Index

Note: ‘Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures, “t” indicate tables’.

A Adrenal glands in cat, 294 Antebrachium (forearm)

Abdomen, 208 Adrenolumbar arteries, 261–263 in cat, 202, 208–209
Abdominal aorta, 260 Adrenolumbar artery/veins, 261–263 in frog, 165
Abdominal pores, 63–64 Afferent branchial arteries Anterior auricular artery, 258
Abdominal vein in lamprey, 50 Anterior auricular vein, 258
in frog, 168, 177f in mudpuppy, 152 Anterior border, of scapula, 200
in mudpuppy, 142, 152 in shark, 75–76, 79–80 Anterior cardinal sinus, 87
in shark, 88 Afferent renal veins Anterior cardinal veins
Abdominopelvic cavity of cat, 241, 246–252, in mudpuppy, 152 in lamprey, 50
249f–251f in shark, 87 in mudpuppy, 150
Abducens foramina, 54 Afferent spiracular artery, 70, 81–82 Anterior cerebellar peduncle, 306
Abducens nerve (CN VI) Agnathans, 8, 10, 45, 53 Anterior chamber of eye, 99–100
in cat, 304 Air sacs, 358, 359f Anterior commissure, 306
in shark, 54, 99 Akinetic skulls Anterior cornu, 162–163
Abductor, 65–69 in iguana, 316 Anterior cranial fossa, 187
Abductor caudae internus (coccygeus in turtle, 314 Anterior dorsal fin
muscle), 220 Alar crest, 318 in lamprey, 47
Abductor cruris caudalis (tenuissimus), 220 Alar process of prootic, 318 in perch, 115
Acanthodians, 15 Albertosaurus libratus, 335–336, 337f, 339f in shark, 54, 58f, 64
Acanthostega, 18 Alisphenoid, 185–186 Anterior dorsal fin, 113
Accessory lobe, lung, 244 Alligator mississippiensis, 329 Anterior facial vein. See Linguofacial vein
Accessory nerve (XI) Alligator skull and mandible, 329–335, 329f Anterior intestinal artery, 84
in cat, 304 Alula (bastard wing), 354 Anterior intestinal vein, 87
in shark, 105 Alular quills, 354 Anterior lienogastric vein, 87
Accessory process, 198 Amiidae, 16, 16f Anterior lobe, lung, 244
Accessory urinary duct, 89 Amniota, 19, 20f–21f, 21 Anterior mesenteric arteries
Acetabular bone, 204 Amniote skulls and classification, in cat, 260–261
Acetabular fenestra, 349–350 24–26, 25f in pigeon, 364
Acetabular surfaces, 59–60 Amniotes, 21, 21f, 25 shark, 84
Acetabulum Amphibia, 18–19, 21 Anterior mesenteric vein, 265–266
in cat, 204 Amphibian, 19–20 Anterior mylohyoid foramen, 340–341
in frog, 164–165 Amphioxus, 26, 27f–29f, 31f–32f, 34f Anterior pancreaticoduodenal
in mudpuppy, 126 Ampullae of Lorenzini, 64, 64f, 96 artery/vein, 264
in pigeon, 349–350 Anal fin, 113, 115 Anterior rectal artery/vein, 267
Achilles tendon (calcaneal tendon), 224 Anal glands, 299 Anterior renal artery, 366
Acoustic meatus Anamniotes, 21 Anterior renal portal vein, 366
in cat, 182, 187 Anapsid, 24 Anterior renal vein, 365
in pigeon, 352f Anapsida, 25–26 Anterior semicircular duct, 100–102
Acousticolateral area, 103–104 Angle of rib, 200 Anterior splenic artery/vein, 264–265
Acromiodeltoid muscle, 213 Angular bone Anterior surangular foramen, 321–322
Acromion process, 200 in alligator, 333–334 Anterior trigeminal foramen, 325–326
Acromiotrapezius, 211–213 in dinosaur, 339–340 Anterior utriculi, 100–102
Actinista, 17–18, 18f in iguana, 321–322 Anterior vena cava
Actinopteri, 16 in pigeon, 347 in cat, 245, 253–254, 276
Actinopterygii, 15–17, 16f, 111 in snake, 328 in frog, 173f
Adductor, 65–69 in turtle, 314 in pigeon, 361–364
Adductor femoris, 220, 222 Angular process, 187 Anterior ventrolateral artery, 84
Adductor longus (adductor femoris of articular, 321–322 Anterodorsal lateral line nerve
longus), 220 Anguloarticular bone, 113 (ADLLN), 105
Adductor mandibulae, 70 Annular arteries, 84 Anteroventral lateral line nerve
Adductor mandibulae anterior, 131 Annular cartilage (AVLLN), 105
Adductor mandibulae externus, 131 in frog, 162 Anticlinal vertebra, 198–199
Adductor mandibulae process, 54–57 in lamprey, 45, 48–49 Antorbital fenestra, 336, 345–347
Adhesive papillae, 43 Annular veins in shark, 87 Antorbital fossa, 336

375
376 Index

Antorbital process Ascending pharyngeal artery, 258 Basilic vein, 361–364

in mudpuppy, 121 Ascending ramus of dentary, 187 Basioccipital, 194
in shark, 54 Ascidians, 38–39, 44f Basioccipital bone
Antorbital shelf, 54 Astragalus (talus; tibiale), 206 in alligator, 330–331
Antrum postoticum, 313 Asymmetron, 26 in cat, 182–183
Anurans, 159 A. lucayanum, 26 in dinosaur, 336–338
Anus Atlantal foramina, 197 in iguana, 318
in cat, 209, 249–250 Atlas in pigeon, 345
in lamprey, 47 in cat, 197 in snake, 326
in perch, 115 in frog, 163 in turtle, 314
in shark, 63–64 Atria, of heart Basipterygia, 114
Aorta. See also Dorsal aorta; Ventral aorta in cat, 253 Basipterygium, 114
in cat, 253, 273 in frog, 172–174 Basipterygoid processes, 345
in pigeon, 361f in lamprey, 49–50 in iguana, 320
Aortic arch in mudpuppy, 150 in snake, 326–327
in cat, 253 in perch, 120 Basisphenoid
in pigeon, 359–361 in pigeon, 358–359 in alligator, 330–331
Aortic semilunar valve, 287 in shark, 79 in cat, 185–186, 194
Apex of heart, 273 Atrial cecum, 35–36 in dinosaur, 336–338
Aplodontia rufa, 195 Atrial siphon, 39 in iguana, 318
Aplousobranchiata, 38–39 Atrial sphincter, 36–37 in pigeon, 345
Apomorphic traits, 5 Atriopore, 29–30, 35–36 in snake, 326
Aponeurosis, 209 Atrium, 35, 41 in turtle, 314
Aponeurotic attachment, 209 Attachment villi, 39 Basitrabecular processes, 54
Appendicular muscles, 65–73 Auditory meatus Bastard wing (Alula), 354
Appendicular musculature, 211–229 in cat, 182 Batrachomorpha, 18–19
Appendicular skeleton of mudpuppy, 125 in pigeon, 345 Beak (bill), 345–347, 351
Aqueous humor, 99–100 Auditory nerve. See Vestibulocochlear nerve Beaver, 189, 191f
Arachnoid mater, 300, 301f Auditory tube (Eustachian tube) Bicarotid trunk, 284
Arbor vitae, 306 in cat, 186, 239 Biceps brachii
Arch of aorta, 273 in frog, 166–167 in cat, 218
Archaeopteryx lithographica, 343 Auricle in pigeon, 354–355
Archinephric duct of atrium, 253 Biceps femoris, 220
in frog, 169 of cerebellum, 103–104 Biceps propatagialis. See Pars propatagialis
in lamprey, 48 Auricular artery, 258 Biceps slip. See Pars propatagialis
in mudpuppy, 147 Auricular vein, 258 Bicipital cervical ribs. See Floating ribs
in perch, 118 Auriculotemporal nerve foramen, 314 Bicipital groove, 202
in shark, 89 Aurornis, 343 Bicipital tuberosity, 202
Archosauromorpha, 24, 335–336 Avemetatarsalia, 22–23 Bicuspid valve. See Left atrioventricular
Archosauromorphs, 22–23, 25 Aves, 4–5, 23–24, 343 valve
Arcualia, 46 Axial skeleton, 125 Bijugular trunk, 255–257
Arm. See Brachium Axillary artery Bile duct
Arotid duct, 152–153 in cat, 217 in cat, 247, 251–252
Arterial circulation in shark, 79 in pigeon, 359–361 in mudpuppy, 142
Arterial system Axillary vein, 260 in shark, 76–78
of cat, 253–267, 256f, 270f in cat, 217 Bill (beak), 345–347, 351
of frog, 176f in pigeon, 361–364 Birds, 1, 343
of lamprey, 50 Axis, 197 Blastopore, 1
of mudpuppy, 152–153 Azygos vein in cat, 254–255 Blood vessels. See Arterial system; Venous
of perch, 120 system
of pigeon, 358, 359f Body
of shark, 79–84 B of dentary, 187
Arteries. See Arterial system; names of specific Back. See Dorsum of ilium, 204
arteries Back muscles in cat, 232–234 in shark, 76
Articular bone Barbs, of feather, 351 of sternum, 200, 348
in alligator, 330–331, 333–334 Barbules, 351 of uterus, 299
in dinosaur, 339–340 Basal plate Bolosauridae, 21–22
in iguana, 321–322 in mudpuppy, 123 Bones. See names of specific bones; Skeletal
in perch, 111 in shark, 54 system
in pigeon, 347 Basal pterygiophore, 57–59 Brachial artery
in snake, 328 Basapophysis, 57 in cat, 218, 260
in turtle, 314 Base of heart, 273 in frogBrachial artery, 174
Articular circumference, of radius, 202 Basibranchial bone, 123–124 in mudpuppy, 153
Artificial group, 5 Basibranchials, 57 in pigeon, 359–361
Arytenoid cartilage, 240–241 Basicranium, 182–183 Brachial vein
Ascending aorta, 273, 359–361 Basihyal, 57 in cat, 218
Ascending colon, 249–250 Basihyoid bone, 187–188 in frog, 174
 Index 377
in mudpuppy, 150 in shark, 87 Caudal ligament, 89
in pigeon, 361–364 Cardiovascular system Caudal peduncle, 114
in shark, 88 of cat, 253–294 Caudal region in perch, 111
Brachial ventrolateral artery, 84 of frog, 172–177 Caudal vein
Brachialis, 213 of mudpuppy, 150–157 in cat, 263–264
Brachiocephalic artery of perch, 120 in lamprey, 50
in cat, 254, 284 of pigeon, 59–60 in mudpuppy, 152
in pigeon, 359–361 of shark, 79–89 in shark, 87
Brachiocephalic trunk, 273 Carina (keel), 348 Caudal vertebrae
Brachiocephalic vein, 255–257 Carnassial tooth, 183–185 in cat, 196, 199
Brachioradialis, 215 Carnivores, 180 in mudpuppy, 125, 126f
Brachium (arm) Carotid arch, 174 in perch, 113
in cat, 208–209 Carotid artery in pigeon, 347
in frog, 165 in cat, 255–257 in shark, 57
Brain in frog, 174 Caudata, 121, 159
in cat, 300–307 in mudpuppy, 152 Caudate lobe, of liver, 247
in lamprey, 49 in pigeon, 359–361 Caudocruralis, 137–138
in shark, 102–104 in shark, 80–81 Caudofemoralis, 137–138
Braincase, 317–318 Carotid body, 174 Caudolateral process, 348
Branches of dorsal aorta, 84 Carotid duct, 152–153 Caudopuboischiotibialis, 137–138
Branchial adductor muscle, 71, 75–76 Carotid foramen Caval fold, 244
Branchial arches in shark, 54 Cavum acusticojugulare, 314
in perch, 111 Carotid foramen, 54 Celiac artery, 174
in shark, 54, 56f Carpal bone Celiacomesenteric artery
Branchial arteries in frog, 164 in frog, 174
in lamprey, 50 in mudpuppy, 125–126 in mudpuppy, 153
in mudpuppy, 152 in pigeon, 348 in pigeon, 364
in shark, 75–76 Carpometacarpus, 348 Centra, 196
Branchial basket, 41, 45–46 Carpus, 203 Central canal, 107
Branchial branches of vagus nerve, 106 Cartilaginous labyrinth, 100–102 Central canal of spinal cord, 306
Branchial chamber, 75 Cartilaginous skeleton, 45 Central tendon, 247
Branchial musculature, 66t–68t Castor canadensis, 189, 191f Centrum, of vertebral body
Branchiohyoideus, 131–132 Cat (Felis domestica), 1, 179 in cat, 198
Branchiomeric musculature, 70–71, 70f abdominopelvic cavity, 246–252 in perch, 113
Branchiostegal rays, 116 brain and cranial nerves, 300–307 in shark, 57
Branchiostoma, 26 cardiovascular system, 253–294 Centrum, of vertebral body, 125
B. belcheri, 26 cranial and mandibular foramina, 184t Cephalic vein, 211, 213, 257
B. floridae, 26 cranial skeleton, 180–188 Cephalochordata, 2, 4, 7, 26–38
B. lanceolatum, 26 digestive and respiratory systems, Ceratobranchial bone, 123–124
Breast, 351 238–253 Ceratobranchials, 57
Broad ligament, 299 external anatomy, 208–209, 208f Ceratohyal articulates, 57
Bronchi female reproductive system, 297–299 Ceratohyal bone, 123–124
in cat, 245 forelimb, 200–203 Ceratohyoid bone, 187–188
in pigeon, 364 forelimb muscles, 211–218, 218t–219t Ceratotrichia, 57–59
Buccal papillae, 46–47 hind limb, 204–206 Cerebellar hemispheres, 304
Bulbourethral glands, 297 hind limb muscles, 220–229 Cerebellar peduncle, 306
Bulbus arteriosus male reproductive system, 295–297 Cerebellar ventricle, 109
in mudpuppy, 150 muscular system, 209–236 Cerebellum
in perch, 120 oral cavity and pharynx, 239–245 in cat, 300–302
Bulbus cordis, 172–174 pericardial cavity, 245–246 in shark, 103–104
Bursa of Fabricius, 365 postcranial skeleton, 196–206 Cerebral aqueduct
skull comparison, 189–208 in cat, 306
C urogenital system, 294–300 in shark, 109
Calamus, 351 Cauda, 351 Cerebral ganglion, 39–41
Calcaneal tendon, 224 Caudal artery Cerebral hemispheres
Calcaneum (calcaneus), 206 in cat, 196, 263 in cat, 300–302
Calcaneum (fibulare), 164–165 in lamprey, 50 in shark, 103
Canine, 183–185 in mudpuppy, 153 Cerebral peduncle, 306
Capitulum, of humerus, 202 in pigeon, 366 Cerebrum
Capitulum, of rib, 198, 200 in shark, 84 in cat, 300–302
Capsularis, 222 Caudal fin in shark, 103
Cardiac vein (coronary vein), 274–275 in lamprey, 47 Cervical vertebrae
Cardinal sinus, 71 in perch, 29–30, 113–115 in cat, 196–198
Cardinal vein, 150 in shark, 54, 58f, 64 in mudpuppy, 125
Cardinal veins Caudal intermandibular foramen in pigeon, 347
in lamprey, 50 in alligator, 333–334 Cervix, of uterus, 299
in mudpuppy, 150 in turtle, 315 Cheek teeth, 194
378 Index

