ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Ariannys Lorena Kanmerer Castilla

SUMMARY
The main objective of this review is to emphasize about artificial intelligence, describe the
concept, in which areas it is applied and learn about its origin and evolution, artificial intelligence
defined as “the study of programming computers that have the ability to do what the human mind
can perform ”(Minsky) according to the author, the design of machines capable of doing human
tasks by programming their operating system is what is known as artificial intelligence, given
that the information and the way in which these machines execute orders they are programmed by
the human being.

Keywords: intelligence, artificial, machines

INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF ARTIFICIAL
The purpose of preparing this article on INTELLIGENCE
artificial intelligence has been to provide a
document that will serve as a basis for the
new generations that face new technologies,
which will be endowed with new
experiences and different intelligences where
it will be demonstrated how important it is to
know about their operation and proper use,
but could it ever be that machines can
replace humans? Questions that make us
doubt whether the advance in artificial Fuente: https://images.app.goo.gl/Zme8JkukCxFdDm4N7
intelligence that is currently being
The Royal Academy of the Spanish
experienced is good or if they actually
Language defines us as artificial intelligence
directly affect to humanity, next we will
defines us as "intellectual power: the faculty
define the concept of artificial intelligence,
of knowing, understanding or
as well as the evolution since its definition in
comprehending". Once this is defined,
1956.
artificial intelligence could be defined in the
same way but applied to machines. In this
way, when they tell us that a cell phone is
intelligent we would have to ask what
knowledge or understanding said cell phone
has of the process it performs.

