Pakistan’s First e-Magazine for Civil Services Aspirants HsM CSS TIMES October 2019 Fields and Branches of Anthropology ecu Ryo eao tO etary cated) UNGA 2019 How a US President can be Impeached? Quadrilateral Security Dialogue Number of international migrants reaches 272 million: UN Global Liveability Index 2019 COT TUR LL OLy PELs Ol Oley am MO OD fae 7 aera]—EASONS)TO BUY : 2 5 3 A A 9 A Cy 73 PN ce Per eat eth for complete range visit us at www.hsmpublishers.com Pakistan’s Leading Publisher for Competitive Exams & Military Test Books GS ws Gm MILITARY TEST BOOKS | GOVT. RECRUITMENT WORKBOOKS ENGLISH GRAMMAR BOOKS:Whatis UNGA? Popularly knownas the parliament of the world, where all the 193 UN member states are represented, the UNGA is the deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the UN. ‘The United Nations General Assembly is ‘one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), the only one in which all member nations have equal representation, and the main deliberative, policy-making, and ntative organ ofthe UN. The 74th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) is currently on at the UN headquarters in New York from 17S The general debate started on September 24 and ends on September 30, with dozens of world leaders scheduled to ss the General Assembly. ory first session of the UN General ane ee ante) Assembly was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations. The next few annual sessions were held rent cities: thesecond RieHM fea session in New York City, and the third in Paris. It moved to the permanent Headquarters of the United Nations in New York City at the start of its seventh regular annual session, on 14 October 1952. In December 1988, in order to hear Yasser Arafat, the General Assembly organized its 29th session in the Palace of Nations, in Geneva, Switzerland. Who is UNGA President 2019? i The current UNGA President is Tijjani Muhammad-Bande of Nigeria, who was elected to the post on June 4, 2019 Roles and Function: 1. Takes a decision on important matters such as peace and security, discusses various global issues and budgetary matters. 2. Decides on matters such as the admission of new members. 3. Decisions are taken through a vote. Admission of new members and budgetary matters require a two-thirds majority, while the decision on other issues are taken bya simple majority. 4. Each sovereign state gets one vote and the votes are not binding on the membership, except in budgetary matters. Rid 5. The Assembly has no binding votes or veto powers like the UN Security Council. 6. The UNGA can express world opinion, promote international cooperation in various fields and make recommendations to the UNSC and elect the Security Council's non-permanent members. Which Countries are Nota Part of UNGA? Among the world’s 196 countries, 193 are UN member states and three nations- Palestine, the Vatican City and Taiwan are not a part of the international organization as their country statusis not recognized globally due to political and religiousreasons. According to the Charter of the United Nations, the General Assembly may: 1. Consider and approve the United Nations budget and establish the financial assessments of Member States; 2. Elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council and the members of other United Nations couneils and organs and, on the recommendation of the Security Council, appoint the Secretary-General; 3. Consider and make recommendations on the general principles of cooperation for maintaining international peace and security, including disarmament; 4. Discuss any question relating to international peace and security and, except where a dispute or situation is currently being discussed by the SecurityH-V GESTS Council, make recommendations on it; 5. Discuss, with the same exception, and make recommendations on any questions within the scope of the Charter or affecting the powers and functions of any organ of the United Nations; 6. Initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political cooperation, the development and codification of international law, the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and international collaboration in the economic, social, humanitarian, cultural, educational and health fields; ye Make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of any situation that might impair friendly relations among countries; 8. Consider reports from the Security Council and other United Nations organs. IMPORTANT Events essay Saturday, September 28 Syria Demands Immediate Withdrawal of All Foreign Forces Syria has demanded the immediate withdrawal of all foreign forces and asserted that it reserved the right to take action if they remain. Over more than has drawn numerous foreign mil and thousands of foreign fighters battling for power. Friday, September 27 Bangladesh: Rohingya Refugee Crisis is Worsening Bangladesh's leader said the crisisH-M GESTS involving Rohingya refugees from neighbouring Myanmar is now "going beyond the camps" where they are staying and "becoming a regional threat". Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina says the international community must of the "understand the untenabilit situation". Venezuela Condemns Countries that Shunned Maduro Vice President Delcy Rodriguez is condemning the US and more than 50 other countries that recognised opposition leader Juan Guaido as Venezuela's rightful president, calling it the "worst mistake in the diplomatic history of these countries". She condemned US sanctions "focused on strangling the Venezuelan economy" but made little reference to years of hyperinflation, power outages and food and medicine shortages that have driven more than four million people to flee the once relatively prosperous country. Malaysia PM Delivers Sharp Criticism of UN Malaysian Prime Mini Mahathir Mohamad took the UN to task for failing to prevent wars and criticising the countries of the Security Council for giving themselves "the right practically to rule the world", Mahathir painted a picture at the UNGA of a world in which ies me the rich countries do what they please - writing the trade laws, imposing sanctions, imposing democracy - while less-powerful countries struggle. Mahathir particularly railed against the veto power held by the five permanent members of the UN Security Council. Bahamas PM Calls on International Committee to Tackle Climate Change As the Bahamas strives to recover from Hurricane Dorian, the prime minister is pleading with the international community to tackle climate change - and encouraging travellers to visit to help the island nation rebuild. Hubert Minnis. told the UN General Assembly that the September 1 storm was "a generational tragedy" for his country. He portrayed it as an illustration of how warming ocean waters can become "instruments ofdeath and destruction”. One of the strongestHM GES Atlantic hurricanes ever recorded, Dorian razed parts of the Bahamas. Russia Calls Political Process 'Top Priority' For Syria Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov has said that the political proc s the top priority for Syria now, so that in the near future Syrian refugees can return to their homes. He said Russia thinks the UN should playa major role in the return of those refugees. Lavrov accused Western countries of having "double standards on human rights, banning journalists and influencing media". "The United States withdrew from the JCPOA, and Washington has started demanding from others to play by its rules,” he said. The Russian leader also talked about NATO increasing its military spending and said its members "continue to search for enemies". Lavrov warned against the use of nuclear weapons, calling on the international community not to launch intercontinental missiles. China Aims for Diplomatic Solution on Korean Peninsula China's Foreign Minister Wang Yi has called on the involved parties to solve the Korean Peninsula dispute through political means. Yi said China "remains committed to sovereign rights and equality", adding that the country has "no intention of exporting our HSM CSS Times development model or lecture others". He warned of protectionism and unilateral withdrawal from international treaties. Yi also said China hopes the situation in Kashmir is "effectively solved", that the Palestinian issue should be at the top of the international agenda and that world leaders lack courage to act on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict Pakistani PM Warns of "Bloodbath' in Kashmir During his speech at the UNGA, Pakistan Prime Minister called on the UN toact on the ongoing lockdown of Kashmir, in a speech where he also covered corruption, climate change and Islamophobia. He warned the situation in Kashmir could escalate, claiming Pakistan would be (eee easemais cus 2019-20 CadHMGEYAIES blamed by India for any future conflict and that Prime Minister Narendra Modi has not thought through the effects of revoking Kashmir's special status. No Mention of Kashmir in Indian PM's address at UNGA Indian Prime Minister did not mention the ongoing lockdown of Kashmir in his addressed. at UNGA. Speaking at. the gathering, the PM instead talked about India's and his government's achievements. He also talked about India's infrastructure plans, including building houses, improving. sanitation and a big effort to reduce single-use plastics in the country. Thursday, September 26 Calls for Justice for Jamal Khashoggi on Sidelines of UN Meeting The fiancee of murdered Jamal Khashoggi made an impassioned plea for justice, days before the first anniversary of the Saudi journalist's death. Hatice M CSS Times Cengiz, who was preparing to marry Khashoggi when he was killed in Saudi Arabia's consulate in Istanbul on October 2 ,2018, complained that "no concrete action" had been taken since the incident to identify and prosecute his killers. Cengiz and UN Special Rapporter Agnes Callamard, who investigated the killing, spoke on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly in NewYork. US Wants Kashmir Restrictions Lifted The United States wants New Delhi to quickly ease restrictions imposed in Indian-occupied Kashmir, a senior official Alice Wells, the top State Department official for South Asia said after President Donald Trump met the sidelines of the UNGA. Countries at UN Commit to Fighting 'Fake News' Twenty countries, including France and Britain, signed an agreement at the UN that aims to stop the spread of ‘fake news’. The signatories, which also included South Afr and Canada, committed to promoting "independently reported, diverse and reliable” information on the internet, under an accord initiated by Reporters Without Borders (RSF), a press freedomHMGSAES Palestinian Leader Abbas Criticises Netanyahu Remarks on Annexing Palestinian Land Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas criticised remarks by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu ahead of the Israeli elections in which Netanyahu promised to annex parts of the occupied West Bank. The Palestinian leader also called for the UN to be a mediator in peace talks between Palestine and Israel, adding Palestine "will not accept the sole US mediation". Abbas also called for Palestine, which is currently a so-called observer state to the UN, to be admitted asa full member of the United Nations. ‘Turkish and Greek Leaders Discuss Refugees in New York Greece's new conservative prime minister met Turkey's leader for the first time and asked for cooperation in stemming an uptick in migrant and refugee arrivals. Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis had a meeting with President Recep Tayyip Erdogan as the leaders of the historic adversaries on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly. Wednesday, September 25: Guterres Warns of "Unprecedented Threat’ From Intolerance, Violent Extremism Ras UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres has warned the world is facing "an unprecedented threat from intolerance, violent extremism and terrorism" that affects every country, exacerbating conflicts and destabilising entire regions. He stressed that the response to the "unprecedented" threat "must complement security measures with prevention efforts that identify and address root causes, while always respecting human rights Trump Says He Put 'No Pressure’ on Zelensky To Act on Biden US President Donald Trump said he placed "no pressure" on Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky to investigate Democratic political rival Joe Biden. Trump commented during a meeting in New York with Zelensky on thesidelines of the UNGA meeting. = WHO Chief: Ebola Outbreak ‘onthe Retreat’ The World Health Organization chief said the second-deadliest Ebola outbreak in history is "on the retreat," but he warned that any attack by the many armed groups in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) could affect health workers’ hard-won gains. US, Japan Announce Bilateral Trade AgreementHM GSAES US President Donald Trump and Japan's Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced the "first stage of a phenomenal new trade agreement" between the two countries. Trump and Abe met on the sidelines of the UNGA meeting to finalise the bilateral trade agreement. In remarks before signing the deal, Trump said Japan will open new markets to approximately $7bn in US agricultural products and Japanese tariffs will now "be significantly lower or eliminated entirely for US beef, pork, wheat, cheese, corn, wine and so much more." For his part, Abe called the deal "a win-win" for both nations, saying the agreement brings "benefits to everyone in Japan as well as in the US, namely consumers, producers and wor! Rouhani: Iran's Response to ‘Talks Under Sanctions is No Tranian President Hassan Rouhani ruled out negotiations with the US on the nuclear issue as long as sanctions remained in place. "I would like to announce that our response to any negotiation under sanctions is negative," Rouhani said in an address to the UNGA. Speaking on the second day of the UNGA f. ess) [OCTOBER 2019 | gathering, Rouhani said Iran had "resisted the most merciless economic: terrorism". He also warned that the Gulf region was "on the verge of collapse, as a single blunder can fuel a big fire”. Rouhani said the US had failed to solve conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria and was not capable of playing a role in calming tensions and bringing peace to the region now. Pompeo: US Imposing Sanctions on Chinese Entities over Iran Oil The US is imposing sanctions on certain Chinese entities for knowingly transferring oil from Iran, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said, in what he called fresh actions to intensify pressure on Iran. Pompeo also said Washington was going to ramp up efforts to educate countries on the risks of doing business with Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps to disentangle them from the Iranian economy. Tuesday, September 24 Britain's PM Dodges Brexit in UNGA Speech Britain's Prime Minister Boris JohnsonH-V GESTS barely mentioned Brexit in his speech to the UNGA, instead focussing on the promise and dangers of technology. Johnson said he was "profoundly optimistic" about technology's future - if humanity was able to find "the right balance between freedom and control". His only comment on Brexit was wrapped up in Greek mythology and the story of Prometheus, who steals fire in defiance of the gods condemning him to eternal torture - having his liver pecked out by an eagle day after day. It was a bit like Brexit, Johnson said "if some of our members of parliament have their way". Johnson has had to cut short his visit to the UN after Britain's highest court ruled his decision to prorogue parliament for five weeks in the run-up to the October 31 Brexit deadline was unlawful. MPs will return to the house. Luxembourg PM Says Everyone Must Challenge Hate Speech Luxembourg's Prime Minister Xavier Bettel told the United Nations that as an openly gay politician he could not accept hate speech and that everyone had a duty to challenge it. In what advocates said was the first speech at the UN by an openly gay world leader on LGBT rights, Bettel called on world leaders to stop freedom of expression from leading to harm. Bettel, 46, who was re-elected for a Bes a second term in 2018, is one of three openly gay and lesbian leaders in the ‘Id and married his partner in 2015. US Leads China Condemnation Over 'Horrific' Repression in Xinjiang The United States led more than 30 countries in condemning what it called China's “horrific campaign of repression” against Muslims in the western region of Xinjiang, in an event on the sidelines of the UNGA that was denounced by the government in Beijing. Calling for UN access to the area, where the world body has said one million Uighurs are being held in detention camps that China calls vocational skills training centres, Deputy Secretary of State John Sullivan said the United Nations and its member states had "a singular responsibility to speak up when survivor after survivor recounts the horrors of state repression”. China criticised the US for organising the event, while Foreign Minister Wang Yi said the measures taken in Xinjiang were necessary to prevent ‘extremism and terrorism Seoul Calls for 'Peace Zone' between Koreas Tee1S) CSS/Times South Korea's president called for economic engagement with North Korea in return for progress on nuclear disarmament and urged the establishment of an "international peace zone" on the divided peninsula. Moon Jae-in said his nation "will guarantee the security of North Korea" and expressed hope "North Korea will do the same for South Korea". He added that mutual security assurances. would allow faster nuclear disarmament on. the Korean Peninsula, which is still technically in a state of war, and that UN offices and other international groups could be stationed at the proposed "peace zone". Turkey, Nigeria Condemn Islamophobia Presidents of Turkey and Nigeria have condemned mophobia in their addresses. Turkish leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan said hate speech was a disease turning into a "raging insanity” HSM CSS Times Meanwhile, Muhammadu Buhari highlighted the growing threat of hatred towards Muslims, citing the istchurch mosque attacks earlier this Trump: Future Belongs to 'Patriots' NOT 'Globalists' US President Donald Trump told the UN General Assembly the future belonged to "patriots" and not "globalists". "Wise leaders always put the good of their own people and their own country first,” he said. "The future belongs to sovereign and independent nations who protect their citizens, respect their nei; and honour the differe each country special and unique.” Guterres Opens UNGA Debate neral Antonio Guterres ate at UNGA, tate of opened the fir warning the world was in a "disquiet".HM GSAS How A U President Can Be Impeached? After President Trump's Ukraine scandal drove a new wave of Democrats toward impeachment, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi finally announced that the House will launch a formal impeachment inquiry. It's obviously a huge step, but there's still much confusion about what exactly presidential impeachment means, how the process works, and what consequences Trump is likely to face. Since it's only happened twice in U.S. history (to Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton, with Richard Nixon avoiding a eae aceeee (4998) — but the Senate did not convict them. In between, President Richard Nixon (1974) resigned before he could be removed. Impeachment is a provision that allows Congress to remove the President of the United States. Impeachment is to official misconduct what an indictment is to crime: a statement of charges leading to a trial. The procedure for congressional impeachment of Executive branch officials (including but not limited to the president) was spelled out in some detail in the U.S. Constitution, as the official House of Representatives history observes: 1. The House of Representatives (Lower House) has the “the sole www.csstimes. pkHV GESTS power of impeachment” while the Senate (Upper House) has “the sole power to try all impeachments”. 