Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and Applications

Plasmon nanoparticle effect to improve optical properties of perovskite thin film

--Manuscript Draft--

Manuscript Number: PNFA-D-20-00047

Article Type: Full Length Article

Keywords: Perovskite thin film; finite element method; plasmon; optical absorption; photocurrent

Abstract: Noble metal material, size, period and position are key parameters to affect optical
absorption property of perovskite thin film, which was numerically investigated in this
paper by finite element method. It demonstrates that Al nanoparticles show larger
enhancement ability of light absorption than that of Au and Ag under AM1.5 illumination
with the same geometry parameter. The light absorption enhancement after
introducing Al nanopheres is optimized by nanosphere size, period and position being
placed either on top (case I), in perovskite layer (case II), or simultaneously on top and
in perovskite layer (case III), which mechanism is discussed in terms of the
corresponding electric field and power loss density distributions. The maximal light
absorption enhancement is revealed to ~1.41 fold that of without Al nanosphere case.
The dielectric nanoshell (SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 ) encapsulating effect on
incident light trapping ability and photocurrent of the above optimized case are
discussed as well. The present work holds great promise for choosing appropriate
plasmonic material, size, period and position to facilitate designing perovskite solar
cells and photo detectors.

Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation
Manuscript File

Plasmon nanoparticle effect to improve optical properties of perovskite thin film

YangXi Chen, ChaoLing Du,* Lu Sun, TianYi Fu, RuXin Zhang, DaNing Shi

College of Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211100, PR China

*Email: cldu@nuaa.edu.cn

Abstract Noble metal material, size, period and position are key parameters to affect optical absorption property of perovskite thin film, which
was numerically investigated in this paper by finite element method. It demonstrates that Al nanoparticles show larger enhancement ability of
light absorption than that of Au and Ag under AM1.5 illumination with the same geometry parameter. The light absorption enhancement after
introducing Al nanopheres is optimized by nanosphere size, period and position being placed either on top (case I), in perovskite layer (case II),
or simultaneously on top and in perovskite layer (case III), which mechanism is discussed in terms of the corresponding electric field and
power loss density distributions. The maximal light absorption enhancement is revealed to ~1.41 fold that of without Al nanosphere case. The
dielectric nanoshell (SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2) encapsulating effect on incident light trapping ability and photocurrent of the above optimized case
are discussed as well. The present work holds great promise for choosing appropriate plasmonic material, size, period and position to facilitate
designing perovskite solar cells and photo detectors.

Keywords: Perovskite thin film; finite element method; plasmon; optical absorption; photocurrent

1 Introduction

The organic-inorganic halid perovskite (CH 3NH3PbX3,
X=I, Cl, Br) solar cells have underwent PCE (power
conversion efficient) rapidly rise from 3.8% in 2009 to
~20% in recent years, making perovskite one of the
attracting materials among variable solar cell materials [1-
2]. This associates closely with the long charge carrier
diffusion length and tunable energy band gap of halid
perovskite [3]. In addition, perovskite thin film also shows
great promise in photo detectors due to its unique optical
properties [4-5]. Yet, perovskite photo detectors and/or
solar cells still suffer from low light absorption because
the extinction coefficient rapidly decays at red wavelength
region, which will further lower device efficiency [6-8]. It
is noted to improve light absorption of perovskite thin film
is significant to further improve the optical efficiency of
perovskite thin film based solar cells and/or photo
detectors. Plasmonic nanostructures have been utilized as
efficient strategy to increase light absorption, hence to
improve light utilization efficiency in perovskite and/or
other semiconductor thin films [9-11]. By introducing
plasmonic nanoparticles at the top surface of perovskite
thin film, light absorption is able to be enhanced by
multiple diffraction and high angle scattering, further to
increase light path in the perovskite layer [12].
Alternatively, if they are embedded in the perovskite layer,
their enhanced electromagnetic field owing to the resonant
excitation of localized surface plasmon (LSPR) shows the
ability to increase light absorption, further generate
additional electron-hole pairs in the perovskite layer [13].
However, in the investigations about perovskite photo
detectors and/or solar cells [14], plasmonic nanostructures
are noted to be placed either on top surface of the
perovskite layer [15], or in the absorption perovskite layer
[16] and/or other sites of perovskite film [17-18]. There
are scarce reports devoted to uncover the enhanced optical
absorption owing to the introduction of plasmonic
nanoparticles simultaneously at different positions of the
same device, neither to compare their different power loss
density distributions nor photocurrent to the best of our
knowledge in literature. The corresponding investigation is
crucial to improve light absorption of perovskite thin film
while numerical simulation provides a faster and easier
method to deliver this compared to experiments.
Accordingly, in this report, we numerically simulated
the enhanced optical properties of perovskite thin film by
putting the prototype plasmonic nanoparticles of
nanospheres (NSPs) at different positions in the thin film.
The NSP array material, size and period is optimized to
achieve the maximal light absorption enhancement and
photocurrent. The distributions of electric field and power
loss density around NSPs are simulated to clarify where to
put NSPs to optimize incident light harvest efficiency. The
dielectric SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoshell encapsulating
effects on the optimized nanostructure optical properties
are discussed as well.
2 Simulation structures and methods
The optical absorption properties of perovskite thin film
after/before putting plasmonic NSPs were calculated by

