Main page PDF library AP exam SAT exam Test Prep Biology Chemistry Geography Economics Language Literature Mathematics Pedagogy Physics Science hips iecelagntheratclp cls hil Master AP Calculus AB & BC Part Il. AP CALCULUS AB & BC REVIEW CHAPTER 7. Integration THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM FOR INTEGRATION, AVERAGE VALUE OF AFUNCTION The Mean Value Theorem for Integration (MVTI) is an existence theorem, just like the Mean Value Theorem (MVT) was for differentiation. The MVT guaranteed the existence of a tangent line parallel to a secant line. The MVTI guarantees something completely different, but because it involves integration, you can guess that the theorem involves area and, therefore, definite integrals. Although the MVTI is a very interesting theorem (and I'm not lying just to try to keep you interested), it is not widely used. | call the MVTI the flour theorem, because it has everything to do with making cookies, a necessary precursor to one of my favorite hobbies, eating cookies. The Mean Value Theorem for Integration: If f(x) is a continuous function on the interval [a,b], then there exists a real number c on that interval ‘such that [foote= Hlolb—a)Soclel eclence Translation: You can create a rectangle whose base is the interval and whose height is one of the function values in that interval. This is a very Statistics special rectangle because its area is exactly the same as the area beneath the curve on that interval. Summary & Essay Look at the graph of fix) below. If you count the boxes of area beneath it Computer science on the interval [1,9], you will get approximately 36 History Feedback Nonfiction a3 C Also on the graph is a rectangle with length 9 — 1 = 8. It stretches across the interval at a height of 4.5, and its area is 36. Notice that f(c) = 4.5; this is the value promised by the MVTI. Let's break down the parts of the theorem: Fatx)ox = — Ko) (b-a) area beneath height width area the curve from ofthe + ofthe = ofthe ‘atob rectangle rectangle rectangle ALERT! Although the average value occurs at x = 5 in this example (and 5 is the mid point of [1,9]), the average value does not always occur at hips iecelagntheratclp cls hil aehips iecelagntheratclp cls hil the midpoint of the interval The height of the rectangle, {(c), is also called the average value of f(x). In the example above, the average value is f(c) = 4.5. Imagine that the graph off(x) represents the flour in a measuring cup whose width is the interval [a,b] If you shake the measuring cup back and forth, the flour will level out to. its average height or average value. The resulting flour will have the same volume as the hillier version of it—it's just flattened out. The same thing happens in two dimensions with the MVTI TIP. Make sure you memorize the average value formula. It is guaranteed to be on the test at least two or three times. The AP test loves to ask questions about the average value of a function. Because of this, it helps to have the MVTI written in a different way—a way that lets you get right at the average value with no hassle. You get this formula quite easily, just multiply both sides of the MVTI by =<’ and you've got it. The Average Value of a Function: If f(x) is continuous on [ab], the average value of the function, f(c), is given by= nie Hela page), flow ALERT! 271/30 is a tiny bit more than 270/30 = 9, so in this case (although it was close), the average value is not halfway between the absolute maximum (12) and absolute minimum (6) for the closed interval. Some students assume that the average value always falls exactly in the middle. Example 9: Find the average value of the function g(x) = vx + x on [4,9]. Solution: The average value, g(c), will be given by ale)= pha fans hips iecelagntheratclp cls hil anhips iecelagntheratclp cls hil One final note before a parting example: Students sometimes get the average value of a function confused with the average rate of change of a function. Remember, the average value is based on definite integrals and is the “flour flattening” height of a function. The average rate of change is the slope of a secant line and describes rate over a period of time. Problem 4 following this section addresses this point of confusion. Example 10: (a) Use your graphing calculator to find the average value of h(x) = x cos x on the interval [0,r1] We have no good techniques for integrating x cos x, and we'll need to do so to find the average value of the function. The method is the same, but the means will be different: 5p hie} = [ix cosx dx Type the above directly into your calculator, using the “fnint” function found under the [Math] menu. If you do not know how to use your calculator to evaluate definite integrals, immediately read the technology section at the end of this chapter. The average value turns out to be h(c) = -.6366197724. In fact, the actual answer is —2/r. (b) Find the c value guaranteed by the Mean Value Theorem for Integration. The MVTI guarantees the existence of ac whose function value is the average value. In this problem, there is one input c whose output is —2/hips iecelagntheratclp cls hil 1 in other words, the point (c—2/n) is on the graph of h(x). To find the c, plug the point into h(x): hfe) = c c08 ¢ Solve this using your calculator, and you get: ¢ = 1.911. EXERCISE 6 NOTE. We have to integrate J x cos x dx by parts. This is a BC-only topic. Directions: Solve each of the following problems. Decide which is the best of the choices given and indicate your responses in the book. YOU MAY USE YOUR CALCULATOR FOR PROBLEMS 3 AND 4 ONLY. 1. Find the average value of g(x) = sec? x on the closed interval _ 2 fg SO=10 aig Jigfede=-29 what is the average value of f(x) on the interval [5,14]? NOTE. The MVTI guarantees that at least one such c will exist, but multiple c's could be lurking around. 3. Find the value ¢ guaranteed by the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals 1 w= for the function “ » on the interval [2,6].hips iecelagntheratclp cls hil 4. A particle travels along the x-axis according to the position function s (0) =sin Foose (a) What is the particle's average velocity from t = n/2 to t = 2n? (b) What is the velocity of the particle at any time t? (0) Find the average value of the velocity function you found in part (b) on the interval |?"""!' and verify that you get the same result you did in part (a). ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS 1. The average value, g(c), is given by sities firtiosints n/a (ung a()=2(-(-1))=4 2. First of all, you can rewrite the second definite integral as fb rar = 29 Using another property of definite integrals, you know that[isle dx + ffs) dx = los fi s(x)dx =29 “f(x) dx plx)ae = Therefore, '- With this value, you can complete the average value formula: fe fe) qisf or 5 1g! j= his= Nej= 5-9-5 3. First, you should find the average value of the function: Although this is the average value of the function, it is not the c guaranteed by the MVTI. However, if you plug c into h(x), you should get that result. Therefore, + 17.05868026 hips iecelagntheratclp cls hil nehips iecelagntheratclp cls hil Solve this with your graphing calculator to find that ¢ = 4.159. 4, (a) The average velocity is given by the slope of the secant line to a position function, just as the tangent lines to position functions give instantaneous velocity. The slope of the secant line is 4 =.1837762985 (b) Since s is the position function, the velocity, v(t), is the derivative. Use the Product Rule (and the Chain Rule) to get i ll ' vt) = ~sindsin « + 4 cos 1 e084 3 3 3 (0) Use your calculator’s fnint function to find the average value of v(t): 1 oe t 1 t i sin sine+ cost eos} = 1837762985, Therefore, you can find the average rate of change of a function two ways: (1) calculate the slope of the secant line of its original function, or (2) find a function that represents the rate of change and then calculate the average value of it. Pick your favorite technique. Collect ‘em and trade ‘em with your friends! Back Contents Forward{All materials on the site are licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported CC BY-SA 3.0 & GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) If you are the copyright holder of any material contained on our site and intend to remove it, please contact our site administrator for approval © 2016-2020 All site design rights belong to S.V.A. psecelegnfamatenatee sei