2. The Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court has the duty of presiding over impeachment trials in the Senate. Grounds for impeachment: Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution specifically mentions “treason” and “bribery” as grounds for impeachment, but it also stipulates that “other High Crimes and Misdemeanors” are sufficient. It's important to understand that when the Constitution was adopted, the term “misdemeanors” had not assumed its later meaning as a type of criminal offense. According to the most common interpretation of this language, impeachment does not require the allegation of a crime, but simply some grave act or pattern of misconduct deemed by Congress as necessitating this STAGE BY cis ee od Six House committees are ‘¢ probing charges against Trump. ¥ They will send their strongest Not enough evidence found of wrongdoing ‘Trump stays in office cases tothe Judiciary Committee. Sufficientevidence found of wrongdoing (Controlled by Democrats) Floor test on one or more articles of impeachment. Less than a majority votes forimpeachment ‘Trump stays in office Majority of membersvote in favour of impeachment Trumpis impeached aS (Controlled by Republicans) Senate holds trial, followed by voting on conviction Less than 2/3 vote to convict Trump staysin office Poems) 2/3members vote to convict TrumpisremovedS| CSS/Times radical remedy. Under House rules and long-standing practice, the House lays out the grounds for impeachment, then holds a simple majority vote. If the articles of impeachment are approved, they're then presented to the Senate for further action. In 1868, the House approved 11 articles of impeachment against President Johnson, mostly revolving around his defiance of the (quite possibly unconstitutional) Tenure of Office Act, which restricted the president's power to dismiss Cabinet members (the underlying “offense” was clearly Johnson's efforts to obstruct congressional Reconstruction of the former Confederate States). In 1998, the House approved just two articles of impeachment against Clinton: cone alleged that he committed perjury in grand jury testimony when questioned about his sexual relationship with intern Monica Lewinsky, and the second alleged oes Nolet relea eoT obstruction of justice to hide evidence in that case. It was a highly legalistic argument, which helped buttress the false public impression that without “crimes” there can be no impeachment. Under all precedents, the Judiciary Committee will debate and vote upon each proposed article of impeachment, and if any are approved (and of course there would be no committee vote unless success was assured), they are reported to the full House for debate and a conclusive vote forimpeachment. Typically, the party pushing impeachment will favor a tight set of resolutions that revolve around a clear pattern of malfeasance, and that might even attract members of the president's party (orat least some of his supporters). In July of 1974, the House Judiciary Committee approved three of five proposed articles impeaching Nixon. The firstto drawa vote, alleging presidential wn i -_—_—_ %pibYKO)\a MO) s i Kabir Street Urdu Bazar, Lahore Phone: 042-373532510 www.hsmpublishers.com www.ilmikitabkhana.comHv GESTS LB obstruction of justice, attracted six of the committee's 17 Republicans. Though two other articles were subsequently reported, one was sufficient for impeachment and a Senate trial, so the committee vote led directly to Nixon's resignation before the House could formally impeach him. In Clinton's case, the Judiciary Committee approved four articles of impeachment, with committee Democrats voting en bloc against all of them. Enough Republicans defected on the House floor to defeat two of these articles, and only five Democrats voted for the crucial article impeaching Clinton for lying under oath to a federal grand jury about his relationship to Lewinsky. Most experts believe the provisions made Pees smc estan for an impeachment trial in both the Constitution and in Senate rules mean. some sort of proceedings are obligatory. But then we are talking about Mitch McConnell being in charge, and even if you think he is required to hold a trial, who is going to enforce that requirement? The courts are likely to stay away from a conflict as a “political question.” But McConnell has publicly talked about holding impeachment trials as though it's not a real question. And you'd have to figure Republicans will want some deliberations, however, superficial, so they can claim Trump has been exonerated. There are not, however, constitutional or Senate provisions requiring a trial of any particular length or depth. And it could go pretty fast, as Inoted earlier this year: Chief Justice John Roberts would preside over any impeachment trial, but Mitch McConnell would determine the schedule and the Senate itself could by a simple majority vote (almost certainly aH-V GESTS party-line vote) control evidence and witnesses. In the unlikely event there are four Senate Republicans (the minimum requisite number to deny their party a majority) willing to buck McConnell on any particular controversy involving impeachment, the odds are very high such dissenters will want a quick trial to limit partisan blowback. All in all, it's clear that if the House impeaches Trump, you can expect a Senate acquittal with as much speed as any kangaroo court could devise. If there is anything like a real trial, it is assumed the House's representatives (or “managers”) will be given an opportunity to present and explain the articles of impeachment on which the trial will be based, much like prosecutors in criminal cases (though in the Clinton case, the Senate chose not to let the managers call live witnesses). The president typically can choose representatives to present his case (Clinton's defense was led by attorney Charles Ruff, whose team included former Arkansas senator Dale Bumpers). According to precedent, senators act like jurors, making no public statements on the proceeding until after their votes are cast (in the Clinton case, senators spoke before the vote in a closed-door session, with their remarks published in the Congressional Record afterthe vote). The Johnson impeachment trial in 1868 lasted from March 5 until May 16, when the Senate's first crucial “test vote” on a catch-all article of impeachment failed by one vote. Ten days later the Senate voted predictably to acquit on two other articles, and subsequently voted for general acquittal and adjournment. Clinton's impeachment trial was more hurried: It began on January 7, 1999, when presiding officer Chief Justice (Digital Magazine) |°1= te)" P TSF)HM Sa ended on February 12, with Clinton's easy acquittal on both articles (45 senators, all Republicans, voted for his guilt on the perjury article, with ten Republicans defecting; and 50 senators vote for the obstruction article, with five Republicans defecting). What Are the Odds the Senate Would Vote to Convict Trump and Remove Him From Office? As indicated above, the odds of Trump being removed via impeachment range from “slim” to “none.” It would take only 34 of 54 Senate Republicans to acquit Trump, and the idea that 20 senators froma party dominated by this president like a Bronze Age warlord would defy the MAGA base and try to defenestrate him HSM CSS Times on the brink of an epochal presidential election is, in a word, laughable. And that's true no matter what Nadler's committee uncovers, or what journalists dig up, or what the president himself admits in one of his moments when his belief in his own invincibility overcomes all good judgment Perhaps there is a theoretical set of events that could rapidly erode Trump's partisan invincibility the way Watergate gradually eroded Nixon's, but it's hard to imagine and impossible to expect. So How Is This All Likely to End? Assuming Trump is impeached and then acquitted, this saga will conclude with the 2020 presidential election, and with Trump's ejection from office or his triumphal reelection. It's possible, of course, that whether or not the current impeachment drive goes anywhere, a second-term Trump could get himself impeached (indeed, some Democratic opponents of impeaching Trump now think this option should be saved for later, when his conduct would undoubtedly become far worse). But most likely his impeachment, or even impeachment hearings, will reinforce the sense that the 2020 election is a high- stakes referendum on the sprawling corruption, norm-breaking, and racist andsexist attitudes ofthe 45th president. It's the possible impact of impeachment on Trump's reelection that has caused so many arguments among Democrats (mostly in Washington, since rank-and- file Democrats have been trending pro- impeachment for some time). Best we can tell from polls, the public is not making any sort of fine distinctionsHV GESTS between “initiating impeachment proceedings” or impeaching Trump or removing him from office. Once Democrats head decisively down that road they may as well follow it until its logical end. Some sincerely believe impeachment will hurt Trump in 2020 by focusing public attention on his misconduct and conveying a clear sense of Democratic purpose in holding him and his corrupt hirelings accountable (or conversely, that failing to impeach Trump will depress Democratic “base” enthusiasm). Others (most clearly presidential candidate Elizabeth Warren) argue that it's a constitutional or moral duty even if it helps produce the horror of a second Trump term. The process: 1. It begins with an investigation by a House committee. If they find that there is enough evidence of wrongdoing, it will refer the matter tothe full House. 2. HOUSE VOTE: When the full House votes, if one or more of the articles of impeachment gets a majority vote, the President is impeached. Next, the proceedings movetothe Senate. 3. SENATE TRIAL & VOTE: The Senate holds a trial, overseen by the chief justice of the Supreme Court. A team of lawmakers from the House, known as managers, play the role of prosecutors. The President has defence lawyers, and the Senate serves as the jury. Tf at least two-thirds of the Senators present find the President guilty, he is removed and the Vice President takes over as President. What next? Numbers in the Houses: The House has 235 Democrats, 199 Republicans, and one independent. The Democrats could, therefore, impeach Trump with no Republican support. ‘The Senate has 53 Republicans, 45 elie HOW IMPEACHMENT WORKS (Digital Magazine) re) seyHM CSSA Democrats and two independents who require 67 votes, which cannot happen usually vote with the Democrats. unless some Republicans vote against Conviction of the President would him. How U.S. impeachment process works The U.S. House of Representatives has launched a formal impeachment inquiry against President Donald Trump, accusing him of violating the Constitution by seeking foreign help to smear Democrat rival Joe Biden 0 U.S. House of Representatives ZA Any member can introduce resolution Z of impeachment if they suspect FH, president is guilty of “treason, bribery, or other ‘high crimes and misdemeanour House Judiciary Committee: Normally votes on whether grounds for impeachment exist, but Democrats could appoint special committee to oversee process or move straight to House vote oe Simple majority in House, where Democrats hold Total 235 seats, sends 435 process to Senate 6 Senate trial: Chief justice of Supreme Court presides, $2 while House members form Prosecution and senators act TZ as jury. President can appoint Z defence lawyers 0 vote on impeachment yet Democrats hold 47 seats. Two-thirds majority required ie) to remove president from office Vice tty then takes over for remainder of term 4 Trump joins three other presidents who have faced impeachment — Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton, who were acquitted by Senate, and Richard Nixon, who resigned to avoid being impeached Sources: AP, Bloomberg, BBC, NBC News, Reuters Pictures: AP, Getty mages _ © GRAPHIC NEWS. ees mauceyHV GESTS ™ oe Quadrilateral fs D) >) oF ay In. a significant development for the region, the Quadrilateral Strategic Dialogue (“the Quad”) between Australia, India, Japan. and the U.S. held its first Minister-level meeting since it was revived in 2017. The group, which met in New York on September 28 September 2019, is seen as a regional counter-weight to China and has only met at the Joint or Assistant Secretary level since 2017. Significance, focus and outcomes of latest meet: + The Ministers met to discuss cooperation on counter- terrorism, mentoring, assistance in disaster relief, airtime security, cooperation, development, finance and cybersecurity efforts (Digital Magazine) [> ean] ete. + The Quad countries were “resolute” in their view of the centrality of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in South East Asia. Introduction The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad or QSD), a proposed multilateral platform consisting of the United States (US), India, Japan and Australia intended to underpin a future Asia-HM Sa Pacific order, has the potential to significantly impact Pakistan's international standing. As an important regional actor, Pakistan's responses to sucha platform will be influential. Whatis Quad Grouping? Established: 2007-2008 The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD, also known as the Quad) is currently an informal but increasingly being formalised strategic dialogue between the United States, Japan, Australia and India aimed at free and secure Indo-Pacific to counter China's aggressive String of Pearls strategy in the region with specific focus areas of freedom of navigation, maritime security cooperation, joint military exercises, security and integrity of friendly nations, counterterrorism, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, development finance, and cybersecurity. The Quad plan was not a recent one; it was mooted a decade ago. India was working closely with the US, as a part of establishing a nuclear partnership. In the nit HSM CSS Times east, New Delhi's relations with Japan and Australia were also developing. However, the first season of the idea of Quad was driven by the think tanks (especially in the US), than the policy circles. It was more of a coalition of four democracies. While the idea was welcomed in India, there were no serious steps at the governmental level to operationaliseit. Pakistan and the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue The Western Pacific has been regarded as a site of strategic competition for some time, but the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). has recently begun to emerge as another pivotal area in major power rivalry. Driven by China's Two-Ocean Strategy, India's regional ambitions, economic competition and United States" (US) efforts to maintain ascendancy, the IOR has transformed from a geopolitical sideshow to a critical region with an uncertain future.1 In an effort to maintain order and protect theirH-V GESTS interests, the US, India, Japan and Australia are considering forming a partnership to exert influence across the Asia-Pacific. Known as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad or QSD), this proposed multilateral platform is yet to solidify into a tangible force. However, it has the potential to substantially influence the region's future by becoming a mechanism for coordinated strategies and incident responses. Asa country with strong interests in the IOR, Pakistan is keenly watching such developments. Son a With a strategically important location, nuclear weapons, ongoing territorial disputes with India and significant relations with both China and the US, Pakistan is playing an important role in the region's shifting polities and will likely have a major impact on its future. It is, therefore, vital to consider the impact the Quad may have on Pakistan's interests. Pakistan's Interests in IOR (Digital Magazine) | -" 17 PTET) India is aggressively seeking port access and joint development agreements with maritime states throughout the Indo- Pacific to deal with China's growing influence. The strategy envisions countering Beijing's establishment of a naval base at Djibouti and preventing additional access to new facilities. In the last year alone, New Delhi has been racing to forge agreements in diverse places including Duqm (Oman), Assumption Island (Seychelles), Chabahar (Iran), and Sabang (Indonesia). But eventual Indian Navy operations alone within this network will probably not be enough to ensure the entire Indo-Pacific remains stable and peaceful. Having the Quad members available to supplement and reinforce Indian operations at and via these ports could increase deterrence. The American presence in the ‘Indo- Pacific’ is not only justified on the grounds that the US has historically been a Pacific power but now, more than ever before, to “defend the interests ofits aa a EUR ats * , 2016-2019 =o eons a3 poop . F, : € ae oy rn * ee HM nil lL oT me TeHM SSA allies” against an “aggressive and expansionist,” China. As alleged by General Mattis, China has undertaken “militarisation of artificial features in the disputed South China Sea, deployed anti- ship and surface to air missiles, electronic jammers and bomber aircraft.” He claimed that these Chinese measures were “tied directly to military use for the purpose of intimidation and coercion.” In response, according to Mattis, the US is “standing shoulder to shoulder with India, ASEAN and our treaty allies... to build an Indo-Pacific where sovereignty and territorial integrity are safeguarded.” However, the chronology of events clearly demonstrates that China has been re-active rather than preemptive to safeguard its interests. Even as China-US relations were proceeding on their positive trajectory, in 2006, the Bush administration entered into a strategic partnership with India in order to promote that country as a counter- weight to China. Its conventional and =e essay strategic military build-up was encouraged and assisted, including development of Ballistic Missiles Defence, long-range missiles, submarine launched ballistic missile equipped nuclear powered submarines, among other high-tech weaponry. Concurrently, the US encouraged Japan's revanchist Prime Minister Abe to reverse policy and engage in Japanese militarisation while also supporting him to revive the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands dispute with China. In the South China Sea, the US instigated the Philippines, Vietnam and others to seek international arbitration for their maritime disputes with China while abandoning their ongoing bilateral dialogue with Beijing. In Obama's ‘Asian Pivot’ policy, the US substantially increased its regional military presence, especially in Australia and Japan apart from its own regional bases. The 'New Silk Road Initiative’ launched from India and the Trans-Pacific Partnership’ trade pact were designed to exclusively exclude China. Official formation of the Quad by - =]HM SSA 2017 was the proverbial last straw because it can choke China's sea lanes of communication, vital for 80 per cent of its trade, including oil imports. Therefore, if China is indeed flexing its regional muscle, it has good reason to do So. Apart from its military modernisation, including naval projection, China has embarked on developing alternative routes to link up to the West, such as, the Belt-Road Initiative (BRI) of which CPEC is a lynch-pin, providing connectivity to the Persian Gulf through the Gwadar Port. Not surprisingly, India and the US have not only opposed CPEC but are actively engaged in de-railing it. Concurrently, Trump has gone even further than Obama and Bush to help build up Indian conventional and strategic capabilities while fully endorsing India's ambition of regional domination. In the words of General Mattis at the IISS conclave: “the US values the role India can play in regional and global security... based on a convergence of strategic interests;” and that “our partnership extends beyond the Indo-Pacific region, and we welcome India's continued significant contribution to stability and re- construction in Afghanistan.” Evidently, HSM CSS Times Mattis had temporary amnesia about India's role in supporting the TTP and Baloch militants against Pakistan from. the Afghan soil. Herein is the problem for Pakistan. American support for Indian hegemony to contain China confronts Pakistan with an existential threat. Not only is India engaged in a massive military build-up for power projection in South Asia and beyond in the Asia-Pacific, but also pursues doctrines that seek space for conventional war with Pakistan despite the existence of nuclear deterrence, as well as promoting terrorism at the sub- conventional level, against Pakistan. While Pakistan's response has significantly reduced incidents of terrorism and its Full Spectrum deterrence has neutralised Indian 'Cold Start’ doctrine, it still needs to develop capabilities to tackle emerging challenges. These include India's role in the "Indo-Pacific that can threaten our maritime interests and use of nuclear powered submarines and overseas bases targeting our strategic assets. This requires, among other measures, development of our naval outreach capabilities as well as missiles with the required ranges._ nn The global number of international migrants reached an estimated million in 2019, an increase of 51 million since 2010. Currently, international migrants comprise 3.5 per cent of the global population, compared to 2.8 per cent in the year 2000. The estimates are based on official national statistics on the foreign-born or the foreign population obtained from population censuses, population registers or nationally representative surveys. The following key messages are based on the dataset International Migrant Stock 2019 and related materials prepared by the Population Dit and Social Affairs (UN DESA). (Digital Magazine) 5 ee a euS| CSS/Times Ten Key Points 1. In 2019, the number of international migrants worldwide has reached nearly 272 million, up from 221 million in2010 Europe hosted the largest number of international migrants (82 million), followed by Northern America (59 million) and Northern Africa and Western Asia (49 million). The regional distribution of international migrants is changing, with migrant populations growing faster in Northern Africa and HSM CSS Times Western Asia and in sub-Saharan Africa thaninother regions. 