1
commercially available FEM package of COMSOL
Multiphysics 4.1 (http://www.comsol.com) with the RF
module. Fig.1 shows the schematic y-z cross section of
the unit cell of the concerned structure. The thickness of
perovskite thin film is set as 200nm with the underneath
SiO 2 layer being 100nm. Herein, the charge carrier
recombination is negligible as ultrathin perovskite thin
film reduces the probability of recombination [19].
Plasmonic NSP is placed either on top of perovskite layer
(case I), or in the middle of the perovskite layer (case II),
or simultaneously at both of these two positions (case III).
A plane wave was illuminated along +z direction
vertically from the cell top surface which polarizes along
y direction. Periodic conditions are employed along x and
y directions to repeat the modeled structure periodically
with the unit length P variable from 150nm to 300nm.
Then, a 400nm thick perfect match layer is applied along
z direction to avoid spurious reflection back at the
simulation zone. Optical constants of concerned
perovskite materials are referred to tabulated data in Ref.
[20]. Then, electromagnetic (EM) field distributions and
light absorption of the unit cell is simulated and/or
calculated by solving the well-established Helmholtz
equation     E  k0 2 r E  0 [21]. Herein, k0 is the wave
vector of incident light,  r is the dielectric permittivity of
the concerned medium. By neglecting charge carrier
recombination, the absorption enhancement factor (G)
due to the introduced plasmonic NSPs is calculated by
800
 A ( ) I ( ) d 
p
(1)
G  800
300
A
300
ref ( ) I ( ) d 
Fig.1. The 2D schematic unit cell of the concerned perovsikite structure along with Al NSP(s) being put on top
surface of perovskite (a, case I), in the middle of perovskite (b, case II), and at both of these two positions (c, case
III) along with that without NSPs for reference (d).
where I ( ) , Ap ( ) ,and Aref ( ) denote the air mass 1.5
solar irradiance, optical absorption with and without Al
NSP in a unit cell, respectively. Meanwhile, the
corresponding photocurrent is calculated by
e
Jsc( )  Ap ( ) I ( ) . Light power absorbed by
hc
plasmonic nanoparticles herein has been excluded from
the calculation in Eq. (1).
3 Results and discussions
Throughout the simulations, we have chosen Al NSP
instead of conventional Au and/or Ag as plasmonic
material. This is because that Al is not only cheaper, but
also exhibits significant optical loss at ultraviolet rather
than visible to infrared wavelength. It tends to compensate
optical absorption of CH3NH3PbI3, which falls in visible to
infrared wavelength [22]. Fig.2a shows the absorption
enhancement G comparison for Au, Ag and Al NSP with
radius r changing from 40 to 70nm, unit period P= 200nm
to illustrate further why we chose Al instead of Au/Ag. It
demonstrates that Ag and Al get larger G compared to that
of Au, indicating higher absorption enhancement of the
incident sun power of Ag and Al than Au NSP for all r
considered. The destructive absorption effect of Au NSP
may originate from the high imaginary dielectric function
of Au, hence high optical loss. The optimized r was
calculated to be 55nm both for Al and Ag cases. Yet, the
corresponding maximum G of Al is larger than that of Ag
NSP, which is 1.22 and 1.19 for Al and Ag NSP case,
respectively. It indicates that the absorption of incident
sunlight is 1.22/1.19 times when Al/Ag NSP put on the top
2
surface of perovskite thin film compared with that of flat
film case. Fig.2b shows their optimal absorption spectra
comparison of case I along with that of flat thin film case
for reference. It reveals that after introducing Al NSP, the
perovskite layer shows obvious larger absorption than that
of Au/Ag at 300-770nm/300-490nm, demonstrating the
superiority of Al NSP than that of Au/Ag NSPs and further
confirming why we chose Al instead of Au/Ag herein. The
upper right inset of Fig.2b shows the parasitic absorption
by introduced metal NSPs of case I as well. It reveals that
Au gets maximal parasitic absorption compared to Ag and
Al. The large parasitic absorption by Au nanoparticles also
contributes to the large G of Au reported elsewhere and
therein the parasitic absorption has not been excluded from
the absorption of the perovskite layers [23-24].
Nonetheless, the parasitic optical absorption of plasmonic
nanoparticles tends to convert more light energy into heat
energy, which has no contribution to the corresponding
photocurrent [25-26]. After excluding the parasitic
absorption of plasmonic nanoparticles, Fig.2a-2b
demonstrates the advantage of Al NSP than that of Au/Ag
accordingly. Additionally, Fig.2c-2d plots the unit period