Chelonia, 313 in shark, 77f Coracoid process, 200

C. mydas, 309 Cloacal arteries, 153 Coracoids, 348
Chelydra, 312–313 Cloacal gland, 128, 147 Coracomandibular muscles, 71–72
C. serpentina, 309 Cloacal papillae, 147 Coracoradialis, 134
Chimaeras, 13–14 Cloacal vein, 88 Cornea, 99
Choanae Clupeomorpha, 111 Coronary artery
in alligator, 331 Coccygeus muscle, 220 in cat, 253, 274–275
in cat, 182, 239 Cochlea tibiae, 206 in shark, 82–84
in dinosaur, 339 Coelom, 6 Coronary ligament in cat, 247
in frog, 166–167 in lamprey, 47–48 Coronary sulcus, 253, 274–275
in mudpuppy, 141 in shark, 76 Coronary veins (cardiac vein),
in turtle, 314 Colic artery, 267 274–275
Chondrichthyans, 53 Colic ceca, 358–359, 364 Coronoid
skeleton, 53 Colic vein, 267 in alligator, 333–334
Chondrichthyes, 12–14, 53 Collector loop of gill, 82–84 in cat, 202
Chondrocranium Collum, 351 in dinosaur, 340–341
in lamprey, 45–46 Colon in iguana, 321–322
in mudpuppy, 121, 123, 123f in cat, 249–250 in turtle, 314
in shark, 54, 55f in shark, 76 Coronoid bone
Chondrostei, 16 Columba livia, 343, 344f, in mudpuppy, 123
Chongmingia, 343 346f–347f in snake, 328
Chordae tendinae, 288–289 Columella Coronoid process
Chordata, 4, 6 in alligator, 330–331 in cat, 187, 202
Chordates, 2 in frog, 162, 167 in frog, 162
Choroid, 99 in iguana, 317 in iguana, 321–322
Choroid plexus, 103 in mudpuppy, 122–123 in pigeon, 347
Ciliary body, 99–100 in snake, 325–326 in turtle, 314
Ciona, 39, 40f, 42f in turtle, 312–313 Coronoid teeth in
C. intestinalis, 42–43 Commissural artery (hypobranchial artery), mudpuppy, 141
Circular muscles, 41 82–84 Corpora cavernosa, 297
Circulatory system, 43 Common bile duct Corpora quadrigemina, 303–304
Circumflex artery/vein, 222 in cat, 247, 251 Corpus callosum, 300–302, 306
Circumflex branch, 275–276 in mudpuppy, 142 Corpus cavernosum, 297
Circumflex iliac artery/vein, 263 Common cardinal vein Corpus spongiosum, 297
Cirri bear sensory papillae, 30 in lamprey, 50 Costal cartilage, 200
Clades, 4 in mudpuppy, 150 Costal demifacets, 198
Cladistics, 5 in shark, 87 Costal facet, 198
Cladogram, 4 Common carotid artery Costocervical artery, 258–260
amniota, 21f in cat, 256f Costocervical vein, 255
bilateria, 3f in pigeon, 359–361 Coverts, 354
chordata, 8f Common iliac arteries, 174 Cranial cavity
deuterostomia, 3f Common iliac vein in cat, 187
diapsida, 22f–23f in cat, 263–264 in iguana, 317–318
relationships of living vertebrates, 10f in mudpuppy, 152 in turtle, 309–311
tetrapoda, 20f in pigeon, 365 Cranial nerves
vertebrata, 9f Communicating iliac vein, 175 in cat, 300–307
Clasper, 59–60, 64, 89 Compound bone, 328 in shark, 102, 104–107
Classification Condyle of vertebrates, 105
amniote skulls and, 24–26 of femur, 205 Cranial skeleton
craniates and vertebrates, 10f of humerus, 202 of cat, 180–188
phylogeny and, 4–5 of tibia, 205–206 of mudpuppy, 121–124
vertebrata, 1 Condyloid canal, 186 Craniata/vertebrata
vertebrate relatives, 6–7, 26–44 Condyloid foramen, 194 hypothesis, 11
Clavicle Condyloid process, 187 Cranioquadrate passage, 333
in cat, 200 Confuciusornithidae, 343 Cranium, 345
in frog, 163–164 Conjunctiva, 97 Cremasteric pouches, 295
Clavobrachialis, 211–213 Connective tissue, types of, 209–210 Cribriform foramina, 186
Clavotrapezius, 211–213 Contour feathers, 351 Cribriform plate, 186
Claw, 208–209 Conus arteriosus Cricoid cartilage, 240–241
Cleidomastoid muscle, 213 in mudpuppy, 150 Cricothyroid muscle, 240–241
Cleithrum, 114 in shark, 79 Crocodiles, 329
Clitoris, 299 Coracoarcuals muscles, 72 Crocodylians, 329
Cloaca Coracobrachial, 218t–219t Crocodylomorpha, 23–24
in frog, 166, 168 Coracobrachialis muscle, 72, 134–137, 218 Crop, 354
in lamprey, 47f Coracohyoid muscles, 72 Cross trunks, 75–76
in mudpuppy, 128 Coracoid bar, 59 Crura, 297
in pigeon, 351 Coracoid cartilage, 125 Crurotarsi, 22–23
 Index 379
Crus (shank) Digestive system E
in cat, 208–209, 297 of cat, 238–253 Ear
in frog, 165 of frog, 168 in cat, 180
Crus of penis, 296f of lamprey, 48 middle, 182, 186, 345
Ctenii, 114–115 of mudpuppy, 142 in pigeon, 351
Ctenoid scale, 114–115 of perch, 120 in shark, 100–102
Cuboid bones, 206 of pigeon, 364 Echinodermata, 1, 4
Cucullaris muscle, 71, 131–132 of shark, 74–78 Echinoderms, 2
Cuneiform bones, 203, 206 Digestive tract, 142 Ectopterygoid
Cutaneous artery, 174 Digitiform gland (rectal gland), 89 in alligator, 329–330
Cutaneous vein, 150 Digitiform gland, 76 in dinosaur, 339
Cyclostomata, 9, 11f, 45 Digits in iguana, 320
Cyclostome, 12f in cat, 203 in snake, 326
Cystic duct in frog, 164 Ectotympanic bone, 186
in cat, 251 Dilatator laryngis, 132 Efferent branchial arteries
in mudpuppy, 142 Dinosaur skull and mandible, 335–341 in lamprey, 50
Dinosauria, 23–24 in mudpuppy, 152
D Dipnoi, 17–18 in shark, 80
Deep, 72 Dipnomorpha, 17–18 Efferent renal veins
Deep cervical artery, 258–260 Distal, 18 in mudpuppy, 150
Deep circumflex artery/vein, 263 Dogs, 1 in shark, 88
Deep femoral artery/vein, 220–222, 264 Dorsal, 7 Efferent spiracular artery, 81–82
Deep forelimb muscles, 215–218 Dorsal aorta Elasmobranchii, 13–14
Deep ophthalmic nerve, 98, 106 in frog, 174 Elopomorpha, 111
Deltoid ridge, 202 in lamprey, 50 Elpistostegalia, 18, 19f
Deltoideus, 355 in mudpuppy, 152–153 Elpistostege, 18
Deltoideus, pars propatagialis, 354–355 in shark, 80 Embryonic development, 8–9
Deltoideus major, 355 Dorsal border, of scapula, 200 Embryos, 92
Deltoideus minor, 356–358 Dorsal fin, 28–29 Enamel, 61
Dens, 197–198 in lamprey, 47 Endocardium, 282–283
Dentary bone in perch, 113 Endolymph, 100–102
in alligator, 333–334 in shark, 53–54 Endolymphatic duct, 53, 100–102
in cat, 187 Dorsal gastric artery, 84, 153, 155f Endolymphatic foramina, 54
in dinosaur, 339–340 Dorsal hollow nerve cord, 32–33, 43 Endolymphatic fossa, 54
in frog, 162 Dorsal hyoid constrictor muscles, 70–71 Endolymphatic pores, 64
in iguana, 321–322 Dorsal iliac crest, 349–350 Endostyle, 30–32, 41
in mudpuppy, 123 Dorsal interarcuals muscle, 71 Enteropneusta, 7
in perch, 113 Dorsal languets, 41 Epaxial musculature
in pigeon, 347 Dorsal lobe, 76 of mudpuppy, 129
in snake, 328 Dorsal oblique muscle, 98 of shark, 65
in turtle, 314 Dorsal rectus muscle, 98 Epibranchial bone, 123–124
Dentary teeth Dorsal ribs, 113 Epibranchial groove, 30–32
in cat, 179 Dorsal superficial branchial constrictor Epibranchial musculature, 73f
in mudpuppy, 141 muscles, 70–71 Epibranchials, 57, 71
in snake, 328 Dorsalis scapulae, 131–132 Epicardial cavity (visceral cavity), 41
Denticles, 61 Dorsalis trunci, 129 Epicardium. See Visceral
Dentine, 61 Dorsolateral iliac crest, 349–350 pericardium
Depressor mandibulae, 132 Dorsolumbar vein, 175 Epicondyles, 202
Dermal skull, 121 Dorsum lateral, 205
Dermis, 61 in cat, 208 medial, 205
Descending colon, 249–250 in pigeon, 351 Epidermis
Descending flange of pterygoid, 317 Dorsum trunci, 351 in cat, 295
Deuterostomy, 1 Ducts, 100–102 in shark, 61, 89
Diaphragm Ductuli efferentes, 89, 147 Epigastric artery, 153
in cat, 241 Ductus deferens Epiglottal cartilage, 239–240
vessels anterior to, 254–260 in cat, 294–296 Epigonichthys, 26
vessels posterior to, 260–264 in pigeon, 364 Epihyoid bone, 187–188
Diaphysis Duodenocolic ligament in cat, 250 Epimysium, 209
of femur, 204–205 Duodenum Epiphyseal foramen, 54
of fibula, 206 in cat, 249–250 Epiphysis, 102–103
Diapsida, 22f–23f, 25 in frog, 168 Epiploic foramen, 247–249
Diastema, 183–185, 196 in mudpuppy, 142 Epipterygoid
Diencephalon in perch, 118–120 in dinosaur, 336
in cat, 302–303 in pigeon, 364 in iguana, 318–320
in shark, 103 in shark, 76 in turtle, 309–311
Digastric muscle, 234–235, 239 Dura mater, 300 Episternum, 163–164
380 Index