2. The global number of international migrants has grown faster than the world's population Consequently, the share of international migrants in the total population has increased from 2.8 per cent in the year 2000 to 3.5 per cent in 2019. The share of international migrants in the total population varied considerably across regions, with Oceania (21 per cent), including Australia and New Zealand, r [NURIBER OF EMNGRANTS LIVING ABROAD BY ORIGIN, 2017 ¥. *HM GES/TES International Migrants: India No. 1 Total number FIGURES: of people living 2015 (IN MILLIONS) outside of their country of birth Ire & 4q> 15.58 A — 10.58\ | Russia Bangladesh EEL) 7.21 QE ‘SOURCE: Pew Research Center CSRS J OCTOBER 2019 de0% Perit. YX ux - oe aeS| CSS/Times Top Ten Origins of Migrants and Northern America (16. per cent) recording the highest proportions. 3. Forced displacements across international borders have continued to rise The global number of refugees and asylum seekers increased by about 13 million between 2010 and 2017, accounting for close to a quarter of the inerease in the number of all international migrants.2 Northern Africa and Western Asia hosted around 46 percent of the global number of refugees and asylum seekers, followed by sub-Saharan Africa (close to 21 percent). 4. Most of the world's migrants live in a relatively small number of countries Largest Migration Corridors 1990-2000 Mexico USA Russia ————— Germany 2000-2010 vesco + sh se 200-2017 ss > ur ees smace Myanmar ————— Thailand India ———> Oman Romania Italy India ——— Saudi ArabiaHV GESTS In 2019, two thirds of all international migrants were living in just 20 countries. The largest number of international migrants (51 million) resided in the United States of America, equal to about 19 per cent of the world’s total. Germany and Saudi Arabia hosted the second and third largest numbers of migrants worldwide (around 13 million each), followed by the Russian Federation (12 million) and the United Kingdom (10 another 37 million originated in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia. 6. Most international migrants move between countries located within the sameregion ‘The majority of international migrants in sub-Saharan Africa (89 per cent), Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (83 per cent), Latin America and the Caribbean. Top Ten Source Countries of Refugees ria Atgunatan Soan Sudan Democratic Republic of Congo ContratAticanRepubie fra / million). 5. Over two fifths of all international migrants worldwide in 2019 had been born in Europe (61 million) or in Central and Southern Asia (50 million) Latin America and the Caribbean was the region of origin of an additional 40 million international migrants, and SS — Ss = = = = = SHARE & (73 per cent), and Central and Southern Asia (63 per cent) originated from another country in the same region where they resided. By contrast, most of the international migrants that lived in Northern America (98 percent), Oceania (88 per cent) and Northern Africa and Western Asia (59 per cent) were born ina region other than the one in which they wereresiding. 7. One-third ofallS| CSS/Times international migrants originate in only ten countries In 2019, India was the leading country of origin of international migrants, with 17.5 million persons living abroad. Migrants from Mexico constituted the second largest “diaspora” (11.8 million), followed by China (10.7 million), the Russian Federation (10.5 million) and the Syrian Arab Republic (8.2 million). However, numbers alone don't tell the whole story: + India is the top country of origin for migrants, with more than sixteen million Indian-born people living in foreign countries. Although Indian migrants are the largest group coming from a single country, they represent only 1 percent of India's total population. + Small countries tend to be more dramatically affected by push and pull factors causing migration. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, violent conflict during the 1990s and lingering instability in the region since then has pushed much of the population abroad: today, around 50 percent of the 3.5 million people born in Bosnia and Herzegovina live elsewhere. Similarly, job opportunities and other factors have pulled around 10 percent of the Philippine population abroad. Emigrations of that size have profoundly affected the economies of these countries. 8. In 2019, women comprise slightly less than half of all international migrants ‘The share of women in the total number of international migrants fell from 49.3 percent in 2000 to 47.9 per cent in 2019. ‘The share of migrant women was highest Top Ten Host Countries of Refugees kmopia HSM CSS Times SHARE & a]HM ESAS in Northern America (51.8 per cent) and Europe (51.4 per cent), and lowest in sub- Saharan Africa (47.5 per cent), and Northern Africa and Western Asia (35-5 percent). In 2019, 38 million international migrants, equivalent to 14 per cent of global migrant population, were under 20 years of Sub-Saharan Africa hosted the highest proportion of young persons among all international migrants (27 per cent), followed by Latin America and the Caribbean, and Northern Africa and Western Asia (about 22 percenteach). In 2019, 202 million international migrants, equivalent to 74 per centofthe global migrant population, were between the ages of 20 and 64. More than three HSM CSS Times quarters of international migrants were of working age in Eastern and South- Eastern Asia, Europe and Northern America. The world’s refugee population is at a record high, The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that twenty-four people are displaced every minute. Their origins and destinations are dominated by just a few countries. For example, more than half of all refugees come from only three countries Syria, Afghanistan, and South Sudan—all countries involved in protracted conflicts. Migration—who migrates, where, and why—is constantly evolving. Today's migration patterns can tell alot about the broader global context, from economic opportunities to humanitarian crises. But they also give a preview of what the future will look like in a world shaped by the paths of migrants. [OCTOBER 2019 | ForHv GESTS peas Context: At the Bloomberg Global Business Forum in New York, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi made a pitch for India's membership of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). Whatis NSG? + Broughtin 1974- in response to the Indian nuclear test (smiling Buddha). + It is a Multilateral export control regime. + It is a Group of nuclear supplier countries that seek to prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling the export of materials, equipment and technology that can be used to manufacture nuclear weapons. + The NSG first met in November 1975 in London, and is thus popularly referred to as the “London Club”. + It is Not a formal organization, and its guidelines are not binding. Decisions, including on (Orn MOOTOBER 2019 | ans Nuclear Group membership, are made by consensus. * Membership: 48 supplier states. History Negotiated in 1968, the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) granted non-nuclear-weapon states access to nuclear materials and technology for strictly peaceful purposes. Recognizing peaceful nuclear programs could turn into weapons programs, several NPT nuclear supplier states sought to determine the conditions for sharing specific equipment and materials. with non-nuclear-weapon states. In 1971, these supplier states formed the Zangger Committee in order to require states outside the NPT to institute International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards before importing certain items that could be used to pursue nuclear weapons—referred to as the "Trigger List. India's explosion of a nuclear device in1974 reaffirmed the fact that nuclear materials and technologies acquired under the guise of peaceful purposes could be diverted to build weapons. In response to India’s action, several ngger Committee members, along with France—who was nota member of the NPT at that time—established the NSG to further regulate nuclear-related exports. The NSG also added supplemental technologies to the original Zangger Committee's "Trigger List," becoming Part I of the NSG Guidelines. In addition, NSG members NSG is a 4g-nation body that controls the global nuclear commerce Anumber of NSG members are in favour of India’s inclu- sion into the group Pakistan, backed by China, is also lobbying to become an NSG member Both India and Pakistan are Pees) exercise seems aimed at agreed to apply their trade restrictions to allstates, notjust those outside the NPT. Criteria for membership: 1. Ability to supply items (including items in transit) covered by the annexes to Parts 1 and 2 of the NSG Guidelin 2. Adherence to the Guidelines and action in accordance with them; 3. Enforcement of a legally based domestic export control system which gives effect to the commitment to act in accordance with the Guidelines; Since Pak entry is unlikely, _HSM New Arrival Kabir Street Urdu Bazar, Lahore Phone: 042-373532510 www.hsmpublishers.com www.ilmikitabkhana.comHv GESTS Lda cc Lat uate Cs ceca conde) AmNPT Nuclear Weapons States NATO states sharing US nuclear weapons Noe NPT states with nuclear weapons B Nuclear weapon fee ones Strate Trends 200 (ener fr Secu Stole £14 Zach) Source Nua Tet atte 4. Full compliance with the obligations of one or more of nuclear non-proliferation agreement. 5. Support of international efforts towards non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and of their delivery vehicle. 6. In response to India's bid, Pakistan also expressed a desire to join the NSG. On May 20, 2016, Pakistan's ambassador sent a letter to formally apply for NSG membership, arguing that it also has the credentials to join. Today, nuclear energy is the second- largest clean and low-carbon energy source after hydro. Currently, 450 nuclear reactors are producing 11% of the total electricity worldwide. In the next five to six years, when 60 reactors now under construction and 150-160 additionally planned are also commissioned, half of the power needs of Pees ©OO© the world will be met through nuclear energy. Therefore, there is immense trade potential for technology, services, material and equipment in the peaceful use of nuclear energy. After the 1974 explosions by India, it was convinced by nuclear governments that the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) alone would be fruitless in preventing the spread of nuclear technology by other states keeping in mind the developments carried out by these states like India. So, keeping in mind the existing situation at that time the nuclear states formed the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). Since then, the NSG has become world's leading multilateral nuclear export control arrangement, establishing guidelines that govern transfers of nuclear-related materials, equipment and technology. The developments thatS| CSS/Times took place in these decades inflicted a number of challenges to NSG ranging from questions about its credibility and future membership to its relationship to the NPT and other multilateral arrangements. For the past few months, international media was abuzz with news of intense nuclear diplomacy by Pakistan India to build support for their respective cases for gaining Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) membership. As both countries have applied for membership in the group that reinforces NPT's core objective of preventing proliferation of nuclear weapons. However, choosing India-only preferential approach or admitting both (Pakistan and India) on the basis of specifically developed non-proliferation criteria is the biggest dilemma NSG is double squeezed with. Nonetheless, the NSG as a regime sacrificed its non-proliferation principle in fulfilling the commercial and geo- political interests by giving preferential treatment to a few member states. Also by granting an unprecedented and country-specific exemption to India has led the door open to have nuclear cooperation with NSG since 2008. Ttis well established that NSG exemption was driven by the US interests to build India as a regional counter-weight to China. The peculiar strategy of using India asa counterweight policy of USisin total disregards of how this NSG exemption would impact the regional stability in South Asia. This exemption to India also affected the credibility of NSG, to work as an effective non-proliferation institution. The miserable and shambolic NSG exemption to India without compensating NSG's standards has weakened NSG along with the broader nuclear non-proliferation regime. Interestingly, dominant non- proliferation experts have argued against bending rules in favour of India. With all this, numbers of key US officials have also warned against the renewed arms race in South Asia in response to this preferential treatment being awarded to India. All it shows is that this exemption. is not universally popular; there remains a great deal of unease with the India- specific approach. ‘The NSG race does not portend well for the whole Asian region. India's presence in the NSG would cast a cloud over peace and stability in the entire Asia-Pacific region keeping in mind the scale of the power and ambitions. The group has to comprehend the motivations of India in quest of membership and assess whether they conform to its non-proliferation objectives. Forinstance, a meeting was held between. counterparts from both sides (NSG and India). Views regarding transfers related to sensitive nuclear technologies such as Enrichment and Reprocessing (ENR) was discussed. Interestingly, Indian officials warned that the “Proposed restrictions on transfer of sensitive nuclear items are a ‘derogation’, ‘rollback’ of US commitments”. Officials from Indian side claimed that they won ‘clean waiver’ in 2008 from the cartels restrictive export rules, with full access to such technologies. Whereas, as per the revision of 2011 NSG guidelines, ENR transfers are not permissible to non-NPT states. It proves that the basic aspiration in getting the membership is to become a global power. There is no doubt that India's continuous rise to great and global power status is only aided by the United States tokeepHM ESAS the global strategic balance in Washington's favour. What kind of power is India today? Since it lacks serious extra regional power projection capabilities, does not decisively dominate its own region, and is not a system shaping power in either economic or military balance terms. But it is dependent on the blessings of what US has been given them to rise as a great power. ‘To encourage the ) to consider issues that have a significant impact on its future credibility and effectiveness, non- proliferation regimes has to get their strategy right. After all if India is indeed accepted to NSG it would be then difficult to control its nuclear and missile programme that is strenuously increasing. So, keeping in mind the intense environment of region, Pakistan like India must be considered as a potential candidate for NSG to create a stableand staticenvironment. India vs. Pakistan: nuclear arsenal INDIA PAKISTAN uclear warheads Sources: International Business Times, International Institute for Strategic Studies Stockholm International Peace Research Institute CBC NEWS Poemsei Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) ne orate nee Puente meen ior momeineny econ greets eter eres a to discuss the progress on the steps taken Pe enee emcee Merle? FCO About GIFCT: oeae een Merk 2017 as a group of companies, CerencemCme mine Crenreg abuse of members’ digital Enns ‘The original Forum was led by a Roeser Orne Raed ions Coon eT Scere oo aN Heese Twitter and YouTube—and eee nya med Seika ato LNT em Can Cet collaboration and shared eee a + GIFCT as an independent CUTTER CSET th Peete ee eneLea GIFCT goals: Pan renaH-V GES range of technology companies, independently and collectively, to prevent and respond to abuse of their digital platforms by terrorists and violent extremists. 2. Enablemulti-stakeholder engagement around terrorist and violent extremist misuse of the internet and encourage stakeholders to meet key commitments consistent with the GIFCT mission. 3. Encouragethose dedicated to online civil dialogue and empower efforts to direct positive alternatives to the messages of terrorists and violent extremists. 4. Advancebroad understanding of terrorist and violent extremist operations and their evolution, including the intersection of online and offline activities. Christchurch Call to Action: + Launched during the “Online Extremism Summit” in Paris. + Launched jointly by India, France, New Zealand, Canada and several other countries. + The initiative outlines collective and voluntary commitments from (eee xcenece cenitHM Cea governments and online service providers to address the issue of terrorist and violent extremist contentonline. + It calls for a free, open and secure internet to promote connectivity, enhance social inclusiveness and foster economic growth. = wv Peso mmy Background: The ‘Christchurch call to action’ initiative has been named after the New Zealand city Christchurch, where over 50 people were killed and over 20 got injured in shootings at two mosques. Need: As internet is not resistant towards the abuse by terrorists and violent extremists, there is an urgent need of collective efforts to secure the internet from such terror groups. Recent Christchurch terror attacks were broadcasted online by terrorists. The broadcasting of such content online has severe impact on victims of such incident, on collective security and on people across the world. The Christchurch attack stressed on the urgent call of action by the governments, civil society, online service providers, and social media companies to eliminate terrorist and extremist content online.HM fea Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism's "Transparency Report' Raises More Questions Than Answers As United Nations Special Rapporteur Fionnuala Ni Aolain warned in her report tothe U.N. Human Rights Council earlier this year, the growing trend of deputizing private companies to proactively police loosely defined “terrorist content” generated by users can have a serious impact on fundamental rights and freedoms. Despite these warnings, regulatory pressure on social media platforms to quickly remove this content is increasingly in vogue, especially in the European Union. In the United States, members of Congress are similarly calling for more action from social media companies. The Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) and its “Hash Sharing Consortium” helps facilitate these removals, but its first transparency report, published in July, doesn't go far enough in allaying concerns about the negative impacts on Pesca freedom of expression facilitated by the opaque decision-making of this private takedown regime. The GIFCT is an industry-led effort launched by Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter and YouTube in response to ongoing regulatory and media pressure from Europe and the United States to stop the online spread of “terrorist content.” Earlier this week, the GIFCT announced that it will become “an independent organization supported by dedicated technology, counterterrorism and operations teams.” But it's unclear how independent the new GIFCT will be. Governance of the GIFCT will still reside with an industry-led operating board that will consult with an independent advisory committee and a multi- stakeholder forum. Additionally, it appears that the GIFCT will still be financed by social media companies, although an executive director will lead fundraising efforts for particular projects. Lastly, the GIFCT's announcement that it will work with an. independent advisory committee that includes government representatives raises new concerns that nations could misuse their involvement for politicaland all other competitive exams Tour for All Competitive Exams LP isa sheraz Sohail _ Kabir Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore ULL UE Ut Beye mere d iP eae Paeyecela()HM Cea purposes. But under either iteration of the GIFCT, the initiative will continue to develop and deploy technologies to help platforms disrupt online terrorist activity. The centerpiece of this strategic focus is the “hash database” of terrorist content. First announced in 2016, this database contains “hashes” or digital fingerprints of “known terrorist images and videos” which are shared with each company that joins the GIFCT's Hash Sharing Consortium. Once a company has access to the hash database, it can deploy tools to automatically spot duplicates of the