of
(with stereotype <<blueprint>>, e.g. with these similar properties and urban infrastructure: gas, electricity,
ExtTaxation, ExtValuation). LA_BAUnit estimating the value of the property. sewerage; dimensions of the property,
stands for basic administrative unit, a b) The second method of valuation number of rooms; comfort, elevator,
group of LA_SpatialObjects with same is income approach; e.g. such as heating/ ventilation/ air conditioning;
RRRs attached. LA_SpatialObject has rent. There are several techniques landscape that can be viewed).
several specializations, such as LA_ in use with this approach. b) The second method of valuation is
LegalSpaceNetwork (shown in diagram, c) The third method for valuation is the income method. This method is much
including link to ExtNetwork, the cost approach. When this approach is simpler than the similar approaches
physical network registration) and LA_ used the value of the land lot needs presented in section for market
LegalSpaceBuildingUnit (not shown in to be calculated separately and added valuation. The Annual Gross Income
diagram, but could be linked to physical to the value of the building, in order is calculated as Average Annual Rent
building registration). LADM is more a to ¿nd overall value of the property. that can be earned in the neighborhood
conceptual framework de¿ning concepts There are also several techniques in of that property. The value of the
and terminology, than prescriptive use with this approach. The land lot property is then determined as: Asset
standard. A country should ¿rst develop valuation uses “total Àoor area” based Cost = Annual Gross Income x 10.
an LADM country pro¿le supporting valuation for residential buildings, c) The third method is costing method.
the legislation of the country (and and “total building volume” based When this method is used the value
described in concepts of the international valuation in industrial buildings by of the land lot needs to be calculated
standard), before transforming this into using zoning parameters such as separately. In this method the value of
a land administration implementation. Building Coverage Ratio (BCR) and the property is calculated as follows:
Floor Area Ratio (FAR) and HMax Asset Cost= Gross Floor Area x Unit
(maximum allowable building height). Cost with Unit Cost= Cost of 1 sqm.
Valuation in various countries of the building based on its building
Determining the Taxation Value type, use and quality. The Unit Cost
In this section we will analyze the charts are published and distributed by
various valuation approaches and the The valuation for the purpose of the Ministry of Finance every year.

In the current practice neither the facade property is allocated to one of the eight example, an annexe for an elderly relative,
areas of the buildings nor the Àoor plan bands, A to H, (‘A’ being the lowest) or adjoining properties knocked through,
areas are derived from the digital building according to its national value on 1 April and occupied as one unit, but retaining
models, in addition the factors such as 1991. As explained by VOA, the agency essential facilities of two. Common
having heating/ ventilation/ air conditioning takes account of the size, age and character examples of properties that are identi¿ed
are not checked using the models. It is of the property as well as its location as self-contained units are: 1. Annexes,
foreseeable that the efforts towards the when allocating a council tax band. This or ‘granny’ Àats, often designed and built
use of 3D semantically rich building allocation of a band is in fact a valuation for elderly relatives, 2. Accommodation
models for valuation would be bene¿cial of the property with a very limited for wardens in student accommodation. 3.
for the process. From the viewpoint accuracy and referring to market data Previously separate but adjoining houses/
of the comparison approach it will around 1 January 1991. For council tax, Àats now occupied as one residence, 4.
de¿nitely provide opportunities for better the basis of measurement for all houses Former servants’ quarters in large houses.
comparison based on factors listed. From and bungalows is the building’s gross
the viewpoint of the costing approach, Àoor area, including wall thicknesses. In summary the valuation in UK is had
the use 3D models will form a basis This will include bay windows, chimney been done implicitly by the government
for preparation of detailed and accurate breasts etc., but will generally exclude in 1991, hence the role of the use of 3D
costing (e.g. using quantity surveying areas with headroom under 1.5metres (e.g. information is not clearly identi¿ed in
method), in addition the Àoor level also under sloping ceilings in attic rooms). UK valuation process. Newly constructed
has an impact on costing for taxation. properties are also assigned a nominal
The basis of measurement for most 1991 (2003 for Wales) value and banding.
United Kingdom Àats and maisonettes is net Àoor area Also the banding is reconsidered when
with measurements taken between the a property is changed as mentioned. For
In the UK the valuation of the houses are wall surfaces of each room (not skirting banding newly constructed properties and
done by the UK Government Valuation boards). Bathrooms, WCs and associated changes in banding the Valuation Of¿ce
Of¿ce Agency, mainly for forming the lobbies, as well as connecting corridor Agency needs recent information of the
base for Council Tax calculation. As areas within a Àat would not usually be property on type, size, age and location.
explained in Valuation Agency (VOA, measured. As with houses, areas with A 2D or 3D model can help presenting
2014) ‘Understanding your Council Tax headroom of less than 1.5 meters will be these data to the Valuation Of¿ce Agency.
Banding’, the Council Tax in England is excluded. Individual properties might need Although explained in government
a local tax based on what a home would to have their banding re-considered when: documentation the exact (rules) of the
have sold for at a ¿xed point in time:1 • A house decreases in value because: 1. valuation (such as explained in the former
April 1991. The income from council tax is part of it is demolished, 2. substantial section regarding Turkey) are not explicit
collected by local councils to help pay for changes take place in the local area (for and made publicly available. Local
local services. The table below shows the example a new road is built nearby), authorities set a council tax rate and value
range, based on 1 April 1991 values, for or 3. alterations have been carried based on the banding of the property.
each band in England. Each year, the local out to make it suitable for use by a
council sets the level of council tax and can person with a physical disability. Next to the banding system for residential
tell you the amount payable, for each band. • The owner starts or stops using part properties in the UK the non residential
of your home to operate a business, properties are valued every ¿ve year for
Valuation Open Market or the balance between business the business rates. For these business
Band Value as at 1 April 1991 and domestic use changes. rates the rental value of the property
Band A Not more than £40,000 • A home gains a higher value is valued by the Valuation Of¿ce
Band B £40,001 to £52,000 because a previous owner has Agency. For these business rates the
Band C £52,001 to £68,000 carried out major improvements, Valuation Of¿ce Agency not only needs
Band D £68,001 to £88,000 such as building an extension. information on newly constructed (non
Band E £88,001 to £120,000 • A self-contained unit is built, such as residential) properties and information
Band F £120,001 to £160,000 an annex to house an elderly relative. on changes, but also information on all
Band G £160,001 to £320,000 • A house has been split into properties for the periodical revaluation.
Band H More than £320,000 individual Àats, or Àats have However the 2015 revaluation is
been merged into one home. postponed to 2017 to save costs.
In UK taxation scheme a property is
de¿ned as “A separate unit of living A banding is also done for different USA
accommodation, occupied by the same kinds of self-contained units. A self-
person(s) and within the same area of land, contained unit is a building or part of a Property tax in the USA (Wikipedia
comprises a ‘dwelling’, together with any building constructed or adapted to make USA, 2014) has a long history, and was
garden, yard, garage or other outbuildings it capable of forming a separate unit of already well established in most of the
attached to it. In tax calculations each living accommodation. This could be, for then 15 states, by 1796. We will discuss