Epithalamus External intercostals, 232 Femur

in cat, 303 External jugular vein in cat, 204–205
in shark, 103 in cat, 213, 255–257 in frog, 164–165
Epitrochlearis, 213 in frog, 174 in mudpuppy, 126–127
Epurals, 113–114 in mudpuppy, 150 in pigeon, 350
Esophagus, 37, 41 External mandibular fenestra Fenestra cochlea (round window), 186
in cat, 239–240 in alligator, 333–334 Fenestra exochoanalis, 320
in frog, 166–168 in dinosaur, 339–340 Fenestra ovalis
in lamprey, 48 External nares in iguana, 318
in perch, 118–120 in cat, 181–182 in snake, 325–326
in pigeon, 354, 358–359 in frog, 166f in turtle, 312–313
in shark, 74–75 External oblique, 129–130, 211, 232 Fenestra ovalis (oval window), 122
Ethmoid bone, 186 External pharyngeal slits, 46–47, 61 Fenestra postotica, 312–313
Ethmoid foramen, 185–186 External pterygoid process, 314 Fenestra vestibuli (oval window), 186
Ethmoid plate, 123 External pudendal artery/vein, 220–222 Fenestration, 24–25
Eugnathostomata, 13 External vomeronasal fenestra, 327–328 Fiber direction, 209–210
Eunotosaurus, 22–23 External yolk sac, 93 Fibrous pericardium, 282
Eureptilia, 21–22 Eye Fibula
Eureptilian, 22–23 in cat, 208 in cat, 206
Euryapsida, 25–26 in frog, 166 in frog, 164–165
Eustachian tube (auditory tube), 186, 239 of lamprey, 46–47 in mudpuppy, 126–127
Eusthenopteron, 18 in mudpuppy, 129 in pigeon, 350
Eutheria, 21 of perch, 114 Fibular facet, 206
Eutherians, 179–180 in pigeon, 351 Fibulare (=calcaneum), 164–165
Evolution of organisms, 1 in shark, 61, 97–100 Fibularis brevis (peroneus brevis), 225
Excretory system, 294–295 Eye muscles, 98 Fibularis longus (peroneus longus), 225
Exoccipital bone Eyeball, 97, 99–100, 99f Filiform papillae, 239
in alligator, 330–331 Eyelids, 165–166 Fimbriae, 297
in dinosaur, 339 Fin ray boxes, 28–29
in frog, 162 F Fin rays
in iguana, 317 Facial artery, 258 in lamprey, 47
in pigeon, 345 Facial foramen, 325–326 in perch, 113
in snake, 325–326 Facial nerve (CN VII) Fin spine, 57–59
in turtle, 313–314 in cat, 238, 304 Fins
Exoccipital bones in shark, 105 in lamprey, 47
in cat, 182–183 Facial vein, 258 in mudpuppy, 121
in mudpuppy, 122–123 Falciform ligament in perch, 111
Exocrine pancreas, 48 in cat, 247 in shark, 57–60
Expansor secundariorum, 355 in frog, 168 Fish, 1
Extensor antebrachii et carpi radialis, 137 in mudpuppy, 142 Fleshy attachment of muscle, 209
Extensor antebrachii et carpi ulnaris, 137 in shark, 76–78 Flexor antebrachii et carpi
Extensor digitorum communis, 137–138 Fallopian tube (uterine tube), 297 radialis, 137
Extensor digitorum longus, 225 False vocal cords, 241 Flexor antebrachii et carpi ulnaris, 137
Extensor fibularis, 138 Fascia, 209 Flexor digitorum longus, 227–229
Extensor tibialis, 138 Fascia lata, 220 Flexor hallucis longus, 227–229
External acoustic meatus, 351 Fat body, 168 Flexor primordialis communis, 138
External anatomy Feathers, 351, 354 Flexor superficialis longus, 137
of cat, 208–209 Felids, 180 Floating ribs, 348
of frog, 165–166 Felis domestica, 179 Flocculonodular lobe, 304
of lamprey, 46–47 Female reproductive system Folia of metencephalon, 304
of mudpuppy, 128 in cat, 297–299 Foliate papillae, 239
of perch, 114–116 in shark, 92–93 Follicles, ovarian, 147, 364–365
of pigeon, 351–354 Female urogenital system of mudpuppy, 147 Foramen aereum, 340–341
of shark, 61–65 Femoral artery of articular, 330–331
External auditory meatus, 182, 186 in cat, 220, 264 Foramen magnum
External carotid artery in frog, 174 in alligator, 333
in cat, 258 in mudpuppy, 153 in cat, 182
in frog, 174 in pigeon, 366 in dinosaur, 339
in mudpuppy, 152–153 in shark, 84 in frog, 162
in pigeon, 359–361 Femoral nerve, 220 in iguana, 321
in shark, 81–82 Femoral vein in mudpuppy, 122–123
External gills, 128 in cat, 220, 264 in pigeon, 345
External iliac artery in frog, 175 in shark, 54
in cat, 220–222, 263 in mudpuppy, 152 in snake, 326
in pigeon, 366 in pigeon, 366 in turtle, 314
External iliac vein, 220–222, 263–264 in shark, 88 Foramen of Monro, 103, 109
 Index 381
Foramen ovale Gastrosplenic ligament H
in alligator, 331 in cat, 247–249, 264 Habenula, 303
in cat, 186 in mudpuppy, 142 Habenular commissure, 303, 306
in frog, 162 in shark, 76 Hagfishes, 45
Foramen rotundum, 186, 318 Gastrosplenic vein, 264–265 phylogeny, 1–2
Foramina Gemellus caudalis, 222 Hair, 208
of cat, 184t Gemellus cranialis, 222 Hallux, 350
of sheep, 306t Geniculate ganglion, 106 Hamulus, 185–186
Forelimb Genioglossus muscle, 234–235 Hard palate, 182, 239
in cat, 200–203, 306 Geniohyoid muscle, 234–235 Hatschek’s groove, 33
in mudpuppy, 125–126, 135f–136f Geniohyoideus, 132–134 Hatschek’s pit, 33
in pigeon, 348–349 Genital ducts, absent in Head
Fornix of callosum, 306 lamprey, 47–48 of cat, 202, 208, 240f
Fossa ovalis, 290–292 Genu of corpus callosum, 306 of femur, 204–205
Fourth ventricle Gill filaments, 116 of fibula, 206
in cat, 304 Gill lamellae, 61–63 of lamprey, 46–47, 50f
in shark, 103–104, 109 Gill rakers of mudpuppy, 128
Fovea, 202 in perch, 116 of pancreas, 250
Frog, 159 in shark, 74–75 of perch, 111, 114
cardiovascular system, 172–177 Gill rays, 75–76 of shark, 61
external anatomy, 165–166 Gill slits, 30 Head kidney, 117–118
mouth, oral cavity, and Gills Heart
pharynx, 166–167 in mudpuppy, 128 in cat, 253, 255f
pleuroperitoneal cavity, viscera, and in perch, 116 in frog, 172–174
rogenitalurogenital system, 167–170 in shark, 61–63 in lamprey, 49, 51f
postcranial skeleton, 163–165 Gizzard, 358–359 in mudpuppy, 150
skeleton, 159–165 Glans penis, 297 in perch, 117
Frontal bones Glenoid fossa in pigeon, 358–359
in alligator, 329–330 in cat, 200 in shark, 79
in cat, 182 in frog, 163–164 in sheep, 273–292, 274f–277f, 281f
in dinosaur, 336–338 in mudpuppy, 125 Hemal arch(es)
in iguana, 316 in pigeon, 348 in cat, 199
in mudpuppy, 121 Glenoid surface, 59 in mudpuppy, 125
in perch, 111–113 Glossopharyngeal foramen, 54 in shark, 57
in pigeon, 345 Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) Hemal canal, 57
in snake, 324 in cat, 304 Hemal plate, 57
Frontal eye, 33 in shark, 106 Hemal processes, 199
Frontoparietal bone, 160–162 Glottis Hemal spine, 57, 113
Fungiform papillae, 239 in cat, 239–240 Hemibranch, 75
Furcula, 348 in frog, 166–167 Hemichordata, 1–2, 4
Fused clavicles, 348 in mudpuppy, 141 Hepatic artery
Gluteobiceps. See Gluteofemoralis in cat, 247, 264
G Gluteofemoralis, 220 Hepatic ducts
Galeomorphii, 13–14 Gluteus medius, 220 in cat, 251
Gall bladder Gluteus profundus, 222 in mudpuppy, 142
in cat, 247, 251 Gluteus superficialis, 220 Hepatic portal system
in frog, 168 Gnathostomata, 9, 11, 12f, 14f in cat, 266f
in mudpuppy, 142 Gnathostome, 8–9 in shark, 84–87
in perch, 117 Gonads, 28, 41, 47, 76 Hepatic portal vein
in shark, 76 Gonoducts, 42–43 in cat, 247, 264
Gastric artery Gracilis muscle, 220 in frog, 175
in cat, 264 Grades, 5 in lamprey, 50
in mudpuppy, 153 Great coronary vein, 275–276 in mudpuppy, 142, 152
in shark, 84 Greater cornua of hyoid in pigeon, 364
Gastric vein apparatus, 187–188 in shark, 85
in cat, 264 Greater curvature of stomach, 247 Hepatic sinus
in frog, 175 Greater omentum. See also Mesogaster in mudpuppy, 150
in mudpuppy, 152 in cat, 247 in shark, 87
in shark, 85 in mudpuppy, 142 Hepatic veins
Gastrocnemius, 224 Greater trochanter, of femur, 204–205 in cat, 260, 264
Gastroduodenal artery/vein, 264 Greater tuberosity, of humerus, 202 in frog, 174–175
Gastroepiploic artery/vein, 264 Gubernaculum, 295 in mudpuppy, 150
Gastrohepatic artery, 84 Gular fold, 128 in shark, 87
Gastrohepatic ligament, 142 Gymnophiona, 121, 159 Hepaticcecum, 37
Gastrohepatoduodenal ligament, 76–78, 247 Gyri, 300–302 Hepatocavopulmonary
Gastrosplenic artery, 264–265 Gyrus, 300–302 ligament, 142
382 Index