same content when it is uploaded on their platform. As of this summer, the database contains ‘ver 200,000 unique hashes, and a total ‘of 13 companies are part of the GIFCT's Hash Sharing Consortium. In many circles, the GIFCT’s hash database is cited as an example worth emulating. The European Commission's proposed regulation on Preventing the Dissemination of Terrorist Content Online calls on platforms to expand the use of tools like the hash database in HSM CSS Times order to more effectively stop “known terrorist content from being uploaded on connected platforms.” But dozens of civil society organizations, including the Brennan Center, have expressed concerns about the use of the hash database given its lack of transparency and the potential for removing content excessively. For one thing, we know almost nothing about what's actually in the database, how often. content is incorrectly flagged, or how often users are filing appeals. Additionally, statements from Facebook suggest their automated removals are almost exclusively focused on content related to ISIS and al-Qaeda, placing Muslim and Middle Eastern communities at greater risk for over- removal. And while hashing makes it easier for platforms to spot exact duplicates of videos and images, automated tools are largely blind to contextual differences, almost guaranteeing that mistakes will happen along theway. We raised similar concerns in the aftermath ofthe Christchurch attack,HM esa short of whatis required. What's in the transparency report? First, the transparency report provides new information about how the GIFCT defines “terrorist content.” We now know that at least some images and videos are hashed when a GIFCT member determines that a piece of content “relat[es] to organizations on the United Nations Terrorist Sanctions lists.” Previous announcements indicated that companies identified “extreme” terrorist material based solely on their Community Guidelines or Terms of Service. It is somewhat reassuring that GIFCT is relying on lists developed by the U.N. rather than its own judgement of which groups should be treated as terrorists, but reliance on U.N. sanctions lists also highlights the political nature of takedowns as well as the risks for disparate impact on particular communities. The U.N. special HSM CSS Times ISIS at the expense of inconveniencing some others. Second, the transparency report explains how the GIFCT labels content in the hash database and provides a percentage breakdown among the various categories. According to the report, the hash database contains five types of content: 1. Imminent Credible Threat (0.4%) 2. Graphic Violence Against Defenseless People (4.8%) 3. Glorification of Terrorist Acts (85.5%) 4. Radicalization, Recruitment, and Instruction (9.1%) 5. New Zealand Perpetrator Content (0.6%) This breakdown is concerning because it reveals that most content in the database relates to the most ambiguous categories. On the one hand, imminent credible threats require the “public posting of a specific, imminent, credible threat of violence toward non-combatants and/or civilian infrastructure.” This category is www.csstimes. pkHME the most narrowly defined and targeted to reach content we can all agree should come down. Yet it accounts for less than half a percent of the hash database, suggesting that the hash database mostly contains images and videos that may not be universally recognized as “terrorist content.” On the other hand, glorification, which is defined as any content that “glorifies, praises, condones or celebrates attacks after the fact” accounts for 85.5 percent of all content in the database. The problem is that terms like “glorification,” “pI »,” “condone,” and “celebrate” are notoriously imprecise and will almost inevitably capture expressions of general sympathy or an understanding for certain viewpoints, not to mention news reporting. Relying on imprecise labels not only makes it likely that content will be miscategorized, it also provides opening for misuse. Recent history shows that governments are already relying on vaguely defined terms to suppress political speech. After Facebook reached an agreement with the Israeli government to address “incitement,” the platform removed content from Palestinian news organizations, civil society groups, journalists and activists. In India, the government pressured Twitter to block the accounts of activists, journalists and academics that were critical of the government's military actions in Kashmir, relying on a law aimed at preventing incitement that threatens the security of the country. And in 2016, Facebook deleted the accounts and content from journalists, academics and. local publishers reporting on the death of a Kashmiri separatist killed by the Indian (Digital Magazine) army, claiming their content praised or supported terrorism. Increased reliance on the GIFCT's hash database will exacerbate these concerns, as automated tools are ill-equipped to account for context or intent but can scale removals to record levels. In one infamous blunder, the Syrian Archive, a civil society organization that seeks to preserve evidence of human rights abuses in Syria, reported that over 100,000 of its videos were removed from. YouTube through the use of automatedHM Cea tools. Thus, the fact that most takedowns fall into categories that most easily bleed into the realm of political speech is far from reassuring. Looking ahead While this report is a necessary and welcome first step, much more isneeded. Belowareafewrecommendations: Transparency reports should break down content in the hash database by associated terrorist organization. This would help ensure that removals are not unilaterally focused on one type of terrorism, such as that promoted byal-QaedaandISIS. The GIFCT should disclose any government involvement in the discovery and labeling of “terrorist content.” This is necessary to ensure that governments do not rely on platforms to outsource content removals they would be prohibited from carrying out themselves, particularly given governmental involvement in the GIFCT's Independent Advisory Committee. The hash database should be subject to an ongoing third-party audit assessing error rates and impact. The findings and recommendations should be incorporated into future transparency reports. Audits are necessary to ensure the hash database is not automating overbroad removals or silencing vulnerable communities at disproportionate rates. One way to facilitate audits is for the GIFCT Peso to establish a mechanism for credentialed researchers to access the specific content inside the hash database as well as information regarding content removals. The GIFCT should establish minimum transparency and accountability standards for all members of the Hash Sharing Consortium, including: e Disclosure as to whether they automatically remove content whenever it matches a hash, or if they flag for human review. co Establishment of a robust appeals process and redress mechanisms, o Publication of the total number of posts removed by the company, broken down by the related terrorist organization. © Written policies detailing how their approach to content filtering complies with privacy and data security requirements under applicable laws such as the General Data Protection Regulation. For high-profile incidents such as the Christchurch attack, the GIFCT should issue a case study that documents the response. This is particularly important when major platforms suspend procedural safeguards against over-removal, such as human review.S| CSS/Times INNS teen eLe ianrcnres ny Global Liveability Index 2019 The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) has released the Global Liveability Index 2019 The index ranks 140 global cities based on theirliving conditions. The Global Liveability Index, compiled by the Economist Intelligence Unit, is an annual indicator of living conditions in cities. This year, Vienna remained the most liveable of 140 cities surveyed by the organisation. Vienna took the place of Melbourne, which had held the record of being the most liveable city in the world forthe past seven years. Besides Vienna, Copenhagen in Denmark is the only other city to be Pakistan and Liveability Index Sadly, Karachi falls under the 10 least liveable cities in the world. One of the main reasons why the city has scored poorly is primarily due to the stability, culture and environment facto The stability factor analyses cities on the basis of prevalence of petty and violent crime, threat of terror and threat of civil and military unrest. Although the city has witnessed much improvement on the security front relative to the past decade, more needs to be done to improve on this front. The safety and stability aspect of cities is illustrated in another index called the Safe Cities Index, also compiled by the Economist Intelligence Unit. The index is a combination of scores assessed in areas of digital, health, infrastructure and personal secur Amongst the 60 cities ranked in that index, Karz of cities around the world. i stands at number 57 with the assessment being particularly poor in areas of health and personal secu Cees)HM GESTS amongst the top 10 from Europe. The rest are divided between Australian cities [Sydney (third) and Adelaide (tenth)]; Japan [Osaka (fourth) and Tokyo (seventh)] and Canada [Calgary (fifth), Vancouver and Toronto (sixth and seventh)]. How is the index constructed and whyis itimportant? Significance: The liveability index quantifies the challenges that might be presented to an individual's lifestyle in 140 cities worldwide, and assesses which locations provide the best living conditions. The list is topped by Vienna (Austria) for the second consecutive year. The Economist Intelligence Unit released its annual Global Liveability Index, in which The Economist ranked 140 major cities by averaging the results offive metrics: + Stability, including the prevalence of petty and violent crime, the threat of terror, and the threat of military conflict . Healthcare, including the availability and quality of healthcare, both public and private + Culture and environment, including climate, level of corruption, level of censorship, and sporting availability Education, including the availability and quality of private education . Infrastructure, including the quality of road networks and public transport, the availability of good quality housing, the quality of telecommunications, and the quality of water and energy provisions The World’s Most Liveable Cities, 2019 Mid-sized locations in wealthy countries dominate the list oT > Vancouver Cee RA coe el eR Note: Toronto, Tok (Digital Magazine) >) =a) ray aC Alor Crores serene ai ald Borer fe}ereilereig |ISM New Arrival ou [ET Ayres CSS Past Papers CSSmca COMPULSORY SUBJECTS Solved MCQs with Explanation and latest Development \ Why a be "Le ‘salad Ar) Nae nN Nf ae ii iy Kabir Street Urdu Bazar, Lahore Phone: 042-373532510 www.hsmpublishers.com www.ilmikitabkhana.comHv GESTS 1. Vienna, Austria 3- Sydney, Australia Overall rating (out of 100): 99.1 Stability: 100.0 Healtheare: 100.0. Culture and environment: 96.3 Education: 100.0 Infrastructure: 100.0 2. Melbourne Australia Overall rating (out of 100): 98.4 Stability: 95.0 Healthcare: 100.0 Culture and environment: 98.6 Education: 100.0 Infrastructure: 100.0 (Digital Magazine) | -11 TET) Overall rating (out of 100); 98.1 Stability: 95.0 Healthcare: 100.0 Culture and environment: 97.2 Education: 100.0 Infrastructure: 100.0 4. Osaka, Japan geet Rene Overall rating (out of 100): 97.7 Stability: 100.0 Healthcare: 100.0 Culture and environment: 93.5 Education: 100.0 Infrastructure: 96.4H-v GESTS 5. Calgary, Canada 7. Toronto, Canada Overall rating (out of 100): 97.5 Stability: 100.0 Healtheare: 100.0 Culture and environment: 90.0 Education: 100.0 Infrastructure: 100.0 6. Vancouver, Canada Overall rating (out of 100): 97.3 Stability: 95.0 Healthcare: 100.0 Culture and environment: 100.0 Education: 100.0 Infrastructure: 92.9 (Digital Magazine) |= -"1 TTY) Overall rating (out of 100): 97.2 Stability: 100.0 Healthcare: 100.0 Culture and environment: 97.2 Education: 100.0 Infrastructure: 89.3 8. Tokyo, Japan Overall rating (out of 100): 97.2 Stability: 100.0 Healthcare: 100.0 Culture and environment: 94.4 Education: 100.0 Infrastructure: 92.9 56HM SSA 9. Copenhagen 10. Adelaide, Australia Denmark Overall rating (out of 100): 96.8 Overall rating (out of 100): 96.6 Stability: 95.0 Stability: 95.0 Healthcare: 95.8 Healthcare: 100.0 Culture and environment: 95.4 Culture and environment: 94.2 Education: 100.0 Education: 100.0 Infrastructure: 100.0 Infrastructure: 96.4 The world's least livable cities 2019 1. Damascus, Syria 2. Lagos, Nigeria 3. Dhaka, Bangladesh 4. Tripoli, Libya 5. Karachi, Pakistan 6. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea 7. Harare, Zimbabwe 8. Douala, Cameroon 9. Algiers, Algeria 10. Caracas, Venezuela 136th. Karachi, Pakistan “The port city has been ranked 136th on the annual Global Liveability Index 2019 of the Economist Group — the fifth least liveable city in the world. The list, published on Wednesday, included Tripoli, Dhaka, Lagos and, at the very bottom, Damascus. Poems)Context: Winners of the 2019 UN Global Climate Action Awards Announced on 26 September 2019. © The 15 award-winning projects fall within four focus areas: Planetary Health, Climate Neutral Now, Women for Results, and Financing for Climate Friendly Investment. + The Awards are spearheaded by the Momentum for Change initiative at UN Climate Change. + The projects are recognized as innovative solutions that not only address climate change, butalso help drive forward progress on many other sustainable development goals, for example, innovation, gender equality and economic +The UN Climate Change's Momentum for Change initiative is implemented with the support of The Rockefeller Foundation. It operates in partnership with World Economie Forum (WEF), upporting implementation of UN Climate Change’s Gender Action Plan and Climate Neutral Now. The 2019 UN Global Climate 4 Action Award winners are: Planetary Health: 1. Making the Impossible Possible Impossible rm Mm Foods corre pant B Peeves leat | Singapore, Hong Kong, USA, Macau: Impossible Foodsis creating realistic plant-based replacements for meat products. These alternatives are more sustainable and help displace market —_— demand for meat products. (Digital Magazine)1sSi| CSS/Times Ramsar . The App That's Planted 122 Million Trees Alipay Ant Forest: Using Digital ‘Technologies to Seale Up Climate Action | China: Alipay, one of the world’s most popular online payment and lifestyle platforms, has used the power of its digital technology to plant more than 122 million trees by encouraging their users to reduce their emissions, such as by biking to work, going paperless and buying sustainable products. 3. Local Action, Global Impact Ghent en Garde: Creating Structural Change through Local Belgium: Ghent, asmall city Belgium, was one of the first European cities to launch its own urban food policy. ‘The policy demonstrates the potential to transform the food systems at the local urban level. 4. “Emergency Pockets” of Solar Energy HSM CSS Times Dominica | Hurricane Maria in 2017 in Dominica, Electricians Without Borders put forward a solution designed to use renewable energy to secure an “emergency pocket” of power -- supplying six health centers on the island with electricity in the aftermath of a natural disaster. Climate Neutral Now: 1. Maximum Positive Climate Impact pi Creating the World's First mate Positive” Menu | Sweden, Denmark and Poland: The Swedish restaurant chain, Max Burgers, launched the world's first “climate positive” menu in June 2018. Each item on Max Burgers’ menu includes a CO2e label, empowering customers to better understand the climate impact of their. a Od sureRIaaass Geog (4 fel ace eLESISUCCESSS| CSS/Times Natura’s Carbon Neutral Programme | Global: As the largest cosmetics manufacturer in Brazil, Natura is measuring and reducing emissions across its value chain, from the extraction of raw materials right through totheir production and distribution. Apple's Emissions Reduction Mission | | Global: Apple is on a mission to make its products without taking from the Earth. It has transitioned to 100% renewable energy for the electricity it uses in its offices, retail stores and data centres in 43 countries across the world, and currently is transitioning its entire supply chain to 100% renewable energy Journey to Carbon Neutrality | Infosys, India's second-largest Information Technology company, is one of the first companies of its type to (Digital Magazine) |=" ¢-"1 FEY) commit to carbon neutrality. With over 229,000 employees and clients in 46 countries, Infosys has sought to address its significant carbon footprint in all aspects of its global operations. Young Women's Grassroots Action on Climate Change | Sub-Saharan Africa: The Campaign for Female Education launched a breakthrough initiative to train young women from poor, marginalized farming communities across sub-Saharan Africa. Mothers Out Fi Liveable Climate | USA: Mothers Out Front is a movemen 6,000 mothers in the United States, working to protect their children and communities from the impacts of climate change 3. Leading from Within Women's Action Towards Climate Resilience for Urban Poor in South Asia | Bangladesh, India andNepal: Indian NGO, Mahila Housing Sewa Trust, ison a mission to organise and empower women in low-income households to increase their resilience to impacts of climate change. 4. Pioneer in Wave ees smacs Eco Wave Power: Generating Clean Energy From the Ocean | Israel and Gibraltar: Eco Wave Power has developed an innovative technology that produces clean electricity from ocean and sea waves. The company is pioneering in its sector by operating the only grid-connected wave energy array floaters in the world, which is operational undera Power Purchase Agreement. Financing For Climate Friendly Investment: 1. Equitable Clean Energy for All Beyond the Grid Fund forZambia | [OCTOBER 2019Zambia: Beyond the Grid Fund for Zambia works with the Zambian government and other stakeholders to build a more off-grid business-friendly regulatory environment. 2. Investing in Women Empowerment Women's Livelihood Bond Series | Global: Impact Investment Exchange is unlocking USD 150 million in capital through Women's Livelihood Bond Series, which will empower over two million women in South and Southeast Asia. The Bond helps women access affordable credit, micro savings and insurance, agricultural inputs, as well as clean and affordable energy. 