property tax in the US, with regard to between categories, possibly even property taxes are generally based on some
real estate, as opposed to cars or certain distinguishing between inhabited and measure of fair market value, multiplied
business property or inventories. In vacant buildings). This yields assessed with a local assessment ratio and a tax
contrast to other forms of tax (including tax, for each individual property. It rate. When a property has recently been
property tax on aforementioned non- also yields the required total revenue, traded between unrelated parties, then that
real-estate), real estate property tax apparently quite reliably. There transaction value serves as fair market
will generally not cause (unexpected) are, of course, political, economic, value, for some period of time. Beyond
budget shortfalls – at least in theory. The and legal constraints: some local that, the fair market value has to be
process is such, that revenue equals tax rules may limit individual yearly assessed, to some degree subjectively, by
levy, except, presumably, for signi¿cant property tax increases. Similarly, an assessor. Preferential treatment might
economic, political, or other disruptions, political and economic considerations be given to certain property categories
between assessment and payment: result in similar constraints. (such as farms, non-pro¿t organizations,
• Fair market values are estimated, etc.) or businesses the government would
throughout a respective region. Implementation of valuation, assessment, like to speci¿cally attract. Also, fair market
Multiplication with a local and values of assessment ratio and value may be determined, based on actual,
assessment ratio (such as 0.96) tax rate vary signi¿cantly across USA or based on optimal use. Residential and
yields individual assessed property counties, cities and school districts, also farm property tend to be more likely to be
values vi. (Assessment ratio may depending on the legal framework set up assessed, based on actual use, than some
vary between categories, such by state legislation. Local jurisdictions other real estate categories. Many local
as residential, farming, etc.). can levy overlapping property taxes rules allow for homestead exemptions,
• Contests of assessment may lead (within potential state regulations). such as exempting the ¿rst $50,000 of
to “corrections” in individual Revenue tends to be used for school primary residences from property tax.
assessed values v’i. districts and other local expenses. States Valuation techniques tend to be based on:
• Known required total revenue r and all and the federal government generally • Recent sale transaction between
known corrected assessed values v’i do not tax real estate property, but the unrelated and non-compelled parties.
(plus exemptions, credits, etc) allow resulting income and capital gains. • Otherwise, sales of comparable
subsequent derivation of a required properties, based on similar:
local tax rate (which may also vary Despite signi¿cant local variations, ƒ Type, use, and size.
Creation BigFish-cp.be
SD30_CMPL_Linertec_May_Ad_AS.indd
11/12/14 11:59
5:25 am
AM
ƒ Location. aspects not in common use, any subjective in far-apart locations, relative
ƒ Improvements (features, materials, or only loosely de¿ned concepts could distortions of Einheitswert compared to
style, amenities, even existence of be represented as SPECIAL_CASE_ market value may increase. This is less
a ¿xed kitchen island, or number FACTOR or SPECIAL_CASE_OFFSET relevant, though, due to the different
of power sockets). Owners may in various strategic areas of a global tax rates in such far-apart locations.
avoid certain forms of development model. A homestead exemption of the • The Grundsteuermesszahl is federally
to limit assessed values. This ¿rst $50,000 of a property value could be determined, not locally (such as the
has been recognized as an issue, modeled with the same formula as a local USA assessment ratio). This does
leading to a separate consideration rule that only taxes the ¿rst $100,000 of not limit local Àexibility, though,
of land and improvements. improvements, to reduce sprawl. We may since setting the tax rate, locally,
ƒ Desirability, proximity to schools. not have to explicitly model all the many allows all the Àexibility needed.
ƒ RRRs. In order to reduce assessed different concepts, individually, by name. Similar to the assessment ratio, also
values, owners may sometimes ask the Grundsteuermesszahl varies,
to have rights restricted that they Germany depending on property type.
do not plan to exercise, anyway. • The Hebesatz, similar to the USA local
ƒ Economic conditions. Property tax in Germany (Wikipedia tax rate, is determined, locally, and
• Otherwise, original or replacement Germany, 2014) has been uniformly can vary, depending on property type.
cost, minus depreciation. regulated, since 1938. In the context Numerically, both Grundsteuermesszahl
• Or, if applicable, income of the reuni¿cation in 1990, property (given in ‰) and Hebesatz tend to have
generating ability. tax in the new states (“east”) has been signi¿cantly different value ranges
adapted and merged into the federal than their equivalents in the US. The
In the USA the valuation to market system, with some differences remaining concepts are otherwise quite similar,
value and assessment for taxation between old (“west”) and new states. though. The fact that the Einheitswert
purposes is (nearly) always done is not the real market value and is
by using statistical modelling using Property tax in Germany (Grundsteuer) multiplied with two hard to understand
multiple regressing types of models. is similar to the equivalent in the US, in percentages might make the property
many ways. There is a property value tax in Germany less intuitive. Many
It would be hard to represent local rules (Einheitswert), multiplied with a factor homeowners may primarily remember
and variations, and subjective judgment, (Grundsteuermesszahl) similar to the the fairly static amount due, and
in even a sophisticated 3D building model USA assessment ratio. Multiplied, they ignore the complicated underlying
or cadastre. However, statistical models yield the Grundsteuermesswert, similar math. For the more technical purpose
may yield local parameters, beyond mere to the USA assessed value. Multiplied of modeling property tax, complexity
assessment ratio and tax rate. A limited with a tax rate (Hebesatz), they yield should be similar to the US, though.
number of common concepts, plus the assessed tax (Jahresgrundsteuer).
several local correction factors fi may Similar to the USA:
model local variations, successfully. Semantically, however, • German property tax is considered
there are differences: very predictable revenue, since it is
Applicability of 3D Building • The Einheitswert is not a fair market guaranteed by the property value,
Models and 3D Cadastres value, but a federally standardized and the current owner, personally.
value proxy. This is similar to a USA In case of sale, the new owner can
Due to the many aspects that can affect county that would estimate assessed also be liable for the property tax
assessed values in many USA locales, values, based on building and land the old owner has not paid. The new
3D building models and cadastres seem square footage, local population owner will thus verify that there
to be great potential tools to support density, type, use, and income is no such remaining balance.
the computer assisted appraisal models generating capabilities, alone. It does • Individual properties can be exempted
(CAMA) and assessment of properties, not aim to reÀect actual market value, from property tax, such as to attract
as well as communication to the public. and only reÀects relative market business, protect historic buildings
value differences between multiple that generate little to no income, etc.
Some very detailed aspects, such as properties, very approximately. A • Exceptions similar to homestead
wooden Àoor, number of power sockets, neighbor A with a property of slightly exemptions exist.
and ¿xed kitchen islands, used in the lower market value than neighbor • Local governments receive the
appraisal models appear to require very B might nevertheless end up paying revenue of the property tax.
rich 3D models, with a combinatorial slightly more in property tax. Large • Property tax is determined for
explosion of complexity. It should be distortions are very unlikely, though, land and buildings, separately.
possible, though, to limit the models particularly considering local building • Current use, as well as potential use,
to aspects common to many locales, as codes and other restrictions. When and RRRs, can affect property tax. An
opposed to local idiosyncrasies. Any comparing non-neighboring properties owner might request (not necessarily

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successfully) to further restrict their (lockable) unit with all facilities) or a able to have highly specialized staff
RRRs, yielding a lower property tax. complex of properties (owned by one for the work. A large part of the work
person and used as unit by one user). is collecting and updating the data for
Applicability of 3D Building the valuation models. For collecting
Models And 3D Cadastres Since 2007 the valuation of all properties and updating data we distinguish:
(WOZ-objects) is done every year and • Market data. Municipalities get all
The current property tax in Germany, on real market value. For the valuation sales prices out of the national key-
despite its similarities to the USA the appraiser looks back one year, so the register for cadastral information.
system, would not depend on quite that assessed value for the year 2014 is based Municipalities collect themselves
much detail in a 3D building model or on the real estate market on 1 January information about properties on the
cadastre. Many aspects, such as wooden 2013. For all residential properties the market (internet advertisements) on
Àoors or granite countertops have no valuation is made using the methods rent prices for commercial properties
bearing. Many of the more conventional of comparable sales. Because of the like of¿ces and shops and building
aspects of 3D models and cadastres, such number of properties to be valued (about costs of speci¿c properties like
as RRR, though, could be very useful 7.5 million residential properties and 1 schools, hospitals and industrial sites.
in modeling German property tax. million non residential properties each • The legal (and planning) status
year) techniques for mass appraisal of the involved properties or in
The Netherlands are used with computerized valuation LADM terminology: the RRRs.
models. For non-residential properties the The municipality ¿nds the legal
For the valuation for market purposes, valuation is based on income approach information in the key-register for
for instance for sales and other types of (using information on market rents) or cadastral information, but because of
real estate transactions in the Netherlands cost approach (base on actual investment the regulation in the Act for Real Estate
there is no speci¿c regulations. Certi¿ed in building project of coarse taking into Assessment primarily information about
appraisers working in this ¿eld can use account depreciation for older properties). the owner of the property is important.
Cadastral information on RRR. For Planning information is derived
the valuation the appraisers also need The WOZ-value is important because it from the municipal zoning maps.
information on object characteristics. They is the basis for a number of taxes in the • Object characteristics. Most of the
have to collect these characteristics of the Netherlands. The municipalities levy a information on type, and size of
object to be valued themselves. A very real estate tax. For residential property properties, building years, quality of
limited part of these data can be derived the owner pays around 0,1 to 0,2 % of materials, quality of facilities within the
from the Key-register for buildings and the assessed value as a yearly tax to the building, maintenance condition etc.
addresses in the Netherlands. However the municipality. The rates for non-residential is collected and updated speci¿cally
appraiser is responsible for the accuracy properties are mostly higher and for for the valuation and assessment.
of the data he is using on building year non-residential properties the user of Use and updating information on
and area of the property. Therefore mostly the property pays tax as well (the owner building year and size of property
he collects these characteristics himself, occupier of non residential properties is often done in connection with
for instance by measuring the property pay twice). But the municipality can also the key register on buildings (also a
using construction drawings. Also the levy other taxes based on the WOZ-value, municipal responsibility) and the key
certi¿cation scheme for certi¿ed appraisers for instance a sewer tax). Polderboards register for large scale base maps.
is a responsibility for the market parties in the Netherlands (other type of local Collecting and updating information
involved. There is no of¿cial regulation for government in the Netherlands that take is mostly not done directly in the ¿eld,
the skills of the private certi¿ed appraiser. care for ‘dry feet’ even when a large part of but is done in the of¿ce using recent
the country is below sealevel) also levy a (yearly) aerial photographs and street
The valuation and assessment of real estate property tax from the owner of the property view type of images (cyclorama’s).
for government purposes is regulated by as a percentage of the assessed value. On The information in the pictures is
the Act for Real Estate Assessment (in national level the central revenue of¿ce uses transferred into administrative object
Dutch: “Wet Waardering Onroerende the WOZ-value for levying income tax, characteristics as type of building
Zaken (WOZ)” (http://wetten.overheid. inheritance tax, corporation tax and more. or grade for maintenance condition,
nl/BWBR0007119). English translation: because only these administrative
http://www.waarderings-kamer.nl/ The municipality is responsible for object characteristics can be used in
default.aspx?sec=content&id=1064). the valuation and this is checked the automated valuation models.
The assessed value in the Netherlands at national level by the Council for
is therefore called “WOZ-value” of a Real Estate Assessment (in Dutch: For change detection automated techniques
WOZ-object. The WOZ-object is a built ‘Waarderingskamer’). The municipalities are used for comparing aerial photographs
or not built real estate property, a part (in 2014 403 municipalities) often use for consecutive year or comparing
of a real estate property (when this part the services of companies to perform aerial photographs with existing digital
is used by a tenant and is a separate the actual valuation or cooperate to be maps. In practice nowadays there is