Hepatoduodenal ligament Hypogastric artery Inferior alveolar foramen, 315

in cat, 247 in frog, 174 Inferior colliculi
in mudpuppy, 142 in mudpuppy, 153 in cat, 303–304
in shark, 76–78 Hypoglossal canal, 186 Inferior jugular vein
Hepatogastric ligament Hypoglossal foramina in lamprey, 50
in cat, 247 in alligator, 333 in shark, 87
in shark, 76–78 in iguana, 321 Inferior orbital foramen, 320
Hepatorenal ligament, 250 in turtle, 314 Inferior process of prootic, 318
Herbivores, 195 Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) Infraorbital
Hesperornithiformes, 343 in cat, 258, 304 canal, 185
Hesse ocelli, 33 in shark, 105 foramen, 320
Highest intercostal arteries, 254–255, Hypohyal bone, 123–124 nerve, 99, 106
258–260 Hypokinesis, 322 Infraspinatus muscle, 215
Highest intercostal veins, 254–255 Hypophyseal pouch, 49 Infraspinous fossa, 200
Hilus of kidney, 294 Hypophysis Infratemporal fenestra, 24
Hind limb in cat, 302 in alligator, 330
in cat, 204–206 in shark, 107 in dinosaur, 336
in mudpuppy, 126–127, 127f, 140f Hypotarsus, 350 in iguana, 317
in pigeon, 349–350 Hypothalamus Infundibulum, 107
Hindgut, 37, 37f in cat, 302 of hypothalamus, 302
Holobranch in shark, 103 of uterine tube, 297
in perch, 116 Hypurals, 113–114 Inguinal canal, 295–296
in shark, 75 Inhalant aperture, 28–29
Holocephalimorpha, 53 I Innominate bones, 204, 349–350
Holocephalimorphans, 13–14 Ichthyosauromorphans, 24 Innominate vein, 174
Holostei, 16 Ichthyostega, 18 Integument of sharks, 61
Homoplasy, 4 Iguana iguana, 316 Interarcual muscle, 71
Hook of clasper, 59–60 Iguana skull and mandible, Interatrial septum, 287–288
Hooklets, 351 316–323, 317f Interbranchial muscle, 71, 75–76
Horizontal skeletogenous septum Ileocolic artery/vein, 266–267 Interbranchial septa, 61–63, 72f, 75
of mudpuppy, 129 Ileum, 249–250 Intercondyloid fossa, 205
of shark, 65 Ilia, 351 Intercostal
Horny teeth, 46–49 Iliac arteries arteries, 254–255, 257
Humeroantebrachialis, 134–137 in cat, 263 muscles, 232
Humerotriceps, 355 in frog, 174 veins, 254–255
Humerus in mudpuppy, 153 Interfenestral crest, 318
in cat, 200, 202 in pigeon, 366 Interhyoideus, 132
in frog, 163–164 in shark, 84 muscle, 71
in mudpuppy, 125–126 Iliac crest Interiliac anastomosis, 366
in pigeon, 348 in cat, 204 Intermandibular foramen, 315
Hyoglossus muscle, 234–235 in frog, 164–165 Intermandibularis, 132
Hyoid apparatus, 162–163, 163f in pigeon, 349–350 muscle, 71
in cat, 187–188 Iliac process, 59–60 Intermediate cuneiform, 206
in frog, 159–165 Iliac vein Intermediate mass, 303
in mudpuppy, 121, 123–124 in cat, 220–222 Internal acoustic meatus, 187
in pigeon, 344–347 in frog, 175 Internal carotid artery
Hyoid arch in mudpuppy, 152 in cat, 258
in mudpuppy, 141 in pigeon, 365 in frog, 174
in shark, 54, 56f, 57 Iliocolon, 36f, 37 in mudpuppy, 152–153
Hyoid constrictor muscles, 70–71 Iliocostalis muscle, 234 in pigeon, 359–361
Hyoidean artery, 80–81 Ilioextensorius, 138 in shark, 80–81
Hyoidean sinus, 87 Iliofemoralis, 138 Internal carotid ligament, 258
Hyomandibular, 16–17 Iliofibularis, 138 Internal choanae in cat, 239
bone, 113 Ilioischiadic foramen, Internal iliac artery
branch of facial nerve, 106 349–350 in cat, 263
foramen, 54 Iliopsoas muscle, 220 in pigeon, 366
nerve, 70 Iliotibialis, 138 Internal iliac vein, 263–264, 366
Hypaxial musculature Ilium Internal intercostals, 232
of mudpuppy, 129, 131f in cat, 204 Internal jugular vein
of shark, 65 in frog, 164–165 in cat, 255–257
Hypobranchial(s) in mudpuppy, 126 in frog, 174
artery, 82–84 in pigeon, 349–350 in mudpuppy, 150
musculature, 71–72 Incisive foramen, 331 Internal mammary
nerve, 106 Incisor teeth, 183, 195 artery, 258–260
in shark, 57 Incisura columella auris, 312–313 vein, 255
Hypocleidium, 348 Incus, 186 Internal mandibular fenestra, 340–341
 Index 383
Internal oblique in iguana, 316 in frog, 168
in cat, 232 in turtle, 309–311 in mudpuppy, 142
in mudpuppy, 129–130 Jugular foramen in pigeon, 358–359
Internal pharyngeal slits, 74–75 in cat, 186 Larval lancelets, 26
Internal spermatic arteries/vein, 263 in snake, 326 Laryngeal prominence, 166–167
Internal yolk sac, 93 in turtle, 314 Laryngopharynx, 239
Internarial septum, 331 Jugular process, 182–183 Larynx, 239
Interneural arch (intercalary plates), 57 Jugular vein Lateral abdominal vein, 88
Interoperculum, 111 in cat, 234 Lateral carotid foramen, 333
Interorbital foramen, 309–311 in frog, 174 Lateral circumflex artery/vein, 222
Interorbital septum, 329 in mudpuppy, 150 Lateral condyle
Interosseus crest, 202 in pigeon, 361–364 of femur, 205
Interparietal bone, 182 recess, 318 of tibia, 205–206
Interpterygoid vacuities, 160 in shark, 87 Lateral cuneiform, 206
Intersegmental arteries, 84 Jugulum, 351 Lateral epicondyle
Intersegmental veins, 88 of femur, 205
Interventricular foramen, 306 K of humerus, 202
Interventricular paraconal sulcus, 253, Keel (carina), 348 Lateral eustachian foramina, 332–333
274–275 Kidney Lateral head, triceps brachii, 213
Interventricular septum, 287–288 in cat, 250, 294 Lateral interarcual muscles, 71
Interventricular subsinuosal sulcus, 253, in frog, 174 Lateral ligaments, 247
274–275 in lamprey, 48 Lateral line, 114–115
Intervertebral foramen, 196 in mudpuppy, 147 canal, 64, 96
Intestinal artery, 84 in perch, 117–118 nerves, 105
Intestinal vein in pigeon, 364 system
in frog, 175 in shark, 76, 89, 92 in lamprey, 47
in shark, 87 Kinesis in shark, 96
Intestines, 41 in lizard skulls, 322 Lateral malleolus, 206
in cat, 247 in pigeon, 347 Lateral olfactory striae, 302
in frog, 168 Kinetic skulls Lateral palatine process of palatine, 326–327
in lamprey, 47–48 in iguana, 316 Lateral rectus muscle, 98
in mudpuppy, 142 in lizard, 321 Lateral semicircular duct, 100–102
in perch, 117 Kneecap. See Patella Lateral vein, 150
in pigeon, 358–359 Lateral ventricles
in shark, 76 in cat, 306
Invagination, 7 L in shark, 103, 109
Iris, 99–100 Labia (lips) Laterosphenoid
Ischia, 126 in cat, 208, 239 in alligator, 331
Ischiadic in mudpuppy, 128 in dinosaur, 336
arteries, 365–366 Labial cartilage, 54–57 Latissimus dorsi
cartilage, 126 Labial fold, 61 in cat, 211
nerve, 222 Labial pocket, 61 in mudpuppy, 131–132
vein, 365–366 Lacrimal bone in pigeon, 358
Ischial in alligator, 329–330 Left anterior vena cava, 174
symphysis, 204 in cat, 185 Left atria, 172–174
tuberosity, 204 in dinosaur, 336 Left atrioventricular valve, 288–289
Ischiocaudalis, 137–138 in iguana, 316 Left azygos vein, 277
Ischiofemoral anastomosis, 366 in perch, 111–113 Left brachiocephalic vein, 255
Ischiofemoralis, 137–138 in pigeon, 345–347 Left colic artery/vein, 267
Ischioflexorius, 138 Lacrimal canal, 185 Left common carotid arteries, 257, 273
Ischiopubic fenestra, 349–350 Lacrimal foramen Left coronary artery, 275–276
Ischium in iguana, 316 Left gastric artery/vein, 264
in cat, 204 in snake, 325 Left gastroepiploic arteries and veins,
in frog, 164–165 Lacrimal pneumatic recess, 336 264–265
in mudpuppy, 137–138 Lagena, 102 Left internal mammary artery/vein, 255
in pigeon, 349–350 Lamina, vertebral, 196 Left lateral lobes of liver, 168
Islets of Langerhans, 251–252 Lamina quadrigemina, 303–304 Left lobe, 76
Isthmus of pancreas, 76 Lamina terminalis, 306 Left marginal vein, 279
Lamprey, 1–2, 45, 46f Left medial lobe, of liver, 247
external anatomy, 46–47 Left subclavian artery, 254, 273
J introduction, 45 Lens, 99
J-shaped preoperculum, 111 pleuroperitoneal cavity and viscera, 47–48 Lepidosauromorpha, 22–25, 316, 335–336
Jaw, cat, 234–236 sagittal section, 48–52 Lesser cornua of hyoid apparatus, 187–188
Jejunum, 249–250 skeleton, 45–46 Lesser curvature of stomach, 247
Jugal bone viscera, 47 Lesser omentum, 76–78. See also
in alligator, 329–330 Large intestine. See also Colon Gastrohepatoduodenal ligament
in dinosaur, 336 in cat, 249–250 Lesser peritoneal cavity, 247–249
384 Index