optimized optical absorption properties of case I by setting
Al NSP with the optimized radius obtained from Fig.2a.
The obtained results demonstrate that G of case I is
sensitive to P, which increases with P first, and
experiences an maximum at P=200nm, showing maximum
1.22, then drops with P increasing further. The
corresponding absorption spectra of Fig.2d reveals that
Fig.2. The FEM simulated NSP radius (a) and period (c) dependent G of case I , along with the corresponding material (b)
and period (d) dependent absorption spectra. In b-d, the NSP radius is set as the optimized radius obtained from a.
their absorption is insensitive to P for larger wavelength
(>500nm), but shows obvious variation at smaller
wavelengths, which contributes to the variation of G
versus P. Accordingly, in what follows, we will
concentrate to improve optical properties of perovskite
thin film starting from the optimized material and period
obtained from Fig.2.
Besides putting Al NSP on top of perovskite layer (case
I), putting Al NSP within perovskite layer (case II) is also
anticipated to improve the optical absorption property of
the concerned device. Fig.3 presents their comparison of
FEM simulated absorption enhancement factor G to
further improve G, and to access the corresponding
optimized NSP site and radius. Fig.3a shows that G of both
cases I and II is sensitive to Al NSP radius, and G of case I
is more sensitive to r than that of case II. It reveals that G
of both these two cases increases with r first, and then
decreases with r increasing further after arriving maximum
1.22, 1.23 at radius 55nm and 65nm, respectively,
implying the optimized Al NSP radius being 55 and 65nm
for case I and case II, respectively. Their corresponding
optimized absorption spectra are plotted in Fig.3b along
with that of flat perovskite thin film as reference. For case
I, the absorption enhancement occ urs mainly at
wavelengths from about 300nm to 500nm and the
introduced NSPs only have limited effect to improve light
absorption for the wavelength larger than 600nm.
Comparatively, the absorption enhancement of case II
mainly occurs at wavelengths from 500nm to 700nm
3
Fig.3. The FEM simulated Al NSP radius dependent G for cases I-III (a) and the comparison between their corresponding
optimized absorption spectra under optimized Al NSP radius along with that of flat perovskite film (b).
while NSPs have no effect to improve absorption at
shorter wavelengths concerned. Hence, the incident light
absorption enhancement of cases I and II is achieved at
different wavelength region, which is tend to be combined
together to further improve G of perovskite thin film.
Therefore, case III has been introduced, which introduces
Al NSP simultaneously on top (NSP radius fixed at 55nm
optimized from case I) and within the perovskite (NSP
radius r changing from 45 to 75nm) layer, to achieve light
absorption enhancement at both of the above two
wavelength regions. The corresponding G has been plotted
in Fig.3a as well. It shows obviously G improvement
compared to cases I and II, which gets optimized
enhancement factor ~1.41 at r=65nm. The optimized
absorption spectra of Fig.3b indicate that case III realizes
absorption enhancement at the broad wavelength region
from 330nm to 750nm, confirming the advantage of case
III than cases I and II. The inset of Fig.3b compares the
optimized scattering spectra of the three different cases. It
reveals that the peak position of LSPR for case I locates at
UV region, which contributes to its absorptio n
enhancement at UV region. Yet, by putting NSP within the
perovskite layer instead of on top of the perovskite layer,
the scattering LSPR band broadens and peak
intensity/position increase/red shifts much owing to the
different surrounding medium from that of case I. The
obtained different optimal G and scattering/absorption
spectra of cases I and II reveal that the diffractive effect
between scattered light by Al NSPs also plays important
role in improving G of case I while LSPR plays dominant
role in improving G of case II [27-28]. For case I, Al NSPs
on top surface may function like a metal grating. Hence,
multiple diffraction and high angle forward scattering of
incident light lead more light propagate into perovskite
layer. The broad and red shifted LSPR peak of case II also
accounts for the corresponding red shifted absorption
enhancement wavelength. For case III, the obtained
scattering intensity is larger than cases I and II at all
wavelength concerned, which exhibits LSPR peaks both at
UV and visible region. The introduced NSPs at multiple