only limited direct use of 2D geometries, possibilities to use these characteristics
mostly because size of property and in conjunction with the geometric data
type of building can not be derived from on size, location and comparability.
these 2D models. However there is an
intensive use of 2D aerial photographs
enriched with streetview images. One Improve valuation
can imagine that semantically rich 3D possibilities in the future
models in which the surface of buildings is
shown with picture images, will not only With the realistic expectation that in the
help to automatically detect comparable near future up-to-date and semantically Figure 2: CityGML LOD2 and CityGML LOD+
building (at comparable locations), but rich 3D building models and 3D cadastres
also help the appraiser updating object will be realized and data accessible via (CityGML) view. Which model is more
characteristics for the valuation models. SDI, the future valuation may become appropriate to be used for property tax
signi¿cantly more ef¿cient and Àexible. is further to be studied in detail. IFC
Applicability of 3D Building The effect of this would differ by models provide many details but are still
Models and 3D Cadastres country, since some valuation/assessment not that commonly used. In contrast,
procedures are more resource consuming CityGML LOD1 and LOD2 exist for
Combining the appraisal with 2D or 3D than others. On the ef¿ciency side, a many cities all over the world. LOD1 and
geometry also can help to convince the uniform (¿le/database) data source and LOD2 however represent only the outer
owner of the property that the municipality automated analysis should clearly offer shell of the building and have no interior
has made a reliable assessed WOZ-value improvements, compared to currently information. Ongoing research suggests
for his property base on accurate object usually manual information aggregation that outdoor LODs can be automatically
characteristics. In the near future, the WOZ- and personal judgment, often “in the ¿eld”. enriched with interior information.
values for residential properties must be
publically available in context of a fair Also, it is not clear that assessment would Boeters 2013 has shown in this research
and transparent government. A web-based necessarily be solely based on measures or that LOD2 can be extended with
WOZ-viewer will be introduced, not only proxies of market value. There already are information about Àoors and thickness
showing the value of a single property, many exemptions, separate assessments of of the walls and slabs. The research was
but also the values of the surrounding land and improvements, assessment ratios performed on request of the Municipality
properties. In the ¿rst phase this will be and tax rates that differ by locale, type, of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The goal
presented using 2D geometries (user can and use, all of which expressly deviate was to compute the internal net area (i.e.
choose between map or aerial photographs). from property tax being proportional to the area that can effectively be used), which
But in case of apartment complexes and value. Sometimes income generating is used amongst others also for taxation.
some other con¿gurations it can be hard ability of either property or owner are The Dutch standard NEN 2580:2007
to select a property within a 2D geometry taken into account, sometimes not. A (NEN 2580, 2007) and later BAG (Fuld,
and 3D geometries may be needed. retired owner of a (historic) castle may 2007) provide guidance how to compute
be more successful pleading for property the net internal area. The two documents
Analysis tax exemption than the retired owner of differ in some of the speci¿cations, but
merely an above-average house. Clearly, these differences have been not properly
From the above valuation cases we there is an interest in taking parameters reÀected in the registration of internal
learn that current valuation practice into account that are unrelated to value, net area. To check these values for the
are primarily using administrative data but clearly can be modeled in 3D building entire city of Rotterdam, CityGML LOD2
for the valuation models. Models that models or cadastres. Uniform handling models were extended automatically to
use 2D or 3D geometries directly for and implementation of such factors is not LOD2+ (LOD2 + interior Àoors). LOD2+
valuations are not yet implemented in only fair, but also allows the government was reconstructed with knowledge
practice. However 2D and 3D models to more effectively achieve the intended about number of Àoors (from BAG) and
are becoming more and more important policy goals (of either favoring or assumptions on the thickness of walls and
for updating the information within the disincentivizing various concepts). Àoors (related to the year of construction).
valuation models and for presenting Figure 2 shows the original LOD2 and the
valuation results with the underlying data New 3D representations should be extended LOD2+. The applied approach
to for instance the owners of properties. investigated as well. Typically buildings was tested for one neighborhood in the City
are represented by BIM, e.g. Industrial of Rotterdam. Although the approach is not
It can be expected that when 3D geometries Foundation Classes (IFC) (MSG, 2007)) very accurate (due to many assumptions
are available and can object based be or CityGML. The two standards have and lack of information), the comparison
combined with object characteristics different concepts, i.e. they represented between the computed LOD2+ and the
a growing number of systems for the building structure from two distinct registered net internal area, have shown
computer assisted mass appraisal will get views: the constructor (IFC) and the user interesting results. For the majority

of the buildings the net internal area It might also be possible to assign levels on Building Information Modeling, In
was smaller than the registered values of con¿dence, for each update. Any Proceedings of CIB 2010 World Building
available in BAG (73.4 %). The net automated assessment analysis on top Congress http://www.cib2010.com.
internal area from the LoD2+ model was of such data may be able to derive an
16% smaller than that registered in BAG. overall level of con¿dence for the resulting Ruud M. Kathmann and Marco Kuijper
Further investigations of the results, have assessment. Prior to changing the formula (2014). Cooperation between taxpayers
clari¿ed that the most of the differences to derive property taxes, of¿cials could ¿rst and municipalities for valuation purposes,
come from the area under the gable roofs. query, what level of con¿dence is currently Proceeding of FIG conference 2014.
According to BAG, areas with a roof less assigned to the existing data the new
than 1,5m have to be subtracted from formula would be based on. Instant and Christiaan Lemmen, Peter van Oosterom,
the net internal area (Boeters 2013). virtually cost-free analysis of feasibility can Rod Thompson, João P. Hespanha
presumably only bene¿t policy decisions. and Harry Uitermark (2010). The
This research has clearly shown that Modelling of Spatial Units (Parcels)
3D representations can support mass in the Land Administration Domain
computation of net area and consequently References Model (LADM). In: Proceedings of
facilitate taxations of properties. The the XXIV FIG International Congress
representations should not necessarily Hasan Bal .(Ed.) (2014), SPK 2010, April 2010, Sydney, 28 p.
be very detailed, which allows for Gayrimenkul-Konut De÷erleme
uniform automatic approaches. UzmanlÕ÷Õ, Gazi Kitapevi, 2014. NEN 2580 (2007), Oppervlakten en
inhouden van gebouwen – Termen,
One might argue that 3D building models Roeland Boeters, 2013, Automatic de¿nities en bepalingsmethoden, http://
and cadastres for property tax excel at Generation of CityGML LOD2 models www.nen.nl/NEN-Shop-2/Standard/
taking objective factors into account, but with interiors and its suitability NEN-25802007-nl.htm (in Dutch).
devalue the art of personal judgment. This for net internal area determination,
is not necessarily true, since subjective MSc Thesis Geomatics, Delft ISO19215-1:2004 (2004). Geographic
factors or offsets could easily be modeled University of Technology, p. 138, information - Simple feature access - Part
(though they may reduce automation). 1: Common architecture. http://www.
But one might also object that factors http://www.gdmc.nl/publications/2013/ iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/
that can be formalized may ultimately Automatic_enhancement_CityGML.pdf. catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=40114.
enjoy higher legitimacy, anyway.
Fatih Döner, Rod Thompson, Jantien ISO 19152:2012 (2012). Geographic
Stoter, Christiaan Lemmen, Hendrik information - Land Administration Domain
Conclusion Ploeger, Peter van Oosterom and Sisi Model (LADM), version 1 December 2012.
Zlatanova (2011). Solutions for 4D
Despite the fact that analyzed valuation cadastre - with a case study on utility OGC (2012) OGC City Geography
cases in the selected countries are primarily networks In: International Journal of Markup Language (CityGML) Encoding
using administrative data for the valuation Geographical Information Science, Standard, Available online http://www.
models, it was argued in this paper that Volume 25, 7, 2011, pp. 1173-1189. opengeospatial.org/standards/citygml.
models that use 2D or 3D geometries
directly for valuations would have some Marthe Fuld. Key Registers for VOA (2014). Understanding your
signi¿cant bene¿ts. However, for fair Addresses and Buildings. Presentation, Council Tax Banding, Valuation Of¿ce
annual valuations, it is clear that the used September 2007, http://wiki. Agency Report. Available from:
models and data need to be up-to-date. geonovum.nl/images/BAG_EN.pdf.
http://www.voa.gov.uk/corporate/_
There is the debatable question of who Gerhard Gröger and Lutz Plümer, 2012, downloads/pdf/VO7858_understanding_
should be allowed to update authoritative CityGML – Interoperable semantic 3D city ct.pdf [Accessed, 10-09-2014].
3D building models and cadastres, based models, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry
on which processes, and yielding which and Remote Sensing, 71:12–33, July 2012. Wikipedia USA (2014). http://en.wikipedia.
level of accuracy or reliability. Who should org/wiki/Property_tax_in_the_United_States.
pay for it? Would volunteered data sets be MSG 2007, Industry Foundation
included? Digital signatures authenticating Classes, IFC2x Edition 3, Technical Wikipedia Germany (2014).
each update may be useful. But in Corrigendum 1, Online documentation, http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/
general we can say that in the future, http://www.buildingsmart-tech.org/ Grundsteuer_%28Deutschland%29.
owners of property, but in general “the ifc/IFC2x3/TC1/html/index.htm.
crowd” will play a greater role in keeping The paper was presented at 4th International
information up to date and this can also Umit Isikdag and Jason Underwood (2010). Workshop on 3D Cadastres, 9-11 November
help updating functional 3D data systems. A Synopsis of the Handbook of Research 2014, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. [

[ SURVEYING
Importance of international
standards on ethics
The paper explores the opportunities and very real benefits that could be afforded not only to
professionals working in land, property and construction but also to clients, the public and society
more generally by the setting, promotion and monitoring of international standards on ethics
Gary Strong Trust and reputation of being trusted to tell the truth with
Royal Institution of 89% of respondents rating them as
Chartered Surveyors, Trust lies at the heart of any relationship trustworthy, the police register with
Parliament Square, and certainly at the heart of any business 65%, the ordinary man/woman in
London, United Kingdom relationship. It Àows from concepts the street at 64%, estate agents are at
such as ‘my word is my bond’ and 24%, bankers and journalists at 21%
‘you reap what you sow’. It is also said and politicians generally at 18%.
that trust is hard won but very easily
David Pilling lost and then very hard to recover. Inevitably, things from time to time do go
Royal Institution of wrong and all businesses may face crisis.
Chartered Surveyors, There continue to be instances where The key is how the business then reacts
Parliament Square, trust has been lost regarding businesses and what it does next. There are examples
London, United Kingdom or indeed sectors, for example, the of companies who try and hide what has
global banking crisis, the press and the happened. The classic example is the case
unauthorised use of personal information of Enron, and the way the Executives tried
by governments to name but a few. to hide losses and continue to position
the company in a much better ¿nancial
Trust can also be measured – it isn’t just a light than it actually was. Equally, there
philosophical concept. There are a number are examples of where companies have
of research and survey tools used globally tried to put right what has gone wrong.
that look at the public’s view on trust of
countries, organisations, professions and In the Institute of Business Ethics
individual professionals. For example: ‘Occasional Paper 5 – The Recovery
- the Edelman Trust Barometer – which of Trust: Case studies of organisational
explores four factors that inÀuence trust failures and trust repairs’ - highlights
in business – industry/sector, country of a number of case studies to show how
origin, enterprise type and leadership. trust can be re-built. The case of Mattel’s
– in the 2014 ¿ndings – it was found multiple product recall in 2007 highlighted
Acting ethically should that only one if four general public how quickly a problem in the supply
respondents to the survey trust business chain can become such an issue that it
be part and parcel of leaders to correct issues and even threatens the reputation of a company. The
fewer – one in ¿ve – to tell the truth issue was over some products contained
being a professional – a and make ethical and moral decisions. high levels of lead-tainted paint, which
- The Ipsos MORI Trust Poll. This posed a serious health risk to children.
defining characteristic – poll based in the United Kingdom The manner in which Mattel reacted was
(UK) asks people for the views critical. The day Mattel was alerted to the
a key component in the on whether they trust a range of problem it ceased production of the toys
people in different professions or affected, promised full cooperation with
package of standards that backgrounds, for example, doctors, the national regulatory authorities and
teachers, police, civil servants, business initiated a thorough investigation. Once
professionals should meet leaders, politicians and bankers etc. Mattel had enough data they launched
Doctors rate as the highest in terms a massive global recall. Mattel used its