3. Collaboration and Partnership Québ International Climate Cooperation Program I Canada: In 2016, the Canadian province of Québec introduced its International Climate Rid Cooperation Programme providing climate finance and support to developing countries. Itis one of the first subnational climate financing schemes, and one that is, uniquely, funded by the province's own carbon market.HM Leadership Group tor Industry dransiticn: A new leadership group was announced at the UN Climate Action Summit to help guide the world's heaviest greenhouse gas emitting industries toward the low- carboneconomy. Sweden has launched a global leadership group to push the climate transition in heavy industry. The initiative was presented by Prime Minister Stefan Léfven during the UN Climate Action Summit in New York on 24 September 2019 The leadership group has been developed in cooperation with the World Economic Forum and will gather both private and public actors. The countries and companies that join the group must be ready to substantially and pursue efforts to reach net-zero carbon emissions by mid-century. This will be guaranteed through a series of ambitious commitments that the members of the leadership group must support. The FT ENERGY TRANSITION STRATEGIESS| CSS/Times leadership group will also work to promote innovation and technology exchange, and share experiences of how goverments, academic insitutions and businesses can cooperate to push the transition. The group will have regular meetings to report on progress and share experiences, including in connection with the UN's climate negotiations. About Climate Action Summit . The United Nations Secretary- General hosted. the Climate Action Summit in New York ahead ofthe UN General Assembly * Having the key focus on raising ambition and accelerate action to implement the Paris Agreement, the Climate Action Summit focuses on nine interdependent tracks, which are led by 19 countries in total and are supported by international organizations. + Sweden, supported by World Economic Forum is leading the ‘Industry Transition’ track meeting. Paris Agreement: + The Paris Agreement is a landmark environmental accord that was adopted by nearly every nation in 2015 to address climate change and its negative impact: . The deal aims to substantially reduce global greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to limit the global temperature increase in this century to 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, while pursuing means to limit the increase to 1.5 agreement includes commitments from all major emitting countries to cut their climate-altering pollution and to strengthen those commitments over time. Countries that are part of the Group are: Sweden The United Kingdom Argentina Finland France Germany Ireland The Netherlands South Korea India Luxembourg Seen UT aE to drive industry transition to EEA RUN) el Poems) (eee easeand all other competitive exams ADMINISTRATIO Pa GOs ee Notes A Kabir Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore HSM -ILMI Kitab Khana — 949.37748129 - 042-37353510HV GESTS Context: Google researchers claim to have achieved a major milestone in computer science known as “quantum supremacy.” ‘You know what that means right? It's the internet era, where just one second is enough for lurking auto-bots to download it and spread the leaked intel alloverthe world wide web. Among other major media outlets, Financial Times (subscription needed) was one of the first to publish a report, saying that Google claims it has achieved "quantum supremacy’. HSM CSS Times The initial paper supposedly showcased how Google's quantum computer has beaten one of the world's ‘smartest’ supercomputers in a 'no-rematch- required’ fashion. Quantum computing is not a new thing, and while it's perceived as a scary and extremely mystic object that can vanish humanity in a click, it's just getting its baby steps in the field, after some decades of excessive research and testing. Back in 2017-18, there was a hype in the crypto scene where people argued [OCTOBER 2019 | ForHMGSAES whether a quantum computer could kill Bitcoin BTC, -1.21%, by mining all the remaining Bitcoins in a split of a second, or by forcing all miners to submit to its directions, with some extreme cases where projects promoted their respective DLTs labeled as 'quantum-proof in order togainmomentum. The announcement came in a paper that was reportedly published on the NASA website before being pulled, according to the The Financial Times which retrieved a copy before it disappeared. “To our » Lie knowledge,” Google's paper read, “this experiment marks the first computation that can only be performed on aquantum processor.” The Google research paper ‘was titled “Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor.” Google's quantum computer was reportedly able to solve a calculation — proving the randomness of numbers produced byarandom number generator — in 3 minutes and 20 seconds that (Digita azine) einer) would take the world's fastest traditional supercomputer, Summit, around 10,000 years. This effectively means that the calculation cannot be performed by a traditional computer, making Google the first to demonstrate quantum supremacy. What is Quantum Supremacy? It means only that researchers have been able to use a quantum computer to perform a single calculation that no conventional computer, even the biggest supercomputer, can perform in a reasonable amountoftime. The case of Google: 1. This calculation involved checking whether the output of an algorithm for generating random numbers was truly random. 2. The researchers were able to use a quantum computer to perform this complex mathematical 68" HisM NN te New ArrivalHM GES calculation in three minutes and 20 seconds, according to the paper. 3. They say it would have taken Summit 3—an IBM-built machine that is the world's most powerful commercially-available conventional computer—about 10,000 years to perform the same task. Quantum computers work by harnessing the properties of quantum mechanics. Quantum computers use logical units called quantum bits, or qubits for short, that can be put into a quantum state where they can simultaneously represent both o and 1. 1. Classical computers process information in a binary format, Dessay JOSTOBER 2019 | called bits, which can represent eitheraoor1. 2. While the bits in a classical computer all operate independently from one another, ina quantum computer, thestatus of one qubit effects the status of all the other qubits in the system, so they can all work together to achieveasolution. But while a conventional computer outputs the same answer to a problem every time you run a calculation, the outputs of a quantum computer are probabilistic. That means it does not always produce the same answer. So to use a quantum computer, you have torun. a calculation through the system thousands or even millions of times, and the array of outputs converge around the answer that is mostlikely to be correct. However, the significance of Google'sKMGSAES announcement was disputed by at least ‘one competitor. Speaking to the FT, IBM's head of research Dario Gil said that Google's claim to have achieved quantum supremacy is “just plain wrong.” Gil said that Google's system is a specialized piece of hardware designed to solve a single problem, and falls short of being a general-purpose computer, unlike IBM's own work. IBM isa fierce competitor of Google's in the race to develop quantum computers. Earlier this year it unveiled the Q System One. Although it was still far from being a practical computing device, IBM's breakthrough was to make it much more reliable than previous quantum machines. Quantum computing chips are very unstable, and prone to interference from heat and electricity. IBM's new design was able to minimize this interference, the company said. Others were more optimistic about the development. “Google's recent update on ao op oq aay) TA 3(0, Har) { 24 dogg Ne daz Qn)" ve 5 |"> T ene ae E+HaTl) | A aaz dF = Bes aa [OCTOBER 2019| the achievement of quantum supremacy is anotable mile marker as we continue to. advance the potential of quantum computing,” the director of quantum hardware at Intel, Jim Clake, said. “We along with the industry are working to quickly advance all of those areas to realize the true potential of quantum computing. And while development is still at mile one of this marathon, we strongly believe in the potential of this technology.“ The University of Southern California's Daniel Lidar also praised the way Google's system reduced the problem of “crosstalk,” which is where a quantum computer's qubits interfere with one another. “[Google has] demonstrated a path to scalable quantum computing,” he told the FT, “Once you have a fully error- corrected quantum computer, the sky's thelimit.” Google did not immediately respond toa request for comment. Qn)” coor pa +b fe AdeUnited Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in its Trade and Development Report 2019 has recommended for the adoption of a unitary taxation system for the Multi- National Enterprises (MNEs). ‘Thereis.a need fora changeas the current international corporate tax norms that consider affiliates of MNEs as independent entities and treat taxable transactions between different entities of MNEs as unrelated are only facilitating tax-motivated illicit financial flows, according to the UNCTAD's Trade and Development Report 2019 released on Wednesday. Tax-motivated illicit financial flows of MNEs are estimated to deprive developing countries of $ 50 billion to $ 200 billion a year in fiscal revenues, said (C}Tn i MOGTOBER 2019 | Fo the report with the theme Global Green New Deal’. The proposal: + The profits of MNEsare generated collectively at the group level. Hence, unitary taxation should be applied by combining it with a global minimum effective corporate tax rate on all MNE profits. + Such an approach would simplify the global taxation system and is expected to increase tax revenues forall countries. Need for and significance: + There was a dire need for this change, as the current international corporate taxation norms consider affiliates of MNEsHV GESTS : I as independent entities and treat taxable transactions between different entities of MNEsasunrelated. «The fiscal revenues of a country could be augmented through fair taxation of the digital economy. Concerns: The tax-motivated illicit financial flows of MNEs are estimated to deprive developing countries of $50 billion to $200 billion a year in terms of the fiscal revenues. Background: The international tax system needs a paradigm shift. The rules devised over 80 years ago treat the different parts of a multinational enterprise as if they were independent entities, although they also give national tax authorities powers to adjust the accounts of these entities. This creates a perverse incentive for multinationals to create ever more complex groups in order to minimise taxes, exploiting the various definitions of the residence of legal persons and the source of income. While states may attempt to combat these strategies, they also compete to offer tax incentives, many of which facilitate such techniques toundermine other countries’ taxes. About United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): UNCTAD is a permanent intergovernmental body established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1964. + It is part of the UN Secretariat. + It reports to the UN General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council, but has its own membership, leadership, and budget. + Itis also a part of the United Nations Development Group. « It supports developing countries to access the benefits of a globalized economy more fairly and effectively. Along with other (Digital Magazine) Joon ean) sstimes.pk JMoS Mey F a fe 7 Kabir Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore LLL ELE Bey keyed irr Bey peyeceta(S| CSS/Times UN departments and agencies, it also measures the progress made in the Sustainable Development Goals, as set outin Agenda 2030. Reports published by UNCTAD are: 1, Tradeand Development Report 2. World Investment Report 3. Technology and Innovation Report 4. Digital Economy Report Digital Economy ‘The report highlights that fiscal revenues of countries could be augmented through fair taxation of the digital economy. The rapid digitalisation of economic activity is changing how value is created, measured and distributed, adding new challenges to the international tax rk. Mitigating serious fiscal leakages requires a fresh examination of existing international corporate tax norms and rules to determine which jurisdiction has taxing rights, the treatment of cross border transactions between the (Digital Magazine) 7/117 777) ee different bodies of an MNE and the measurement of value creation when intangible assets and the users of data becomea significant source of value. The report maintains that fair taxing rights in a digital economy requires using the concept of significant economic presence in terms of revenue from sales ortransactions that exceed certain levels. It also recognised that several countries have taken unilateral measures while waiting for international consensus on this matter. A simple estimation of potential additional tax revenues from such unilateral measures ranges between $ 11 billion and $ 28 billion for developing countries, the UNCTADHMGSSaEES Field Branches of ANTHROPOLOGY Discuss the fields and branches of Anthropology (CSS-2019) Introduction to Fields of Anthropology: Anthropologists study man as a member of animal kingdom and his behavior as a member of society. Different branches of anthropology focus on different aspects of human experience. One branch focuses on how our species evolved from earlier species. Other branches concentrate on the learned traditions of human thought and behavior, how ancient cultures evolved and diversified, and how and why modern cultures change or stay the same. In its attempt to ‘study the various dimensions of man's existence and behavior, it tends to generate many specialized branches. Types of Anthropology The major elementary branches or types of Anthropology studies are mentioned as under. These types include the four branches of anthropology. The fifth one namely Applied Anthropology is HSM CSS Times the application of the study of the four different types of anthropology. a. Social-cultural Anthropology. b. Physical (Biological) Anthropology. Archaeological Anthropology. ao Linguistic Anthropology. e. Applied Anthropology Socio-Cultural Anthropology: Second half of the 19th century was the beginning period of the socio-cultural Anthropology. It is being inspired by the idea of evolution after the Darwin's publication of the Origin of Species. Many socio-cultural anthropologists become interested in exploring the possibility of a similar process of evolution in the field of society and culture. They focused in the study of preliterate societies in the belief that they represented the earliest condition of human society and culture. All of them who got themselves involved in the (riersHM CSSA comparative study of preliterate societies and cultures at that time, with the intention of studying origin and evolution preferred the term ethnologists for them. It deals with man in the context of society and culture. While societyié¥2s presence is attested at sub-human level, culture is exclusively a human phenomenon. Broadly speaking, it concentrates on the life patterns of people. It develops as a science of socio cultural similarities and differences with no limitation of time and space. In the beginning it studies only among the preliterate people, but now it entertains no such limitations. By the beginning of the 20th century its earlier designation as Ethnology was gradually abandoned. Itis replaced by the terms cultural Anthropology in America and by social Anthropology in Britain. In America, a tradition of study of whole cultures developed, while in Britain the Archaeology The study of cultures and societies of human beings past societies Pee eee comparative study of social structures was considered to be the subject matter ofsocial anthropology. The American Anthropologists, however, considered the study of culture of people to include social structure. So the two differed only in degrees. Unlike its earlier exclusive pre- occupation with the preliterates, it has extended its domain to cover complex societies as well, though the study of small scale non-literate societies is still importanttoit. The life of people has several dimensions, and the attempts to study each one in detail has resulted in the origin and growth of several sub-branches from the elementary branch of socio-cultural Anthropology such as Economic Anthropology, Political Anthropology, Psychological Anthropology, Anthropology of Religion and so on and so forth. We shall overview only these The study of language, Also called biological and thei wery recent past and Traditional cultural anthropologists study iccultures, ‘specially the material remains of the past, such especially how language is structured, evolution of language, and the social anid cukueal contexts for language. anthropology, physical anthropology i the study ‘of human evolution and variation, both past and current. living cultures and preseet as tools, food remains, and their observations in an ethnography. places where people livedHM SSA a) Economic Anthropology: Production, consumption distribution and exchange are the basie structures of economic transactions and its processes. Economie Anthropologists concentrate on these activities mainly in non-literate and peasent societies. They focus on the modes of exchanges including ceremonial exchanges. The concept of reciprocity and redistribution are crucial here The nature of trade and market systemsarealso studied. The process of economic growth and development in societies are ultimately studied. Some scholars argue that the economic activities of man are not studied in isolation but in their socio- cultural setting with the emphasis on those socio-cultural factors that influence and determine economic activity in each society. Itresultedin a hot debate between the formalists and substantivists i.e those who feel that the theories formulated in the discipline of Economics are equally sufficient in explaining economic processes in simple societies, and those who counter by arguing that the economy of each society is embedded in the bed of culture and so that economic theories that have been constructed with the modern monetized systems in mind do not find a credible place in the anthropology of simple ees mace societies. b) Political Anthropology: It concentrates on the ubiquity of political process and the functions of legitimate authority, law, justice and sanctions in simple societiesié/ ; focus of power and leadership. It focuses on the Anthropological point of view in the formulation of the typology of political structures based on differences and similarities observed among the societies of the world and its political processes emerging among nations and complex societies. Moreover, it also studies political culture and the nation building processes. ec) Psychological Anthropology: It is the study of cross cultural variations in psychological traits. It studies psychological, behavioural and personal approaches of man. It is developed as an interdisciplinary approach between psychology and socio-cultural anthropology. Modern Psychological Anthropologists are very much interested in the process by which culture is transmitted from one generation to the next. d) Ecological Anthropology: Thetermié Yeecologyié’2 refers to theHM ESAS totality of relations between environment and organism. It deals with the relationship between human, beings and their environments. It is the use of the concept of environment in the explanation of different cultural elements and also the diversity of cultural groups. Two main views relatd to cultural behavior and environment are determinism and possibilism. The former, also called environmentalism, states that environment dictates cultural practices whereas the latter denies it and holds that environment has a limiting rather than the determining effect on cultural behaviours. It deals with the relationship between human beings and their environments. It is the use of the concept of environment in the explanation of both the origin of different cultural elements and also the diversity of cultural groups. It also attempts to understand of cultural groups. It also attempts to understand the relative influence of environment on human society and how it is used by different societies. The ecological perspective is based on the assumption that constant interplay takes place between man and his environment. They cannot be understood as isolated entities. The ecological perspective in Anthropology was first expressed by Steward in the 1930iés through his most important concept, i¢¥2cultural ecology, which recognized that culture and environment are not separate spheres but are involved in a dialectic interplay or reciprocal causality. d) Ethno-archaeology: The term ethnic refers to a group esse distinguished by common cultural characteristics. The comparative study of cultures in historical perspective is the subject matter of ethnology whereas the descriptive account of the total way of life of the people at a given time is devoted as ethnography. Archaeology is that branch of anthropology which is concerned with the historical reconstruction of cultures that no longer exist. It helps to reconstruct the human past in its material features including how people lived and worshipped, how they built, their arts, tombs and travels. It provides material on manié¥es prehistory about which no written records are available. It is concerned with all of mani¢¥s material remains. Thus, the use of archaeology to study ethnography becomes imperative. Thati¢/2s why this branch is referred to as Ethno- archaeology. e) Anthropology of Religion: There are many theories regarding the origin of religion among people. Some of the major theories are Animism, Animatism, Manaism and Primitive monotheism. The perceptions of people regarding the differences between man and nature are studied first of all. The beliefs in natural forces and super- natural forces, and/or being are investigated. The operation of religious traditions including the rituals and ceremonies among non-literate and peasant societies are studied in detail. The practices which fall within the domain of religion such as taboo and totemism are also examined. The differences between magic, religion and science are discussed and debated. Witch craft and Sorcery are examined asHM GEA Above all, the social and Psychological functions of magic and religion are emphasized. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 4 ' 2. Physical Anthropology: It is a branch of Anthropology which attempts to explore human mystery related to their origin, differentiation, diversities and distributions. With the advancement of genetical sciences, it becomes more and more biology oriented, and by virtue of it, its area of study got considerable extension. By considering the whole situations, it can be divided into the following sub- branches. a) Primatology: Its the Scientific study of primate group of mammal . Man, the central figure of Anthropological study, belongs to the order primate of animal kingdom. The primates, starting from the smallest rat like micro cebus to the largest huge bodied gorilla, in their various stages of development show differentlife patterns. The integrated study of the primates, in the background of physical Anthropology gives an intrinsic value to understand the position ofman. b) Ethnology: It is the study of human diversities. All the living men in the world are categorized into different groups broadly known as races. These are now understood as the Mendelian Populations, an inbreeding group of humanity sharing a common gene pool. It also attempts to explain the nature, formation and differentiation of the racial groups. c) Human biology: It deals with the concrete biological principles and concepts of man. It is differed from the biology of other animals because of the impact of cultural achievement. It is highly influenced by culture as well. Culture, sometime, remodelled biological phenomenon. Physical anthropologist attempts to understand this biological feature of man. and their successive development, changes in structure and function through time. d) Palaeoanthropology: It is the branch of physical anthropology which deals with the documentation of biological history of mankind. They work on fossil evidences collected from the different layers of the earth. It also attempts to reconstruct the link between. the human and non-human traits that had so long been lost. They evaluate the fossil remains found from different sites and establish their status and evolutionary significance. e) Human Genetics: Genetics deals with the inherited characters. There is a genetic relation between parents and their offspring. The tendency of inheritance of parental characters in knownas heredity. Theand all other competitive exams All Exam GURU S = Drove ucts GENERAL enon aig Rsirlecao\d Qs) One) NS to Reus ecu cilicd faces) o Carnal We 4 i PL Pal es a5 aed oe aeHM ESAS heredity and its mechanism must be well understood in order to know the origin and evolution of man. Human genetics is a specialized branch of physical Anthropology which reveals the mechanism of heredity of various traits in men. f) Nutritional Anthropology: It deals with the matter related with the nutritional perspectives of human beings and their subsequent growth and development. The population of a country needs proper growth and development. Growth, however, is depended on two factors i¢¥2 heredity and environment. This branch of knowledge concerns with the impact of these two factors on human beings as. well. g) Medical Anthropology: It studies disease patterns and their impact on human societies. Medical Anthropologist attempts to bring into light the socio-cultural as well as genetical or environmental determinants of disease within a population through the close study of the people and their way of life. This proves very much effective in combating different diseases inhuman societies. h) Physiological Anthropology: This branch deals with the internal organs of the human body in order to understand their bio-chemical constitutions. It is also concerned with how the physiology of man interacts with the external factors like climate, food habit, etc. Moreover, it studies bio- chemical variations in man and other les ares primates. i) Forensic anthropology: It deals with the skeletal structure of hominids and non-hominids to understand the similarities and differences of the body parts. This branch of knowledge becomes very effective in the detection of criminals as well asin the identification of the nature and status of individuals through their biological remains. j) Dental Anthropology: This branch of knowledge deals with teeth and its pattern. The teeth provide the body shape and size as well as food habit, and related behavior patterns. The dental morphology helps us to understand human evolution, growth, bodymorphology, genetical features. k) Human Growth and Development: It is another area of interest to physical anthropology in which biological and mechanisms of growth as well as the impact of the environment on the growth process are studied. Today, physical anthropologists study the impacts of disease, pollution, and poverty on growth. Detailed studies of the hormonal, genetic and physiological basis of the healthy growth in living humans contribute to the understanding of the growth patterns of our ancestors and also, to the health of children today, etc. It is therefore, a specialized knowledge which attempts to study the distribution of different dental traits among different population. 1) Anthropometry:HM SSA It is the anthropological Science of measurement. This study is not only useful in the study of gradual human development through evolution and in understanding the racial discrimination patterns but also helpful in the day to day way of life which is exclusively related to human bodily forms. m) Ergonomy: This branch of physical Anthropology is concerned with the correlation between the static body dimensions and the designing of machine tobe driven by man ié¥e this branch of knowledge is very important by the very fact that many groups of people differ in body size as a result of varied biological and environmental factors. n) Demography: It is the Science of population. It deals with fertility and mortality. These two factors are again influenced by heredity and environment. Asit is concerned with the traits like growth, age ié¥/2 sex structure, spatial distribution, migration in addition to fertility and mortality of the population, it naturally becomes a specialized branch of physical Anthropology. o) Ethology: It is the science of animal behavior. The data obtain from the study of other primate behaviors are being used to help explain the basic background of human behaviors and to suggest how human ancestors may have acted on the different issues. 3. Archaeological Anthropology: This branch of knowledge attempts to trace the origin, growth and development of culture in the past. By past we meant the period before history when man had not acquired the capabilities of language, not merely to speak but also to write in order to record the story of his life. The Archaeological Anthropologist differs from the socio i¢¥2 cultural Anthropologist in two important aspects a) The former studies past cultures while the latter studies present. b) The former lacks the advantage of personal contact and interaction [OCTOBER 2019 | FHM GSAS with the people he is studying which the former enjoys. Archaeology can tell us about the technology of peoples by analyzing the tools they have left behind. Based on this, it can shed light on the economic activities of the people who utilized that technology. The artistic capabilities of people become apparent through the remains of fine engravings on pottery, intricate designs on jewellery , etc. Physical remains of housing can reveal certain aspect of social structure. Besides, certain aspects of religions beliefs can also be guessed by observing burial sites and the articles kept in graves. Such various aspects that Archaeological Anthropologists study begin with an attempt to understand the geological processes, particularly the Great Ice Age, and the succession of climatic phases that have left behind stratigraphic evidences in river terraces and moraines. Further, it studies man as an artificer. Based on the types of stone tools, they divided the cultural development of man into three stone Ages : Paleolithic (Old stone Age), Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) and Neolithic (New Stone Age). Excavation to discover artifacts, dating the assign an approximate time period and clever conjectures to build the cultural history of manié¥/s past are the methods used by Archaeological Anthropologists. Basically, they often work with the socio i¢/ cultural Anthropologists to study and reconstruct past cultures by the method of extrapolation i.e. by inferring the unknown from those things that are known. Cees LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY akan 4. Linguistic Anthropology: Linguistic Anthropology is that branch of anthropology which deals with language. It is concerned with the languages of all people, past and present as it is the chief vehicle through which man preserves and transmits his culture from generation to generation. It also interested in the relationship between language and cultural cognition as well as. cultural behavior. ‘The major difference between Linguists and Linguistic Anthropologist is that the former are mainly concerned with the study of how languages, particularly written ones, are constructed and structured. But the Linguistic Anthropologists study unwritten languages as also written languages. Another crucial difference between them is that those features which the former taken for granted into consideration by the latter. These features are related to the systems of knowledge, belief, assumptions and conventions that produce particular ideas at particular times in the mind of people. Each of these features are the mind of people. Each of these features are culturally conditioned and hence unique to each culture and society.Hv GESTS Pakistan has the highest rate of urbanization in South Asia. According to the 2017 Population Census, 36.4 percent of the population lives in urban areas. In 1998, this figure stood at 32.5 percent. Other estimates, based on a modified definition of urban settlements, suggest that the ratio of urban to rural population could be 40.5 percent and even higher. The United Nations (Digital Magazine) (oo ean] cities generate more than 80 percent of the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The more urbanized areas indicate higher per capita income and more employment opportunities. Cities are also hubs of innovation and entrepreneurship. Urbanization has positive impacts on technological innovation and economic progress. Cumulatively, cities in Pakistan generate 55 percent of the GDP. Moreover, stan generates 95 percent of federal tax revenue from 10 major citi Karachi alone generates 12-15 percent of Pakistan's GDP and contributes 55 percent of the federal tax revenue of the country. 7 out of 10 major cities in Pakistan have larger per-capita incomes 85,Hv GESTS than the average. Poverty in cities is generally lower (i.e. urban multi- dimensional poverty is one-sixth of that ofrural areas By 2095, Lahore's population, currently about seven million, will exceed 10 million, Karachi's will be 19 million; it is 13 million today. But how can the country cope with such migration levels? The inadequate provision of shelter to the urban poor continues to be one of Pakistan's mostimmediate problems. Moreover, the country is plagued by an energy crisis and city roads are usually congested with vehicular traffic, and transit service is unaffordable to most of the urban poor. What are the main factors driving Pakistan's rapid urbanization? The chief factor is migration from rural People are moving from the ‘ide to urban areas in droves, and us reasons. One is to seek better area: count for vari (Digital Magazine) ou) sb) livelihoods and access to (relatively) better services such as education and healthcare. Those migrating for these reasons tend to be poor and to work in professions hit hard by climate change - such as farmers and fishermen facing droughts and other water-loss problems. A second reason for migration - one with troubling consequences for stability and ry - is war and conflict. decades, people have been fleeing war- torn rural regions -particularly the Pakistani tribal areas - to seek the relative safety of cities such as Peshawar, Quetta, and in recent years Karachi. Many of these migrating people are innocent civilians caught in the crossfire and uprooted from their homes. Unfortunately, in recent years militants - including the Pakistani Taliban - have blended in with these fleeing civilians and come to cities as well. This is why the presence of Pakistani Taliban members hasincreased in Karachi in recent years.KM GSAS ae C. % The third chief factor for Pakistan's rapid urbanization is natural population growth. The country’s population size is growing at a rate of several percentage points a year - one of the fastest rates in Asia. The chief one is to provide services for so many new urban arrivals. Even today, it is difficult for cash-strapped and capacity-constrained city officials to provide water, energy, housing, healthcare, and education to their growing masses. And yet with urban populations continuing to increase, this will become even harder to do - and yet the alternative is untold conditions of urban squalor, which could well lead to unrest and radicalization. ‘The second major challenge is security. With so many people in cities struggling to access basic services, and many unable to do so, the implications for stability are considerable. None of this is reassuring, for a country with so many security problems to start with. This is truly a challenge of great proportions. One major step - which will require political will that may admittedly be lacking at the moment - is for city authorities to cut down on the speculative practices that lead large amounts of precious urban real estate to be seized by profit-minded oligarchs and industrialists. This deprives people of the space and land needed to build homes. Another necessary reform is for the housing acquisition process to be made more streamlined and less bureaucratic. It can literally take years and years for people to go through the process of identifying a lot and getting permission tomovein-suchis the level of required RerccciKM GSAS paperwork and bureaucracy. Additionally, something needs to be done about rent prices. In Pakistani cities, rentals are so expensive that most people prefer to buy a home outright - and yet the poor are often notin a position to buy ahomeeither. Finally, the private sector must get involved by providing capital, technological know-how, and perhaps even builders to ensure that more homes arebuilt, and quickly. The first step is to address capacity constraints within city governments. There are relatively few civil servants in cities that have a background in, or knowledge of, urban transport planning. In fact, few universities even offer courses in this field. Once you have people who know the extent of the problem and how to deal with it, the situation should start to improve. The ees smace Retirees) next step is to upgrade public transport. To its credit, the current Pakistani government is already doing this, with plans to introduce new fleets of public buses and metro rail systems in some places, What is important, however, is that these new systems be affordable for the poor, and safe for commuters - especially women. Rapid urbanization is both a blessing and a curse for growth and development. Pakistan has a flourishing yet underappreciated IT sector, and urban growth can strengthen this sector - which has urban roots. At the same time, the economy will suffer if you have a potentially large and young urban work force that can't be productive because it does not have access to water and energy and schooling necessary to keep itDesigned for CSS, PCS, PMS Prcntlas eneocwson MCQs OMe <0) reronaNeleesh sxc NITE Oe HLLG Kabir Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore HSM -ILMI Kitab Khana 949.3748129 - 042-37353510HM SYA healthy and educated. And, of course, when you have such a large number of people in urban areas looking for jobs, the’ labor market - especially one that is relatively small such as Pakistan's - will have trouble supporting it. Yes, and we can already see it. Among those migrating to cities from rural areas are militants displaced by fighting and military offensives in the tribal areas. Cities like Peshawar - site of the horrific school massacre on December 16 - and Karachi - where the airport was attacked earlier this year-have hada rapid growth of Pakistani Taliban entrants, and both cities have suffered attacks by the group inrecent months. Also, it is important to keep in mind that Pakistani cities are already quite unsafe, and having more people pouring into them will only make the situation more volatile. Karachi offers vivid examples. ‘This is a city with a large though volatile ethnic mix. Many of those entering Karachi in recent years are ethnic Pashtuns, and this could exacerbate [OCTOBER political power is enjoyed by the MQM groups, an ethnic Mohajir (migrants from India) group. There are also ethnic Punjabis and Sindhis living in the city. Another issue is land conflict. Much of Karachi's violence can be attributed to battles for precious land (often seized for speculative purposes). With more people in the city, you will have more people scrambling for less land. As land becomes more precious, the stakes will be higher and hence battles for the land could become bloodier. According to the World Bank, Pakistan's urbanization is also "messy and hidden’: Messy from low-density sprawl andHv GESTS accommodate rapid growth, cities have the potential to become hotbeds of discontent and unrest rather than engines of growth and innovation. Following are the biggest challenges facing urban policymakers. 1. Poor housing quality and affordability ‘The State Bank of Pakistan has estimated that across all major cities, urban housing was approximately 4.4 million units short of demand in 2015, If current trends continue, Pakistan's five largest cities will account for 78 percent of the total housing shortage by 2035. Even if urban population remains stagnant, the growing trend of nuclear families who seek housing separate from larger families will increase pressure on housing supply When provided, housing is often low quality. Pakistan ranks eighth among the ten countries that collectively hold 60 percent of substandard housing across the world. Karachi, one of the world's fastest growing megacities with an estimated 17 million people, ranks second lowest in South Asia and sixth lowest in the world on the Economist Intelligence Unit's 2015 livability index. 2. Water and Sanitation Inmost Pakistani cities, water is supplied only four to 16 hours per day and to only 50 percent of the population. According ‘to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), 90 percent of water supply schemes are unsafe for drinking. Shared latrines among households are common in cities and access to solid waste management services remains low. In the most population-dense areas of Karachi, one toilet is shared between twenty people. The World Bank estimates that poor sanitation costs Pakistan around 3.9 percent of GDP; diarthea-related death and disease among children under five being the largest contributors. 3- Transportation Karachi is the only megacity in the world without a mass public transport system. Meanwhile, the cost of private transportation is estimated to have increased by over 100 percent since 2000. Those who cannot afford the commute are forced to live in unplanned, inner-city neighborhoods. Increased private transport on urban roads has caused severe congestion. The government has responded by upgrading many urban roads. However, infrastructure for the most common modes of travel in Pakistan — such as pavements for walking or special lanes for bicycles — either does not exist or has been encroached upon. This is despite the fact that 40 percent of all trips in Lahore are made on foot. Mobility in urban Pakistan is also harder for women. An ADB study found that almost 85 percent of working-women surveyed in Karachi were harassed in. 2015. 4. Health While overall health and nutrition are better for urban than for rural populations child mortality and malnutrition indicators show that Pakistan's urban poor have health outcomes only marginally better than the rural poor. Better health outeomes in urban areas are explained by improved access to private health care in cities. But with the exception of immunization, utilization of basic public health services is very low in urban areas. Poor health outcomes are also a direct impact of the pollution caused by rapidHv GESTS urbanization. According to the World Health Organization, Karachi is the most polluted city in Pakistan with air twice as polluted as that of Beijing. The level of pollution in Punjab's major cities is also three to four times higher than that determined safe by the UN. Alack of clean drinking water remains a major contributor to the high mortality rate of children under five years old. According to Save the Children's 2015 Annual Report, poor urban children in Pakistan are more likely to die young thanrural children. The challenge of global warming has also intensified in cities. A rise in concrete structures across the urban landscape is increasing temperatures within cities. In 2015, an unanticipated heat wave in Karachiled to almost 1,500 deaths. 