INDEX:

Speaking

Read Aloud ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 03

Repeat Sentences ………………………………….…………………………………………………………….…… 09

Describe Image …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………. 12

Retell Lecture…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………. 36

Answer Short Questions ………………………………………………………………………….….………….... 54

Writing

Summarise Written Text …………………………………………………………………………………………… 60

Essay ………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………… 73

Reading

Reorder Paragraph ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 78

Reading: Fill in the Blanks (Drop - Down): ……………………………………………………………… 93

Reading: Fill in the Blanks (Drag & Drop): …………………….………………………………………… 117

Listening

Summarise Spoken Text …………………………………………………………………………………………… 133

Listening: Fill in the Blanks …………………………………………………………………………………. 141

Highlight Incorrect Words …………………………………………………………….…………………………… 154

Write from Dictation …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 162

Read Aloud:

1) Father:
Every morning, no matter how late he had been up, my father rose at five-thirty, went to his
study, wrote for a couple of hours, made us all breakfast, read the paper with my mother,
and then went back to work for the rest of the morning. Many years passed before I realized
that he did this for a living.

2) Himalayas:
Although it hails from a remote region of the western Himalayas. This plant now looks entirely
at home on the banks of English rivers, and colonized river banks and damp woodlands. In
the Himalayas the plant is held in check by various pests, but take these away and it grows
and reproduces unhindered. Now it is spreading across Europe, New Zealand, Canada and the
US.

3) Pluto:
Pluto lost its official status when the International Astronomical Union downsized the solar
system from nine to eight planets. Although there had been passionate debate at the IAU
General Assembly Meeting in Prague about the definition of a planet, and whether Pluto met
the specifications, the audience greeted the decision to exclude it with applause.

4) Fiscal Year:
At the beginning of each fiscal year funds are allocated to each State account in accordance
with the University’s financial plan. Funds are allocated to each account by object of
expenditure. Account managers are responsible for ensuring that adequate funds are
available in the appropriate object before initiating transactions to use the funds.

5) Lincoln:
Lincoln’s apparently radical change of mind about his war power to emancipate slaves was
caused by the escalating scope of the war, which convinced him that any measure to weaken
the Confederacy and strengthen the Union war effort was justifiable as a military necessity.

6) Incentive Pay Schemes:

If bonus or incentive pay schemes work so well for chief executive and bankers, why does
everyone not get them? After all, many jobs involve making important decisions or taking
risks is there anything about corporate decision and financial risks that makes these
categories of work special in terms of how they need to be incentivized and rewarded?

7) Line Engraving:
Line engraving on metal, which, to a great extent, was a development of the goldsmith’s craft
of ornamenting armor and precious metals, did not emerge as a print-making technique until
well into the 15th century. Copper, the metal mainly used for engraving, was expensive, and
engraving itself was laborious and took a long time.

8) Publication:
For the first two or three years after the Second World War, a new title would often sell out
within a few months of publication. However, unless public demand for the book was
unusually high, they were rarely able to reprint it. With paper stocks strictly rationed, they
could not afford to use up precious paper or tie up their limited capital with a reprint.
9) Atlantic coast:
The Atlantic coast of the peninsula can be thought of as the cold side, and the sea on this
coast tends to be clear and cold, with a variety of seaweeds growing along the rocky
shoreline. On a hot day, however, this cold water can be very refreshing and is said to be Jess
hospitable to sharks, which prefer warmer waters.

10) Exhibition:
All the works of art shown in this exhibition were purchased on a shoestring budget. The
criteria that the curators had to follow were that works must be acquired cheaply, appeal to a
broad range of tastes, and fit with unusual environments. Thus, many of our better known
modern artists are not represented

11) Furniture:
Foam-filled furniture is very dangerous if it catches fire, and foam quickly produces a high
temperature, thick smoke and poisonous gases – including carbon monoxide. Therefore, set
levels of fire resistance have been established for new and second-hand upholstered furniture
and other similar products.

12) Experience:
The starting point of Bergson’s theory is the experience of time and motion. Time is the
reality we experience most directly, but this doesn’t mean that we can capture this experience
mentally. The past is gone and the future is yet to come. The only reality is the present,
which is real through our experience.

13) Saving:
It is important to note that saving is not the same as investment. Saving is about cash, while
investment is about real product. The difference is important because money, being liquid,
can leak out of the economic system – which it does when someone who is putting aside
unspent income keeps it under the mattress.

14) Urbanisation:
Historically, the low level of political autonomy of the cities in China is partly a result of the
early development of the state bureaucracy. The bureaucrats played a major role in the
growth of urbanization, but were also able to control its subsequent development and they
never completely gave up this control.

15) Sentence:
Writers may make the mistake of making all their sentences too compact. Some have made
this accusation against the prose of Gibbon. An occasional loose sentence prevents the style
from becoming too formal and allows the reader to relax slightly. Loose sentences are
common in easy, unforced writing, but it is a fault when there are too many of them.

16) Russia:
There is a long history of rulers and governments trying to legislate on men’s hair – both the
length of the hair on their heads and the style of facial hair. For practical reasons, Alexander
the Great insisted his soldiers be cleanshaven, but Peter the Great of Russia went further,
insisting no Russians had beards.
17) Wordsworth:
Early in the 19th century, Wordsworth opposed the coming of the steam train to the Lake
District, saying it would destroy its natural character. Meanwhile, Blake denounced the “dark
satanic mills” of the Industrial Revolution. The conservation of the natural environment,
however, did not become a major theme in politics until quite recently.

18) Wealth:
In the distribution of wealth, America is more unequal than most European countries. The
richest tenth of the population earns nearly six times more than the poorest tenth. In
Germany and France, the ratio is just over three to one. The United States also has the
largest proportion of its people in long-term poverty.

19) Chaucher:
Chaucer was probably the first English writer to see the English nation as a unity. This is the
reason for his great appeal to his contemporaries. A long war with France had produced a
wave of patriotism, with people no longer seeing each other as Saxon or Norman but as
English.

20) Society:
What can history tell us about contemporary society? Generally, in the past, even in Europe
until the 18th century, it was assumed that it could tell how any society should work. The
past was the model for the present and the future. It represented the key to the genetic code
by which each generation produced its successors and ordered their relationships.

21) Revolution:
The speaker reminisces about his views of the English Revolution when he was a student and
how it seemed quite clear which side he was on – the aristocrats’, not the puritans’. Later he
realized there was more to it than that and there were several ways of interpreting the
Revolution: as a struggle between the king and parliament, as a class war or as an
unpredictable situation without clear sides.

22) Information Technology:

The emergence of information technology has created new products, processes and
distribution systems. New products include the computer, the Internet and digital TV; new
processes include Internet banking, automated inventory control and automated teller
machines; and new distribution systems include cable and satellite TV.

23) Informative Speech:

The purpose of the informative speech is to provide interesting, useful, and unique
information to your audience. By dedicating yourself to the goals of providing information and
appealing to your audience, you can take a positive step toward succeeding in your efforts as
an informative speaker.

24) Method of learning:

There is no single method of learning that guarantees success. How we learn that depends on
many different factors. What works best for you will not necessarily be the same as the
approach used for the other students even if they study the same course. We are all unique
as learners, although some patterns emerge from any groups of students.
25) Electronic Discourse:
Electronic discourse is one form of interactive electronic communication. In this study, we
reserve the term for the two-directional texts in which one person using a keyboard writes
language that appears on the sender's monitor and is transmitted to the monitor of a
recipient, who responds by a keyboard.

26) Magnetar:
The researchers said that the best comparison is likely a magnetar, a young neutron star with
a powerful magnetic field. Magnetars also produce bright X-ray flares. While magnetars are
thought to be young stars, the two flaring objects in this study reside near elliptical galaxies,
which contain older stars. So the objects are likely too old to be magnetars.

27) Modern Food Production:

Globalization has affected what we eat in ways we are only beginning to understand. Modern
food production is no longer related to our biological needs but is in direct conflict with them.
The relationship between diet and our fertility, our cancer, heart disease and mental illness is
becoming clear. Yet much of our food is nutritionally bankrupt.

28) Examination Candidates:

The department determines whether or not the candidate has passed the examination. In
cases where an appearance for the final public oral examination would constitute a substantial
financial hardship for the candidate, the director of graduate studies, may recommend to the
dean of the Graduate School for a virtual, video-conferenced examination of the candidate.

29) Companies:
Companies will want to be known not just for the financial results they generate, but equally
for the imprint they leave on society as a whole. First, ensuring that their products contribute
positively. Second, operating in a way that approaches a "net-neutral" impact to the natural
environment. And third, cherishing their people.

30) Constellation:
A constellation is an area on the celestial sphere in which a group of stars forms an imaginary
outline or pattern, typically representing an animal, mythological person or creature, or an
inanimate object. The origins of the earliest constellations likely go back to prehistory.

31) Global Financial Crisis:

New research shows that during the global financial crisis, workers who stayed in jobs did not
reduce their working hours, despite the claims that cuts in hours have led to job losses. A
study found that the life of people who stayed with the same employer remained relatively
unchanged.

32) Brain hemispheres:

The brain is divided into its hemispheres by a prominent groove. At the base of this lies nerve
fibers which enable these two halves of the brain to communicate with each other. But the
left hemisphere usually controls movement and sensation in the right side of the body, while
the right hemisphere similarly controls the left side of the body.
33) Nests:
Nell says that, in order to seek protecting from their furry foes, birds actually prefer to build
their nests in plots of swamp with a resident alligator. In fact, in one study a graduate
student planted fake alligators. The birds seemed to prefer to build nests close to them.
Where there’s a water source, there are alligators, so it’s sort of this moat of protection
around these colonies.34. Energy:

34) Energy:
Then the researchers thought, what if they could tap into this energy to develop a sort of
sweat-powered bio battery. Their proof-of-concept setup topped out at only about 4 micro
Watts of juice-not even enough to run a watch. But with better electronics, exercising in the
future could make dirty clothes and some clean energy.