locations are able to couple more light effectively into
perovskite layer due to LSPR effect and forward scattering
excited by plasmonic NSPs, which further contributes to
the obtained most efficient light harvest ability among
different cases.
To further understand the detailed energy absorption
mechanisms of cases I-III, the distributions of their electric
field and power loss density are investigated. The power
loss density herein is calculated by
1
Ploss   E ( ) Im  (( )) in a unit cell, where E ( )
2
2
and Im  ( ) is the normed electric field at angular
frequency  and imaginary part of corresponding material
dielectric constant, respectively. The obtained typical
distribution of E (a, b) and Ploss (c, d) results at 400nm (a,
c) and 600nm (b, d) are presented as Fig.4 for illustration.
Fig.4a and 4b show that the electric field distributions
change significantly when Al NSP is introduced. By
putting the top Al NSP of cases I (Fig.4a1) and III
(Fig.4a3), electric field in the vicinity of NSP is enhanced
compared to that of case II (Fig.4a2) and reference of flat
thin film (Fig.4a4). Hence, the top NSP contributes to the
increased larger absorption than that of case II and
reference case at 400nm as revealed by Fig.3. Herein, the
top NSP function like a metal grating, the multiple
diffraction and high angle scattering of incident light
makes the light propagate into perovskite layer top surface
more efficient compared to reference. Meanwhile, the
embedded Al NSPs in perovskite layer of case II (Fig.4a2)
is nearly able to be neglected due to the short penetration
path of incident light at 400nm, which gets nearly no
4
increased electric field around it. Fig.4a also shows that at
400nm, the incident light is most focused on the top
surface of perovskite layer and hardly transmits into the
middle or bottom region for all the considered cases. This
is confirmed by the corresponding power loss density
distribution of Fig.4c, which reveals that most light is
absorbed by top surface of the perovskite layer and the rest
light is reflected back to air, further contributes to the high
electric field intensity around Al NSPs. The higher
obtained Ploss of cases I and III than that of reference also
confirms the antireflection metal grating function of top
NSPs. Comparatively, at wavelength 600nm, high electric
field spreads both at top NSP (Fig.4b1 and Fig.4b3) and
embedded NSPs (Fig.4b2 and Fig.4b3) owing to the LSPR
effect of Al NSPs as revealed by the inset of Fig.3b.
Hence, case III gets enhanced electrical field at both the
two typical wavelengths of 400nm and 600nm, which
indicates that case III provides the best candidate among
the four different cases for improving optical absorption of
perovskite thin film. The comparison of Ploss distribution
of Fig.4d between the four different cases reveals that Ploss
mainly spread in the vicinity of the embedded NSP
(Fig.4d2 and Fig.4d3) in the perovskite layer. It implies
that the absorption enhancement of cases II and III at
Fig.4 The obtained typical distributions of E (a, b) and Ploss (c,d) of the concerned case I-III along with that of flat
perovskite thin film as reference.
600nm comes from LSPR effect of the embedded NSPs
instead of the top NSPs. Hence, plasmonic effect plays the
dominant role in improving the absorption enhancement
both for cases II and III. Yet, Ploss of case III spreads wider
in the unit cell than that of case II owing to the
simultaneously introduced top NSP, hence it exhibits
larger potential in enhancing absorption of perovskite thin
film than that of case II.
Accordingly, the high absorption enhancement at
different wavelengths of the nanodevice of case III
obtained in Fig.3 originates from the electric field and
power loss density distributions around the introduced
multiple NSPs, both the top and embedded NPSs together
as illustrated of Fig.4. Yet, the introduced embedded metal
NSPs contact the CH3NH3PbI3 directly, which tends to
cause undesired charge carrier recombination on the metal
surface. Therefore, an ultrathin dielectric nanoshell, such
as SiO2, TiO2 and/or Al2O3 nanoshell is normally
employed to encapsulate the embedded NSP working as
insulator to isolate the NSP from the perovskite layer to
avoid such charge carrier recombination at the interface of
metal and absorber [29]. Therefore, we further
encapsulated the embedded NSP with a dielectric
nanoshell of case III under optimized geometry
parameters.
5
Fig. 5. The FEM simulated nanoshell material dependent G function versus shell thickness of optimized case III from
Fig.3a (a) and the corresponding typical absorption spectra with different TiO2 shell thickness (b).