As we can see, this term is very ambiguous
and multiplye arguments have been adduced
in favor and against intelligence in
machines.
We are going to use the definition of
artificial intelligence that we think is closer
to reality, proposed by Marvin Minsky, it
says like this: “Artificial intelligence is the
science of building machines to do things
that, if humans did, would require
intelligence".
We can think of Artificial Intelligence as the
science that incorporates knowledge into
processes or activities so that they are
successful. A clear example is the game of
chess. It is unthinkable for a computer to
evaluate all possible chess moves. Instead,
knowledge is incorporated into the process
of finding the best play in the form of
predefined plays or "smart" evaluation
procedures.
APPLICATION AREAS
There are multiple areas where Artificial
Intelligence can be applied, below we will
briefly comment on some of these areas:
• Treatment of natural languages: This field
can include applications that perform
translations between languages, man-
machine interfaces that allow querying a
database or giving orders to an operating
system, etc., so that communication is more
user-friendly. user.
• Expert systems: This area includes those
systems where the experience of qualified
personnel is incorporated into said systems
to.
• get deductions closer to reality.
• Robotics: Navigation of mobile robots,
control of robot arms, assembly of parts, etc.
• Perception problems: vision and speech,
recognition of objects and speech, detection
of defects in parts through vision, support in
medical diagnosis, etc.
• Learning: Modeling of behaviors for their
subsequent implementation in computers.
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
In this section we will review the origin and
evolution of artificial intelligence, what is
exposed here is a summary of the book
Crevier (Crevier, 1996).
Bases of modern artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence, usually defined as the
science of building machines to do things
that humans would require intelligence if we
did, takes on a viable scientific meaning, as a
modern computing discipline, during the
second half of this century. It is the direct
result of the confluence of various
intellectual currents (Computing Theory,
Cybernetics, Information Theory, Symbolic
Processing) developed on the formal
foundations of logic and discrete
Mathematics and driven by the development
of digital computers.
HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
Artificial Intelligence definitely arises from
some works published in the 1940s that did
not have a great impact, but from the
influential work in 1950 by Alan Turing,
British mathematician, a new discipline of
information sciences opens.
Although the fundamental ideas go back to
the logic and algorithms of the Greeks, and
to the mathematics of the Arabs, several
centuries before Christ, the concept of
obtaining artificial reasoning appears in the
fourteenth century. At the end of the 19th
century, sufficiently powerful formal logics
are obtained and in the middle of the 20th
century, machines capable of making use of
such logic and solution algorithms are
obtained.
Artificial Intelligence "was born" in 1943
when Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts
proposed a neuron model of the human and
animal brain. These abstract nerve neurons
provided a symbolic representation of brain
activity. Later, Norbert Wiener elaborated
these ideas along with others, within the
same field, which was called "cybernetics";
from here would be born, around the 50s,
Artificial Intelligence.
The first researchers of this innovative
science, took as a basis McCulloch's
formalized neuron and postulated that:
"The brain is an intelligent problem solver,
so let's imitate the brain."
But if we consider the enormous complexity
of it, this is practically impossible, not to
mention that the hardware of the time or the
software were up to the task to carry out
such projects.
Human thought began to be considered as a
coordination of simple tasks related to each
other through symbols. It would come to the
realization of what they considered to be the
fundamentals of intelligent problem solving,
but the difficult thing was not yet started,
linking these simple activities together.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND
NATURAL INTELLIGENCE
Human Intelligence, although incredible as it
may be, there is no exact definition, which
means that none is sufficiently precise and
accurate.
We can say then that intelligence is the
ability to deal with symbols and abstract
relationships, to learn and to face new
requirements, making adequate use of
thought as a means or for adapting to new
situations.
But questions arise as to whether intelligence
is inherited, acquired, influenced by the
environment, or a combination of these
factors. Authors as fundamental as Luria or
Piaget, interpret intelligence as a quantitative
variable that can be measured with a number
(one is more or less intelligent as one is
more or less tall). For these authors,
intelligence results from the progressive
development of a series of structures through
different phases.
For other authors, intelligence increases
from birth through experiences, reaching its
maximum development in adolescence, later,
in maturity, a fairly slow and regular decline
is observed although not all intellectual
aptitudes suffer the same deterioration.
There are other authors who give great
importance to heredity such as Eysenck, this
is a great defender of the theory that
intelligence is a hereditary quality,
fundamentally unchangeable by education or
the environment, this was insufficient for the
study of psychic phenomena, for which great
controversy arose among geneticists.
We can say that if we believe in the
preponderance of heredity, there is little we
can do. If you are born ready, this fact is as
unchangeable as is hair color or blood group.
It is the environment that modulates, that
shapes intellectual capacity. It must be stated
emphatically that inheritance is necessary,
but not
Until now, it has been possible to build
specialized machines for specific tasks,
which sometimes perform them better than
man, among them is the Mycin system
applied to the field of medicine, which has
obtained a percentage of successes in
diagnosing diseases infectious superior to
that of a doctor; chess programs that have
beaten champions like Gary Kasparov; the
computer that simulates the personality of a
paranoid person; musical computers that
create musical compositions; and even a