code of ethics as the blueprint for dealing appointed CEO announced a month long however, the ¿nal set requires a different
with the problem. They also issued amnesty for employees to come forward. question to be asked. The question is
communications to their staff reasserting Forty whistleblowers came forward. not ‘what must I do’ but ‘what is the
the company’s commitment to integrity The Board also appointed Michael right thing to do’. When considering this
and external openness also prevented Hersham, co-founder of Transparency package as a whole, it is very powerful
accusations of a ‘cover up’ or negative and International to serve as an adviser. and acts to safeguard against professionals
speculative press coverage. Mattel then Under his guidance, Siemens rolled complying with the letter of the standards
began inspecting every potentially affected out a set of strict rules and processes and moves the actions and behaviours into
toy themselves. In doing so, the company on anti-corruption and compliance complying with the spirit of the standard.
claimed to have prevented two thirds of across the business. They hired 500 full
the toys reaching consumers, as well as time compliance of¿cers and their new Or to put it another way, professionals
showcasing a signi¿cant investment in its investigations unit was led by a former need to be able to meet each of the
benevolence and integrity. Mattel issued Interpol of¿cial. Training was also put in standards at the same time, the standards
a full apology to its customers. By the place on anti-corruption for employees. are not there to be ‘cherry picked’ at
end of 2007, Mattel had recalled more particular times or situations. Professionals
than 20 million toys from 43 international Overall, the scandal cost Siemens 2.5 bn can’t follow some of the standards and
markets. Costs were estimated at $40m, Euros, as well as the costs of an exhaustive not others. Indeed the strength of the
and the stock price fell 30% in ¿ve months analysis of its ¿nancial transactions, bail package of standards is just that; they
by December 2007. However, the recall payments for indicted executives and fees must be met as a whole. There is no
crisis seems not to have damaged their of around 63 m Euros to outside advisers. point being the most technically brilliant
corporate reputation. Sales for 2007 The ¿rm was also barred from dealing professional within your profession if
¿nished 6% up, and a poll of American with certain clients. The cost to employees you act in an unethical way, similarly,
consumers found that 75% approved of two long years of shame under intense there is no point being the most ethical
of Mattel’s response to the failure. and hostile public scrutiny, especially professional within your profession if
in Germany, is harder to calculate. you are not technically competent. Either
Another interesting case is that of way they are a risk to your client, the
Siemens, when in 2006 regulatory public and the profession as a whole.
investigations revealed that hundreds Why standards are important
of employees had been siphoning off The other important component in
millions of Euros into false non-existent Professional bodies, trade associations all of this is regulation or quality
consultant’s contracts, false bills and and businesses attach a lot of importance assurance of the standards. Clearly it
shell ¿rms, in order to pay bribes to and weight to setting standards that their is not enough just to have standards in
win contracts. The scandal shamed members or employees are required to place, what are the checks and balances
Siemens, not just with stakeholders and meet. This makes absolute sense, if we that sit behind those standards, how
investors but also the German public take a profession, there will be many do you show that professionals live
and it brought humiliation to thousands thousands of individual professionals up to those standards, that clients and
of its employees. Yet Siemens’ belated often working in in many different the public are protected when things
full response to the scandal has been countries; common sets of standards are go wrong and standards are not met.
widely praised by many independent anti- essential to ensure consistency in how
corruption and ethics experts. Initially the profession acts and the safeguards
Siemens played down the extent of the that are implicit and explicit for the Ethical standards
problem and senior Executives made protection of clients and the public.
public pledges to restore the ¿rm’s battered One of the key things about ethical
reputation just a month later. Many For professionals it is important to outline standards is that they set the right
viewed this approach as incompetent. exactly what we mean by standards. tone as it where, with regard to the
It is really a package of standards that right way to behave, irrespective of
However, Siemens then took a number of we are talking about, this includes: external circumstances or factors such
steps. As well as a number of international - entry standards; as commercial pressure, boom or good
investigations going on, Siemens - technical standards; times, times of austerity or collective
announced their own investigation – which - regulatory standards; and culpability – ‘it is ok everyone else is
was undertaken by New York law ¿rm - ethical standards. doing it’. As well as having regulation
Debevoise & Plimpton. The ¿rm took a behind ethical standards to help encourage
rigorous approach and it was not until The ¿rst set clearly have to be met in order professionals to act ethically; it is
the following year that the most serious to gain entry to the profession, the second also essential that there is supporting
revelations came to light. The CEO and two are about ‘what you have to do’ in information in place to help professionals
Chairman left the company and the newly order to comply with being a professional, maintain the ethical standards and are

supported in an appropriate way if they globally. These standards have gone
need to raise concerns, speak up or even Doing business ethically, through a whole consultation exercise
whistle blow. Many professional bodies globally with interested stakeholders
have provided conceptual frameworks for is actually good for from business, governments and of
this purpose, for example, the conceptual course accountancy professional bodies
framework at the Royal Institution of business in lots of ways and trade associations. The accountancy
Chartered Surveyors (RICS) can be professional bodies and regulators follow
found at: www.rics.org/ethics . This the standards and require their members
conceptual framework includes de¿nitions the International Valuation Standards to do so as well. So the precedent has
around the ethical standards, examples Council. The property measurement already been set in one profession globally.
of the kinds of behaviours or actions coalition of organisations came together
that would help to demonstrate meeting last year at an initial meeting held at There is a great opportunity here to
the standards, questions that individual the World Bank in Washington. At that do the same across land, property
members could ask themselves, speci¿c meeting the coalition signed a declaration and construction. However, there is
guidance around issues like conÀicts of to agree to develop international property potentially an even greater prize that can
interest and speaking up, a decision tree, measurement standards and to sign up be achieved. Ethical standards are not
case studies and there is a con¿dential to those standards on behalf of their technical in nature and can potentially
helpline that members can use. organisations and their members. work across a whole range of professions
or be applicable to a whole range of
Ethical standards at RICS are regarded This approach is incredibly powerful – a professionals, not just in land, property
as so central to what RICS members coalition of organisations, representing and construction but much wider, such
are about and stand for that RICS’ many tens of thousands of members as engineers, architects, builders, others
International Governing Council made it globally – all agreeing a shared set of involved in the business transactions of
a requirement on all practicing members standards. This not only helps to raise land, for example, lawyers, accountants,
to keep up to date on the ethical standards standards and enhance client and public ¿nancial institutions, ¿nanciers and
on an on-going basis, essentially on protection but also provides consistency company secretaries to name a few. So
a rolling three year cycle. RICS has in approach that is good for business. A whilst the initial focus of the coalition
provided all members with access to a consistent method of valuing property work on ethics will be ethical standards
free e-learning course around ethics and globally coupled with a consistent for professionals working in land, property
the ethical standards which has been method of measuring properties and construction; the possible next stage
translated into nine languages, as an globally can only be a good thing. of that work may be towards building
option to meet this requirement. Again international ethical standards that can
providing this information and using Work is now underway to begin to bring be applicable across a whole range of
these approaches can help to embed together a coalition to look at building professions. Think how powerful that
the ethical standards with members. international standards on ethics. This would be if you had whole professions
is an important piece of the jigsaw and signing up to one set of ethical standards
again obtaining the agreement of a range globally. This would help to bring
International ethical standards of organisations to sign up to and embed consistency and high standards, especially
ethical standards is very powerful. So when backed up by regulation or quality
So ethical standards play a key part in valuations are undertaken in an appropriate assurance, to business, clients, the
the whole standards and behavior debate way and properties are measured in an public and other stakeholders globally.
and encouraging many professional appropriate way and with international
bodies and trade associations have ethical standards on ethics all professionals
standards and to a greater or lesser extent will do the work in an ethical way. Ethical regulation
supporting information for their members.
In many ways, ethical standards lend The importance of quality assurance or
This is interesting when it comes to themselves well to being developed as regulation has already been mentioned in
consider the idea that RICS and other high level or principles based standards this paper. It is worth exploring the tenants
organisations are jointly looking at in for the purposes of international standards. of what ‘good regulation’ or ‘ethical
terms of building international standards Indeed, this has already been put in regulation’ looks like. Regulation evolves
across land, property and construction, place for the world of accountancy. and can change in focus at different
in particular, the work on valuation and Through the International Federation of times. For example, good regulation
property measurement. International Accountants (IFAC) and the International in the past has been focused around
standards on valuation have existed for Ethics Standards Board for Accountants ‘lighter touch regulation’ (in an attempt
some time and a number of organisations (IESBA), high level international ethical to place appropriate burdens and costs
have signed up to those standards through standards have been set for accountants on business), and there have been calls