35) Cells:
In 1998, James Thompson pronounced that he had isolated human embryonic stem cells in
the laboratory. At last, these powerful cells were within the grip of scientists to experiment
with, understand, and develop into fixes for the things that go wrong.

36) Cliché:
Clichés are worn out, overused and over-familiar phrases, and the etymology of the word
helps to explain this. Originally, a cliché or stereotype was a printer’s term for a pre-set block
of type with phrases used frequently in the newspapers. The word has since adopted a
negative meaning and careful writers avoid them where they can.

37) Patient Care:

The medical center issued a statement saying that patient care was not compromised while
their data was unavailable. Still, it’s unsettling to hear that a hospital is shut out of parts of its
own computer systems and unable to communicate electronically.

38) Cooking:
Cooking certainly tenderizes food, making it easier to chew and digest. But evidence for
human cook fires goes back only about 500.000 years, if that. Homo erectus had already
evolved weaker jaws, and smaller teeth, more than a million years before that. So Lieberman
and his colleague Katherine Zink began their investigation by recreating a Paleolithic dinner:
yams, carrots, beets, And goat meat.

39) Policies:
In order to achieve the free flow of goods and services, with work and capital between the
member countries, they needed to establish mutual politics in areas as diverse as agriculture,
transport, and working conditions. When they had agreed on these policies, they became
legal. Now, though, the EU is concerned with a far wider range of issues.

40) Dolphins:
Dolphins have adopted group living as a response to living in close contact with other animals
in the ocean, some of which kill dolphins for food. Living in social groups makes it easier to
hunt for food and, in a dangerous environment, it makes sense in terms of safety to move
about in large numbers.
Repeat Sentences:

1) We don’t have enough evidence to draw conclusions.

2) The original Olympic game is one kind of original festival.
3) In Europe, the political pressure is similar regarding globalization.
4) I’m glad that you’ve got it.
5) The test covered materials from all chapters in this course this semester.
6) Children are not allowed in the chemical labs.
7) The glass is not real solid, because it doesn’t have crystal structure.
8) You should include your name and identification number in the application form.
9) Students are afraid of writing an essay because they have learned nothing about it.
10) Many students are so scared of writing essays, because they never learned how to
write one.
11) All students must participate in the exercise.
12) All filed assignments should have a full list of bibliographies.
13) All filed assignments should have a full list of bibliography.
14) Please finish all the reading chapters before field trip.
15) I would like a cheese and tomato sandwich on white bread with orange juice.
16) I don’t like cheese tomato sandwich on white bread.
17) Your enrollment information, results and fees will be available online.
18) The results of the study underscored the discoveries form early detection.
19) The professor has promised to put his lecture notes online.
20) Unfortunately, the two most interesting economic selections (selective) clash on my
timetable.
21) The results will be available in the main course and online.
22) She used to be everywhere but today she is missing.
23) The aesthetic implications of this study have not yet been fully noticed.
24) And in this regard, as well as in other regards this consideration is important.
25) The topic next week on our column will be the nuclear disarmament.
26) Most adults need around eight hours of sleep every night.
27) I missed yesterday’s lecture. Can I borrow your notes?
28) The office opens on Mondays and Thursdays directly follow(s) the freshman
categories.
29) Our logbooks make up five percent of total marks.
30) In this library, reserve collection books can be borrowed for up to three hours.
31) Please keep this medicine in the fridge.
32) You should go to the reception to get your student card.
33) Once more under the pressure of economic necessity, practice outstripped theory.
34) You can download all lecture handouts from the course website.
35) Fishing is a sport and a means for surviving.
36) Please sort and order the slides of the presentation according to your topic and speech
time.
37) You need to read the chapter before the management class.
38) Applicants for the course should preferably have a degree in English or Journalism.
39) In the 1880s, cycling became a major phenomenon in Europe.
40) Contemporary commentators dismissed his idea as eccentric.
41) Essays with few or no citations will be regarded as invalid.
42) The university has a number of scholarships that students can apply for.
43) Essays with few or no citations will be regarded as invalid.
44) The university has a number of scholarships that students can apply for.
45) In my free time, I would like to read current events and newspapers.
46) Children are not allowed to be in the lab at any time.
47) All old university buildings are still in use.
48) Our capacity to respond to national needs will determine our ability to flourish.
49) Every year, students pass the biology course easily.
50) The health centre is situated at the corner of the university behind the library.
51) Only those who are over 18 years of age are eligible to open a bank account in our
bank.
52) This is how we deliver health care to millions of people all over the world.
53) Ideally, free trade is beneficial for trading with two partners.
54) Lots of students have their money and passports stolen especially at night.
55) The competency of language in the assignment is to use more formal words.
56) The trip for professional training will start soon, so pack the items before we leave.
57) The United States has the maximum production of chocolate.
58) It's important that humans dispose off their waste in appropriate ways.
59) Students who wish to apply for an extension should approach their tutors.
60) The most modern agricultural equipment is now extremely expensive.
61) We are constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture close together.
62) Higher fees make students think more critically about what universities can offer.
63) In this library, reserved collection books can be borrowed for up to three hours.
64) Please make sure all works follow the department guidelines.
65) The cafe will close soon but you can still use the snack machine which is running
overnight.
66) Proteins constitute at least thirty percent of the total mass of all living organism.
67) The current and conventional method has many disadvantages including the side
effects.
68) The gap between the rich and the poor was not decreased rapidly as expected.
69) The professor will be the last speaker this evening.
70) There is a limited amount of departmental funding which is available for qualified
students.
71) This essay examined the use of computer in the science classroom.
72) Would you pass the material text book on the table?
73) The sports team members often practice on weekdays and play games on weekends.
74) In English, the first letter of the months of the year is always capitalized.
75) In my free time, I would like to read current affairs and newspapers.
76) This small Indian state is a land of forests, valleys and snowy islands.
77) The thought never crossed my mind.
78) The politics combine both the legislative and the political authorities.
79) All of our accommodations are within walking distance to the academic buildings.
80) The application form must be submitted before the end of term.
81) History is not a collection of dates and events.
82) Generally, students have unusual problems in school.
83) Before choosing your university course, you should consider your career.
84) The problem with this is that it fails to answer the basic question.
85) Diagnosis is not a discrete or limited process.
86) Science-based approach is vital for effective advancements.
87) A key feature in drug development is examination of the pharmacological effects.
88) This process has enabled the rational identification of core machinery.
89) Genetic and biochemical analyses have generated a detailed portfolio of mechanisms.
90) Cellular engineering strategies are highly desirable.
91) There has been a rapid growth in the commercial market.
92) Most of the strategies are in a preclinical state.
93) Some methods for clinical applications have been presented as well.
94) The professor will talk about the summary in the lecture.
95) There will be no extensions given for this project.
96) We are warning the clients that the rates are increasing.
97) We've decided to ask you to write four short pieces of written coursework this year.
98) The mismatch between the intended and reported uses of the instrument has become
clear.
99) The fire left the area almost completely devoid of vegetation.
100) The meeting will take place in the main auditorium.
101) thorough bibliography is needed at the end of every assignment.
102) A full bibliography is needed at the end of all assignments.
103) The new English classes will start next Monday morning.
104) There will be open book exams on Monday the 28th.
105) He’s almost never in his office.
106) The program depends entirely on private funding.
107) If she doesn’t speak the language, she’s not going to sit around for a week for a
translator.
108) The verdict depends on which side was more convincing to the jury.
109) The library is located at the other side of the campus behind the student center.
110) Could you pass the materials to students who are in your row?
111) 39.5% California residents don’t speak English at home.
112) The minimum mark for Distinction is no less than 75%.
113) The minimal mark for distinction is 75%.
114) She ate sandwich and drank juice.
Describe Image:

1.

2.

3.
4.

5.
6.

7.
8.

9.
10.

11.
12.

13.
14.

15.
16.

17.
18.

19.

20.
21.

22.
23.

24.
25.

26.
27.

28.
29.

30.
31.

32.

33.
34.

35.

36.
37.

38.

39.
40.

41.
42.

43.
44.

45.
46.

47.

48.
49.

50.
Retell Lecture:

1) Library:

Indeed, the library. We’ve all been to a historic library. We’ve all enjoyed the smell of a
historic library. But what is it? And what does it mean? When we’ve recently, when at UCL
Center for Sustainable Heritage, we’ve recently been asked to access the environment at
another historical library at Saint Paul’s Cathedral, the Wren Library, an incredible place. And
it has a such an intensive smell of old books. And we were also asked for the first time really I
was actually taken aback by the brief, we were asked whatever you do please preserve the
smell. It is so important to our audience. It is so important how people perceive the library.
So that is, that was quite an important message in our research. And indeed, the smell is an
important way of how we communicate with the environment. This piece of research was
done by an advertising company because advertisers are so interested in how we how we
interact with each other and the environment. And we see that the majority of people use
sight obviously to interact with the environment, but on the second place, we see the smell is
also very, very important.

2) Brain Development:

3 stages of Brain development- brain development during childhood, there are three stages,
starting from the primitive brain (the action brain), limbic brain(feeling brain), and finally to
the neocortex (thought brain).Although interrelated, the three had its own function. Primitive
brain functions to manage the physical to survive, manage reflex, motor motion control,
monitoring body funtions, and process information coming from sensing. Limbic brain
functioning as a liaison to process emotions and the brain thinks, and the primitive
brain.While the thinking brain, which is the most objective part of the brain, receiving input
from the primitive brain and the limbic brain. However, he needed more time to process
information from the primitive brain and the limbic brain. The brain thinks the merger is also
a place of experience, memory, feeling, and thinking ability to give birth to ideas and
actions.Nerve myelination of the brain take place in sequence, starting from the primitive
brain, the limbic brains, and brain thought. Neural pathways are more frequently used to
make more myelin thicken. Increasingly thicker myelin,the faster the nerve impulses or
signals travel alone nerves. Therefore, a growing child is encouraged to receive input from the
environment in accordance with its development.