Lesser trochanter, of femur, 204–205 of mudpuppy, 147 Maxillae, 183–185, 345–347

Lesser tuberosity, of humerus, 202 in shark, 89 Maxillary artery, 258
Levator hyomandibulae muscle, 70 Malleus, 186 Maxillary branch of trigeminal
Levator palatoquadrati muscle, 70 Mammal-like reptiles, 21 nerve, 106
Levator scapulae, 137 Mammalia, 179 Maxillary fenestra, 336
Levator scapulae ventralis, 213 Mammary artery, 258–260 Maxillary groove, 166
Levatores arcuum muscles, 132 Mammary glands, 211, 299 Maxillary teeth
Leydig’s gland, 89 Mammary vein, 258–260 in frog, 160, 166
Lienic artery, 153 Mammillary body, 302, 306 in snake, 327
Lienic vein, 152, 175 Mammillary processes, 199 Maxillary vein (posterior facial vein), 238,
Lienogastric artery, 84 Mandible, 345 257–258
Lienogastric ligament. See Gastrosplenic alligator, 329–335, 329f Meckel’s cartilage, 123
ligament in cat, 187 in alligator, 335
Lienogastric vein, 87 dinosaur, 335–341 in frog, 162
Lienomesenteric vein, 85 in frog, 159–165, 161f, 163f in iguana, 322
Ligamentum arteriosum, 253, 273–274 iguana, 316–323, 317f in shark, 54–57
Linea alba, 65 in mudpuppy, 121, 123 in snake, 328
Linea aspera, 204–205 in perch, 114 in turtle, 314
Lingual artery, 258 in pigeon, 344–347 Meckelian canal
Lingual cartilage, 45, 49 snake, 323–329 in alligator, 335
Lingual frenulum, 239 in turtle, 309–316, 310f, 315f in iguana, 322
Lingual nerve, 239 Mandibular adductor fossa, 334 Meckelian fossa
Lingual veins, 150, 258 Mandibular arch, 11, 54–57 in dinosaur, 340–341
Lingualis proprius, 234–235 in mudpuppy, 141 in turtle, 314
Linguofacial vein (anterior facial vein), in shark, 54 Meckelian groove, 328
257–258 Mandibular branch of trigeminal Meckelian sulcus, 314
Linnean system, 4 nerve, 106 Medial condyle
Lips. See Labia Mandibular cartilage. See Meckel’s cartilage of femur, 205
Lissamphibia, 19–20, 121, 159 Mandibular condyle of tibia, 205–206
Liver in alligator, 330 Medial cuneiform, 206
in cat, 247 in dinosaur, 339 Medial epicondyle
in frog, 168 in iguana, 317 of femur, 205
in lamprey, 47–48 in snake, 326 of humerus, 202
in mudpuppy, 142 in turtle, 313 Medial head
in perch, 117 Mandibular duct, 238 triceps, 218
in pigeon, 358–359 Mandibular foramen triceps brachii, 213
in shark, 76 in cat, 187 Medial malleolus, 206
Lizard in pigeon, 347 Medial maxillary process of
iguana skull and mandible, 316–323, 317f Mandibular fossa maxilla, 326–327
kinesis in skulls, 322 in cat, 186 Medial olfactory striae, 302
Lobe-or fleshy-finned fishes, 17 in iguana, 322 Medial palatine process of palatine, 326–327
Long head, triceps brachii, 213 Mandibular gland, 213, 238 Medial rectus muscle, 98
Long tendon of long head (pars propata- Mandibular symphysis Median caudal artery/vein, 366
gialis of deltoideus), 354 in cat, 187 Median eustachian foramen, 332–333
Longissimus capitis, 234 in iguana, 322 Median ligament
Longissimus dorsi, 234 in turtle, 314 in cat, 247
Longitudinal cerebral fissure, 300–302 Manubrium, 200 in mudpuppy, 142
Longitudinal muscles, 41 Manus, 164 Median lobe, 76
Longus colli, 232 in cat, 203, 208–209 Median naris, 47
Loose connective tissue, 209 in frog, 165 Median sacral artery/vein, 263–264
Lophs, 194–195 Marsupialia, 21 Mediastinum, 241
Lumbar vertebrae Marsupials, 179 Medulla oblongata
in cat, 196, 199 Massa intermedia, 303 in cat, 304
in pigeon, 347 Masseter muscle, 235–236, 238 in shark, 103–104
Lumbodorsal fascia, 211 Masseteric fossa, 187 Medullary velum, 304, 306
Lung Mastoid Melanophores, 61
in cat, 241, 243–244 bones, 186 Membranous labyrinth, 100–102, 100f
in frog, 166–167 process, 186 Meninges, 300, 300f
in mudpuppy, 142 Maxilla, 111–113 Meninx, 300
in pigeon, 358–359 in alligator, 329 Mental foramina, 187
Lymph nodes, 238, 257 in dinosaur, 336 Mentomeckelian
in frog, 160 in frog, 162
M in iguana, 316 in mudpuppy, 123
Magnum, 203 in perch, 114 Mesencephalon
Male reproductive system, 295–297 in pigeon, 345–347 in cat, 303–304
Male urogenital system in snake, 326 in shark, 103–104
 Index 385
Mesenteric artery Middle cranial fossa, 187 Myosepta, 28
in cat, 263–264 Middle ear in lamprey, 47
in frog, 174 in cat, 186 in mudpuppy, 129
in mudpuppy, 153 in pigeon, 345 of shark, 65
in pigeon, 364 Middle intermandibular foramen, 315 Myoseptum, 28
in shark, 84–85 Middle lateral line nerve (MLLN), 106 Myxinoidea, 8–9, 45
Mesenteric lymph nodes, 251 Middle lobe, lung, 244
Mesenteric vein Midgut, 35f, 37 N
in cat, 266 Millerosauria, 21–22 Nares, 114
in mudpuppy, 152 Mitral valve. See Left atrioventricular valve in cat, 208
in pigeon, 364 Moderator bands, 288–289 in frog, 165–166
Mesentery Molar, 183–185 in iguana, 316
in cat, 246–247, 251 Molecular-based analyses, 2 in mudpuppy, 128
in mudpuppy, 142 Monophyletic group, 4 in pigeon, 351
in shark, 76 Monophyletic sister taxa, 12 in shark, 61
Mesethmoid bone, 186, 345 Monotremata, 179 Naris, 47, 160–162
Mesocolon, 250 Mountain beaver, 195 in alligator, 329
Mesoderm, 6 Mouth, 28–29, 48–49 in dinosaur, 336
Mesoduodenum, 250 of cat, 208, 239 in turtle, 309
Mesogaster, 76, 142, 247 of frog, 166–167 Nasal
Mesokinesis, 322 of lamprey, 46–47 in alligator, 331
Mesometrium, 299 of mudpuppy, 128, 141–142 in dinosaur, 336
Mesopterygium, 59 of perch, 114, 116 in iguana, 316
Mesorchium of shark, 74 in snake, 324–325
in cat, 295 Mudpuppy, 121 in turtle, 309
in frog, 169 arterial system, 152–153 Nasal aperture, 183
in mudpuppy, 147 cardiovascular system, 150–157 Nasal bones
in shark, 89 external anatomy, 128 in cat, 182
Mesorectum mouth, oral cavity, and pharynx, 141–142 in frog, 160–162
in cat, 250 muscular system, 128–141 in perch, 111–113
in mudpuppy, 142 pleuroperitoneal cavity and viscera, 142–147 in pigeon, 345–347
in shark, 76 postcranial skeleton, 125–127 Nasal capsules, 54
Mesosalpinx, 299 skeleton, 121–128 Nasopharynx, 239
Mesosauridae, 21–22 urogenital system, 147 Navicular bone, 206
Mesotubarium Multifidus muscle, 234 Neck
in mudpuppy, 147 Muscle in cat, 200, 202, 204–205
in shark, 92 cells, 43 in mudpuppy, 128
Mesovarium of head and branchial region, 69–70 in pigeon, 351
in cat, 299 Muscular system, 65–73, 66f, 66t–68t Necturus maculosus, 121
in frog, 168 Musculature, 65 Neognathae, 343
in mudpuppy, 147 appendicular, 211–229 Neopterygii, 16
in shark, 92 of forelimb, in cat, 200–203 Nervous system, 43, 102
Metacarpal bones of head and trunk in cat, 230t–231t, Neural arch
in cat, 203 236t–237t in cat, 196
in frog, 164 of hind limb, 221f, 226–229, 230t–231t in mudpuppy, 125
in mudpuppy, 125–126 of mudpuppy, 128–141, 129f, 130t in shark, 57
in pigeon, 349 muscles of head and pectoral region, Neural canal
Metacarpus, 203 131–137, 138f in cat, 196
Metacromion process, 200 of neck and back in cat, 233f in mudpuppy, 125
Metakinesis, 322 of pigeon, 354–358, 356f–357f in shark, 57
Metamorphosis, 43–44, in shark, 54–57 Neural crest, 10
48–49 subdivision, 210 Neural plate, 57
Metapleural folds, 29–30 throat and jaw in cat, 234–236 Neural process
Metapterygium, 59 trunk and tail in mudpuppy, in cat, 196
Metapterygoid bone, 113 129–131, 136f in mudpuppy, 125
Metatarsal bones Musculocutaneous vein, 167–168, 174 Neural spine
in cat, 206 Myelencephalon in cat, 232
in frog, 164–165 in cat, 304 in perch, 113
in mudpuppy, 126–127 in shark, 103 in shark, 57
in pigeon, 350 Mylohyoid Neurogenic placodes, 10
Metatheria, 179 foramen, 340–341 Nictitating membrane
Metencephalon muscle, 239 in cat, 208
in cat, 300–302, 304 Myocardium, 274–275 in frog, 165–166
in shark, 103 Myomeres, 28, 30 Nidamental gland, 92
Middle cerebellar peduncle, 306 in lamprey, 47 Non-chordates, 43
Middle colic artery, 266 in mudpuppy, 129 Nonvertebrate, 1
Middle coronary vein, 275–276 in shark, 65 North American bullfrog, 159
386 Index

Nose, 96–97 in cat, 302, 306 in shark, 84

Notochord, 7, 32–33, 43, 49, 57 in shark, 107 Ovarian duct, 118
Optic foramen Ovarian ligament, 299
in frog, 162 Ovarian veins
O in iguana, 320 in cat, 263
Obturator foramen in shark, 54 in frog, 174–175
in cat, 204 in snake, 324 in mudpuppy, 150
in mudpuppy, 126 Optic lobes, 103–104 Ovary, 42–43
in pigeon, 349–350 Optic nerve (CN II) in cat, 297
Obturatorius externus, 222–224 in cat, 302 in frog, 168
Obturatorius internus, 220 in shark, 98, 105 in lamprey, 47–48
Occipital artery, 258 Optic pedicle, 54 in mudpuppy, 147
Occipital bone Optic ventricle, 109 in perch, 117
in cat, 182–183 Oral cavity, 28–29 in pigeon, 364–365
in pigeon, 345 in cat, 239–245 in shark, 76, 89, 92
Occipital condyle in frog, 166–167 Oviduct
in alligator, 330, 332–333 in lamprey, 48–49 in frog, 168
in cat, 182–183 in mudpuppy, 141–142, 141f in mudpuppy, 147
in dinosaur, 339 in perch, 116 in pigeon, 364–365
in frog, 162 in shark, 74 in shark, 92
in iguana, 320 Oral cecum, 48–49 Ovis aries, 189, 190f, 192f
in mudpuppy, 122–123 Oral cirri, 28–29
in pigeon, 345 Oral disk, 46–47 P
in shark, 54 Oral funnel, 45–49, 46f Paired dorsal aortae, 80–81
in snake, 326 Oral hood, 28–29 Palaeognathae, 343
in turtle, 314 Oral intermandibular foramen, Palaeoniscoids, 15–16
Occipital nerve, 107 315, 334 Palatal fenestra, 331
Occipital pharyngeal artery, 258 Oral siphon, 39 Palatal rugae, 239
Occipitovertebral artery, 174 Oral tentacles, 39 Palatal teeth, 116
Occiput, 182 Orbit(s), 54, 111–113, 160, 345 Palatine
Ocellus, 39 in alligator, 329 in alligator, 331
Oculomotor foramina, 54 in dinosaur, 336 in dinosaur, 339
Oculomotor nerve (CN III) in iguana, 316 in iguana, 320
in cat, 304 in shark, 54, 97 in mudpuppy, 123
in shark, 105 in snake, 324 in snake, 325–326
Olecranon, 202 in turtle, 309 in turtle, 314
Olecranon fossa, 202 Orbital fissure, 186 Palatine bones
Olecranon process, 348 Orbital process, 54–57 in cat, 185
Olfactores hypothesis, 6 Orbital sinus, 87 in frog, 160–162
Olfactory bulbs Orbitonasal foramen, 309–311 in pigeon, 345
in cat, 300–302 Orbitosphenoid bone Palatine branch of facial nerve, 106
in shark, 103 in cat, 185–186 Palatine canal, 185
Olfactory nerve (CN I), 105 in iguana, 320 Palatine fissure, 183
Olfactory sac Oropharynx, 239 Palatine teeth, 326–327
in lamprey, 49 Os cordis, 290 Palatine tonsils, 239
in shark, 61, 96–97, 103 Os penis, 297 Palatoglossal arches, 239
Olfactory striae, 302 Ostariophysi, 111 Palatopterygoid, 121
Olfactory tract Osteichthyan, 13–14 Palatoquadrate cartilages, 54–57
in cat, 302 Osteichthyes, 15, 16f, 53 Palpebrae, 208
in shark, 103 Ostium, 364–365 Palpebral, 329
Omental bursa, 247 Ostium tubae Pampiniform plexus, 295–296
Omoarcual, 134 in cat, 297 Pancreas
Omosternum, 163–164 in frog, 168–169 in frog, 168
Opening pelvic canal, 296–297 in mudpuppy, 147 in mudpuppy, 142
Operculum in shark, 92 in perch, 120
in frog, 162 Ostracoderms, 8, 10–11, 13, 45 in pigeon, 364
in perch, 111 Otic aperture, 330–331 in shark, 76
in pigeon, 351 Otic capsules Pancreatic duct, 251–252
Opisthotic bones in mudpuppy, 122 Pancreaticoduodenal artery/vein
in alligator, 333 in shark, 54 in cat, 264
in dinosaur, 339 Otic lateral line nerve (OLLN), 105 in pigeon, 364
in iguana, 318 Otic recess, 330–331 Pancreaticomesenteric artery, 87
in snake, 325–326 Otolith, 43 Pancreaticomesenteric vein, 85
in turtle, 313–314 Oval window, 186 Panderichthyes, 18
Opisthotics, 122 Ovarian arteries Papillae
Optic canal, 186 in cat, 263 adhesive, 43
Optic chiasm in mudpuppy, 153 buccal, 46–47