5. Education Although urban areas have higher student enrollment and better learning outcomes, close to 10 percent of all children in Lahore, Karachi and Peshawar remain out of school. Like healthcare, better education in cities is explained by the private sector. From 2001 to 2014, the share of primary enrollment in urban private schools rose from 25 percent to 40 percent. Moreover, there seems to be an inverse relationship between public schooling and city size. In small cities, approximately 35 percent of all children aged five to nine are enrolled in government schools. In capital cities, that figure drops to 22 percent. Continued preference for private schools reflects the low quality of government schools in urban centers. While all private schools have basic facilities (drinkable water and toilets), they are missing in around 12 percent of government schoolsin Lahore. The absence of educational and health facilities in smaller cities pushes people towards big cities, where service delivery becomes increasingly strained as the urban population grows. 6. Land Management Outdated land use regulation and building codes, the absence of a unified land record system and patchy data on land use result in poor urban land management. One consequence is extreme inequality in land use. In Karachi, 36 percent of the population lives in formally planned settlements that consume 77 percent of the city's residential land, where urban density can beas low as 84 people per hectare. On the other hand, Karachi's many informal settlements have densities of more than 4,500 per hectare. These hugely varying densities have resulted in unequal access tovital urban services. Unplanned urban sprawl continues unchecked. Housing schemes built beyond city limits have used up an estimated 60,000 acres of prime agricultural land. Both Karachi and Lahore have seen the development of large real estate schemes by private and military developers particularly along the highways. These ventures are redefining urban limits, further straining service delivery.HV GESTS 5 is a Web Phenomenon in KA ele 21th Century Introduction Kashmir valley had been ruled get until the fourteen century. Then it was brought under the Muslims rule. The Mughal emperor annexed the valley included it in his kingdom in 1587. The Afghan got hold con valley in 1752 as well as British took control after fall of Sikh dynasty in Punjab. Government of British sold this belly to gullab Singh Dogra 1846 The political movement between Pakistan and India affect the Kashmir .After independence Kashmir divided in two parts jammu and Kashmir. This is debatable thing that how to solve the Kashmir collision or emancipate the (Digital Magazine) | °°)", Pur) Ahsan Baig Sana Anwar Kashmiri from the brutality of India. Kashmiris. gold area for both India and Pakistan . both power have their own national and international interests. both fabricate for their acquisition. If unlucky, any war broke up between them. then, who will win? this is rigid thing but we can expect to this through some credibility of both like military, economically, and diplomatically. Strength of Pakistan Military in India has more personal then. Pakistan, more in number ofactive1S] CSS/Times personal, reserve personal, military weapons kinds of weapons& India have 20 time more available military then Pakistan. Pakistan can continue to this war only few days because military inequality. “although Pakistani army &nation have much spirit and patriotically conerete then India" but this is other thing. On diplomatic stage India is number one in diplomacy. Their diplomats more intellectual & Machiavellian then Pakistani diplomats .they cunningly decipher their national interests in all world organizations like UNO, WTO,FATF ete. Action of Pakistan Tf Pakistan argue UNO to intervene over Kashmir issue .Then Indian diplomats defend to this in creamy & smooth way like previous example kargil 1999,indus. water treaty 1960 & more the first war of Kashmir in 1948. Economically india is stable in currency value, foreign reserve (426.42 US dollar) billion and more exports as compare to Pakistan. Pakistan whose unstable in foreign reserve currency valuesin imports exports ete. 0, in short ie will solve through ition of Islamic countries and with the influence and suppression of world super power USA. these Islamic countries collectively convince to US towards this issue through common agenda of emancipation of Kashmir. otherwise this issue will become more HSM CSS Times rigid and complex in future. so, we have need to make our diplomats craftier artfulness, astute as comparison to India. because we have an example in which Pakistan won in combat but lose in diplomacy in front of world.so we have need to generate such kind of diplomats who decisively show up their point of view on globe and abate the conflicts which threaten to their sovereignty & this region instability. Phenomenon of article 370 ‘who are raising huge cry over abrogation of article 370 by India and insisting for major war. In this scenario a total war means nuclear war and nuclear war means third world war. It will be completely futile, half of human species may go extinct and rest of will starve to death. If wo go for limited war we shall lose. Economy is major factor to wage a war and we all know about our good economy. The only solution is to make tule at international forums and seek mediator. It is harsh truth, itis the war of water instead of two nation theory. It is not an issue for what a nuclear war should be waged. It is indispensable for the survival of an agency to spread this type ofstrategic culture. Just be calm and wait for appropriate solution. Amendmentin Article 370 ¢ Jammu and Kashmir will be like a Indian state or union territory * Total control of India in decision making process * Indiannational flag prevails © Any Indiancansettlein Kashmir « Itsfree that anyone can buy or sale the property ¢ Kashmiri women married to non- Kashmiri can inherit propertyHM CSSA Monopoly of India India's decision today has increased the chances of a civil war, a religious war, in Kashmir. Another Syria in the making. This decision is a push in that direction. Indians are foreigners in the disputed region, settlements will lead to friction. I hope citizens of India will not heed their government's call to settle in Kashmir so that they can avoid attacks and more tragedy. Kashmiris don't hate Indian people but like them and want to live in peace as neighbors. Kashmiris have proven in seven decades they will not be forced into becoming Indians. I hope saner heads prevail in India, and go for peace talks instead of war, Ahouse divide against itself cannot stand the independence of Kashmir or merger of in any state is possible though common & undistinguished agenda of political struggle. The solution of ing just due to lack of charismatic leadership like Quaid Azam and Gandhi.in former 72 years to till date Kashmiri unable to consolidate behind of one leader. Three struggling group with stereotype action. We have examples (Digital Magazine) 1-9"! EY) whose state got freedom like Bangladesh under unvaried leadership Mujibur Rahman , like merger of Scotland. indolence is possible just on nonviolence political struggle for their independence through plebiscite or referendum under the umbrella of others Islamic state. Gandhi got roundness just because of adaptation of nonviolence political struggle "The whole Islamic world adopt peaceful coexistence diplomatic struggle of Kashmir in security council and on other world platform. Otherwise what kind of struggle of emancipation if they adopted then destruction in conform in this region on globe level. Then who will be the responsible of this? Universe doesn't give u what you ask for with your thoughts, it gives you what you demand with your action.in this current fragile scenario of the South Asian region fear of war fear of hidden propaganda. now time to eradicate your Mutual grievances. Not show your condolence orally. take action of torment to words foe. 21th century ible solution of thisHM ESAS available. Otherwise future will be more threaten for this region on the bases of statenational & international interests. first time it's possible after the independence of Pakistan when main regulated of state mutually linked with each other against to India All Arms force's government, media and nation ready to cut off for state. This is golden time to make cunning propaganda with Mujahideen like "hafiz Saeed “and other hidden struggling organization to root out Indian clutches in Kashmir through physical war with help of Islamic state as in Soviet war 1979...89 .need to get military and diplomatic loyalty of China must. who is economic partner of this South Asia. Interview of Imran khan in united states institute of peace he said that, I will always stand with Kashmiris. think solutions of this iss the Kashmir not by Pakis' solutions what's Kashmir wants. Trump says, that I will talk to Modi that he must solve this issue as soon as possible. Trump plays diplomatic role in this issue one side he supports the Modi in essay [OCTOBER 2019 procession and other side talk with Pakistan about mediations. Pakistan must play his cards to solve this issue. Imran khan also touching the Afghan polices of USA he said that, we help the USA it was our big mistake. Pakistan don't want any aid form USA. I just want that we stand on one platform to talk with USA. we want to live with dignity not for begging. Conclusion Kashmir is really a bone of contention between Pakistan and India. Pakistan stand with Kashmir to save them from India India change the article 370 also killing the Kashmiris he violating human rights but super powers don't take any action yet against the India. Even trump says that I will be a mediator but result is nothing. So Pakistan must burn up the candle in darkness then the result will come to exit. It would be final that bullies India will get barbarous defeat. “All bad thing and good thing must come toanend." uelty.eee iicte Essay Writing Important CSS Essay’s Outline Replaced Essays 2000-2019 &All Other Competitive Exams CURRENS a ca teeny Dereon ' " Soe Des rT oT aS oe *HM GSAS (a) $100 million (b) $200 million (¢) $300 million (d) $400 million Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the government to support its Ehsas initiative on poverty alleviation, under which it will provide Pakistan an amount of 200 million dollars. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed by both parties in a meeting held in New York. (@)China (b) South Korea HSM CSS Times (©) Japan (d) Indonesia (©) The Kounotori8, which means ‘white stork’, is the world's biggest transport spaceship according to Japan Aerospa Exploration Agency(JAXA). HTV- the eighth mission of robotic Kounotori8 cargo ship to resupply the International Space Station (ISS). ce (a) Muhammad Saad Khattak [OCTOBER 2019 | ForHV GESTS (b) DrAsad Majeed Khan (c) Munir Akram (d) AliNawaz Answer: (c) Explanation: Akram is a veteran diplomat and is one of the ambassadors who believe in hardcore approach towards India instead of appeasement. Akram served a previous stint in the post. from 2002 to 2008. But in January 2003 the United States asked Pakistan to waive Akram's diplomatic immunity so that he could be prosecuted on assault charges. Sarah Taylor, who recently retired from international cricket, is from which country? (a)England (b) Australia (c)NewZealand (d) West Indies Answer: (a) Explanation: The England wicketkeeper Sarah Taylor has announced her retirement from international cricket as she continues her battle with anxiety. The 30-year-old, who. was the inaugural winner of the Guardian women's cricketer of the year award in 2018, made her England debut in 2006, and has gone on to make 226 appearances, earning a reputation as one of the world's finest players. In recent years, though, Taylor has missed a number of series at home and abroad as. she manages her mental health, with the issue leading to her withdrawal from England's squad midway through this summer's Ashes. She has therefore decided to end an international career that started in August 2006 and comprised 10 Tests, 126 ODIs and 90 ‘Twenty20s, the highlights of which include three Ashes series wins and World Cup triumphs in 2009 and 2017. What is the theme of the 2019 edition of World Tourism Day (wTD)? (a) Tourism open doors for women (b) Tourism and Jobs (c) Tourism for development (d)Noneof these Answer: (b) Explanation: World Tourism Day is commemorated each year on 27 September, with celebrations led by UNWTO. Its purpose is to foster awareness among the global community WOERLI TOURISM DAY2O019 27 September 2019 — New Delhi. IndiaH-V GESTS of tourism's social, cultural, political and economic value and the contribution the sector can make in reaching the Sustainable Development Goals. In 2019, in line with UNWTO's overarching focus on skills, education and jobs throughout the year, World Tourism Day will be a celebration on the topic ‘Tourism and Jobs: abetter future for all’. On the occasion of its centenary in 2019, the ILO released "Work for a Brighter Future: Report of the Global Commission on the future of Work’. This landmark report takes note of the fore transforming the world — technolo; climate change, demography, globalization — to call for a human- centered agenda for the future of worl By placing people and the work they doat the centre of economic and social policy and business practice, the path towards growth, equity and sustainability consists of three pillars of action: = Increase investment in people's capabilities . Increase investment in the institutions of work . Increase investment in decent and sustainable work Tourism is a leading people-to-people (Digital Magazine) | --"¢- 1 PTY) sector, with growth rates outpacing tld economic growth and international trade. It is one of the main global export categories and with such a high impact on human workforce, it serves as a natural ally of ILO's human- centered agenda for the future of work. Tourismand Jobs Tourism is a major source of employment because of its labour- intensive nature and the significant multiplier effect on employment in related sectors. It is estimated that one job in the core tourism sector creates about one-and-a-half additional or indirect jobs in the tourism-related economy. Overall tourism accounts for one inten jobs worldwide. ‘The ILO estimates that ‘accommodation and restaurants’, together with ‘private sector services’, will create jobs at the fastest rate among all sectors in the economy over the next five years. Tourism has proven to be a resilient economic activity. In each of the seven years following the global economic crisis of 2010, the number of worldwide international tourist arrivals grew at 49% orabove, Tourism isa contributor to the 100)HM S9/a5 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a target in Goals 8, 12 and 14. The sector's contribution to job creation is specifically recognized in Goal 8, target 8.9. This states: “By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products”. On 29th September 2019, Steel- cutting ceremony of first MILGEM corvette for Pakistan Navy's (PN) held at ? (a). Karachishipyard (b) Malaysia shipyard (c)Istanbul shipyard (d) None of above Answer: (c) Explanation: Steel-cutting ceremony of first MILGEM corvette for Pakistan Navy's (PN) held at Istanbul Shipyard. Under the contract, which was signed in 2018, two of the ships will be built in Turkey, while the remaining two in Pakistan. Pakistan will also receive “complete transfer of technology and the transfer of intellectual property rights for the design ofthese ships.” “KAZIND — 2019” is the joint military exercise of Kazakhstan &which country? (a) Russia (b) Pakistan (c)India (d) Iran Cessna Answer: (c) Explanation: A joint military exercise between India and Kazakhstan named KAZIND-2019 is scheduled to be held in India from 3-15 October 2019. Paolo Borrometi, who won the 2019 Peter Mackler Award for Courageous Journalism, is from which country? (a) Greece (b) Italy (c)Spain (d) Malta Answer: (b) Explanation: Borrometiis an expert on the Sicilian mafia and his courageous journalism has made him a target of multiple threats and personal attacks. He was also attacked in 2014 that caused a permanent injury to his shoulder. In the same year, a fire was set outside his home in Modicain Sicily that caused his familyHM GES to flee to Rome. However, even from there, he continued to report on organized crime. The thirty-six-year-old Borrometi worked for the Italian agency AGI before starting his own website La Spia. Whatis the Peter Mackler Award? According to the website, the Peter Mackler Award “honors reporters and editors who have demonstrated a commitment to fairness, accuracy and speaking truth to power, and a matching commitment to asserting the right to publish or air that story in countries where independent media is under threat.” It is named after journalist Peter Mackler, who held many eminent positions across his lifetime. Among many positions, he served at the Agence France-Presse as the Chief Editor for North America, Chief Editor for Asia, director for Southeast Asia and the South Pacific, senior correspondent for Europe at various stages in his career. Apart from being an ace journalist, he was also dedicated to teaching journalism, training journalists from the United States of America, Malaysia, and Iran among many other nations. To advance his goal of teaching journalism, he also (Digital Magazine) founded the Global Media Forum, a consortium of international reporters from across the globe. The Peter Mackler Award for Courageous and Ethical Journalism was instituted in 2008 by the family and friends of this great man Asma Shirazi, Pakistan's first female war correspondent and host of popular TV talk shows, was named 2014 Winner of Peter Mackler Award for Courageous and Ethical Journalism. Shirazi reported on conflicts that include the 2006 Israel- Lebanon war, Taliban violence on the Pakistan-Afghanistan border in 2009 and General Pervez Musharraf's 2007 state of emergency. Which country is the world's most digitally competitive economy? (a) USA (b) Singapore (c) Denmark (d) Switzerland Answer: (a Explanation: The United States held on to the number one spot in IMD World Digital Competitiveness ranking (WDCR) in 2019, with all top five economies in the ranking unchanged: GenerHSM Paper | & Il The Political science optional subject is a very dynamic and constantly evolving subject. This book contains the elaborate coverage of textual and non-textual aspects of the subject. The book is featured with Description and analysis of the concepts with necessary illustrations and models. Information on relevant Key Concepts and Smart Facts has been boxed and also, answers given in the book are updated with authentic latest information to serve as models for the upcoming exam HSM Paper | & Il Chapterwise Explanatory Questionnaire HSM Political Science Paper | & II () MCQs is a ready reckoner that includes chapter wise Explanatory Questionnaire with Answer Hints. Based on latest syllabus prescribed by the FPSC for Political Science Optional Paper Sclved Objective Type Multiple Choice Questions Including Sted QS of| lamer Shahzad Past (SS Papers with ExplanationsHV GESTS USA, Singapore, Sweden, Denmark and Switzerland.In the Top 10, the Netherlands, Hong Kong SAR and Republic of Korea moved up (to 6th, 8th and 10th, respectively), while Norway dropped to.9” and Canada fell from 8th to 1ith.Now in its third year, the WDCR, produced by the IMD World Competitiveness Center, measures the capacity and readiness of 63 economies to adopt and explore digital technologies as a key driver for economic transformation in business, government and wider society.Technology not only affects how businesses perform but also how economies function and prepare for the future. Governments around the world are investing heavily in their digital economy to enhance value creation and prosperity.The Top 5 share a common thread in terms of their focus on knowledge generation, but they each approach digital competitiveness differently. The United States and Sweden follow a balanced approach between knowledge generation, the creation of a supportive environment for technology development and a readiness to adopt innovation. Singapore, Denmark and Switzerland give priority toone ortwo factors. On which date, the 2019 International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons, is observed? (a) September 25, (b) September 26 (c) September 27 (d) September 28 Answer: (b) Explanation: The General Assembly declared the International Day in December 2013, in its resolution 68/32 as a follow-up to the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on nuclear disarmament held on 26 September 2013, in NewYork. Notable Events 1945: The two atomic bombs destroyed the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and are estimated to have killed a total of 213,000 peopleimmediately. 1946: In its very first resolution, the General Assembly identified nuclear disarmament as a leading goal of the United Nations. 1959: The General Assembly included nuclear disarmament as part of the more comprehensive goal of general and complete disarmament under effective international control (resolution 1378(XIV)). It is the first General Assembly resolution ever to be sponsored by the entire membership of the United Nations. 