3) Welsh Language:

This busy little town is named after Sir David’s first cousin. It’s also a Welsh language
stronghold according to the 2001, census results 70 percent of the town’s population could
speak Welsh language, but even here the language may not be completely safe. The Welch
language board expects last year’s census results to show a fall in the number of Welsh
speakers living in its Northern and Western heartland. One of the main reasons for that the
board says is migration. Many Welsh speakers are choosing to leave the country. At the same
time, only small percentage of those moving in can speak the language or choose to learn it.
Historically, over the past seventy eight years, welch people have continually left in order to
find better standard of pay maybe in quality of employment. And the thing is change was
probably is that there is a larger amount of English people now who have found Wales over
last twenty, twenty five years, particularly this corner of wales, and they’re regarded as a
desirable place to come and live and as opposed to many areas of the England that people
get the Cotswolds chief good as well.

4) Monkey theorem:

The infinite monkey theorem states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a typewriter
keyboard for an infinite amount of time will almost surely type a given text, such as the
complete works of William Shakespeare. In this context, “almost surely” is a mathematical
term with a precise meaning, and the “monkey” is not an actual monkey, but a metaphor for
an abstract device that produces a random sequence of letters ad infinitum. The theorem
illustrates the perils of reasoning about infinity by imagining a vast but finite number, and
vice versa. The probability of a monkey exactly typing a complete work such as
Shakespeare’s Hamlet is so tiny that the chance of it occurring during a period of time of the
order of the age of the universe is minuscule, but not zero. But technologies can help
monkeys to write. If the monkeys are given a pen and some papers to spell the word
“monkey”, they can only scratch on the paper. By contrast, if they are given a typewriter, it
will take them over 10 years to produce the right spelling. However, if they can use computer
programming, they can finish the task within a day.

5) Theory of relativity:

Physics became a separate science when early modern Europeans used experimental and
quantitative methods to discover what are now considered to be the laws of physics.
Major developments in this period include the replacement of the geocentric model of the
solar system with the heliocentric Copernican model, the laws governing the motion of
planetary bodies determined by Johannes Kepler between 1609 and 1619, pioneering work on
telescopes and observational astronomy by Galileo Galilei in the 16th and 17th Centuries, and
Isaac Newton's discovery and unification of the laws of motion and universal gravitation that
would come to bear his name. Newton also developed calculus, the mathematical study of
change, which provided new mathematical methods for solving physical problem.

6) World War II:

The world's worst recorded food disaster occurred in 1943 in British-ruled India. Known as the
Bengal Famine, an estimated 4 million people died of hunger that year in eastern India (which
included today's Bangladesh). Initially, this catastrophe was attributed to an acute shortfall in
food production in the area. However, Indian economist Amartya Sen (recipient of the Nobel
Prize for Economics, 1998) has established that while food shortage was a contributor to the
problem, a more potent factor was the result of hysteria related to World War II, which made
food supply a low priority for the British rulers.

7) Compensated:

Volunteers in scientific studies sometimes get compensated. The payment can be cash, a gift
card, or something almost worthless: “It’s amazing what people will do for a lollipop when
they’ve had a few drinks.” Simon Moore is a professor of public health research at Cardiff
University in the U.K. And the lollipops were for people who agreed to blow into a
breathalyzer, while out on a Friday or Saturday night in Wales-more than 1,800 people
agreed to the exchange. And the scores covered a wide range of alcohol intake. “So that
would go from zero upwards. I think one of the largest scores we had was 120, which is a
near-death experience. The researchers also gave a subset of volunteers a short survey about
drinking habits and health risks. Questions like: “How drunk are you right now?” and “How
extreme has your drinking been tonight?” And they found that even very drunk respondents
felt relatively soberer, if they were surrounded by even drunker people. In other words: our
perception of intoxication-and its risks-is relative. “So this is the point, as you change
context, perceptions will change, although the absolute level of alcohol in their system doesn’t
change.” The study is in the journal BMC Public Health Moore says one way to use this finding
is for better city zoning. “In the United Kingdom for example there’s been a big push to put
more premises that sell alcohol in the same district, in the same area. And what this does is
create a concentration of drinkers. So what we might argue from this is, well let’s try to break
that up a little bit.

8) Coffee Drinkers:

A lot of people in the United States are coffee drinkers. Over the last few years, a trend has
been developing to introduce premium specially blended coffees known as gourmet coffees
into the America market. Boston seems to have been the birthplace of this trend. In fact,
major gourmet coffee merchants from other cities like Seattle, San Francisco, came to Boston
where today they are engaged in a kind of coffee war with Boston’s merchants. They are all
competing for a significant share of the gourmet coffee market. Surprisingly the competition
among these leading gourmet coffee businesses will not hurt any of them. Experts predict
that the gourmet coffee market in the United States is growing and will continue to grow to
the point that gourmet coffee will soon capture a half of what is now a 1.5 million- dollar
market and will be an eight-million-dollar market by 1999. Studies have shown that coffee
drinkers who convert to gourmet coffee seldom go back to the regular brands found in
supermarkets.

9) Super Symmetry:

Super-symmetry is a mathematical idea that people have developed an effort to understand

the sharpest organising principle for the fundamental constituents of matter. You see, we
have learned that particles that seem to be different, can actually secretly be united by
certain symmetry principles. So we use the fact that there are symmetric objects in the world
like a sphere or basketball. You turn a sphere, and even though you've transformed it, it
looks the same fundamentally. We found that certain particles when you transform one
particle into another, even though looks like the identity of the particle has changed, overall
the equations describing it they don't change at all at an underlying level of symmetry, but
we've not been able to do is find a symmetry that would relate certain kinds of particles,
namely matter particles and force particles. Matter particles are particles like electron, muons
and corks, force particles are like photons and gluons and WZ bosons. Super-symmetry is a
symmetry that actually relates to these two kinds, these two classes of particles. And people
have proven that super-symmetry is the last possible symmetry of the fundamental particles
that are mathematics, reality has not yet been shown to make use of it. So people are now
trying to see whether that symmetry might actually be working in the world can be found
evidence for it in our understanding of fundamental particles.

10) Conduct Disorder:

Conduct disorder in children is very serious. It's a disorder of childhood and adolescence that
is long term, that's chronic, where children have very aggressive impulses, where children are
involved in difficulties with the law and really seem to have no regard for the rules or for
authority. When children have conduct disorder they are definitely at risk of carrying these
difficulties into adulthood which also brings about a myriad of different problems. Children
with conduct disorder often have difficulties in schools, have difficulty with relationships and
have difficulty with employment and lifelong long-term relationships. It's important to
recognize that if your child is not doing well in school, if your child has had difficulty where
legal action was necessary, if your child is bullying, getting into fights and this is constant and
ongoing, if your child does not get help these complexities will really exacerbate into other
major difficulties. Look for signs of your child's grades dropping, look for signs of repeated
detentions, suspensions and brushes with the law. Parents please recognize that if your child
has signs of conduct disorder the sooner you get help, the sooner your child can start to learn
more adaptive behaviors.

11) Family:

There is no denying that the concept of family has certainly changed in American society over
the last few decades. Statistics continue to show that fewer Americans are getting married,
and those who do so are having fewer children or none at all. More marriages are ending in
divorce. More people are living alone, cohabiting with someone, or marrying more than once
in a lifetime and creating stepfamilies. Traditional families once dominated every
neighbourhood. A traditional family consists of a husband and wife, plus their children,
whether biological or adopted, if they have any Today, American society displays greater
diversity, and many American households can be considered non-traditional under this
definition. Family structures that may be considered non-traditional or alternative include
single parenthood, cohabitation, same-sex families, and polygamy. Let’s take a brief look at
each of these. Single parenthood was fairly common prior to the 20th century due to the
more frequent deaths of spouses. But at that time, there was a certain stigma surrounding
being a single parent. Today, single parenthood is considered more acceptable. One-parent
families may still result from the death of a significant other, but now also come about
through circumstances, including a parent’s choice or divorce. Cohabitation is the sharing of a
household by an unmarried couple. This arrangement continues to gain popularity in the U.S.,
and cohabiting couples and their children made up approximately 15 million households
according to the 2012 U.S. Census. Cohabitation can be seen as an alternative form of
marriage.

12) Air Pollution:

In today's lecture I'm going to talk about changes in air pollution since the middle of the last
century and what has created these changes. So. urn — by the 1950s, air pollution was very
visible with frequent thick black fogs known as 'smogs' in many large cities around the world.
The main source of this pollution was from factories and it caused severe health problems.
For example, a particularly severe smog in London in 1952 caused over four thousand deaths.
Obviously, something had to be done and in 1956 a Clean Air Act was introduced in Britain.
This addressed the pollution from factories and the smog’s soon disappeared. However, as
you know, these days air pollution is still a big issue. The main difference between now and
the 1950s is that you can't see it — it's invisible. Also, the main source of pollution now is
from cars and lorries, and although these don't produce visible signs. this air pollution is still a
significant risk to health. And one of the key factors in the rise of this type of pollution is that
we have all become much more vehicle-dependent. There are far more cars and lorries, trains
and planes than in the 1950s and this is now the main source of air pollution around the
world.

13) Rome city:

But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow streets of the city of Rome as they
look from above today, you can see that again, the city grew in a fairly ad hoc way, as I
mentioned. It wasn’t planned all at once. It just grew up over time, beginning in the eighth
century B.C. Now this is interesting. Because what we know about the Romans is when they
were left to their own devices and they could build the city from scratch, they didn’t let it
grow in an ad hoc way. They, they structured it in a, in a very care-, very methodical way.
That was basically based on military strategy, military planning. The Romans they couldn’t
have conquered the world without obviously having a masterful military enterprise. And they
everywhere they went on their various campaigns, their various military campaigns. They
would build, build camps and those camps were always laid out in a very geometric plan
along a grid, usually square or rectangular.