cirri bear sensory, 30
cloacal, 147
filiform, 239
foliate, 239
fungiform, 239
remigeal, 348
vallate, 239
Papillary muscles, 288–289
Pappochelys, 22–23
Parabranchial chamber, 75
Paracanthopterygii, 111
Parachordal plate, 123
Paraoccipital process
in alligator, 333
in dinosaur, 339
in iguana, 317
Parareptilian, 22–23
Parasphenoid bone
in alligator, 331
in frog, 162
in mudpuppy, 122–123
in pigeon, 345
in snake, 327–328
in turtle, 314
Parasphenoid process, 318–320
Parasphenoid rostrum, 336–338
Pariesauromorpha, 21–22
Parietal bones
in alligator, 331
in cat, 182
in dinosaur, 336–338
in iguana, 316
in mudpuppy, 121
in perch, 111–113
in pigeon, 345
in snake, 324
in turtle, 309–311
Parietal foramen, 316
Parietal pericardium
in cat, 245–246
in mudpuppy, 150
in shark, 79
in sheep, 282
Parietal peritoneum
in cat, 246–247
in perch, 117
in shark, 76
Parietal pleura, 241–242
Parietal tunica vaginalis, 295
Paroccipital process, 345
Parotid duct, 238
Parotid gland, 213, 238
Pars propatagialis
of biceps brachii, 354–355
of deltoideus, 354–355
Patella
in cat, 205
in pigeon, 350
Patellar trochlea, 205
Pectineus muscle, 220
Pectoantebrachialis muscle, 213
Pectoral abductor muscle, 65–69
Pectoral arteries, 358
Pectoral fins
in perch, 115
in shark, 54, 59f, 64
Index 387
Pectoral girdle Peroneus brevis, 225
in frog, 163–164 Peroneus communis nerve, 225
in mudpuppy, 125 Peroneus longus, 225
in perch, 114 Peroneus tertius, 225
in pigeon, 348–349 Pes
in shark, 54 in cat, 206, 208–209
Pectoral limb, in mudpuppy, 128. See also in frog, 164–165
Forelimb in pigeon, 350
Pectoral protractor, 65–69 Petromyzon marinus, 45
Pectoral ridge, 202 Petromyzontoidea, 8–9, 45
Pectoral veins, 358, 361–364 Petrosal bones, 186
Pectoralis Petrosal ganglion, 106
in mudpuppy, 134 Phalange bones in mudpuppy, 125–126
in pigeon, 354 Phalanges
Pectoralis major, 213 in cat, 203, 206
Pectoralis minor, 213–215 in frog, 164–165
Pectoralis muscles, 213 in mudpuppy, 126–127
Pectoriscapularis, 131–132 in pigeon, 349–350
Pectus, 351 Pharyngeal arteries, 258
Pedicle, vertebral, 196 Pharyngeal clefts, 30
Pelvic abductor, 65–69 Pharyngeal skeleton, 45–46
Pelvic claspers, 53 Pharyngeal slits, 6
Pelvic fins in lamprey, 45
in perch, 115 in mudpuppy, 128
in shark, 59–60, 60f, 64 in shark, 53
Pelvic girdle Pharyngeal teeth, 116
in frog, 163–165 Pharyngobranchials, 57
in mudpuppy, 126, 127f Pharyngoesophageal artery, 82–84
in pigeon, 349–350 Pharynx, 28–29, 36–37, 39, 45, 48–49
in shark, 54 in cat, 239–245
Pelvic limb, 128 in frog, 166–167
Pelvic region muscles, 137–138 in mudpuppy, 141–142, 141f
Pelvic symphysis, 204 in perch, 116
Pelvic vein in shark, 74
in frog, 175 Phlebobranchiata, 38–39
in mudpuppy, 152 Phrenic nerve, 245, 258
Pelvis Phyla, 4
in cat, 204, 208 Phylogenetic systematics, 5
in frog, 164–165 Phylogeny, 1
Penis, 209, 295, 297 of Chordata, 3f
Perch and classification, 4–5
external anatomy, 114–116 of Reptilia, 20f
in left lateral view, 112f of Sarcopterygii, 18f
mouth, oral cavity, and pharynx, 116 of Teleostomi, 12f
pleuroperitoneal cavity and viscera, 117–120 of Tetrapoda, 19f
skeleton, 111–114 of Vertebrata, 15f
Perforated pharynx, 43 of vertebrates, 1–44
Pericardial arteries, 82–84 Physoclistous condition, 120
Pericardial cartilage, 45–46 Physostomous condition, 120
Pericardial cavity, 117 Pia mater, 300
in cat, 282 Pigeon, 343, 344f, 346f–347f
in frog, 172–174, 173f body cavity, viscera, and vessels, 358–367
of mudpuppy, 150, 150f, 152f external anatomy, 351–354
in shark, 76, 79 musculature, 354–358, 356f–357f
Pericardial sac, 150, 282 skeleton, 344–351
Pericardioperitoneal canal, 79 Pineal body, 306
Pericardium Pineal eye complex, 47
in cat, 245–246, 253, 273 Pineal gland, 303
in frog, 168, 172–174 Pinnae, 208
in mudpuppy, 150 Piriform lobe, 302
in shark, 79 Piriformis, 222
Perilymphatic foramina, 54 Pisiform bone, 203
Peritoneum Placoderm, 12–13
in cat, 246–247 Placodermi, 12
in perch, 117 Placoid scales (denticles), 61
in shark, 89 Plantaris, 224
388 Index

Plesiomorphic traits, 4–5 in cat, 244, 253–254, 276 Presphenoid bone, 185–186
Plethiodontidae, 121 in frog, 174–175 Pretrematic artery, 75–76, 80, 116
Pleura, 241–242 in mudpuppy, 142, 150 Prevertebrate, 10
Pleurapophyses, 199 in pigeon, 361–364 Prezygapophysis
Pleurodont condition, 320 Posterior ventrolateral artery, 84 in cat, 196
Pleuroperitoneal cavity Postfrontal, 316 in mudpuppy, 125
of frog, 167–170 Postorbital Primary bronchii, 245
of lamprey, 47–48, 48f in alligator, 329–330 Primary gill lamellae, 75
of mudpuppy, 142–147, 143f–146f, in dinosaur, 336 Primary remiges, 354
148f–149f, 151f in iguana, 316 Primary tongue, 74–75
of perch, 117–120 in snake, 324 Procolophonidae, 21–22
of shark, 76, 77f, 79f in turtle, 309–311 Procoracohumeralis, 131–132
Pons, 304 Postorbital bones, 24–25 Procoracoid bone
Popliteal notch, 205–206 Postorbital process in frog, 163–164
Postanal tail, 7, 28 in cat, 182 in perch, 114
Postcleithrum, 114 in pigeon, 345 Procoracoid cartilage, 125
Postcranial skeleton in shark, 54 Prokinesis, 347
of cat, 196–206 Postotic lateral line nerves, 105 Prokinetic, 324–325
of frog, 163–165 Postpatagium, 354 Pronated position, 202
of mudpuppy, 125–127 Postpharyngeal gut, 33–35, 38 Prootic bone
of perch, 113–114 Posttemporal bone, 114 in alligator, 331
of pigeon, 347–350 Posttemporal fenestra in dinosaur, 336
Posterior auricular artery, 258 in alligator, 333 in frog, 162
Posterior auricular vein, 258 in dinosaur, 339 in iguana, 318
Posterior border, of scapula, 200 in iguana, 321 in mudpuppy, 122
Posterior cardinal sinus, 87 in turtle, 313–314 in snake, 325–326
Posterior cardinal vein Posttrematic artery, 75–76, 80, 116 in turtle, 313–314
in lamprey, 50 Postzygapophysis Prootic crest, 318
in mudpuppy, 152 in cat, 196 Propatagium, 354
in shark, 88 in mudpuppy, 125 Propterygium, 59
Posterior cerebellar peduncle, 306 Pouched mammals, 179 Prostate gland, 297
Posterior chamber of eye, 99–100 Prearticular bone Protostomia, 1, 6
Posterior commissure, 306 in dinosaur, 339–340 Proventriculus, 358–359
Posterior cornua, 162–163 in mudpuppy, 123 Pseudobranch, 61–63
Posterior cranial fossa, 187 in snake, 328 Pterobranchia, 7
Posterior crest of quadrate, 317 in turtle, 315 Pterygial musculature, 35
Posterior dorsal fin Precerebral cavity, 54 Pterygiophore
in lamprey, 47 Precerebral fenestra, 54 in perch, 60
in perch, 113 Prefrontal in shark, 57–59
in shark, 54, 64 in alligator, 329–330 Pterygoid blades, 185
Posterior intestinal artery, 84 in dinosaur, 336 Pterygoid bone
Posterior intestinal vein, 87 in iguana, 316 in alligator, 329–330
Posterior jugular foramen, 314 in snake, 324–325 in cat, 185, 235–236
Posterior lateral line nerve (PLLN), 106 in turtle, 309 in dinosaur, 336
Posterior lienogastric vein, 87 Prehallux, 164–165 in frog, 162
Posterior lobe, lung, 244 Premaxilla in iguana, 317
Posterior mesenteric artery in alligator, 329 in pigeon, 345
in cat, 263, 267 in cat, 183, 189–193 in snake, 326
in pigeon, 366 in dinosaur, 336 in turtle, 314
in shark, 84 in frog, 160 Pterygoid muscle, 187
Posterior mesenteric vein in iguana, 316 Pterygoid processes, 194
in cat, 266 in mudpuppy, 121 Pterygoid ridge, 166
in pigeon, 364 in perch, 111–114 Pterygoid teeth
Posterior palatine foramen, 314 in pigeon, 345–347 in iguana, 320
Posterior pancreaticoduodenal artery/vein, in snake, 324–325 in mudpuppy, 141
266 in turtle, 309 in snake, 326–327
Posterior process of prootic, 318 Premaxillary teeth Pubic artery, 365–366
Posterior renal portal vein, 365–366 in frog, 160, 166 Pubic cartilage, 126
Posterior renal vein, 365 in mudpuppy, 141 Pubic symphysis, 204
Posterior semicircular duct, 100–102 in snake, 324–325 Pubic vein, 365–366
Posterior splenic artery/vein, 264–265 Premolar teeth, 183–185 Pubis
Posterior surangular foramen, 339–340 Preoperculum, 111, 113 in cat, 204
Posterior trigeminal foramen, 325–326 Preorbitalis muscle, 70, 99 in frog, 164–165
Posterior utriculi, 100–102 Preotic foramen, 330–331 in pigeon, 349–350
Posterior utriculus, 100–102 Preotic lateral line nerves, 105 Puboischiadic bar, 59–60
Posterior vena cava Prepollex, 164 Puboischiadic plate, 126
 Index 389
Puboischiofemoralis externus, 137 Radial notch, 202 in dinosaur, 339–340
Puboischiofemoralis internus, 138 Radial pterygiophores, 57–59, 113 in perch, 113
Puboischiotibialis, 137 Radiale, 348 in snake, 328
Pubotibialis, 138 Radices, 152–153 Retroarticular process of articular, 321–322
Pudendal artery/vein, 220–222 Radioulna, 164 Retropharyngeal groove, 41
Pulmocutaneous arch, 174 Radius Rhamphotheca
Pulmonary arteries in cat, 202–203 in pigeon, 351
in cat, 253–254 in frog, 164 in turtle, 309, 311f
in frog, 174 in mudpuppy, 125–126 Rhinal sulcus, 302
in mudpuppy, 152–153 in pigeon, 348 Rhinarium, 208
in pigeon, 364 Ramus of dentary, 187 Rhipidistia, 17–18, 18f
Pulmonary ligament Rana catesbeiana, 159 Rhomboideus, 215
in cat, 244 Raphes, 70–71 Rhomboideus capitis, 215
in mudpuppy, 142 Rasping tongue, 46–47 Rhomboideus profundus, 358
Pulmonary semilunar valve, 286–287 Ratfish, 53 Rhomboideus superficialis, 358
Pulmonary trunk Ratites, 343–344 Rhynchocephalia, 23f, 24
in cat, 253, 273 Rays, 53 Ribs
in pigeon, 364 Elasmobranchii, 13–14, 15f in cat, 198, 200
Pulmonary veins Rectal artery/vein, 267 in mudpuppy, 125
in cat, 253–254, 279 Rectrices, 354 in perch, 113
in frog, 174 Rectum in pigeon, 347–348
in mudpuppy, 150–152 in cat, 249–250 in shark, 57
in pigeon, 364 in perch, 118–120 Right anterior vena cava, 174
Pulp cavity, 61 in shark, 76 Right atria, 172–174
Pupil, 99–100 Rectus abdominis, 130–131, 232 Right atrioventricular valve, 289–290
Pyga, 351 Rectus cervicis, 132–134 Right atrium, 273
Pygostyle, 347–348 Rectus femoris, 222 Right auricle, 273
Pyloric ceca, 118–120 Rectus muscles of eye, 98 Right azygos vein, 276–277
Pyloric cecum, 41–42 Remigeal papillae, 348 Right brachiocephalic vein, 255
Pyloric region of stomach, 76 Remiges, 354 Right common carotid artery, 257, 273
Pyloric sphincter Renal artery Right coronary artery, 275–276
in cat, 247 in cat, 260–261 Right gastric artery, 264
in mudpuppy, 142 in mudpuppy, 153 Right gastric vein, 264
Pylorus, 76 in pigeon, 366 Right gastroepiploic artery, 264
Pyramids, 304 Renal capsule, 294 Right gastroepiploic vein, 264
Pyriform recess, 320 Renal cortex, 294 Right internal mammary artery/vein, 255
Python molurus, 323 Renal medulla, 295 Right lateral lobe, of liver, 168, 247
Renal papilla, 295 Right lobe in shark, 76
Q Renal pelvis, 295 Right medial lobe, of liver, 247
Quadrate bone Renal portal system, 50, 87 Right ovarian vein, 297
in alligator, 330 Renal portal vein Right subclavian artery, 273
in dinosaur, 336 in frog, 174–175 Right ventricle, 273–274
in frog, 162 in mudpuppy, 152 Root of lung, 244
in iguana, 317 in shark, 87 Rostral carina, 54
in mudpuppy, 122 Renal pyramid, 295 Rostral fenestrae, 54
in perch, 113 Renal sinus, 295 Rostrum, 28–29
in pigeon, 345 Renal veins in alligator, 331
in snake, 325–326 in cat, 260–261 in cat, 185
in turtle, 312–313 in frog, 174–175 in shark, 54
Quadrate cartilage, 122 in mudpuppy, 150 in turtle, 309
Quadrate foramen, 339 in pigeon, 365 Round ligament, 247, 299
Quadrate lobe, of liver, 247 in shark, 87 Round window, 186
Quadrate process of pterygoid, 317 Reproductive system. See Urogenital Rugae of stomach
Quadratic-crank model, 322 system in cat, 247
Quadratojugal bone Reptile, 5 in shark, 76
in alligator, 330 Reptilia, 21, 309
in dinosaur, 336 Reptilomorpha, 18–19, 21 S
in frog, 160 Respiratory system Sacculus, 100–102
in pigeon, 345–347 of cat, 238–253 Sacral artery, 263
in turtle, 313 of lamprey, 48–49 Sacral foramina, 199
Quadratus femoris, 222 of pigeon, 358 Sacral vein, 263–264
Quadriceps femoris, 222 of shark, 74–78 Sacral vertebra
Respiratory tube (“pharynx”), 45, 48–49 in cat, 196, 199
Retina, 99–100 in frog, 163
R Retroarticular process
Rachis, 351 in mudpuppy, 125
in alligator, 333–334 in pigeon, 347
Radial fossae, 202
390 Index