for more effective regulation (in light standards the other fundamental Ethics (IBE) – Does Business Ethics
of concerns about failures in regulation, aspect is the quality assurance or Pay? – Ethics and ¿nancial performance,
for example, in the ¿nancial sector). regulation against those standards. and Does Business Ethics Pay? -
This combination goes to the heart Revisited – the value of ethics training.
To be effective and ethical regulators of protecting clients and the public
need to not only meet the principles of but also has major bene¿ts for the In the initial research the IBE looked
better regulation but also go further. professionals and other stakeholders at a group of companies quoted in the
The principles of better regulation are: as well. Helping to raise standards, FTSE 350 index at 31 December 2001.
- proportionate – regulation improve behaviours and knowledge of In broad terms the research showed that:
being introduced where its aims professionals can only be a good thing. - there is a strong positive association
are clear and focus is on the between having a code of ethics,
problem or risk identi¿cation; addressing non-¿nancial risk
- targeted – regulators should Embedding international effectively and being amongst
focus their resource according ethical standards Britain’s most admired companies;
to an assessment of the risks; - 19 of the 24 companies that have
- transparent – regulators should Whilst the idea of trying to embed ethical consistently been in Management
be open though taking account standards across a range of organisations Today’s previous tables of Britain’s
of legal requirements around within land, property and construction and Most Admired Companies
data protection etc; also across other professions may seem have codes of ethics; and
- be accountable – regulators should like a mammoth task, in reality, it is no - between 1997 and 2001, there was
be prepared to justify their decisions different to say the RICS introducing and strong indicative evidence that
and be open to public scrutiny; embedding ethical standards amongst its large UK companies with codes of
- be consistent – a lack of members – yes there are challenges but ethics produced an above average
consistency will lead to a lack the building blocks to help meet those performance when measured against
of trust in the regulator. challenges are the same. For example, a similar group without codes.
providing the conceptual framework, Those companies with codes out
However, as Sir Christopher Kelly including information de¿ning the performed those without codes
in his report ‘Standards matter – A standards, examples of the behaviours in three of the four measures of
review of best practice in promoting that will go to demonstrate the standards, ¿nancial performance used in the
good behavior in public life’ highlights further information around the main ethical study – Market Value Added (MVA),
there are other considerations that also issues professionals will come across, for Economic Value Added (EVA)
need to be looked at, for example: example, conÀicts of interest, speaking and Price/Earnings Ratio. The
- pay attention to public opinion – up or whistle blowing, promoting trust in fourth measure – Return on Capital
to help judge what standards of the profession, acting in the best interest Employed indicator showed less
behavior are appropriate. However, of your client but also the wider public difference between the two samples.
regulators will need to be prepared advantage, decision trees, case studies
to go against public opinion where and help lines. A key element is placing The IBE update report – Does Business
that is justi¿ed but explaining why; a requirement on professionals to keep Ethics Pay? – Revisited looked again
- communicate – with those that up to date on ethics as part of their CPD at companies in the UK within the
they regulating but also the general obligations. The ¿nal piece in the puzzle FTSE 350 and used accounting ratios
public and other stakeholders about is the checks and balances of regulation to reÀect actual historic performance
the standards they are promoting to ensure that the standards are followed. (Return on Capital Employed and
and why they are important; return on Assets), and market measures
- be willing to use their discretion – to to reÀect market perceptions of the
refuse to investigate trivial matters; The business case for ethics companies and are more forward
- achieve clarity about what falls within looking (Total return and Market Value
their responsibility – and what does not; Clearly, behaving ethically goes to the Added). The updated research also
- have a range of appropriate and heart of what being a professional is looked at how companies performed
timely sanctions at their disposal – an about and so acting ethically is the right and split the research into companies
effective disciplinary toolkit; and thing to do irrespective of whether it is that merely reveal their ethical codes –
- be robustly independent – good for business or not. However, there Corporate Revealed Ethics (CRE) and
of those they regulate. is good news – it may go without having companies who embed their ethical
to be said but acting ethically is good policies into their organisations -
So, as well as the importance of for business. There is hard data to show Corporate Applied Ethics (CAE). The
standards and the interplay between this link as well. For example, the work results, in broad terms, showed that:
entry, technical, regulatory and ethical undertaken by the Institute of Business - companies with CRE underperformed

when compared to those with characteristic – a key component in the of course, research has shown that it
CAE for all of the ¿nancial package of standards that professionals is good for the ¿nancial performance
performance measures used; and should meet. Professionals should of companies and organisations.
- there is a more positive relationship act ethically because it is the right
between training in business ethics thing to do. Professional bodies, trade It is also good for client and public
(applied ethics) and ¿nancial performance associations and other organisations such protection - the expectation or assurance
compared to having no training. as business attach a lot of importance that professionals will act ethically. This
to having in place ethical standards that is enhanced with matters like training
Interestingly, the researchers in the their members or employees follow. We and regulation – or applied ethics as
Revisited research look at 80 listed have discussed the importance of not opposed to revealed ethics. There is a
previous related studies looking at the just setting ethical standards but also good opportunity here to bring together
impact and relationship of ethics and embedding those standards into what professional bodies, trade associations
corporate social responsibility measures members or employees do on a day and other organisations to look at
on ¿nancial results. The results were that: to day basis. Conceptual frameworks, having consistency in terms of ethical
- 38 studies showed a helplines, training and regulation can standards globally; to sign up to those
positive relationship; all help to embed ethical standards. standards and help embed them for
- 18 studies showed no the bene¿t of their members but also
signi¿cant relationship; The good news is that acting ethically, clients, the general public and other
- 7 studies showed a negative doing business ethically, is actually stakeholders. The question is how far
relationship; and good for business in lots of ways. Acting can this go? Certainly the aim should
- 17 studies showed a mixed relationship. ethically helps to build the reputation be to work this across land, property
of individuals, ¿rms, professions; it and construction but what about across
attracts people to want to work for a much broader range of professions.
Conclusion ethical organisation or become a member
of a profession that is seen as having The paper was presented at FIG
Acting ethically should be part and parcel high ethical standards, it improves Congress 2014, Kuala Lumpur,
of being a professional – a de¿ning
THNT`2:/:y25/qeg!!!312502208!!!Πϱ!15;43;23
employee and member retention; and, Malaysia, 16-21 June 2014. [
SD37_CMPL_SuperGeo_Dec_Ad_AS.indd
11/12/14 1:47 am
pm
[ CONFERENCE
The geo industry is ready

for a networked world
INTERGEO 2014, 7 - 9 October 2014, Berlin, Geermany
I NTERGEO 2014 in Berlin has clearly

demonstrated that the industry really has
secured its place in the digital, networked
It was demonstrated
is increasingly ¿nding its way into areas
of major social importance, including
e-government, digital administration,
world. Geoinformation has evolved from that geoinformation is security and disaster protection. In
a specialist niche and is becoming part of her keynote speech, German Federal
mainstream IT. The trade show focuses increasingly finding its way Environment Minister Dr. Barbara
on products and applications in a digital Hendricks clearly expressed her support
world. The geoinformation industry is into areas of major social for open data. She said that the federal
being, and will continue to be, shaped by government had adopted a guiding principle
applications that address important social importance, including of releasing publically obtained data
issues. INTERGEO reÀects these issues. into the value-added chain. “The public
e-government, digital should not have to pay for the same thing
“Our thanks go to Google, for all the twice,” Dr. Barbara Hendricks said.
attention that geo applications have administration and security
gained since the launch of Google Earth.” The event, organised by the GeoBusiness
This is how one INTERGEO exhibitor Dr Karl-Friedrich Thöne, INTERGEO Commission (GIW Kommission), also
summed up the current market dynamic organiser and President of the DVW focused on the “market activation of public
in the innovative geoinformation sector. (German Society for Geodesy, geoinformation”. Parliamentary State
Technology leads to applications and Geoinformation and Land Management) Secretary Brigitte Zypries made an urgent
complex data streams yield crucial sums up the success of the event: “The appeal for coordinated collaboration:
information – this puts the geoinformation numbers prove that our trade fair and “Cooperation and coordination are key to
industry at the heart of important social conference addressed the right subjects. developing the geoinformation industry.
developments in a digital world. Full rooms and a great atmosphere in the This applies equally to federal government,
exhibition halls and conference rooms are regional administrations and industry.”
in my opinion the best indication that the
INTERGEO – a growing forum 20th INTERGEO is on the right track.”
for dialogue and the industry Positive image of INTERGEO
Olaf Freier from the organisers, HINTE boosts recruitment campaign
This trend is reÀected at INTERGEO in GmbH, adds: “Once again, INTERGEO
increasing internationalisation and rising brought together the big international players Attracting up-and-coming talent is still
exhibitor and visitor numbers. A brief in the geo community. As an industry forum, essential to keeping the market dynamic. In
look at the ¿gures shows an increase INTERGEO is ideally placed to meet the this respect, INTERGEO has clearly proved
of around ten percent in overall visitor need for knowledge-sharing and orientation itself as an international careers forum. The
attendance (over 17,000 in 2014) and in the complex ¿eld of data capture and data international student meeting, JobSHAKER
in the number of visitors from outside use. In 2015, we will be building on and and targeted campaigns by associations
Germany (around 35 percent of the expanding our position as the largest UAV and companies have taken effect. In the
total). More than 45 percent of visitors forum in the German-speaking world.” words of DVW President Thöne: “The
said that they were responsible for or number of students in Germany and Austria
involved in decision-making processes. studying geodesy and geoinformation
According to the results of the visitor Added value from public data is rising signi¿cantly!” As the leading
survey that are now available, the most trade fair and conference for geodesy,
popular topic with visitors this year was Spearheaded by Germany’s Ministry of the geoinformation and land management,
GIS software, followed by surveying Interior and Ministry of the Environment, INTERGEO conveys the positive image of
equipment and integrated surveying the third national INSPIRE Conference a high-tech industry, which is crucial when
solutions. This year’s conference was also a great success. Here, too, it seeking to encourage the next generation
attracted some 1.400 delegates. was demonstrated that geoinformation into this future-oriented sector. [

SD34_CMPL_Hi-Target_Sep_Ad_AS.indd
11/12/14 1:29
5:26 pm
am
[ SNIPPETS [ NEWS - GNSS
AT A GLANCE U.S. warns EU against making models constitute an important factor