pianist who has played in the best orchestras
in Japan. This shows us that there is a great
similarity between computers and the human
mind, but the difference is clear, the human
mind goes further, computers, as their word
indicates, receives orders or performs those
tasks because they are programmed.
Another difference between operators and
human intelligence are the neural networks
that interconnect the stored information, the
association mechanisms that trigger the
activation of neuronal circuits with specific
functions in the face of external and internal
stimuli.
It can be said that as time passes, human
intelligence develops improvements in
machines, trying to build an artificial
intelligence similar to human, without
reflecting in more depth about the different
aspects of its individual and collective
existence, nor granting it more importance to
the understanding between man and man
than to which man and machine are
produced.
The human desire is to transcend limitations
to be deeply intertwined with the fascination
of technology, which can be as inspiring as it
is terrifying. The way it is being used could
profoundly change the character of our
society, and irrevocably alter our
conceptions of ourselves, fundamentally
recognizing that as important as creating is
not destroying, we must advance
intelligently, knowing that it is built to
improve, turning expert systems in an
effective tool using it at the service of man,
but in a field of possibilities that go beyond
the conventional.
The most important difference between the
brain and the computer is how it stores its
information. In the computer, its way of
saving data is that it occupies a memory cell
to save the information, just like when you
want to access that information through the
computer, it makes the call to that cell and
displays the information. On the other hand,
in the human brain, the management is
totally different, to assess the information we
do not make a call to such a position of the
brain, we do not even have a clear definition
of how that information is saved and how the
brain does to recall the information. same
information, we have no idea where an X
information is stored in our brain. But it is
not necessary to have the exact location of
the information since the fact of just thinking
or imagining a certain meaning already
automatically executes a function that the
human being does not understand to bring
that information to our image, all this is done
by the biological neural network. For
example, let's think about wanting to
imagine a square shape, the brain executes
the action and we can see in our mind such
an image from four sides but at the same
time, our brain is like google,
it gives us other references in the mental
search engine and we can see other shapes
similar to the square as external figures,
imagine that we can remember when looking
at a certain point and given date of our life,
even for example if we imagine a square
piece of wood we can assess the smell of
that wood, the brain is a complex
connection, all the senses, all the
connections are being used in one part
 From our brain to perform this
simple task, it is such a deep mental
game that we cannot explain it so
simply. The brain and the computer
have their differences which are the
following:
Brain
 Multiple-purpose data system
capable of handling large amounts of
information in a short time, but not
necessarily accurately.
 The frequencies of nerve impulses
can vary.
 The so-called synapses fulfill the
simultaneous function of several
gates in the brain.
 The memory is of the associative
type and it is not known where it will
be stored
 Impulses flow at 30 meters per
second.
Computer
 Highly specialized systems with the
capacity to process very specific
information, following given
instructions.
 The transmission frequency is
unalterable and is given by the
internal clock of the machine.
 Logic gates have a perfectly
determined and unalterable function.
 Information is stored in direct access
memory locations by address.
 Inside a computer, impulses flow at
the speed of light.
FUTURE OF ARTIFICAL
INTELLIGENCE IN TECHNOLOGY.
AI is one of the most fascinating but
challenging areas in computer science and
technology. This was born from the need of
man to imitate his surrounding nature to the
degree of imitating himself through systems
or machines capable of replacing him in
certain jobs or activities.
This is why AI programs promise to be the
future of technology where current machines
or robots can be joined by voice and video
recognition technologies.
Although we are still far from a computer
system reaching the intelligence and
cognitive level of the human brain, which is
made up of some 100,000 million neurons,
there is always the fear that if we reach this
level, this artificial intelligence could come
to understand its now independence from the
human race and wanting to be on the same
level. Although this sounds like science
fiction with the accelerating advancement of
technology this could not only be in our
imagination.
For now, good use must be made of this
advance in the technological field for better
development of systems that can help us
improve our standard of living, such as
medical expert systems that help us diagnose
diseases and find possible treatments, as well
as intelligent systems that help us in the field
of engineering and mechanics with the
development of increasingly precise and
better machines that replace us in dangerous
tasks such as deactivating bombs,
manufacturing with highly toxic chemicals
or handling hazardous materials.
 https://hipertextual.com/2013/02/intelige
ncia-artificial-en-medicina-un-futuro-
CONCLUSION esperanjador.
Over time, man has developed different  San Poli. (). Artificial intelligence.
technologies to Monographs Retrieved from

to help the human being as it was first with

the invention of the wheel many years ago;
Today it has managed to carry out
impressive tasks that our ancestors never
came to think of and there is even still a lot
of field to go and discover.
With the help of AI, we have managed to
advance technology faster by inventing
devices to perform tasks around us as well as
developing systems to help humans, perhaps
exchanging a missing limb for a
technological prosthesis. Through these
inventions, technology has reached the point
of being created in a fundamental and
necessary part for our future as well as in the
field of means of transport, agriculture,
architecture, medicine, biotechnology and
many more.
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