Fig.5a depicts the calculated nanoshell material dependent

absorption enhancement factor G as a function of the
nanoshell thickness. It shows that with dielectric
encapsulation, G decreases with nanoshell thickness
increasing, indicating the negative role of dielectric
encapsulating. It decreases from 1.41 at shell thickness
0nm to 1.25 (1.33, 1.38) at 3nm of SiO2, (Al2O3, TiO2)
nanoshell. Therefore, the thinner shell encapsulating gets
better performance for the thin film while TiO2 provides
the better trade-off encapsulating material between
increasing the life time of charge carrier and reducing the
light absorption of perovskite layer. As examples, the
absorption spectra of several-nanometer-thick TiO2
encapsulated case is plotted as Fig.5b. It shows that
compared to no dielectric encapsulating case, the spectra is Fig. 6. The comparison of the calculated Jsc between the
nearly invariable below 550nm, but shows obviously four different cases under optimized Al NSP radius and
decreased absorption at longer wavelengths (larger than period along with the typical Jsc of the core-shell
550nm) with increasing shell thickness, further leading to embedded Al NSP @TiO2 of optimized case III.
the decreased G of Fig.5a.
To further estimate the performance of the proposed wavelength surpassing 550nm, the photocurrent of all
devices, we calculated their photocurrent Jsc as well, concerned cases decreases while cases II and III with
which are accessed by Jsc( )  e Ap ( ) I ( ) . Herein, e , embedded NSPs generate larger Jsc than the other two
hc cases. Therefore, for all wavelength concerned, case III
h and c are the charge of electron, Planck’s constant, and with optimized Al NSP radius 55nm, Al NSP array period
light speed in free space, respectively. As Jsc basically 200nm, and without dielectric nanoshell encapsulating is
depends on the number of photo absorbed by the demonstrated to get the maximum total Jsc besides
perovskite layer, it is assumed that all absorbed photos are maximum G as abovementioned. It shows strong potential
able to generate electron-hole pairs, hence without any to improve the performance of the corresponding
loss of electron-hole pairs (i.e., internal quantum perovskite thin film based solar cells and/or photo
efficiency is 100%) in our calculation. Fig.6 presents the detectors under AM(1.5) illumination.
comparison between the calculated Jsc of the concerned
four different cases under optimized Al NSP radius and
period along with the illustrative core-shell embedded Al 4 Conclusions
NSP@TiO2 of case III. It shows that cases I and III with
top NSPs can generate photocurrent more efficient than In this paper, plasmonic NSP material, size, array period,
that of reference of flat perovskite thin film and that of position and the shell material, shell th ickness
case II with embedded NSPs at shorter wavelengths encapsulating the embedded NSP have been numerically
smaller than 550nm. With the incident sunlight optimized to improve the absorption and photocurrent of