1963: The Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water, also knownas the Partial Test Ban Treaty, was opened for signature. Years-long discussions between the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States had been given a renewed sense of urgency by the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. 1967: The nuclear arms race and the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis prompted Latin American Governments to negotiate the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (Treaty of Tlatelolco), which established the first nuclearH-V GES/TES Weapons-free zone in a highly populated area. 1978: The General Assembly held its first Special Session Devoted to Disarmament. In the Final Document, Member States affirmed that their common ultimate objective is “general and complete disarmament under effective international control” and that “effective measures of nuclear disarmament and the prevention of nuclear war have the highest priority.” 1985: The South Pacifie became the second nuclear-weapon-free zone (Treaty of Rarotonga). 1991: South Africa voluntarily renounced its nuclear weapons programme, 1992: By the Lisbon Protocol to the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START 1), Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine voluntarily renounced nuclear weapons in their possession following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. 1995: At the 1995 NPT Review and =) The world’s nuclear arsenals aoe Extension Conference, States parties adopted without a vote the decisions on the indefinite extension of the Treaty, "Strengthening the review process for the Treaty" and "Principles and objectives on nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament", as well as a "Resolution onthe Middle East". Southeast Asia became the third nuclear- weapon-free zone (Bangkok Treaty). 1996: Africa became the fourth nuclear- weapon-freezone (Pelindaba Treaty). At the request of the General Assembly, the International Court of Justice provided an advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban ‘Treaty opened for signature. 2000: At the 2000 NPT Review Conference, States parties adopted thirteen practical steps for systematic and progressive efforts for nuclear disarmament. 2006: Central Asia became the fifthHM GSAS nuclear-weapon-free zone (Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Central Asia). 2008: United Nations Secretary- General Ban Ki-moon announced his five-point plan towards nuclear disarmament. 2010: At the 2010 NPT Review Conference, States parties adopted a 64- point action plan across all three pillars of the Treaty — nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and the peaceful uses of nuclear energy — and practical steps to implement the 1995 Resolution on the Middle East. 2013: The General Assembly held its first-ever high-level meeting on nuclear disarmament. The General Assembly, through its resolution 68/32, declared that 26 September will be the International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons. The General Assembly, pursuant to resolution 67/56, convenes an open- ended working group on taking forward multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations. 2016: The General Assembly, pursuant to resolution 70/33, convenes a second open-ended working group on taking forward multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations. 2017: On 7 July, the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons is adopted. It is the first multilateral legally binding instrument for nuclear disarmament to have been negotiated in 2oyears. 2018: The Secretary-General launched “Securing Our Common Future: An Agenda for Disarmament.” The Agenda addresses the elimination of nuclear weapons in the framework of “disarmament to save humanity.” Sebastian Coe, who has been re- elected as IAAF chief, is from which country? (a) USA (b) Britain. essa (c) France (d) Norway Answer: (c) Explanation: Britain's Sebastian Coe was re-elected unopposed as president of the IAAF for a second term. Coe, 62, the former Olympic and world champion middle-distance runner, was named head of the governing body of world athletics in 2015 and receives his second mandate just two days before the World Athletics Championships opens in Doha. Coe, who took over the reins during a period of turmoil in world athletics, was re-elected by unanimous vote of the 203 delegates attending the International Association of Athletics Federations’ Congress in Doha. Who has been honoured with the 2019 Right Livelihood award? (a) Guo Jianmei (b) Greta Thunberg (c)Aminatou Haidar (d) Davi Kopenawa / HutukaraYanomami Association (e) Allofthe Above Answer: (e) Explanation: The Right Livelihood Award, widely known as the ‘Alternative Nobel Prize’ Swedish teenage climate activist Greta Thunberg, ‘was named as one of four winners of the 2019 Right Livelihood Award, known as Sweden's alternative Nobel Prize. Thunberg won the award “for inspiring and amplifying political demands for urgent climate action reflecting scientific facts,” the Right Livelihood Foundation said in a statement. Thunberg, 16, denounced world leaders for failing to tackle climate change in a speech at the start of a climate summit at the United Nations in New York. She started solitary weekly protests outside Swedish parliament a year ago. Inspired by her, millions of young people poured onto streets around the world to demand governments attending the summit take emergency action. Thunberg shares the award with Brazilian indigenous leader Davi Kopenawa of the Yanomami people, Chinese women's rights lawyer Guo (Digital Magazine) llr) breed) Jianmei and Western Sahara human rights defender Aminatou Haidar. “With the 2019 Right Livelihood Award, we honour four practical visionaries whose leadership has empowered millions of people to defend their inalienable rights and tostrive fora liveable future for all on planet Earth,” the foundation said in the statement. The four laureates will received a cash award of 1 million Swedish crowns ($103,000) each. Who has been selected the new head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)? (a)Simon Johnson (b) Maurice Obstfeld (c)Kristalina Georgieva (d) Olivier Blanchard Answer: (¢) 107)HM GESTS Explanation: The International Monetary Fund has confirmed Bulgiarian economist Kristalina Georgieva as its new head. Previously second in command at the World Bank, she's the first person from an emerging economy to lead the body. As a center- right politician who grew up under Communist rule in Bulgaria, Georgieva built herreputation while working for the European Commission and then at the World Bank. It was at the World Bank that she reached the level of chief executive officer, taking a leave of absence during the selection process for the IMF. She had previously been tipped asa possible successor to Ban Ki-moon as United Nations Secretary General. Georgieva succeeds France's Christine Lagarde, who is set to becomehead of the European Central Bank. The Bulgarian was backed by French President Emmanuel Macron and won support last month from the rest of the European Union, as well as the tacit backing of the United States. Under an unwritten rule, the IMF has been led bya European since its creation in the aftermath of World War II. Candidates to lead its sister organization, the World Bank, are decided upon by Washington. Adam Harper, who has been awarded the an Indian University's 2019 SASTRA Ramanujan prize, is from which country? (a) Poland (b) England (c) Romania (@) Turkey Answer: (b) Explanation: The Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy, also known as SASTRA, is a Indian University in Indian state Tamil Nadu. The SASTRA Ramanujan prize for 2019 will be awarded to mathematician Adam Harper, Assistant Professor with the University of Warwick, England. The prize carries a citation and an award of $10,000 and is conferred annually on mathematicians from across the world whoare less than 32 years ofage, working in an area influenced by the genius Srinivasa Ramanujan. “The SASTRA- Ramanujan Award has gained global repute ever since it was instituted in 2005 and today is easily amongst the top five awards of this type for mathematics. The world's first camel hospital is located in which city? (a) Dubai (b) Bahawalpur (c) Rahim Yar Khan (@)Thar RVs, ier: ay ded (Croc) OCTOBER 2019 Bonet aan 108)You regret the things you did’nt do when you had the chance. Now! it is your chance. Grab it! FA TEST PRACTICE WORK BOOK ace POW TAD LO Sey (042) 37353510 EYBUaeriil ee TeeHM GEMS Answer: (a) Explanation: Dubai Camel Hospital, the world's first camel hospital is all set to expand its capacity by an additiona in response to massive demand for its ices. The state-of-the-art veterinary has firmed up plans to enlarge ties to be able to treat over 30 camels simultaneously. The new camel hospital opened its doors in 2017 to meet the overwhelming demand in the UAE for an advanced medical facility dedicated to treating camels. Since its inception, the hospital has attracted the interest of not only local owners but also camel breeders from across the world. Camels are an integral part of the UAE's heritage, and preserving it is a key aim of the hospital. Historically, camels, known as the 'ship of the desert’ were a source of transport as well as food and milk in the region. The camel has continued tobean integral part of the UAE's society and culture to this day, with select breeds used for camel racing, a sport highly popular among Emiratis. In recent years camel dairy farming has evolved as an alternative to traditional dairy farming in the region. According to a recent report by the IMARC Group, the GCC camel dairy market was worth $447.9 million in 2018 and is projected to reach over $661 million by 2024, rising by 6.9% during 2019-2024. Which country has launched its biggest peacetime operation after Thomas Cook collapse? (a) Sweden (b) Russia (c)UK (d) China Answer: (c) Explanation: British travel company Thomas Cook declared bankruptcy, stranding hundreds of thousands of holiday-makers and prompting the British government to initiate what it is calling the largest peacetime repatriation in thenation's history. The effort, dubbed Operation Matterhorn, aims to fly 150,000 travelers who were booked on Thomas Cook flights back home to Britain. The mammoth task is expected to cost more than $120 million, said the U.K. Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). The organization has chartered dozens of planes to fly Thomas Cook travelers 110]HM GES home free of charge beginning Monday. Other travelers will be booked on already scheduled flights by other airlines. Operation Matterhorn recalls a similar instance in 2017 when Britain's Monarch Airlines collapsed. At the time, the CAA also stepped in, planning out travel for Monarch patrons to return to Britain in the two weeks after the airline's closure. Ultimately, the agency operated 700 flights as part of the effort to transport 110,000 stranded passengers home What is the theme of the 2019 edition of International Day of Peace? (a) Climate action for peace (b) Standup forinternational peace (¢) Partnership for peace (d) None of these Answer: (a) Explanation: International Day of Peace is an International event that is observed each year by nations all across the world, The event is commemorated on 2ist of September each year. Itisaday that was set aside by the United Nations General assembly for everyone around the world to devote to keeping peace, despite any differences they may have, as well as play a part in building a peace culture that will last for generations to come. International Day of Peace was started way back in 1981 through the resolution 36/67 by the United Nations General Assembly, in an effort to reconcile people around the world. Last year's theme was, Together for Peace: Respect, Safety, and Dignity for all. United States and which country are set to hold their first tri- services exercise 'Tiger Triumph’? (a) Japan (b) India (©) Singapore (d) Philippine Answer: (b) Explanation: United States and India are set to hold their first tri-services exercise code-named "Tiger Triumph" in November this year. Final Planning Conference (FPC) for USA-India commenced on September 16. The 74th Session of United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has started in which city? (a) London (b) NewYork (©) Berlin (d) None of these Answer: (b) Explanation: The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), the only one in which all membernationshave equal SION DSSS cL SS aHM ESAS representation, and the main deliberative, policy-making, and representative organ of the UN. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the UN, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, appoint the Secretary-General of the United Nations, receive reports from other parts of the UN, and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions." It has also established numerous subsidiary organs. ‘The General Assembly currently meets under its president or seeretary-general in annual sessions at the headquarters of the United Nations in New York City, the main part of which lasts from September to December and part of January until all issues are addressed (which often is just before the next session's start). It can also reconvene for special and emergency special sessions. Its composition, functions, powers, voting, and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter. The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations. Which country lifted 2019 Asian Men's Volleyball Championship title? ( (a) Pakistan (b) Iran (c)China (d) Malaysia Answer: (b) Explanation: The 2019 Asian Men's ess maces Volleyball Championship was the twentieth edition of the Asian Men's Volleyball Championship, a biennial international volleyball tournament organised by the Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC) with Islamic Republic of Iran Volleyball Federation (IRIVF). The tournament was being held in Tehran, Iran, from 13 to 21 September 2019. Top eight teams of this tournament which had not yet qualified to the 2020 Olympic Games were qualified for the 2020 Asian Olympic Qualification Tournament. Iran overpowered Australia in straight sets (25-14, 25-17, 25-21) in the 2019 Asian Men's Volleyball Championship at the 12,000-seater Azadi Sports Complex. Team Melli won Asian Men's Volleyball Championship forthe third time. The 2019 C40 World Mayors Summit is scheduled to be held in which city? (a) Berlin (b) Copenhagen (c) Warsaw (d) Tokyo Answer: (b) Explanation: Copenhagen is the host of the C4o's seventh summit, which will be held from gth to 12th of October 2019.HM ESAS The summitis set to bea milestone in the efforts to put action behind the words and to speed up the implementation of the Paris Agreement. Gandan Tegchenling Monastery, which is in news recently, is located in which country? (a) Myanmar (b) Pakistan (c) Mongolia (d) Thailand Answer: (c) Explanation: Around the start of the agth century more than 100 siim (temples) and khiid (monasteries) served a population of about 50,000 in Urga (the former name of Ulaanbaatar). Only a handful of these buildings survived the religious purges of 1937. It wasn't until the early 1990s that the people of Mongolia started to openly practise Buddhism again. This monastery is one ‘of Mongolia's most important, and also one of its biggest tourist attractions. The full name, Gandantegchinlen, translates roughly as ‘the great place of complete joy’. Building was started in 1838 by the fourth Bogd Gegeen, but as with most monasteries in Mongolia, the purges of 1937 fell heavily on Gandan. When the US Vice President Henry Wallace asked to see a monastery during his visit to Mongolia in 1944, Prime Minister Choibalsan guiltily scrambled to open this one to cover up the fact that he had recently laid waste to Mongolia's religious heritage. Gandan remained a ‘show monastery’ for other foreign visitors until 1990 when full religious ceremonies recommenced. Today more than 600 monks belong to the monastery. Which is the official mascot of the 2022 Beijing Winter Paralympics? (a) Bing Dwen Dwen (b) Shuey Rhon Rhon (c) Bing Keun (d) None of these Answer: (b) Explanation: The 2022 Winter Paralympics officially known as the XIII Paralympic Winter Games, is an international winter multi-sport event for disabled athletes that is scheduled to take place in Beijing, People's Republic of China, from 4 to 13 March 2022. Beijing will become the first city to host both the Summer and Winter Paralympics. These games will be the first Winter Paralympics held in China. Bing Dwen Dwen is the official mascot of the 2022 Winter Olympics, and Shuey Rhon Rhon is the official mascot of the 2022 Winter Paralympics. Both events are scheduled tobe held in Beijing, China. The first-ever World Patient Safety Day (WPSD) is observed on which date? (a) September 14 (b) September 15 (c) September 16(d) September 17 Answer: (d) Explanation: During the 72nd World Health Assembly, 194 countries recognized patient safe' a global health priority, agreeing to observe September 17 as World Patient Safety Day each year. This year, the theme is “Patient Safety: a global health priority” with the slogan “Speak up for Patient y!” World Patient Safety Day (WPSD) isa campaign for everyone in the health care system to work together to improve patient safety. Billions of dollars are wasted annually on medication oy es errors while four out of 10 patients are harmed in primary and ambulatory care settings. On which date, the 2019 edtion of World Bamboo Day (WBD) is celebrated? (a) September 18 (b) September 23 Answer: (a) Explanation: World Bamboo Day (WBD) is a day of celebration to increase the awareness of bamboo globally. Where bamboo grows naturally, bamboo has been a daily element, but its utilization has not always been sustainable due to exploitati celebration of World Bamboo Day (WBD) was held for the very first time in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from 18-23 September 2012! In 2019, 202 million international migrants, equivalent to 74 per cent of the global migrant population, were between the ages of. naeHV GESTS (a) 18and 40 (b) 20 and 64 ()23and55 (d)20and 50 Answer: (b) Explanation: The number of international migrants globally reached an estimated 272 million in 2019, an increase of 51 million since 2010. Currently, international migrants comprise 3.5 per cent of the global population, compared to 2.8 per cent in the year 2000, according to new estimates) released by the United Nations. The International Migrant Stock 2019, a dataset released by the Population Division of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) today, provides the latest estimates of the number of international migrants by age, sex and origin for all countries and areas of the world. The estimates are based on official national statistics on the foreign-born or the foreign population obtained from population censuses, population meyer registers or nationally representative surveys. Which country has unveiled South Asia's tallesttower? (a) Pakistan (b) India (c) SriLanka (@) Bangladesh Answer: (c) Explanation: The Lotus Tower i Lanka, the tallest in South Asi: m tall Lotus Tower constructed at a cost of $ 104.3 million with funding from the Government of China is considered to be the tallest tower in South Asia. The Lotus Tower will function as a TV tower, a hotel, a shopping mall and a conference centre. There are four gates to the Lotus Tower which covers an area of 30,600 sq.m. There is also a restaurant and a communication museum on the ground floor. The sixth storey tower has two exhibit halls for the faculty. The observatory has been built on the seventh floor. There is alsoa restaurant andaHV GESTS communication museum on the ground floor and two exhibition halls on the sixth floor while the seventh floor has the observation deck. (a) France () Italy (c)Spain (@) Germany © Spain completed their undefeated run at the FIBA Basketball World Cup 2019 in China with a 95-75 victory against Argentina in the Final to capture the Naismith Trophy at the Wukesong Sport Arena in Beijing. Ricky Rubio paced the winners with 20 points while Mare Gasol added 14. points, 7 rebounds and 7 assists to lead the Spaniards to their second World Cup title, repeating as champions after a 13- Pees year break. Their first title also came on Asian soil in Japan. It was also the second World Cup triumph for Gasol and Rudy Fernandez, who both were part of the e-winning team at the FIBA Basketball World Cup 2006. Their second Asian triumph makes Spain one of a few countries to have won multiple World Cups, alongside Brazil, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Soviet Union, United States and Yugoslavia. For Argentina, their second-place finish in China is their best performance since 2002, when they also ended up runners- up. They won the inaugural edition of the competition in 1950. Did you know that Spain had already won the FIBA Basketball World Cup in Asia once in the past? The Spanish captured their first World Cup title in 2006, when the event took place in Japan. Mare Gasol and Rudy Fernandez were on the title- winning teams in 2006 and 2019.