Equivalence

Lexical
Differentiation
Concretization
Generalization
Sense development
Modulation
Antonymic translation
Holistic transformation
Compensation

Grammatical Transformations
changes of parts of speech
changes of sentence parts

Permutation
Replacement
Addition
Omission
1. Transposition: This is a change of one part of speech for another without
changing the sense.

transference; naturalization; cultural equivalent; descriptive equivalent;

componential analysis; synonymy: using “near tl equivalent.” through-translation;
shifts or transpositions; modulation; recognized translation; compensation;
paraphrase;
creation a new word; notes
перенесення; натуралізація; культурний еквівалент; описовий еквівалент;
компонентний аналіз; синонімія: використання “близько еквівалента
tl."наскрізний переклад; зрушення або транспозиції; модуляція;
розпізнаваний переклад; компенсація; перефразування;
створення нового слова; Примітки

 Replacing a word or phrase with an analogue that has a similar meaning, but
reproduces differently.
 Replace a word or an entire phrase with the equivalent of the target
language.
 Structural transformation – changes in the grammatical structure or word
order of the original text.
 Adding or extracting words during translation (compensation or
generalization).
 Replacement of one stylistic means by another.
 Selection of functional analogue.
 Compensation.