14) Aseptic Techniques:

Joseph Lister was an English surgeon who was the first man to realize the importance of
aseptic techniques during surgical procedures. Lister was born in Essex, England, and after
obtaining a bachelor of arts degree from University College London. He qualified as a doctor in
1852. Lister became assistant surgeon at Edinburgh Royal infirmary and was like to make
such an at the Glasgow Royal infirmary and Scotland. The accepted belief at the time was the
contact of an open wound with moisture in the air caused infection, so surgical wounds
recovered after operating with nonsterile cloths, which increase the risk of infection, Lister
refused to accept this theory and after reading the works of Louis Pasteur. He tried to prevent
bacterial infection of surgical wounds by applying pure carbolic acid to surgical dressings, as
well as cleaning wins with the acid during and after surgery. Lister studied the effects of his
treatment for two years and then published his findings. This led to the adoption of doctors
wearing white gowns which were used to show dirt and using surgical goals and carbolic acid
to clean wounds after surgery. Lister successfully treated Queen Victoria using his new
methods and he was appointed chairman of clinical surgery at King's College Hospital,
London, where he continued his research into antiseptics and plane surgery until he retired in
1893 and died in Kent England, aged 85.
15) Frogs:

The graph shows three types of frogs in different regions. indicating their life habits and their
influence on human. The variation of frog has been existing for many years that some have
more limbs while some have fewer limbs. The lecture also explains the reason for the gene
mutation. Many people are worried that river those frogs live will be polluted by them and
affect our health. Frog population changes in North America with different limb, 20-30%,
people would worry such species may affect and post the risk to people in the local area
cause their drinking water is from the river.

16) Robot:

This is a kind of object that you’re probably all familiar with when you hear the term robot.
But I’m going to show you the very very first robots. These were the very first robots. There
were characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum’s universal robots and their play was
written by a Czech writer called Karel Capek and basically these robots. You know people tend
to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or you know Hollywood depictions kind of devoid
of politics. But the first robots were actually created and imagined in a time of absolute
political turmoil. You just had the first world war. You finished that had a devastating impact
across Europe. And people kind of reflecting on what does it mean to be human what makes
us human those kinds of questions and this kind on context is what inspired Czech x to kind
of write this play and interestingly these robots have been humans. They are actually in the
play assembled on a production line a bit like the Ford manufacturing production line. So even
though they are human they are assembled and these robots are designed to labor and
manage their primary purpose in society.

17) TV:

More than three hours a day. The study was published in the archives of disease in childhood.
Researchers studied more than 11,000 British children ages five to seven. Parents completed
a questionnaire about the strengths and weaknesses of their kids and they were also asked to
report how much time their children spend watching television. Researchers say those who
watch more, are more likely to ... or ... by age seven. Then again, they see the overall
likelihood of that antisocial behavior is pretty low. And a writer for the Atlantic, says the risks
discovered are not significant. They feel to look at the content of the shows and games
occupying their subjects' time. And all things considered, a mother and blogger for Mother
Nature network says, the real danger of too much TV is obesity. In NW L NY anchors pointed
out mobile devices seem to make it easier to give kids TV to watch. I know it can be
challenging, and look you see people in restaurants and all the time the shows on iPad, on the
phone to keep kids -you know- occupied. Just maybe watch the clock. Interestingly enough,
the researcher said they found no link between computer and electronic games and antisocial
behavior, and experts say bottom line, Its a good rule of time to try to limit how much TV
young kids watch to less than two hours a day.

18) Space Vehicle:

The shuttle was designed to be a space truck is a multipurpose vehicle. We've done
tremendous number of different things. Whether its the most versatile space vehicle that has
ever been built. We've used it to launch satellites. We've used it to repair satellites in orbit
and put them back into orbit. We've used it to capture satellites and bring them back to earth
for repair. We outfitted it with the space lab billed by our European partners and used it
before the year of the space station to do scientific research. we used it as part of our
partnership with the Russians, which is still continuing. First, as part of the Mir space station
where we actually prolong the useful life of nearby several years through logistical supply
visits with the shuttle. And now of course were using it to build the new international space
station, which is a huge international partnership.

19) Law of Energy:

This phenomenon of conservation is explained by what we call the first law of

thermodynamics. Sometimes referred to as the law of energy conservation. The law State,
energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can be described as the ability to do work,
where work is the movement of matter when a force is applied to it. A closed system is a
system in which no matter or energy is allowed to enter or leave the first law of
thermodynamics tells us that the amount of energy within an ecosystem is constant. It
doesn't change. an open system on the other hand, allow stuff to come in and go out. since
most systems are not closed, the laws energy conservation can be rephrased to say that the
change in the internal energy of the system is equal to the difference between the amount of
energy coming in, minus the amount of energy going out. In other words, the amount of
energy in the system can change but only if it comes from another system or goes to another
system. At any rate, systems, whether they're open or closed, do not create or destroy
energy. rather energy can enter from one system and leave to another.

20) DNA and RNA:

Your body is composed of trillions of cells. Lots of the different types of cells that make up
different organs and other parts of your body. Your body is also read 10 times that number
bacteria call home sweet home. but don't be afraid these bacteria do more good than harm to
you and besides just in case you want to strike up a conversation with your tenants, union
bacteria deal have a few things in common. Also share some common characteristics that
make them living things. All Organisms are composed of cells the basic fundamental unit of
life. They contain DNA as a heritable genetic material, and they can reproduce. They
transcribe DNA into RNA and translate RNA into proteins and ribosomes. They can also
regulate transport across the cell membrane and require chemical energy from the cyclic
processes. The number one biggest difference between bacteria in your body and the cells
making up your body are these tiny cellular components called organelles. You've actually
learned a lot about organelles and other cells without knowing it. Organelles are simply
membrane bound compartments within a cell such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast,
Golgi, and endoplasmic reticulum. You are eukaryotes. Your cells are eukaryotic. Eukaryotic
cells contain membrane-bound organelles including a nucleus. Eukaryotes can be single celled
or multicellular such as you, me, plants, fungi, and insects.

21) Cognitive skills:

It is wrong. however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and other cognitive
skills, because language stands apart in several ways. For one thing, the use of language is
universal-all normally developing children learn to speak at least one language, and many
learn more than one. By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical
reasoning, few people learn to paint well, and many people cannot carry a tune. Because
everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand language, it may seem to be simple.
But just the opposite is true-language is one of the most complex of all human cognitive
abilities.

22) Delusions:

There are a few different types of psychotic symptoms which we will review individually.
Hallucinations are hearing, seeing, feeling, tasting or smelling something that isn't really
there. This sensation has no external stimuli. Due to the lack of insight these individuals think
that what they perceive is real. Schizophrenia is usually associated with auditory
hallucinations where the individual hears voices. Tactile Hallucinations like the sensation of
bugs crawling on their skin is usually related to street drugs. Olfactory (smell) hallucinations
are more commonly seen in the aura before seizures. Delusions are strongly held beliefs that
are not based on fact. Due to the lack of insight trying to convince a psychotic person that
their delusions are false is almost impossible no matter of how much evidence you present.
Delusions of Persecution are the most common type and involve paranoia. These individuals
think others are out to get them" and are trying to follow them, spy on them, poison them,
steal from them or otherwise harm them. Delusions of Grandeur are when an individual
believes that have special powers, talents or intellect. They may think they are famous, have
supernatural abilities or have religious prominence. Other common themes in delusion are
guilt thought control, thought broadcasting (belief that others can hear your thoughts) and
ideas of reference (belief that people on TV/radio/print media are talking about you).

23) Creativity:

Here are three important factors in creativity. people, process and product. the most
important one is the process. First you have to create the right person through education with
a creative mind. Second, you have to create the right process to have people engaged in an
innovation process. Third, you need to find the right problem to work on. human beings can
survive and prosper largely depending on the creativity they have. If you can identify and
assess the creativity of the finished product. It is taken as a proxy for the creativity of the
person who produced such a product. therefore, a creative product should be surprising,
original, beautiful and useful. People should have factors necessary for genius, ability and
right mindset. you should improve to imitate and change inside look from muse perspective.
Inevitably create something with imagination to expand conceptual spaces.

24) Distractions:

Thinking of doing the right thing or wrong thing. For example, if a task is well designed,
people are likely to do the right things, otherwise they are prone to make mistakes.
Distractions: People will forget they are in the middle of doing something. For example, we
usually forget to take the original copy after using the copy machine if something disrupt the
thinking process. There are two strategies to avoid making mistakes. The chance of making
mistakes depends on the quality of task design so you could polish the instructions. If the
task is well designed, people are likely to do right things. People are likely to make mistakes.
Remember to avoid distractions. The people who do photocopying might leave the original
copy in the machine if the thinking process is disrupted.

25) Learning Languages:

Here are some of the benefits that you could get from learning another language. Learning
languages offers an unparalleled insight into other people and other cultures There's even
research to suggest that companies value intercultural and language skills very highly. So,
learning a new language could be a huge advantage for your career. Learning languages can
also help you to deal with stress and other mental health issues. Research shows that, by
learning a language, you can actually delay the onset of dementia by 4.5 years on average.
The NHS even recommends it as a way to actively fight depression. Finally, learning
languages is a great way to broaden your mind and make you a better lateral thinker. That
means that people who learn languages are not just good at word puzzles, but they're also
good at maths and arithmetic’s.