Galileo mandatory in deciding whether a hail suppression
Àight is necessary. www.uni.esnc.eu
The U.S. government has alerted the
European Union that any preferential Ehancing search & rescue
Ź Supergeo extends free SuperGIS treatment the EU gives to its Galileo service using GNSS
desktop license policy for students positioning, navigation and timing
network will likely violate World Trade Cospas–Sarsat’s extension to MEOSAR
Ź SimActive Correlator3D™ Organization (WTO) agreements signed by (Medium Earth Orbit Search and Rescue)
chosen by ING Robotic aviation the United States and the 28-nation EU. will extend its search and rescue coverage
for image post-processing on the ground the Galileo programme
In particular, U.S. government of¿cials is contributing a Toulouse-based test
Ź Norwegian Armed Forces voiced concerns that the EU is weighing bench, and a networked trio of MEOSAR
Selects Intergraph for equipment mandates for aviation, car- ground stations – known as Local User
Cartographic Production accident reporting and emergency-call Terminals (LUTs) – to cover Europe,
regulations that could unfairly tip the based in Svalbard in the Norwegian
Ź DAT/EM systems international scales in favor of Galileo to the detriment Arctic, Cyprus and the Canary Islands.
wins alaska north star award of U.S. GPS-enabled hardware. Existing LUTs are distributed on a per
country basis, but it is an advantage of
Ź Geomatics.University of A senior GPS of¿cial recently said MEOSAR that fewer ground stations
Leicester Partner Bluesky the US and the EU have signed a will be needed for greater coverage.
to Map Air Pollution wide body of satellite navigation
agreements designed to promote open The European Space Agency (ESA)
Ź Airborne Hydrography AB market access and interoperability. has announced completion of tests that
(AHAB) awarded Best Optics indicate the readiness of the European
and Photonics Company These protocols include the WTO’s component of a modernized, GNSS
Agreement on Technical Barriers to satellite–aided search and rescue
Ź Australia’s Department of Trade, which prohibits discrimination service known as Cospas-Sarsat.
Defence has signed a three- among goods based on nontariff measures
year $16.5 million agreement including regulations and certi¿cation Cospas–Sarsat is a global satellite
with Esri Australia procedures. www.spacenews.com system for rapidly detecting distress
calls to be forwarded to local
Ź SmartPlanes custom Ricoh GR NIR Innovative hail suppression search and rescue authorities.
Camera for agriculture applications project awarded
Topcon engineers track
Ź Russian to have constellation The University Challenge is one of the new GLONASS signal
of 150 satellites by 2025 highlights of the annual European Satellite
Navigation Competition (ESNC). In Topcon Positioning Groups latest GNSS
Ź Austech Surveying and Mapping 2014, the University of Applied Sciences reference receiver has tracked a new signal
starts operations in Australia Rosenheim (Germany) won over the from the GLONASS constellation. The
international expert jury with its hail GLONASS-M 55 satellite was launched in
Ź Russia’s Mail.ru acquires suppression project RO-BERTA. June and is equipped with an experimental
OpenStreetMap-powered Maps.me payload capable of transmitting CDMA
Hail Navigator is a novel system designed signals in the Russian GNSS system’s L3
Ź Pix4D offers autonomous to reduce damage caused by hail. Based frequency band centered at 1202.025 MHz.
mapping with DJI Phantom on the premise of suppressing the Topcon engineers successfully tracked the
formation of hail by injecting silver iodide signal using the NET-G5 receiver during
Ź Nigeria uses GIS to study into clouds, Hail Navigator combines a series of recent tests at the Topcon
ICT gap clusters navigation with a precipitation reporting Technology Center in Moscow, Russia.
system that can guide pilots to optimal
Ź Consumer LBS market to grow locations for hail suppression missions. Russia to place GLONASS
at CAGR 37% through 2018 The system is complemented by weather monitoring stations in China
observations (including precise times and
Ź Altavian awarded $4 million locations) reported by local citizens via a The Russian Space Systems company
contract by US Army smartphone app, which aids the validation shall deploy several GLONASS
of weather prediction models. These satellite navigation system monitoring

SD37_CMPL_Kamakshi_DEC_Ad_AS.indd
11/12/14 12:52
5:26 am
[ NEWS - LBS
stations in China for use in transport, China’s Antarctica satellite TomTom brings navigation
farming, rescue operations, environment base plans spark concerns technology to Acer smartphones
monitoring and law enforcement. The
facilities may be placed in Urumqi China has disclosed plans to install a TomTom’s NavKit has revealed a multi-
(the administrative center of the satellite facility in Antarctica, heightening year deal with Acer to bring its navigation
Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Area) concerns about militarisation of the technology to new Acer smartphones.
and Changchun, the capital of Jilin “peaceful” continent. The Chinese “AcerNAV” is a turn-by-turn navigation
province. RSS and Chinese partners Antarctic Research Expedition will build application powered by TomTom’s
would cooperate in the mutual placement a base for the BeiDou satellite navigation navigation engine, NavKit. It enables
of positioning ground stations in Russia system this summer, the of¿cial Xinhua users to navigate anywhere in the world,
and China for GLONASS and China’s news agency said. This comes as China without extra roaming charges, and
Beidou. http://itar-tass.com/en/ escalates its Antarctic involvement, the ability to download any TomTom
building its ¿fth station, planning an map for free. www.itnewsafrica.com
UK eLoran now in operation airstrip, and recently blocking marine
to back up GPS reserves that could affect ¿sheries. u-blox Launches Indoor/Outdoor
Positioning Module with 3D Sensors
Technology to counter the threat of The Chinese icebreaker Xue Long is due
GNSS jamming is now available at to arrive in Hobart, Australia, coinciding u-blox’ NEO-M8L module with 3D ADR
Dover and along the east coast of with a post-G20 visit next week by technology and integrated sensors provides
the United Kingdom as the island President Xi Jinping, as Tasmania pitches accurate vehicle position regardless of
nation continues to implement an for Antarctic business. www.stuff.co.nz/ satellite visibility. The new NEO-M8L
enhanced Loran (eLoran) system that Automotive Dead Reckoning (ADR)
is setting an example for the world. GNSS market in Asia region module has integrated motion, direction
exhibiting tremendous growth and elevation sensors. It integrates gyro and
The General Lighthouse Authorities accelerometer with ublox’ GNSS platform
(GLAs) of the UK and Ireland has According to the report “GNSS Market u-blox M8 to achieve high indoor/outdoor
announced on October 31, 2014 the Outlook 2020”, global GNSS market positioning performance for road vehicle
initial operational capability of UK is exhibiting a tremendous growth and high-accuracy navigation applications.
maritime eLoran. Seven differential on the back of ongoing technological
reference stations are now in operation to advances and rising number of potential New navigation device by Magellan
provide additional position, navigation, commercial and consumer applications.
and timing (PNT) information to ships Moreover, with increasing availability The RoadMate RC9496T-LMB from
¿tted with eLoran receivers, ensuring of GNSS enabled devices and their Magellan is a 7-inch Android GPS Àeet
their safe navigate in the event of GPS continuously declining prices, the navigation device. It is Àeet ready with a
failure in one of the busiest shipping GNSS market growth is likely to be on serial port, dash mount, and black-box cable.
regions in the world, which 200,000 fast track. With this, the GNSS market There is also an HD multi-touch capacitive
vessels are expected to cross every year is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of glass display. The supplemental Magellan
by 2020, according to the GLAs. more than 9% during 2014-2020. Fleet Manager desktop tool enables central
of¿ce management of bulk software and
8th GPS IIF satellite Latest trends in Global and map updates, route planning and SmartGPS
launches successfully Chinese GNSS system industry Eco cloud content. http://Àeetowner.com
The eighth GPS Block IIF navigation A new market research report by Samsung announces location-
satellite launched successfully on WhaTech examines the global and based alerts service
October 29, 2014 at 1:21 p.m. EDT Chinese GNSS industry, covering
from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, the decade 2009-2019. The report Samsung has announced its own location-
Florida, on board United Launch “Discover latest trends in Global and based alerts system, designed to allow
Alliance (ULA) Atlas V rocket. Chinese GNSS system industry, 2009- businesses to send alerts to smartphones.
2019” analyzes quantitatively the These highly-localized messages could
Once its reaches orbit — slot 1 in global and Chinese GNSS market of range from offers on products in the
the constellation’s E plane — GPS 2009-2014 by calculating the main section of the store you are in, to directions
IIF-8 (designated PRN03 for its economic parameters of each company. to your seat in a stadium or theater.
pseudorandom noise code 03 will take The data is broken down by company, Called Proximity, the service is based
the place of a 14-year-old GPS IIR country, and application. The report also on Bluetooth LE beacons and will work
the GPS IIR-4 satellite, which will go estimates future market development in in a similar fashion to Apple’s iBeacon
into reserve status in the A plane. the coming period of 2014-2019. [ service. http://9to5google.com/ [