6
perovskite thin film. It demonstrates that after excluding
plasmonic parasitic absorption, Al NSPs show larger
enhancement ability of light absorption than that of Au
and Ag under AM1.5 illumination with the same geometry
parameter. By simultaneously introducing top Al NSPs
55nm and embedded Al NSPs 65nm with NSP array
period 200nm (case III), the maximal light absorption
enhancement factor reaches 1.41. The enhancement is
shown to originate from the excitation of LSPR and
scattering effect of Al NSPs, which is confirmed by their
scattering spectra and corresponding distributions of
electric field and power loss density. Additionally, TiO2
dielectric nanoshell is shown to provide a better trade-off
than that of SiO2 and Al2O3 to encapsulate Al NSP to
improve the optical performance of perovskite thin film
devices. The optimized structure is also shown to exhibit
larger integrated total Jsc than the other concerned cases
(cases I, II and reference), showing strong potential to
improve sunlight harvest efficiency. The present work
paves the way for future development of plasmon
enhanced perovskite thin film solar cells and/or photo
detectors.
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by Fundamental
Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.
NS2020057) and National Natural Science Foundation of
China (Nos. 11774171 and 11874220).
References
(1) A. Kojima, K. Teshima,Y. Shirai, T. Miyasaka,Organometal halide
perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 131(17)(2009) 6050-6051.
(2) J. N. Jeno, H. Na, E. H. Jung, T.Y. Yang, Y. G. Lee, G. Kim, H. W.
Shin, S. I. Seok, J. Lee, J. Seo, A fluorene-terminated hole-transporting
material for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Nature Energy.
3(8) (2018) 682.
(3) T. Chen, T. F. Shi, X. H. Li, J. Q. Zheng, W. S. Fan, Ni. B, Y.
Q. Wang, J. M. Dai, Z. G. Xiao, Efficient perovskite solar cells with
titanium cathode interlayer. Solar RRL. 2(11) (2018) 1870226.
(4) B. Liu, R.R. Gutha , B. Kattel, M. Alamri, M. G. Gong, S. M.
Sadeghi , W. L. Chan , J. Z. Wu, Using silver nanoparticles-embedded
silica metafilms as substrates to enhance the performance
of perovskite photodetectors. Acs applied materials and interfaces. 11
(35)(2020) 32301-32309.
(5) T. Ji , H. K. Zhang , N. Han, W. Y. Wang, B. Wu, G. H. Li, M. M.
Fan, Z. F. Li, Y. Y. Hao, F. R. Zhu, Y. C. Wu, Y. X. Cui,
Plasmonic nanoprism enhanced quasi-2D ruddlesden-popper
layered perovskite photodetectors. Journal of materials chemistry C. 8(3)
(2020) 1110-1117.
(6) H. Heidarzadeh, F. Mehrfar, Effect of size non-uniformity on
performance of a plasmonic perovskite solar cell: an array of embedded
plasmonic nanoparticles with the Gaussian distribution radiuses. Plasmonics.
13(6) (2018)2305-2312.
(7) S. Zandi, M. Razaghi, Finite element simulation of perovskite solar
cell: A study on efficiency improvement based on structural and material
modification. Sol. Energy.179 (2019) 298-306.
(8) H. Zhang, T. Toudert, Optical management for efficiency
enhancement in hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells.
Sci. Technol. Adv. Matter. 19(1) (2018)411-424.
(9) G. Singh, S. S. Verma, Design and analysis of thin film GaAs solar
cells using silver nanoparticle plasmons. Photonics and Nanostructures -
Fundamentals and Applications. 37 (2019) (100731).
(10) G. Kakavelakis, C. Petridis, E. Kymakis, Recent advances in
plasmonic metal and rare-earth-element upconversion nanoparticle doped
perovskite solar cell. J. Mater. Chem. A. 5(41) (2017) 21604-21624.
(11) Y. P. Zhang, C. K. Lim, Z. G. Dai, G. N. Yu, J. M. Haus, H. Zhang, P.
N. Prasad, Photonics and optoelectronics using nano-structured hybrid
perovskite media and their optical cavities. Phys. Rep. Rev. Sec. Phys. Lett.