26) Ocean:

Interviewer: In an article that you wrote that I just read, you said you wished you could take
everyone back to decades ago to look at the Florida Keys.
Interviewee: Fifty years ago. Think about how much change has taken place in that short
period of time. We have managed to consume on the order of 90% of the big fish in the
ocean: the tunas, the swordfish, the sharks. They're mostly gone. Until recently people have
had the belief that there isn't much we puny human beings can do to change the nature of
the ocean. But in fact we have, not just because of what we've been taking out and the
destructive means often applied to take fish and other creatures from the sea, but also what
we're putting into the sea, either directly or what we put into the atmosphere that falls back
into the sea.
Interviewer: So if you were going to give a grade on the health of the oceans today, what
would it be. Interviewee: Well, it depends on which aspect. Across the board. Huh. The
oceans are in trouble. It's hard for me to assign a specific grade. Maybe C.

27) Wind Turbine:

Wind turbine is a device that will convert wind into mechanical movement, which we can use
to power water pump or electricity generator. Now the power that the turbine creates is
obviously depended on the wind speed, it also depended obviously on the number of sails, the
area of the sails and the angle of the sails makes to the wind. So you can imagine if the
turbine blades flat onto the wind, the wind is going to just bend it, if there is slight angle
when the wind hits it, its going to turn the blades. We can use that for powering things. Now,
were going to have a go, making some of the very, very simple paper windmills, a sort of
things that you can make from the bits and pieces lying around home, and use that to drive
very small generator to power electronic devices.

28) Haussmann:

By 1850, there were 1 million people living in Paris, the population overflowed into the
streets. Movement on the street was at a standstill and trade was impossible. The nephew of
Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon the third came up with a dramatic plan to rebuild Paris by
widening streets improving traffic flow and clearing the slums. Haussmann decided to buy up
the land and move the slums and their inhabitants to the outskirts of the city. Now, he can
focus on public transportation problem. By easing traffic conditions, he felt he was organizing
Paris and opening it up to an economic boost. Since the slums have been torn down, he had
room to construct condominiums in their stead. He was very interested in giving Paris a
modern look. Every apartment building was constructed to Haussmann's standards.

29) Art:

I have said before that you can’t have a civilization that doesn’t have art. When we think
about the great civilizations historically. All of them had great production of culture and art.
Because a society has to be able to observe itself. And the sophistication of the great
civilizations were their ability to look at themselves and what allows a society to do that Are
the producers of Art and Culture mirror back? To the core of the society. Exactly what is being
produced at that moment ? How people are thinking of themselves and how individuals are
relating to the social structure at that time? Art is the vehicle through which we understand
that. Were you to take away art? What would be that mirror. How would we see what we are
about? how would we understand what was going on in Paris? at the time of the
impressionists when people were learning to see in a completely different way. Pre
cinematograph appear all of these things are just emerging and here are people looking at
the world in a very different way which was considered so radical at the time.

30) Top of the class:

For centuries, boys were top of the class. But these days, that’s no longer the case. A new
study by the OECD, a club of mostly rich countries, examined how 15-year-old boys and girls
performed at reading, mathematics, and science. Boys still score somewhat better at maths,
and in science the genders are roughly equal. But when it comes to the students who really
struggle, the difference is stark: boys are 50% more likely than girls to fall short of basic
standards in all three areas. Researchers suggest that doing homework set by teachers is
linked to better performance in maths, reading, and science. Boys, it appears, spend more of
their free time in the virtual world; they are 17% more likely than girls to play collaborative
online games than girls every day. They also use the internet more. Third, peer pressure
plays a role. A lot of boys decide early on that they are just too cool for school which means
they’re more likely to be rowdy in class. Teachers mark them down for this. In anonymous
tests, boys perform better. In fact, the gender gap in reading drops by a third when teachers
don’t know the gender of the pupil they are marking. So what can be done to close this gap?
Getting boys to do more homework and cut down on screen-time would help. But most of all,
abandoning gender stereotypes would benefit all students. Boys in countries with the best
schools read much better than girls. And girls in Shanghai excel in mathematics. They
outperform boys from anywhere else in the world.

31) Brain Architecture:

The key to forming strong brain architecture is what’s known “as serve and return” interaction
with adults. In this developmental game, new neural connections form in the brain as young
children instinctively serve through babbling, facial expressions, and gestures, and adults
return the serve, responding in a very directed, meaningful way. It starts very early in life
when a baby cool and the adults interacts and directs the baby’s attention to a face or hand.
This interaction forms the foundation of brain architecture upon which all future development
will be built. It helps create neural connections between all the different areas of the brain
building the emotional and cognitive skills children need in life. For example, here’s how it
works for literacy and language skills.

When the baby sees an object, the adult says its name. This makes connections in the baby’s
brain between particular sounds and their corresponding objects. Later, adults show young
children that those objects and sounds can also be represented by marks on a page. With
continued support from adults, children then learn how to decipher writing and, eventually, to
write themselves. Each stage builds on what came before. Ensuring that children have adult
caregiver who consistently engage in serve and return interaction, beginning in infancy, builds
the foundation in the brain for all the learning, behavior, and health that follow.

32) Water temperatures:

In this study we should talk about a new kind of remote monitoring technology called
underwater Antares detectors. These detectors can be used to observe the environment
change and water temperature change. More importantly, these detectors are installed
underwater to monitor the fish’s reaction to the feeding. By putting a camera into the cage
and then putting the cage into the water, people can observe the fish’s reaction to feed so
that it can help people to observe fish reactions without being physically there. This makes it
possible for people to change their feeding strategy quickly when fish do not react to the
feeding. The technology can also identify the water quality.

33) Profound crisis:

The first thing I want to argue is that the former civilization is running into pretty profound
crisis in its relationships to the rest of nature, which we do and what we have depended on
for survival and for flourishing. And this is the most widely and well-recognized in relation to
climate change, CO2 emissions, greenhouse gas emissions. But I want to argue the certain
dangers in the way that has been presented as the central question that we have to address.
Because it is interlocked with a number of other crises that is most noticeably as the crisis in
access to freshwater, the crisis in access to food, biodiversity loss on a huge scale, and
associated problems of human inequality not just in a common world, but actually in the kinds
of environmental resources, and pleasures that I can enjoy. So all those together, have to be
looked at an interconnected set of really deep profound crisis.

34) Contribute to the society:

A lot of the judges and judicial officers went to some lengths to outline exactly how much care
was or how much assistance was required with what sort of tasks, as if to say that for some
reason these needs of the victim contributed to them being killed or murdered. Why is that
unreasonable? It’s an extremely negative way of conceiving of needs, for one. I mean we’re
all human beings, we’ve all got needs… It’s just something that seems to sort of underpin
these ablest attitudes towards the sorts of lives that contribute to society and the sorts of
lives that detract from society’s resources.

35) Describing the world:

Well, they’re the absolutely fundamental notions that you seem to need in describing the
world: cause, property, relation, number, quantity, notions like this; the sort of thing that
makes many people who don’t like philosophy, find it turns them off. But that’s the sort of
thing that philosophers have traditionally talked about when they try to describe their view of
the fundamental nature of reality, they wanted to place these things in an order and that’s
exactly what Anderson did.

36) Galileo:

The room dedicated to the great scientist is the heart of the Museo Galileo. Here are displayed
the only two surviving telescopes, among the many built by Galileo; the objective lens of the
telescope through which, in January 1610, he observed the satellites of Jupiter for the first
time; the military and geometric compasses he developed during his years in Padua; other
instruments of his invention and educational models illustrating the crucially important results
attained by Galileo in his studies on mechanics. At the centre of the room is the marble bust
commissioned of the sculptor Carlo Marcellini by Cosimo III de’ Medici. Some relics of Galileo,
the secular saint of science, are also exhibited here: his thumb, the index finger and middle
finger from his right hand, and a tooth, removed from Galileo’s corpse when it was translated
to the monumental tomb in Santa Croce.

37) Housing shortage:

We have a housing shortage in the UK we are not building enough new homes to meet the
needs of a growing population the population is growing because we are living longer and we
are living in smaller households last year we built around 150,000 new homes but we need to
build around 300,000 every year to meet the needs of the growing number of households to
replace the houses that are no longer suitable to live in and to meet the backlog of unmet
need or we have a shortage of housing but the problem of how to build the houses is but one
aspect of the national housing problem there are three others we have a problem of allocation
how to use the housing stock so that it best meets people as needs and then thirdly there is
quality if everyone lived in a decent house in a pleasant neighborhood there’d be no housing
problem then finally there is a serious problem of affordability not all households can afford to
buy or rent housing of an acceptable standard that meets their needs.

38) Need to learn:

All of my research and that I conducted was my 60plus graduate students, was motivated by
their need to learn, so that we can teach. Of course, in some inventions happened along the
way but I’ve always considered the end the result. And I always consider that this invention
to be byproduct, byproducts of the learning process. The end product for me was always
better understanding or when one really succeeded in unifying theory that can help us in
teaching the subject. I’ve also looked at teaching as a vehicle to try new ideas, of new ways
to doing things on an intelligent group of learners. That is as the vehicle for the teaching
research results. And in my experience, this kind of teaching is the most stimulated and
motivating to students. I am also uncovered many interesting research problems is the cause
of teaching assumption. It is this unity of research and teaching their close connection and
the benefits gathered by exercising and the interplay that to me recognized the successful
professor.

39) Polar regions:

And so when we talk about the polar regions, just to clarify exactly what we mean and we
have first of all the Arctic at the top of the Earth and the Antarctic at the bottom. And so the
Arctic was named after the Greek word for bear. now surprisingly it’s not after the polar bears
that live in Antarctic and live in the Arctic and space after the little and Great Bear
constellations that can be seen in the sky now the Greeks also hypothesize that there would
be an Anti-Arctic which is how we get the name Antarctic and that’s because it wasn’t
discovered until much later on now these regions are opposite in many ways other than just
their names and their location on the globe and so we look at the arts accessible and the
Arctic is actually ocean surrounded by land so you can see here this is UK down here and it’s
kind of Russia and then American Canada around here. and so there is a bit of land
recognizing and ice in the under in the Arctic which is Greenland here and but mostly all this
area here surprisingly a lot of people don’t realize that this isn’t actually land the North Pole
isn’t on land it’s just one big ocean and see if you have to go to the North Pole you could
stand on it if you were drill down through the ice you would find ocean.