Sacrum, 199, 199f Shark, 53 Spermatic veins

Sacs, 100–102 brain and cranial nerves, 102–109 in cat, 263
Sagittal crest, 182, 336–338 cardiovascular system, 79–89 in frog, 174–175
Sagittal section of brain, 48–52, 107–109, digestive and respiratory Sphenethmoid bone, 160–162
304–306 systems, 74–78 Sphenodon, 25
Salamanders, 19, 121 Elasmobranchii, 53, 59f Sphenoid bone, 185–186
Salivary glands, 238–239 external anatomy, 61–65 Sphenopalatine foramen, 185
Saphenous artery, 222 external features, 63f Sphincter colli, 132
Saphenous nerve, 222 muscular system, 65–73 Spinal cord
Saphenous vein, 222 sensory organs, 96–102 in lamprey, 49
Sarcopterygian synapomorphies, 17–18 skeleton, 53–61 in shark, 102–103
Sarcopterygii, 15, 15f–16f, 18f, 111 skin of, 62f Spinal cord, 46
Sartorius, 220 urogenital system, 89–93 Spinal nerves, 102–103
Sauropsida, 21–22 Sheep, 189, 190f, 192f Spinalis dorsi, 234
Sauropterygia, 23f, 24 cranial nerves, 306t Spine of clasper, 59–60
Sauropterygians, 24 skull comparison of mammals, 189–208 Spines, 113
Scalenus, 232 Shell gland (nidamental gland), 92 Spinodeltoid, 213
Scales Short heads, 354–355 Spinotrapezius, 211–213
in perch, 114, 115f Shoulder blade. See Scapula Spiracle, 61–63
in pigeon, 351 Sinus venosus Spiracular valve, 61–63
in shark, 61 in frog, 172–174 Spiracularis muscle, 70
Scapholunar bone, 203 in lamprey, 49–50 Spiral valve, 76
Scapula in mudpuppy, 150 Splanchnocranium, 54–57
in cat, 200 in perch, 120 Spleen
in frog, 163–164 in pigeon, 358–359 in cat, 247
in mudpuppy, 125 Siphon, 65–69, 89 in frog, 168
in perch, 114 Sister groups, 5 in mudpuppy, 142
in pigeon, 348 Skeletal system in perch, 117
Scapular artery, 260 of frog, 159–165, 160f in pigeon, 364
Scapular process, 59, 71 in lamprey, 45 in shark, 76
Scapular spine, 200 of mudpuppy, 121–128 Splenial bone
Scapular vein, 88 of perch, 111–114 in alligator, 333–334
Scapulotriceps, 355 of shark, 53–61, 54f in dinosaur, 340–341
Sciatic artery, 174 Skin in iguana, 322
Sciatic vein, 175 of frog, 165–166 in snake, 328
Sclera, 99 of shark, 61 Splenic artery, 264
Sclerotic ring, 345 Skinning cat, 210–211 Splenic vein, 264–265
Scrotum, 209, 295 Skull Splenium of corpus callosum, 306
Sea squirts, 41 in alligator, 329–335, 329f–330f Splenius, 215
Secondary bronchii, 245 in beaver, 189, 191f Squalomorph sharks, 53
Secondary gill lamellae, 75 in cat, 180–187 Squalus acanthias, 53
Secondary remiges, 354 in dinosaur, 335–341 Squamata, 23f, 24
Sella turcica, 187 in frog, 159–165, 161f Squamosal bones
Semicircular duct, 100–102 iguana, 316–323, 317f in alligator, 330–331
Semimembranosus, 220 kinesis in lizard, 322 in cat, 186
Seminal vesicle, 89 in mudpuppy, 121–123, 122f in dinosaur, 336
Semispinalis capitis, 234 in perch, 111–113 in frog, 162
Semispinalis cervicis, 234 in pigeon, 344–347 in iguana, 316
Semitendinosus, 220 in sheep, 189, 190f, 192f–193f in mudpuppy, 122
Sensory organs, 96–102 in snake, 323–329 in pigeon, 345
Septomaxilla in turtle, 309–316, 310f in turtle, 311
in iguana, 316 Skull kinesis, 322 vertebrates, 24–25
in snake, 324–325 Small intestine Stalk, 93
Septomaxillae, 324–325 in cat, 249–250 Stapedial artery, 80–81
Septum pellucidum, 306 in frog, 168 Stapediotemporal foramen, 313–314
Septum supraseptale, 320 in mudpuppy, 142 Stapes, 186
Serpentes, 24 in perch, 117 Statoacoustic nerve (CN VIII),
Serratus dorsalis caudalis, 232 in pigeon, 358–359, 364 105–106
Serratus dorsalis cranialis, 232 Snake skull and mandible, 323–329 Statolith, 43
Serratus ventralis, 215 Snakes, 24 Stegocephali, 17–18
Shaft (diaphysis) Snout of shark, 61 Sternal carina, 343
of femur, 204–205 Soft fin rays, 113 Sternal notch, 348
of fibula, 206 Soft palate in cat, 239 Sternal rib, 348
of humerus, 202 Soleus muscle, 224 Sternebrae, 200
of rib, 200 Somatic motor columns, 103–104 Sternohyoid muscle, 232, 234
Shaft of feather, 351 Somatic sensory column, 103–104 Sternomastoid muscle, 213
Shank. See Crus Spermatic cord, 211, 295–296 Sternothyroid muscles, 234
 Index 391
Sternum Supracondyloid foramen, of Teeth
in cat, 200 humerus, 202 in alligator, 329
in frog, 163–164 Supracoracoideus, 134 in dinosaur, 336
in pigeon, 347–348 Supracoracoideus muscle, 348, 356–358 horny, in lamprey, 46–47
Stigmata, 41 Supradentary, 340–341 in iguana, 320
Stolidobranchiata, 38–39 Supraoccipital bone in perch, 114
Stomach in alligator, 330–331, 333 in shark, 61, 74–75
in cat, 247 in cat, 182–183 Tela choroidea
in frog, 168 in dinosaur, 339 in cat, 303–304, 306
in mudpuppy, 142 in iguana, 317–318 in shark, 103
in perch, 117 in pigeon, 345 Telencephalon
in pigeon, 358–359 in snake, 326 in cat, 300–302
in shark, 74–75 in turtle, 309–311 in shark, 103
Streptostyly, 322 Supraoccipital crest Teleost fishes, 16
Striated muscle cells, 43 in iguana, 321 Teleosteans, 17
Styloform process, 186 in turtle, 309–311 Teleostei, 16, 111
Styloglossus muscle, 234–235 Supraorbital, 324 Teleostomi, 14
Stylohyoid bone, 187–188 Supraorbital crest, 54 Temporal artery, 258
Stylohyoid muscles, 234–235 Suprascapula, 163–164 Temporal bone, 186
Styloid process, 202–203 Suprascapular cartilage Temporal canal, 331
Stylomastoid foramen, 186 in mudpuppy, 125 Temporal emargination, 311
Stylus of columella, 162 in shark, 59 Temporal fenestra, 311
Subarcuales, 134 Supraspinatus muscle, 215 Temporal fossa
Subcardinal veins, 152 Supraspinous fossa, 200 in alligator, 330
Subclavian artery Supratemporal in cat, 181–182
in cat, 257 in iguana, 316 in turtle, 311
in frog, 174 in snake, 326 Temporal lines, 182
in mudpuppy, 153 Supratemporal fenestra, 24 Temporalis muscle, 235–236
in pigeon, 359–361 in alligator, 330 Tendinous attachment, 209
in shark, 84 in dinosaur, 336 Tendons, defined, 209
Subclavian vein in iguana, 316 Tensor fasciae latae, 220
in cat, 255–257 Supratemporal lateral line nerve Tentorium, 187
in frog, 174 (STLLN), 106 Tenuissimus, 220
in mudpuppy, 150 Surangular bone Teres major, 215
in pigeon, 361–364 in alligator, 333–334 Teres minor, 215
Subcoracoscapularis, 134–137 in dinosaur, 339–340 Terminal nerve (CN O), 105
Subdivision of musculature, 210 in iguana, 321–322 Tertiary bronchii, 245
Sublingual gland, 238 in snake, 328 Tertiary remiges, 354
Suboperculum, 111 in turtle, 314 Testicular artery
Subscapular artery, 260 Suspensory ovarian ligament, 299 in mudpuppy, 153
Subscapular fossa, 200 Swim bladder, 117, 120 in shark, 84
Subscapular vein Sympathetic trunk, 258 Testicular duct, 118
in cat, 260 Symplesiomorphic traits, 4–5 Testicular veins, 150
in frog, 174 Synapomorphies, 5, 15f Testis
in shark, 88 Synapsida, 21, 25 in cat, 295
Subscapularis, 218 Synotic tectum, 123 in frog, 168
Subtemporal fenestra, 314 Synsacrum, 347–348 in lamprey, 47–48
Subvertebralis, 130–131 Syrinx, 364 in mudpuppy, 147
Sulci, 300–302 Systemic arch, 174 in pigeon, 364
Sulcus, 300–302 Systemic veins, 87–88 in shark, 76, 89
Superficial constrictor muscles, 70–71 Testudines, 21–23, 309
Superficial forelimb muscles, 211–215 T Tetrapoda, 18, 20f
Superficial hind limb muscles, 220–222 Tail Tetrapodomorpha, 17–18
Superficial ophthalmic branch of ADLLN, of cat, 208 Thalamus
106 of lamprey, 47 in cat, 303
Superficial ophthalmic branch of trigeminal of pancreas, 247–249 in shark, 103
nerve, 106 of perch, 114 Thecodont condition
Superficial ophthalmic foramina, 54 of shark, 64 in alligator, 329, 331
Superficial ophthalmic nerve, 97 Talus (astragalus), 206 in dinosaur, 336
Superficial temporal vein, 258 Tarsal bones Theria, 21, 179
Superior colliculi, 303–304 in cat, 206 Thigh
Superior temporal artery, 258 in mudpuppy, 126–127 in cat, 208–209
Supinated position, 202 in pigeon, 350 in frog, 165
Supra-angular bone, 347 Tarsometatarsus, 350 Third ventricle
Suprachoroidea, 99 Taxon (taxa), 1 in cat, 302
Supracleithrum, 114 Tectum, 303–304 in shark, 103, 109
392 Index