[ NEWS - GIS [ NEWS - UAV
India plans geo-physical setups until its establishment as Companies hit as DGCA
and geo-chemical mapping an autonomous agency of the bans use of drones
of national resources government of Ethiopia. According
to the proclamation, the agency has Several companies have had to stop
4th meeting of Geo-science Advisory been responsible for the compilation, using drones to provide services such
Council (GAC) was held under the preparation, publication, administration as aerial photography after the aviation
Chairmanship of Union Steel and Mines and distribution of fundamental geo- authority banned the operation of
Minister and Chairman, GAC Mr. information data and reporting it these unmanned vehicles in civilian
Narendra Singh Tomar in New Delhi. to MoFED. Conducting geodesy, airspace until regulations are in place.
aerial photography, satellite imagery,
According to Mr. Tomar said, “India topographic maps, thematic maps and The decision has set back plans of
has about 8 lakh square kilometer area hydrograph are some of its responsibilities. companies offering a variety of services
identi¿ed as Obvious Geological Potential www.thereporterethiopia.com using drones, including those by online
(OGP). However, the geophysical and retailer Amazon.Mumbai-based Airpix,
geochemical mapping has been achieved Telecom department in India wants with clients such as Reliance Energy
only to a limited extent. Since the ¿eld GIS mapping of telecom towers and builders Kalpataru and Omkar
of mining is directly linked to country’s Realtors, had to stop offering its Àagship
growth, we must develop a time-bound Telecom department of India has urged the aerial photography service since the
action plan to complete geo-physical and telecom service operators in the country Directorate General of Civil Aviation
geo-chemical mapping of our national to put 584,000 telecom towers on GIS, for issued the circular earlier this month.
resources and share this data in public quick visual analysis to plan, manage and
domain to attract investment in mining. administer strategy that could facilitate The DGCA is in the process of formulating
Emphasis of action plan should be on necessary incentives. This has been a regulations and globally harmonising them
speed and quality.” http://pib.nic.in/ long standing demand from the Ministry for certi¿cation and operation for use of
of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) unmanned aerial systems in Indian civil
Bentley and Trimble Advance BIM and the Ministry of Environment. airspace, the regulator said recently. http://
through Construction Modeling articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com
With GIS mapping, the MNRE wants to
Bentley Systems and Trimble have gauge energy drawing patterns of telecom Unmanned exemptions
committed to leveraging construction service operators so as they can segregate requests pile up at FAA
modeling for the bene¿t of capital, tower sites that have maximum, median
industrial, and infrastructure project delivery. and minimum diesel consumption with The number of special requests to Ày
Aspects of construction modeling include red, yellow and green symbols. The unmanned aircraft commercially has
modeling of temporary works, intelligent GIS-based system will help MNRE to surpassed 130 as ¿rms search for a way
positioning, “splitting and sequencing,” effectively track and monitor operators’ around a federal ban on for-pay Àights.
detailing for fabrication, workface carbon footprint and additionally, it The new numbers came to light the
planning, construction work packaging, could assist department to recommend same day a court decision underscored
and support for distributed construction telcos with reduced emission levels for regulators’ authority to rein in the industry
– referencing and supplementing design appropriate incentives and rebates. http:// with restrictions unlikely to be lifted until
modeling deliverables. www.bentley.com articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com new rules are put in place years from now.
PM office to oversee mapping GIS set to increase property tax Out of the 130 operators who have
agency in Ethiopia ¿led petitions with the Federal Aviation
The Ongole Municipal Corporation in Administration (FAA) thus far, only seven
A new draft law submitted to the executive Andhra Pradesh,India will conduct a aerial ¿lm companies have been granted
branch is considering the re-establishment survey through GIS in all the divisions in exemptions from the current constraints,
of the Ethiopian Mapping Agency (EMA) the municipal corporation to identify the although “additional companies are
by altering its accountability from the houses on which additional Àoors have expected to be granted exemptions soon.
Ministry of Finance and Economic been constructed with the permission but
Development (MoFED) directly to not paying property tax. The consultancy Transport Canada simplifies UAS rules
the Of¿ce of the Prime Minister. appointed by the corporation will carry
out a survey and submit a report to the During a recent announcement, Transport
The agency was originally established municipal corporation. Based on the Canada announced two exemptions that
in 1954 as the geography and mapping report, the corporation will issue notices simplify small unmanned aerial vehicle
institute of Ethiopia. Since then, it has to house owners for collection of property operations in Canadian airspace. Under
passed through various organizational tax dues. www.deccanchronicle.com [ the new exemptions, commercial use of

[ NEWS - IMAGING
UAS will no longer require a special Àight Vietnam completes spatial the 199th mission for the Long March
operations certi¿cate or SFOC for any database on sea, islands rocket family. http://zeenews.india.com
UAV under 2kg and certain operations
with a UAV under 25kg. The department This is the initial result of a three-year Indonesia needs sea remote
has also simpli¿ed the application process project to monitor marine and island sensing technology
and time it takes to issue SFOCs for larger environmental resources using remote
UAVs. The changes will come into effect sensing technology which was approved According to the Institute of National
soon and operators must check on the in Hanoi on November 13. According Aviation and Space (Lapan), Indonesia needs
Transport Canada website for exemption to Nguyen Xuan Lam, head of the space technology of remote sensing that
requirements and safety conditions National Remote Sensing Department could draw the map of the country`s marine
including maintaining visual line of sight, under the Ministry of Natural Resources potentials altogether and systematically. The
respecting maximum altitudes and staying and the Environment, numerous technology could be used to spot ridges of
clear of built-up areas. www.auvsi.org maritime studies, mapping exercises rock and in planning development of the
and geological surveys were conducted marine potentials for economy and tourism,
A drone to detect asbestos previously; however, none were able to he cited. http://www.antarabali.com
give a complete overview of Vietnam’s
A drone aimed at detecting asbestos in the territorial waters, especially Hoang Amazon seeks FAA permission
environment was presented in Rome, by the Sa and Truong Sa archipelagos. The
Italian National Research Council (CNR), application of remote sensing technology, Amazon has asked the Federal Aviation
along with Aermatica, manufacturer far superior to conventional methods, is Administration for permission to test drones
of remotely piloted aircrafts (RPA). therefore a valuable part of research on outdoors and is awaiting an answer. It asked
the country’s sea and island environmental federal regulators for a limited exemption
A hyperspectral sensor and a compact resources, and is particularly useful for from the current ban on commercial use
camera were integrated into the drone. off-shore and inaccessible areas, Lam of drones. Its legal department assured the
During the Àight the hyperspectral sensor said. http://english.vietnamnet.vn FAA that the testing can be done safely.
detects the frequencies issued by the Small, battery powered drones would Ày
surface and identi¿es the speci¿c one of Yaogan-24 remote sensing no higher than 400 feet off the ground,
asbestos, its “signature”, the presence and satellite launched by China remain within line-of-sight of the operator,
state of deterioration that allow to establish and have a kill switch if something goes
priorities for the removal. Aci Consult China has recently launched a remote wrong. The application says Amazon’s
organizes the overÀight and mapping; sensing satellite into a scheduled orbit R&D lab in Seattle is “developing aerial
the areas involved are indicated by the from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre vehicles that travel over 50 miles per
city Council; Aermatica collects all the in northwest China’s Gansu province. hour, and will carry ¿ve-pound payloads,
data acquired by the drone and delivers The Yaogan-24 satellite was launched which cover 86 percent of products sold on
it to CNR, which analyses the data and via a Long March-2D carrier rocket, Amazon.” www.nwnewsnetwork.org [
draws up the ¿nal report. All this happens
with a signi¿cant lower cost compared
to using aircrafts with crew. The drone is
expected to start operations in Rome in
the spring of 2015. www.aermatica.com/
FAA Official: Small Drone Rule

to Be Released by End of Year
According to a Federal Aviation

Administration of¿cial, after years of
waiting, the agency was close to releasing
a ruling that would give commercial
entities greater access to Ày small
unmanned aerial system in the domestic
airspace. The proposed ruling, which the
agency has been working on over the past
year, is currently being reviewed by the
Of¿ce of Management and Budget, Jim
Williams, manager of the FAA’s UAS
integration of¿ce. www.suasnews.com [

[ NEWS - INDUSTRY
MobileMapper 120 and locally the GPS coordinates of the drone for
developed GIS software win broad each and every photo position. SP80 improves accuracy of mobile
market approval in Turkey underground infrastructure locator
The accuracy of the photo position is also
The Geomatics Group in Turkey is directly related to the synchronisation of InfraRadar, an advanced mobile
achieving excellent success marketing the camera shutter with the GPS logging. ground penetrating radar
the Spectra Precision MobileMapper Having that in mind, DroneMetrex infrastructure locator, developed
120 handheld GIS mapping device specialists modi¿ed the internals of and manufactured here by GT
running its own Mobile GIS software. the camera and synchronised L1/L2/ Frontline, recently switched to
Spectra Precision MobileMapper Glonass/BDS antenna to the nano- the Spectra Precision SP80 GNSS
120 uses a Windows open platform second of the camera shutter to receiver. As company president,
enabling it to run any Windows achieve highest mapping accuracy. Dick van der Roest said, “This
mobile application, including Spectra was done because you cannot do
Precision applications for GIS or Indian state to launch Rs. 4,000- a good survey without a good
Survey, as well as third-party solutions cr satellite imaging project position, and the SP80 performs
that may better meet local regulations signi¿cantly better than competing
or speci¿c customer requirements. The Maharashtra Government will soon systems.”www.spectraprecision.com
www.spectraprecision.com launch a Rs. 4,000-crore satellite imaging
project to map all land in the State and Spectra Precision new solution
Leica Digicat 700 Series prepare digital records of land holdings. for interior wall layout
locator with integrated GPS The satellite imaging would include that
of land used for agriculture, industry and Spectra Precision® QML800
Underground service locators enable also urban land. The last comprehensive QuickMark Layout is a new solution
workers to locate buried utilities in land mapping exercise was undertaken 150 that automates the layout of interior
order to avoid injury and damage during years ago under British rule. The project points and walls. The QML800 allows
excavation. Following the success of would be taken up under a centrally-funded drywall and interior contractors to
its previous series of locators, Leica scheme. www.thehindubusinessline.com quickly and ef¿ciently lay out points
Geosystems has extended the range of for interior building construction.
features in its new Digicat 700 Series, Titan multispectral airborne
providing users with greater con¿dence in lidar sensor by Optech Trimble RTX Technology for
their results due to enhanced traceability. Spectra Precision GNSS Receiver
In addition to data logging, Bluetooth® Optech is pleased to announce the
connectivity, depth estimation and latest addition to its innovative line of Spectra Precision has announced that
tracing frequencies, the 700 Series is the airborne laser terrain mappers (ALTM), its ProMark™ 700 GNSS receiver
only range of locators that offers fully the Optech Titan, launching a new era now supports Trimble® RTX™
integrated GPS technology. The added in remote sensing. For the ¿rst time (Real-Time eXtended) correction
GPS feature helps to deliver the ‘where’ ever, multispectral active imaging of technology. Combining real-time
in locating and tracing buried utilities the environment can occur day or night, data with innovative positioning and
by easily and conveniently displaying enabling new vertical applications and compression algorithms to deliver
the collected geographical data on a information extraction capabilities for repeatable centimeter level positions
map. www.leica-geosystems.com lidar. In the past, single or dual-wavelength worldwide, It utilizes an established
sensors were developed for speci¿c market global reference station network
Directly Georeferenced Mapping verticals and application requirements. along with satellite orbit and clock
From The Topodrone-100 Titan breaks away from this convention information to compute high accuracy
by combining three beams with separate positions. Using the CenterPoint®
DroneMetrex, a manufacturer of the wavelengths, increasing the information RTX correction service, ProMark
TopoDrones introduced a revolutionary content that can be derived from the 700 users can typically obtain
solution for Directly Georeferenced target surface and allowing surveying real-time 4 centimeter positioning
Mapping from UAVs. The difference and, professionals to address many more accuracy with less than 30 minutes
at the same time, the main advantage of applications using a single sensor solution. initialization without the use of a
the solution is that it encompasses Post local base station or virtual reference
Processed Kinematic (PPK) principles. NTLab launches GNSS RF Front-End station network. By using QuickStart
with reduced power consumption option, this convergence time can
An important component of PPK is a be reduced and full accuracy can be
highly accurate GPS receiver on board of NTLab, a fabless microelectronic achieved within few minutes only.
the TopoDrone hich independently logs company based in Belarus, is offering