40) Animal Behaviour:

We can ask two fundamental questions about animal behavior. They referred to as proximate
and Ultimate Proximate questions are those concerned with the mechanisms that bring about
behavior. Ultimate questions are those concerned with the evolution of behavior. We can
divide the proximate and ultimate questions into two sub questions. For proximate how does
the behavior develop and secondly what causes the behavior. For ultimate you can ask how
did the behavior evolved and secondly what is the adaptive significance of the behavior what’s
its purpose together these comprise what are called Tinbergen’s four questions about animal
behavior. Niko Tinbergen was one of the founding fathers of the study of animal behavior.
These questions represent the different ways of studying animal behavior. And understanding
the difference between those four questions are fundamental to understanding behavior and
indeed the whole of biology. How do we study animal behavior? Well that depends on the
type of question we’re hoping to answer.

41) Taxonomy:

Welcome to today’s lesson. We are continuing with our study of taxonomy. Taxonomy is how
scientists classify organisms into different groups, based on the characteristics that they
share. So for instance, a good way to think about taxonomy is the US postal Service. If we
want to send a letter to someone, we first start off by addressing it to the nation they’re in,
by default we usually assume that’s American, but it doesn’t have to be England, or Costa
Rica or Spain you put their nation, or their kingdom. Then within the kingdom you address it
to a slightly more specific level, they’re States so for instance South Carolina would be the
same as a phylum and within that state you would address it to their city, and then to their
street number, the street they live on then you would address it to say their apartment
complex, you’d address it by their last name to their family, and then finally their name to the
specific person you want to get in to, and in that way we’re able to weed out all the 4
hundred million people, we don’t want to send our letter to in America and pinpoint the exact
person we want the letter to reach. And in the same way scientists use a taxonomy chart to
pinpoint a living creature and organism and how it relates to everything else in the world.

42) Science fiction:

Now, this picture is a picture sort of artist’s impression before the Space Age of what Venus
might be like on its surface and so this was looking at the Planet Venus. It was a science
fiction and science fact and also tell you about some of the latest results about Venus express
what share some Earth last pictures but to logic think that’s my idea. A Japanese research
group has identified a giant streak structure among the clouds covering Venus based on
observation from the spacecraft Akatsuki. The team also revealed the origins of this structure
using large-scale climate simulations. The group was led by Project Assistant Professor Hiroki
Kashimura (Kobe University, Graduate School of Science) and these findings were published
on January 9 in Nature Communications. The second planet from the Sun and our closest
planetary neighbor, Venus is similar in structure and size to Earth, but it is now a very
different world. Venus spins slowly in the opposite direction most planets do. Its thick
atmosphere traps heat in a runaway greenhouse effect, making it the hottest planet in our
solar system-with surface temperatures hot enough to melt lead.

43) NGO:

A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a not-for-profit organization that is independent

from states and international governmental organizations. They are usually funded by
donations but some avoid formal funding altogether and are run primarily by volunteers.
NGOs are highly diverse groups of organizations engaged in a wide range of activities, and
take different forms in different parts of the world Some may have charitable status, while
others may be registered for tax exemption based on recognition of social purposes. Others
may be fronts for political, religious, or other interests. The number of NGOs worldwide is
estimated to be 3.7 million. Russia has 277,000 NGOs. India is estimated to have had around
2 million NGOs in 2009, just over one NGO per 600 Indians, and many times the number of
primary schools and primary health centers in India. China is estimated to have
approximately 440,000 officially registered NGOs. NGOs are difficult to define, and the term
‘NGO’ is not always used consistently. In some countries the term NGO is applied to an
organization that in another country would be called an NPO (nonprofit. organization). And
vice versa. There are many different classifications of NGO in use. The most common locus is
on “orientation” and “level of operation”. An NGO’s orientation refers to the type of activities
it takes on. These activities might include human rights, environmental, improving health, or
development work. An NGO’s level of operation indicates the scale at which an organization
works. Such as local, regional, national, or international.

44) Paris:

Paris is very old-there has been a settlement there for at least 6000 years and its shape has
been determined in part by the River Seine, and in part by the edicts of France’s rulers. But
the great boulevards we admire today are relatively new, and were constructed to prevent
any more barricades being created by the rebellious population; that work was carried out in
the middle 19th century. The earlier Paris had been in part a maze of narrow streets and
alleyways. But you can imagine that the work was not only highly expensive, but caused
great distress among the half a million or so residents whose houses were simply razed, and
whose neighbourhoods disappeared. What is done cannot usually be undone, especially when
buildings are torn down.

45) London’s fog:

Turner, not surprisingly painted one of the earliest pictures of London’s fog in this 1835
painting The Thames above Waterloo Bridge. Turner as a true born Londoner is advertising
his familiarity with London’s air problem by putting smoke and atmospheric pollution at its
center. And as you can see in here the bridges the central elements which is a theme that’s
later taken up by Monet and it’s partly obscured by the steam and smoke which rises from
both sides of the river. Here we see a shot tower I think you can just about see which was
constructed in 1826. Do you know what shot turners are? They produce shot for guns’
ammunition and they were very smoky one of the more smoking industries. But it’s barely
visible as you can see as are the various industries on the London side of the river. There’s on
this side there’s a steamship about to dock or preparing to leave its black smoke thrusting up
to join the kind of swirling arc of smoke there.

46) Politics and international relations:

This course provides students with an in-depth understanding of the exciting disciplines of
politics and international relations. Students will learn about the workings of political
institutions in countries around the world and explore the complex field of relations between
nations. Topics in governance, public policy, public administration, national security and
border control ensure that students receive a broad and current education in the range of
issues which are covered under the label of politics and international relations. Students will
undertake four compulsory units and two majors, one in politics and international relations
and the other in governance and policy. They will also choose an elective major from a wide
choice of options including political communication, international studies, international
business and national security studies. In addition to acquiring specialist knowledge and
competencies in Politics and International Relations and Commerce, students will graduate
with a range of generic skills such as critical thinking, enhanced communication abilities,
problem-solving and strong capacities to work with others. They will also develop ethically
based and socially responsible attitudes and behaviors.

47) Biology:

Welcome to your very first tutorial in biology. Now, in this video series what I want to do is I
want to talk to you guys about many different topics concerning biology. For example, I want
to talk to you guys about DNA and genetics in cells, in bacteria, in life and a whole bunch of
interesting stuff. But since this is the very first video, I think what we should do in this video
is just stick with the very basics. And the first thing I want to do is talk to you guys about
what is biology. So, let’s go ahead and answer that question. And the definition of biology is
this: the study of life in living organisms. All right, that makes sense up to a certain point up
until organisms because you may have heard of organisms before. And you may have your
own definition but the scientific definition of an organism is a living thing. Well that’s easy. We
know what living things are. I’m a living thing, plants, grass is a living thing. My puppy
named old Dan, cutest puppy ever, by the way, is a living thing but whenever we talk about
living things. Believe it or not, things get rid of complicated because then you have to ask
yourself ‘what is life’. Well, of course, if you ask your grandma or your best friend or even if
you ask a philosopher ‘what is life’, everyone is going to give you kind of a different definition
of their outlook on life. However, whenever scientist and biologists were first deciding, you
know what, what is life ? That’s the problem that they had everyone had their own separate
definition of life itself. So, what they need to do before biology was even invented, which is,
of course, the study of life is scientists needed to agree on the definition of life.

48) Immigration control:

Now the economists’ calculated, it’s a back of the envelope calculation, that removing all
immigration controls would double the size of the world economy, and even a small relaxation
of immigration controls would lead to disproportionally big gains. Now for an ethical point of
view, it’s hard to argue against a policy that will do so much to help people that are much
poorer than ourselves. The famous Rand Study reckons that a typical immigrant who arrives
in US ends up with $20.000 a year, that’s rough. It’s not just the migrants themselves who
gain, it’s the countries they come from. Already, the migrants working for poor countries
working in rich countries send home around 200 billion dollars a year, through formal
channels, and about twice as that through informal channels. And that compares to the neat a
hundred million dollars that Western governments give in aid. These remittances are not
wasted on weapons or siphoned off into Swiss bank accounts ;they go straight into the
pockets of local people. They pay for food, clean water, and medicines, they help kids in
school, they help start up new business.