Thoracic aorta, 253 Transversus abdominis in pigeon, 348

Thoracic cavity of cat, 241, 245f in cat, 232 Ulnare, 348
Thoracic vertebrae in mudpuppy, 130–131 Umbilical artery/vein, 264
in cat, 198–199 Transversus costarum, 232 Unciform, 203
in pigeon, 347 Transversus thoracis, 232 Uncinate processes, 348
Thoraciscapularis, 137 Trapezium, 203 Ureter, 364
Thorax, 241 Trapezoid body, 304 Urethra, 294
Throat, cat, 234–236 Trapezoid bone, 203 Urethral orifice, 299
Thymus gland, 254 Triadobatrachus massinoti, 159 Urinary bladder
Thymus in sheep, 282 Triceps, 134–137 in cat, 247, 294
Thyrocervical artery, 260 Triceps brachii, 213 in frog, 168
Thyrohyoid bone, 187–188 Triceps surae muscle, 224 in mudpuppy, 142
Thyrohyoid muscles, 234 Tricuspid valve. See Right atrioventricular in perch, 118
Thyroid cartilage, 240–241 valve Urinary papilla, 63–64, 92
Thyroid gland, 71–72, 257 Trigeminal nerve (CN V) Urochordata, 1, 4, 7, 38–44
Thyroid transcription factor, 30–32 in cat, 304 Urogenital aperture
Tibia in shark, 105 in cat, 209, 299
in cat, 205–206 Trigeminal nerve foramen in perch, 115
in frog, 164–165 in frog, 162, 163 Urogenital arteries, 174
in mudpuppy, 126–127 in turtle, 313 Urogenital papilla
Tibial crest, 205–206 Trigeminal notch, 106, 318 in lamprey, 47–48
Tibial tuberosity, 205–206 Trigeminofacial foramen, 54 in shark, 63–64, 89
Tibiale, 164–165 Triosseal canal, 348 Urogenital pore, 47
Tibialis anterior (tibialis cranialis), 225 Trochanteric fossa, 204–205 Urogenital sinus
Tibialis nerve, 227–229 Trochlea, of humerus, 202 in cat, 299
Tibialis posterior (tibialis caudalis), 227–229 Trochlea tali, 206 in shark, 89
Tibiofibula, 164–165 Trochlear nerve (CN IV) Urogenital system
Tibiotarsus, 350 in cat, 303–304 in cat, 294–300
Tiktaalik, 18 in shark, 54, 105 in frog, 167–170
Tinamous, 343–344 Trochlear notch, 202 in lamprey, 47
Tissue performing pancreatic functions, 48 Truncus arteriosus, 174 of mudpuppy, 147
Tongue Trunk in perch, 115
in cat, 241f in cat, 208, 306 in pigeon, 364
in frog, 166 in lamprey, 47 in shark, 89–93
in lamprey, 45, 48–49 in mudpuppy, 126f, 128 Uroneurals, 113–114
in mudpuppy, 141 in perch, 111, 114 Uropygial gland, 351
Tongue bar, 30 in shark, 63–69 Uropygium, 351
Tonsillar fossae, 239 Trunk of corpus callosum, 306 Urostyle, 163
Tonsillar pits, 239 Trunk vertebrae Uterine horn, 294, 299
Tori, 208–209 in mudpuppy, 125 Uterine tube, 297
Trabeculae carnae, 288–289 in perch, 113 Uterus, 92
Trabecular cartilages, 123 in shark, 57, 57f Utriculus, 100–102
Trabecular horns, 123 Tuber cinereum, 302
Trachea, 239–240, 358–359 Tuberal crest, 318 V
Tracheal cartilages, 241 Tuberculum, of rib, 198, 200 Vagina, 299
Transcription factors, 33 Tunic, 38–39 Vaginal cavity, 295
Transverse canal, 330–331 Tunica vaginalis, 295 Vagosympathetic trunk, 258
Transverse colon, 249–250 Turbinate bones, 186 Vagus foramen
Transverse facial artery, 258 Turtle skull and mandible, 309–316, 310f, 315f in alligator, 333
Transverse facial vein, 258 Tympanic bulla, 333 in iguana, 321
Transverse fissure, 300–302 Tympanic bullae, 182 in shark, 54
Transverse foramina, 197 Tympanic cavity, 312–313 Vagus nerve (CN X)
Transverse jugular vein, 234, 257–258 Tympanic crest in cat, 245, 258, 304
Transverse nuchal crest, 336–338 of articular, 321–322 in shark, 106
Transverse process, vertebral of quadrate, 317 Vallate papillae, 239
in cat, 196 Tympanic membrane, 162, 166 Valvular intestine, 76
in frog, 163 Tympanohyoid bone, 187–188 Vanes, of feather, 351
in mudpuppy, 125 Typhlosole, 48 Vascular sac, 107
Transverse scapular artery, 260 Tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaurs, 335–336 Vascular tunic, 99
Transverse scapular vein, 217, 257 Tyrannosaurus rex, 335–336, 338f Vastus intermedius, 222
Transverse septum Vastus lateralis, 222
in lamprey, 49 U Vastus medialis, 220
in mudpuppy, 150 Ulna Veins in cat, 253
in perch, 117 in cat, 202 Velar tentacles, 33
in shark, 76, 79 in frog, 164 Velum, 28–29, 45
Transversi ventrales, 134 in mudpuppy, 125–126 Venae cavae, 276
 Index 393
in cat, 253, 276 Vertebral artery in shark, 76
in frog, 169, 174 in cat, 260 Visceral pleura, 241–242
in mudpuppy, 142, 150 in mudpuppy, 152–153 Visceral sensory columns, 103–104
in pigeon, 361–364 Vertebral canal. See Neural canal Visceral tunica vaginalis, 295
Venous system Vertebral column Vitreous chamber of eye, 99–100
of cat, 84–88 in cat, 196–199 Vitreous humor, 99–100
of cat (flow charts), 269f, 271f in frog, 163 Viviparity, 92–93
of frog, 177f in pigeon, 347 Vocal cords, 241
of lamprey, 49–50 in shark, 54 Vomer
of mudpuppy, 150–152 Vertebral rib in cat, 186
of pigeon, 364 in cat, 200 in dinosaur, 339
Venter, 351 in pigeon, 348 in frog, 160
Ventral abdominal vein Vertebral trunk, 255 in iguana, 320
in frog, 168, 175 Vertebral vein, 255 in mudpuppy, 121, 123
in mudpuppy, 142, 152 Vertebrates, 8–24, 45 in snake, 324–325
Ventral aorta amniote skulls and classification, 24–26 in turtle, 314
in lamprey, 50 craniates and, 11 Vomerine teeth
in mudpuppy, 150 early evolution of, 13 in frog, 160, 166
in shark, 79 overview, 1 in mudpuppy, 141
Ventral fin, 29–30 phylogeny and classification, 4–5 Vomeronasal fenestra, 327–328
Ventral fissure, 304 relatives, 6–7, 26–44 Vulva (urogenital aperture), 209, 299
Ventral gastric artery, 84, 153 vertebrata, 1, 9f
Ventral hyoid constrictor of shark, 70–71 Vertebrochondral ribs, 200 W
Ventral lobe in shark, 76 Vertebrosternal ribs, 200 Weberian apparatus, 111
Ventral oblique muscle, 98 Vesicular vein, 142, 152 Wheel organ, 33
Ventral rectus muscle, 98 Vessels. See Arterial system; Venous system Whiskers. See Vibrissae
Ventral ribs, 113 Vestibular window (oval window), 186 Wing of ilium, 204
Ventral superficial branchial constrictor, Vestibule, 239 Wolffian duct (Archinephric duct)
70–71 Vestibulocochlear nerve, 304 in frog, 169
Ventricle, of heart Vibrissae (whiskers), 208 in lamprey, 48
in cat, 253 Vidian canal in mudpuppy, 147
in frog, 172–174 in iguana, 318–320 in perch, 118
in lamprey, 49–50 in snake, 325–326 in shark, 89
in mudpuppy, 150 Viscera, 41
in perch, 120 of cat, 248f
in pigeon, 358–359 of frog, 167–170 X
Xiaotingia, 343
in shark, 79 of lamprey, 47–48
Xiphihumeralis, 213–215
Ventricles, of brain of mudpuppy, 142–147
Xiphisternum
in cat, 303 of perch, 117–120
in cat, 200
in shark, 103 of pigeon, 358–367
in frog, 163–164
Vermis, 304 vessels of, in cat, 265f
Xiphoid cartilage, 200
Vertebrae Visceral arches, 54
in cat, 196 Visceral arterial system of cat, 267f
in frog, 163 Visceral branch of vagus nerve, 106 Y
in mudpuppy, 125 Visceral motor column, 103–104 Yellow perch (Perca flavens), 111
in perch, 111 Visceral pericardium Yolk sac viviparity, 93
in pigeon, 347–348 in cat, 245–246
in shark, 57–60, 58f in mudpuppy, 150 Z
Vertebral arch in shark, 79 Zygomatic arch
in cat, 196 Visceral peritoneum in cat, 182
in mudpuppy, 125 in cat, 246–247, 282–283 in pigeon, 345
in shark, 57 in perch, 117 Zygomatic bone, 185