the NT1051 dual-channel multi-frequency for ultra-compact applications with a leading 6G GNSS receiver capable of
(L1/L2/L3/L5) mutli-system (GPS/ 47% footprint; measuring 4x4x2.1 mm. utilizing all 6 GNSS satellite networks
GLONASS/Galileo/BeiDou) RF front end. It claims that the module is designed (GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, Galileo, QZSS
Manufactured in 0.18 um TSMC BiCMOS to support ultra-compact applications and SBAS) providing reliable operation
technology, it provides operability of where size is at a premium, such as smart in the most demanding conditions.
the GNSS receiver even if interference watches, wearable devices, trackers and
power is 120-dB higher than the satellite digital cameras. Its proprietary structure Provides for lower current consumption
signal. To allow reliable navigation in is a multi-level circuit for surface (reportedly less than 100 uA) and is
the presence of interference, NT1051 mounting, built to reduce footprint size. It particularly useful in battery-operated
has a 1-dB compression point (on RF continuously tracks all GPS satellites in applications, such trailer tracking.
input) of -40 dBm. This allows stable view and provides real-time positioning
tracking, even if the interfering signal data in the standard industry format Upgraded GPS Anti-Jam
is 120-dB higher (compared to -160 dB de¿ned by the US National Marine Technology by Raytheon UK
of typical tracking sensitivity) than the Electronics Association (NMEA).
satellite signal. http://gpsworld.com/ Raytheon UK launched a new enhanced
KCS launches OEM TraceME version of its battle¿eld GPS L1/L2 anti-
Trimble Leap Submeter GNSS Tracking Module jam (GPS-AJ) capability. A multi-element
Device and Terrain Navigator Pro antenna with the anti-jam processing in
KCS bv, The Netherlands, has a single small “one-box” form factor that
Trimble® Leap is a Trimble RTX introduced the newest OEM addition interfaces at the RF level, Landshield is
compatible GNSS Bluetooth device. to its family of TraceME products, designed to enable GPS equipment to
When enabled with the ViewPoint RTX the TM-202LAR, a GPS/RF/GSM function unimpaired against a full range of
correction service, Leap delivers submeter module intended for incorporation hostile jammer types including narrow band,
accuracy directly to the Terrain Navigator into products and systems used for broadband, continuous wave, pulse, swept,
Pro (TNP) Mobile app for iOS and Android tracking people, vehicles, and objects. and spectrally matched. Primarily a military
devices. The TNP Mobile app allows users product based on a custom-built application
to collect markers, tracks and geo-stamped Measuring 46x21x6.5 millimeters and speci¿c integrated circuit (ASIC), the main
photos in the ¿eld, and then sync all the weighing seven grams, the low-power customer market areas for Landshield is
GNSS data into the Terrain Navigator TM-202LAR incorporates a 48-channel the land military vehicle arena. Despite
Pro of¿ce software. www.trimble.com CSR SiRFstar-IV GSD4e GPS L1 receiver, its title, how, Raytheon says the product
GPRS/GSM modem (QUAD band is not restricted to the land market and
iXBlue launches Marins M version) for RF connectivity up to two has also been developed for application
Series inertial Nav System kilometers (1.2 miles), and a 3D magnetic for missiles and UAV/UAS platforms.
compass and 3D accelerometer the
iXBlue unveiled its Marins M series inertial operates at up to 16g. The 2.45 GHz short eCognition Essentials Software
navigation system (INS). The series includes range radio and optional Wi-Fi extension
the Marins M3, M5 and M7 systems and enable localization inside buildings. With eCognition® Essentials is a new software
is designed to address the needs of the typical power consumption at 30 mA for solution for geospatial and remote sensing
world’s most advanced navies for surface- full GPS tracking and GPRS operation, professionals performing land cover
vessel and submarine operations close the module’s advanced power-saving mapping tasks using satellite imagery.
to shore and in open-sea environments. operation lowers power consumption It offers an intuitive image analysis
The Marins M series raises the bar in down to 3ȝA, according to the company. solution that allows users of all levels to
performance and scalability by addressing quickly produce high-quality, GIS-ready
the needs of surface ship navigation Satlab new SL600 on the Pole deliverables. www.eCognition.com
under a GPS-denied environment. For GNSS Survey Receiver
submarines, Marins M7 enables three Embattled Sistema Boosts Stake
times longer autonomous stealth navigation SatLab Geosolutions AB announced in Glonass Application Maker
compared with any available system by several months ago it’s completely new
offering drifts of less than 1 Nm/72 h. and innovative SL600 as the planned Russian oil-to-telecoms group Sistema
replacement of its popular SL500 on the has boosted its stake in a company
OriginGPS launches Nano pole GNSS Surveying receiver. This new developing consumer applications for
Spider GPS receiver receiver is designed to meet the evolving Russia’s Glonass navigation system
needs of the surveying market and is the to almost 90 percent. Before the Oct.
OriginGPS has launched Nano Spider ideal solution for general land, marine 3 deal, Sistema had owned 60 percent
GPS receiver. It breaks the size barrier and construction applications. At the of Navigation Information Systems
to provide real-time positioning data heart of this rugged unit is an industry (NIS). www.themoscowtimes.com [

SD37_CMPL_December 2014.indd 61 1
SD30_CMPL_Navcom_May_Ad_AS.indd 11/12/14
03-May-14 5:26PM
5:28:44 am
[ MARK YOUR CALENDAR
February 2015 Baska GNSS Conference 2015

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International LiDAR Mapping Forum (ILMF) FIG Working Week and General Assembly
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24-26 February 27 - 28 May
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Phone ................................................................................. European Navigation Conference 2015 Geospatial Minds for Society
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Email ................................................................................... The World Cadastre Summit, 13th South East Asian Survey Congress
Congress & Exhibition 28 – 31 July, Singapore
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I enclose cheque no. ......................................................
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charges for Coordinates magazine http://expo-geo.ru/event/4-Interekspo_GEO-SIBIR/ September 2015
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in favour of ‘Coordinates Media Pvt. Ltd.’ 2015 Pacific PNT Conference 14-18 September
20 – 23 April Tampa, Florida, USA
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May 2015 15 – 17 September
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Mail this form with payment to: AUVSI's Unmanned Systems 2015
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4-7 May
Atlanta, USA
Coordinates October 2015
http://www.auvsi.org/
A 002, Mansara Apartments Commercial UAV Expo
C 9, Vasundhara Enclave RIEGL LiDAR 2015 Conferences 5 - 7 October
5 – 8 May Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
Delhi 110 096, India.
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If you’d like an invoice before sending your 2015 IAIN World Congress
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May 5 to 7, 2015 Prague, Czech Republic
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f Geodetic reference station
f Ionospheric scintillation monitoring
f Multipath signal evaluation
f Interference monitoring
f Spoofing signal research
f Weak signal investigation
f Sensor fusion (IMU, magnetometer)
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RNI: DELENG/2005/15153 No: DL(E)-01/5079/14-16

GNSS • Tracking • GIS

SD37_CMPL_December 2014.indd 1 11/12/14 5:24 am

THE ASHTECH MB-ONE — A NEXT GENERATION COMPACT,

MB-ONE RECEIVER: FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE, The MB-ONE’s extremely com

SD37_CMPL_December 2014.indd 4 11/12/14 5:24 am

2015: Hope and happiness

Russia launches new generation Glonass K navigation satellite.

ISRO successfully launches navigation satellite IRNSS-1B and IRNSS 1C.

Also releases IRNSS Interface Control Document.

Beidou system standard achieve recognition

The Galileo pair, launched together on a Soyuz rocket

Some highs and some lows in year 2014.

Let us navigate together in year 2015,

With hope and happiness.

We at Coordinates wish our readers

A happy and prosperous year 2015.

Bal Krishna, Editor

6 | Coordinates December 2014

SD37_CMPL_December 2014.indd 6 11/12/14 5:24 am

Download a free demo from our

“We have stood for quality,

8 | Coordinates December 2014

SD37_CMPL_December 2014.indd 8 11/12/14 5:24 am

CONFERENCE TOPICS ABOUT BORDEAUX

The pre-correlation ¿lters presented in Notation: Throughout the paper, vectors

10 | Coordinates December 2014

SD37_CMPL_December 2014.indd 10 11/12/14 5:25 am

Decomposition is followed by the re-

Coordinates December 2014 | 11

SD37_CMPL_December 2014.indd 11 11/12/14 5:25 am

with n(k) modeling the quantization

The adaptation of the ¿lter coef¿cients

Therefore, the variance at the input Equalizer ﬁlter

12 | Coordinates December 2014

SD37_CMPL_December 2014.indd 12 11/12/14 5:25 am

Figure 7: Simulation 3: Sky-plot with one

direction. In contrast to the spatial-only

Simulation 1 examines an interference

14 | Coordinates December 2014

SD37_CMPL_December 2014.indd 14 11/12/14 5:25 am

Coordinates December 2014 | 15

SD37_CMPL_December 2014.indd 15 11/12/14 5:25 am

Tracking ship using INSAT

Data logger, a Single Board Computer

16 | Coordinates December 2014

SD37_CMPL_December 2014.indd 16 11/12/14 5:25 am

Sl No. Speci¿cation Details

18 | Coordinates December 2014

SD37_CMPL_December 2014.indd 18 11/12/14 5:25 am

Yes Marine Electronics

20 | Coordinates December 2014

SD37_CMPL_December 2014.indd 20 11/12/14 5:25 am

22 | Coordinates December 2014

SD37_CMPL_December 2014.indd 22 11/12/14 5:25 am

Data and Saudi Arabia ADA database

the main requirements of the plan, where it • Services without

Coordinates December 2014 | 23

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24 | Coordinates December 2014

SD37_CMPL_December 2014.indd 24 11/12/14 5:25 am

Coordinates December 2014 | 25

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