795 (2019)1-51.
(12) F. Chen, C. X. Xu, Q. Y. Xu, Y. Z. Zhu, R. Wang, J. Zhao, X. X.
Wang, M. M. Chen, F. F. Qin, Detachable surface plasmon substrate to
enhance CH3NH3PbBr3 lasing. Opt. Commun. 452 (2019) 400-404.
(13) U. K. Kumawat, K. Kumar, S. Mishra, A. Dhawan, Plasmonic
enhanced microcrystalline silicon solar cells. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt.
Phys. 37(2) (2020)495-504.
(14) F. Jahantigh, S. M. B. Ghorashi, Optical simulation and investigation
of the effect of hysteresis on the perovskite solar cells. Nano.14(10) (2019)
1950127.
(15) M. D. Nelson, M. DiVece, Using a neural network to improve the
optical absorption in halide perovskite layers containing core-shells silver
nanoparticles. Nanomaterials. 9(3) (2019) 437.
(16) O. A. M. Abdelraouf, N. K. Allam, Towards nanostructured perovskite
solar cells with enhanced efficiency: coupled optical and electrical modeling.
Sol. Energy. 137 (2016) 364-370.
(17) H. Dong, T. Lei, F.Yuan, J. Xu, Y. Niu, B. Jiao, Z. X. Zhang, D. W.
Ding, X. Hou, Z. X. Wu, Plasmonic enhancement for high efficient and
stable perovskite solar cells by employing "hot spots" Au nanobipyramids.
Org. Electron.60 (2018) 1-8.
(18) A. V. Kesavan, A. D. Rao, P. C. Ramamurthy, Tailoring
optoelectronic properties of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite photovoltaics using al
nanoparticle modified PC61BM layer. Sol. Energy. 201 (2020) 621-627.
(19) D. F. Dong, Y. J. Fang, Y. C. Shao, P. Mulligan, J. Qiu, L. Cao, J. S.
Huang, Electron-hole diffusion lengths > 175 um in solution-grown
CH3NH3PbI3 single crystals. Science, 347(6225) (2015) 967-70.
(20) A. M. A. Leguy, Y. Hu, M. Campoy-Quiles, M. I. Alonso, O. J.
Weber, P. Azarhoosh, M. Van. Schilfgaarde, M. T. Weller, T. Bein, J.
Nelson, P. Docampo, P. R. F. Barnes, Reversible hydration of
CH3NH3PbI3 in films, single crystals, and solar cells. Chem. Matter. 27(9)
(2015) 3397-3407.
(21) M. N. Shaikh, Q. Zafar, A. Papadakis, A study of electromagnetic
light propagation in a perovskite-based solar cell via a computational
modeling approach. Bull. Mat. Sci. 42(4) (2019) UNSP169.
(22) K. Kim, S Lee. Detailed balance analysis of plasmonic metamaterial
perovskite solar cells. Optical Express. 27(16) (2019) A1241-A1260.
(23) R. S. Wu, B. C. Yang, C. J. Zhang, Y. L. Huang, Y. X. Cui, P. Liu, C.
H. Zhou, Y. Y. Hao, Y. L. Gao, J. L. Yang, Prominent efficiency
enhancement in perovskite solar cells employing silica-coated gold
nanorods. J. Phys. Chem. C. 120(13) (2016) 6996-7004.
(24) S. Panigrahi, S. Jana, T. Calmeiro, D. Nunes, J. Deuermeier,
R. Martins, E. Fortunato, Mapping the space charge carrier dynamics in
plasmon-based perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A. 7(34) (2019)
19811-19819.
(25) C. Petridis, K. Savva, E. Kymakis, E.Stratakis, Laser generated
nanoparticles based photovoltaics. J. Colloid. Interf. Sci. 489 (2017) 28-37.
(26) Y. F. Makableh, I. A. Awad, W. Hassan, G. Aljaiuossi, Enhancement
of the thermal properties of heterojunction perovskite solar cells by
nanostructured contacts design. Sol. Energy. 202 (2020) 204-209.
(27) G. Singh, J. S. Sekhon, S. S. Verma. Enhanced photocurrent in thin-
film GaAs solar cells with embedded Al nanoparticles. Energy Sources Part
A-Recovery Util. Environ. Eff. 42(7) (2020)852-823.
(28) G. Singh, S. S. Verma, Design and analysis of thin film GaAs solar
cells using silver nanoparticle plasmons. Photonics Nanostruct. 37(2019)
UNSP 100731.
7
(29) K. Yao, H. J. Zhong, Z. L. Liu, M. Xiong, S. F. Leng, J. Zang, Y. X.
Xu, W. Y. Wang, L. Zhou, H. T. Huang, AKY. Jen, Plasmonic metal
nanoparticles with core−bishell structure for high-performance organic and
perovskite solar cells. Acs Nano. 13(5) (2019) 5397-5409.