49) Great Exhibition:

But we can really thank the Great Exhibition of 1851 for giving us the world’s premier taxi
service, for it was going to this exhibition, and this fabulous exhibition invention from all
around the four corners of the Empire that the visitors were appalled, dismayed and vexed by
their journeys to this exhibition because the cabbies of the day, and their horse-drawn carts
were absolutely terrible, could not find their way to this exhibition. And, so, a great public
outcry, the London Authority sets up Public Carriage Office, which is an organization that still
exists. And you can take a short walk to Penton Street up the road. And this Public Carriage
office took on the responsibility of licensing all major taxi drivers in London. All taxi drivers
from 1851 onwards had to pass what is now known as the London knowledge, was
phenomenal knowledge of London. What is the London knowledge? It’s the ability to
remember the 25,000 streets, have it all interconnected and all the main arterial roads in and
out of London. Cabbies need to know all this plus a thousand points of specific interest cafes,
bars, public offices. They need to know them all as part of their training.
50) Rhetoric:

But Aristotle says the reason we need rhetoric is we have to be able to use it. To use rhetoric
influence the ramble, we try to get them to understand truth. Truth is suggesting … is
different than XX Rhetoric is the dressing, is the body, right? Truth is the spirit, is the soul, is
abstract. It doesn’t have a body. It’s not particular. If you want to get somebody to the truth,
you might have to use some kind of tricks. Right? Because most of people are not sound and
can see the truth. That’s what we think. Most people are rambles. Really. Only the educated
be erudite are actually capable of seeing the truth. If you want to get the general mass there,
you may have to do a little bit. So Aristotle that is rhetoric. Rhetoric is something that is used
to influence people. Right? And it’s a kind of mentally promised a logic. Rhetoric is important
because it can help us to understand truth and influence morons. Some people can
understand truth, because they are rational. But most people don’t. If you want to make
people get into truth, you have to use tricks because truth itself is abstract. We can use
rhetoric to help people understand truth. Truth is the spirit, the soul and is abstract, but
rhetoric is the body, which is fundamentally based on logic.
Answer Short Questions:

1) Which of the following is not fiction? unicorn or giraffe- giraffe

2) What is vaccine used for? - Prevent disease
3) What is the name of the instrument used to measure variations in temperature? –
Thermometer
4) Which section of the train timetable will tell you, what time the train leaves? –
Departures
5) What do we call the list of steps, which tells you to put something together? –
Instructions
6) Name a country located in the Southern hemisphere? – Australia or New Zealand
7) This work is due for submission, month from 15th June. On what date is it to be
submitted? – 15th July
8) In which century was the automobile manufactured on a large scale? – 20th Century
9) Name a country located in North America? – The United States of America/ Canada
10) What is the chemical name of Gold – Mg, Au or O2? – Au
11) What is the join called where your hand is connected to your arm? – Wrist
12) Where would you go to see exhibition of sculptures? – Art gallery or Museum
13) Would you measure volume of water in liters or kilos? – Liters
14) What piece of equipment would you use to go diving in a sea – an aquaplane or an
aqualung? – aqualung
15) which hospital department would you go for an X-ray – radiology cardiology? –
Radiology
16) What is the most important document you have to show if you wanted to hire a car? –
Your driver’s license
17) Where would you go to work out on a treadmill? – Gym
18) A famous canal links the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean, is it the Corinth or
Suez Canal? – Suez Canal
19) What kind of equipment is used to protect motorbike rider’s brain from injury? –
Helmet
20) King George was the ruler of Spain in 1993, King Russell ruled Spain in 1996, King
Bernard ruled Spain in 200”. Who was the predecessor for King Bernard? – King Russell
21) Some calendars begin the week on Sunday what is the other day which commonly
starts a week? – Monday
22) What studies the structure of the earth, geology or geography? – Geology
23) Science concerned about study of earth materials nutrients is geology or geography?
– Geology
24) Which is the longest: a decade, a millennium or a century? – millennium
25) The part of computer you can carry with you and has the same name as that of
animal? – Mouse
26) Would a supermarket, a café or book store probably have the widest range of
products available? – Supermarket
27) Which kind of shop contains more kinds of products? – Supermarket
28) Which Animal is not a mammal, Butterfly, cow or Goat? – Butterfly
29) Which subject studies the past?
30) How would most people travel to work each day, in big cities like Hong Kong, Tokyo
and New York? – By public transportation
31) What do you call a system of government in which people vote for the people that will
represent them? - Democracy
32) What is the name of a system of government in which the people elect their leaders?
– Democracy
33) What is a destructive program that spreads from computer to computer? – Virus
34) To cross over from one side of the river to another without using a boa, what is
usually required? – Bridge
35) What is the time of a day before noon called? – Morning
36) What is the solid form of water? – Ice
37) Which country is in the southern hemisphere, Australia or Canada? – Australia
38) What is the quickest way of traveling from Tokyo to Paris? – plane
39) What do we call a period of 100 years? – Century
40) Where would you see the exhibits of dinosaurs? – Museum
41) Would a town, city or village probably cover the largest area? – A city
42) When ice is in the room temperature, does it become? – Water or liquid
43) What do we call the piece of paper that proves that you have bought an item? –
Receipt
44) Which ocean is located on the west of the US? – The Pacific Ocean
45) What do we call the meeting where the employer asks the potential employee
questions about their work experience? – Interview
46) What do you call equipment we use to look at stars? – Telescope
47) What do tons, ounces, and pounds refer to? – Weights
48) Who serves food in a restaurant? – Waiter or Waitress
49) How many months are in a year? – Twelve
50) What desk would you go to when you first arrive to the hotel? – Check in desk or
Reception
51) What is the name of a building where you can borrow books? – Library
52) If something is not expensive, what do we say it is? – Cheap
53) How many seasons are in a year? – Four
54) How many days are in a leap year? – 366
55) How many years are in a decade? – 10 Years
56) What type of food is an apple? – Fruit
57) What is the source of solar energy? – Sun
58) What do we call a first meal of the day? – Breakfast
59) What are winter, spring, summer and autumn? – Seasons
60) What is the sweet food produced by bees? – Honey
61) If you don’t feel like eating, what do we say you don’t have? – Appetite
62) What does king or queen wear on their head at official ceremonies? – Crown
63) What do people wear, if they can’t see very well? – Glasses/ contact lenses
64) What do we call the study of living things? – Biology
65) The science which treats with life? – Biology
66) What do we call the bool with list of words, with their meanings? – Dictionary
67) A business does not want to make a loss, What does it want to make? – Profit
68) What is the word for the shape in geometry which has three sides? – Triangle
69) Name the month that falls between September and November? – October
70) Which of these would probably be found in an office, printer, a blanker or a nailbrush?
– printer
71) Historians use evidence to conclude the past, would a contemporary artist’s painting
of an ancient battle be an original source or secondary source? -Secondary source
72) What is the name of the student who has not completed his course? - Undergraduate
student or dropout
73) What is the name of birds’ regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a
flyway? – Migration
74) A dozen is a grouping of which number? – Twelve
75) What is common between these musical instruments? Guitar, Violin, Cello – String
76) What material is used for most of vehicles and aircrafts? – Metal
77) What is the string or lace for fastening the shoes usually called? – Shoelaces
78) What is the opposite of artificial? – Natural
79) In the library, which books we are not allowed to bring them out with ourselves? -
Closed reserve book /Reference materials
80) What century are we in now? - Twenty-one
81) What is H2O in chemical substances? Answer: Water
82) What are roses and tulips? Answer: Flower
83) How many times in a year is an annual conference held? Answer: Once a year
84) What emergency service is usually called when someone is in trouble at sea;
Ambulance or Coast guard? Answer: Coast guard
85) What does the main difference between a wristwatch and a clock relate to? Answer:
Their relative sizes
86) Which of these was the last to be explored, Himalayas, the moon or Australia?
Answer: The moon
87) In which season people will be the least likely to go skiing? Answer: summer
88) Would letter or email be the fastest way to get a message to your professor? Answer:
Email
89) Would it be better to use kilometers or kilograms to measure the distance between
two cities? Answer: Kilometers
90) What is the last thing to do when baking a cake? Answer: Cook it in the oven
91) How many years do you study for an Undergraduate program? Answer: Three years
92) The large island just off the coast of mainland Europe is home to which country?
Answer: The United Kingdom
93) What do we call a period of 1000 years? Answer: Millennium
94) What’s the fastest way to get from the 20th floor to the 1st floor? Answer: by elevator
or lift
95) At what ceremony, the students receive their degree or diploma at end of their study?
Answer: Graduation day
96) Which of these would probably be found in most homes around the world; A
computer, a bed, or a television? Answer: A bed
97) In most university courses there are two ways of being assessed, one is orally. The
other is through? Answer: Written assignments
98) Despite all the advances in equality between the sexes, would more men or women
play professional football? Answer: More men
99) What special document do most people carry during international travels? Answer:
Passport
100) Which would be better to report the population of a major global city, Hundred,
millions, billions? Answer: Millions
101) Would you go to the pharmacy or surgery to get a prescription filled after visiting a
doctor? Answer: pharmacy
102) Would it be better to go jogging at noon, or in early morning, if you wanted to avoid
hottest part of the day? Answer: Early morning
103) What term is used for the amount of money you pay a landlord for living in their
house or apartment? Answer: Rent
104) What do we call a company or an organization that gives money to sporting events
in exchange of advertising? Answer: Sponsor
105) Who would you consult to treat a fear of crowded places, a philosopher or a
psychologist? Answer: psychologist
106) If a figure is hexagonal, how many sides does it have? Answer: Six
107) What key mineral makes sea water different from fresh water? Answer: Salt
108) A manufacturing process releases poisonous gases. What is the most important
safety measure for workers at this plant; ensuring good ventilation or appropriate
footwear? Answer: (Ensuring good) Ventilation
109) A list of events placed in time order is usually described as what? Answer: A
chronology or a Timeline
110) Which kind of punishment for a crime is the less severe, an imprisonment or
community service? Answer: Community service
111) How many sides are there in a bilateral agreement? Answer: Two
112) What is the name for the huge natural body that orbits the sun? Answer: Planet
113) If telescope is used for far distant object, what instrument is employed for minuscule
objects? Answer: Microscope
114) What does the term otolaryngology mean? Answer: Ear, Nose & Throat
115) What do ophthalmologist specialize in? Answer: Eye operations
116) What is hematology related to? Answer: Blood
117) What do we call the date a piece of work must be finish by? Answer: Deadline or
Due date
118) What does a dermatologist specialize in? Answer: Skin – Baldness & Hair
119) What do you call a very long essay that students have to write for a doctoral
degree? Answer: Thesis or dissertation
120) Who is the main journalist responsible for producing newspaper or magazine?
Answer: Editor
121) In the animal kingdom, is the purpose of camouflage to attract a mate, to find food
or to hide? Answer: To hide
122) What is the word for the place where rivers start? Answer: Source
123) What is the collective term for cows and bulls, especially on the farm? Answer:
Cattle
124) If something such as fabric or medicine is artificially made, what do we say it is?
Answer: Synthetic, Artificial, Manmade
125) What do we call the organ in our chest that we need to breathe? Answer: Lungs
126) When the writer of the book is unknown, what word do we use for the writer?
Answer: Anonymous
127) What word is used for someone who watches a sport event? Answer: Spectator
128) What object will you use to climb up to the roof of the house? Answer: Ladder
129) One who plans and draws the design of buildings and superintends their erection?
Answer: Architect
130) What are piano and guitar? - Musical instrument
131) How many hemispheres does the earth have? – 2
132) Who is the person who cooks in the kitchen? – Cook/chief
133) What do we put in a backpack? Chair or book? – Book
134) Who controls the flight of an aircraft? – pilot
135) Noisy environment affects which sense? – Hearing
136) Which device can be used for telling the time by using the sun? – Sundial
137) Where can we find a crossword? – Newspaper
138) What is the name of a person who is ill in the hospital? – Patient
139) What is the visible joint between the upper and lower parts of the arm? – Elbow
140) Which continent has most of the Indian and Chinese population in the world? – Asia
141) What do we call the material used in carpenter? – Wood
142) What is the first stage of applying for graduate students and PhD? – Degree
application
143) Who is the person hired to do a specific job in a company? – Employee
144) What are preserved remains of a long-dead plant or animal? – Fossils
145) What is the process of payment at the counter after shopping? - Check out
146) What is the name of money people pay for the public construction? – Taxation
147) How does a bird fly? – wing
148) What is more fuel-efficient, car or truck? – Car
149) What is the ceremony called for marriage? – Wedding
150) What is the title of a newspaper called? – Headline
Summarise Written Text:

1. Making Australian Food History:

In the past two centuries there has been a dramatic change in the role of food and eating
in Australian public consciousness. Public discussion of food was largely confined to
matters of supply, distribution and price. Towards the end of the nineteenth century some
newspapers were offering regular columns of advice on housekeeping topics, including
menu planning and recipes. However, eating remained essentially a private activity, even
when undertaken in company.
By the late twentieth century, food and eating had become prominent public
preoccupations. Evidence of this dramatic cultural revaluation abounds. In bookstores, for
example, cookery and all things related to it are often among the larger displays. There
are specialty stores selling all manner of cookware, tableware and other paraphernalia
associated with food, eating and drinking.
Perhaps most telling is the extension of the phenomenon of mass media celebrity to
include culinary personalities. Scholars, too, have jumped on the commodification
bandwagon. Now degrees in gastronomy seem set to emulate the MBA phenomenon of the
1980s and food has become a respectable subject for investigation with philosophers,
sociologists, historians, cultural theorists, ecologists and many others all having a go at it.
However, surprisingly, the question seems to have held little fascination for most
historians. For the best part of two centuries they have managed to write their accounts of
colonization and nationhood with only scant reference to how the settlers and their
descendants fed themselves.

2. Drug Advertisement

The amount of money drug companies spend on TV ads has doubled in recent years. And
it's no wonder: studies show the commercials' work: consumers go to their doctors with a
suggestion for a prescription drug they saw advertised on TV. Now a study in the Annals of
Family Medicine raises questions about the message these ads promote, NPRs Patty
Neighmond reports. You're most likely to see drug ads during prime time, especially
around the news. Researchers analyzed 38 ads aimed at people with conditions like
hypertension, herpes, high cholesterol, depression, arthritis, and allergies. The drug
industry says the ads arm consumers with information. But researchers found that though
the information was technically accurate, the tone was misleading. UCLA psychologist
Dominick Frosch headed the study. "What we would see in these ads is that before taking
the prescription drug, the character's life was out of control and the loss of control really
extended beyond just the impact of the health condition, " For example, herpes patients
were portrayed as being incapacitated for days, insomniacs utterly out of synch on the job
and depressed patients friendless and boring at parties. "When the character is then
shown taking the drug, he then magically regains complete control of his life." None of the
ads, of course, mentioned lifestyle changes that could also help treat the condition. After
that, it's mass marketing. But in this case, Frosch says, prescription medications are not
soap.
3. Architecture

As an art, architecture is essentially abstract and nonrepresentational and involves the

manipulation of the relationships of spaces, volumes, planes, masses, and voids. Time is
also an important factor in architecture, since a building is usually comprehended in a
succession of experiences rather than all at once. In most architecture there is no one
vantage point from which the whole structure can be understood. The use of light and
shadow, as well as surface decoration, can greatly enhance a structure.
The analysis of building types provides an insight into past cultures and eras. Behind each
of the greater styles lies not a casual trend nor a vogue, but a period of serious and urgent
experimentation directed toward answering the needs of a specific way of life. Climate,
methods of labor, available materials, and economy of means all impose their dictates.
Each of the greater styles has been aided by the discovery of new construction methods.
Once developed, a method survives tenaciously, giving way only when social changes or
new building techniques have reduced it. That evolutionary process is exemplified by the
history of modern architecture, which developed from the first uses of structural iron and
steel in the mid-19th cent.

4. Malaysia Tourism

Malaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-free countries to visit in Southeast Asia. Aside
from its gleaming 21st century glass towers, it boasts some of the most superb beaches,
mountains and national parks in the region. Malaysia is also launching its biggest-ever
tourism campaign in effort to lure 20 million visitors here this year.
Any tourist itinerary would have to begin in the capital, Kuala Lumpur, where you will find
the Petronas Twin Towers, which once comprised the world tallest buildings and now hold
the title of second-tallest. Both the 88-story towers soar 1,480 feet high and are
connected by a sky-bridge on the 41st floor. The limestone temple Batu Caves, located 9
miles north of the city, have a 328-foot-high ceiling and feature ornate Hindu shrines,
including a 141-foot-tall gold-painted statue of a Hindu deity. To reach the caves, visitors
have to climb a steep flight of 272 steps. In Sabah state on Borneo island not to be
confused with Indonesia’s Borneo you'll find the small mushroom-shaped Sipadan island,
off the coast of Sabah, rated as one of the top five diving sites in the world. Sipadan is the
only oceanic island in Malaysia, rising from a 2,300-foot abyss in the Celebes Sea. You can
also climb Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast Asia, visit the Sepilok Orang Utan
Sanctuary, go white-water rafting and catch a glimpse of the bizarre Proboscis monkey, a
primate found only in Borneo with a huge pendulous nose, a characteristic pot belly and
strange honking sounds.
While you're in Malaysia, consider a trip to Malacca. In its heyday, this southern state was
a powerful Malay sultanate and a booming trading port in the region. Facing the Straits of
Malacca, this historical state is now a place of intriguing Chinese streets, antique shops,
old temples and reminders of European colonial powers. Another interesting destination is
Penang, known as the Pearl of the Orient. This island off the northwest coast of Malaysia
boasts of a rich Chinese cultural heritage, good food and beautiful beaches.
5. Online teaching Learning

What makes teaching online unique is that it uses the internet, especially the World Wide
Web, as the primary means of communication. Thus, when you teach online, you don’t
have to be someplace to teach. You don’t have to lug your briefcase full of paper or your
laptop to a classroom, stand at a lectern, scribble on a chalkboard (or even use your high-
tech, interactive classroom “smart” whiteboard), or grade papers in a stuffy room while
your students take a test. You don’t even have to sit in your office waiting for students to
show up for conferences. You can hold “office hours” on weekends or at night after dinner.
You can do all this while living in a small town in Wyoming or a big city like Bangkok, even
if you are working for a college whose administrative office is located in Florida or Dubai.
You can attend an important conference in Hawaii on the same day you teach your class in
New Jersey, logging on from your laptop via the local café’s wireless hotspot or your hotel
room’s high-speed network. Or you may simply pull out your smartphone to quickly check
on the latest postings, email, or text messages from students.
Online learning offers more freedom for students as well. They can search for courses
using the Web, scouring their institution or even the world for programs, classes, and
instructors that fit their needs. Having found an appropriate course, they can enroll and
register, shop for their books, read articles, listen to lectures, submit their homework
assignments, confer with their instructors, and receive their final grades-all online.

6. Nobel Peace Prize

This year’s Nobel Peace Prize justly rewards the thousands of scientists of the United
Nations Climate Change Panel (the IPCC). These scientists are engaged in excellent,
painstaking work that establishes exactly what the world should expect from climate
change.
The other award winner, former US Vice President Al Gore, has spent much more time
telling us what to fear. While the IPCC’s estimates and conclusions are grounded in careful
study, Gore doesn’t seem to be similarly restrained.
Gore told the world in his Academy Award winning movie (recently labelled “one sided”
and containing “scientific errors” by a British judge) to expect 20-foot sea level rises over
this century. He ignores the findings of his Nobel co-winners, the IPCC, who conclude that
sea levels will rise between only a half foot and two feet over this century, with their best
expectation being about one foot. That’s similar to what the world experienced over the
past 150 years.
Likewise, Gore agonizes over the accelerated melting of ice in Greenland and what it
means for the planet, but overlooks the IPCC’s conclusion that, if sustained, the current
rate of melting would add just three inches to the sea level rise by the end of the century.
Gore also takes no notice of research showing that Greenland’s temperatures were higher
in 1941 than they are today.
The politician turned movie maker loses sleep over a predicted rise in heat related deaths.
There’s another side of the story that’s inconvenient to mention: rising temperatures will
reduce the number of cold spells, which are a much bigger killer than heat. The best study
shows that by 2050, heat will claim 400,000 more lives, but 1.8 million fewer will die
because of cold. Indeed, according to the first complete survey of the economic effects of
climate change for the world, global warming will actually save lives.
7. The Internet

By 1984, the internet had grown to include 1,000 host computers. The National Science
Foundation was one of the first outside institutions hoping to connect to this body of
information. Other government, non-profit, and educational institutions followed. Initial
attempts to catalogue this rapidly expanding system of networks were simple. Among the
first was Archie, a list of FTP information created by Peter Deutsch at McGill University in
Montreal. However, the greatest innovation in the Internet was still to come, brewing in an
MIT laboratory in Cambridge, Mass. The World Wide Web, or the Web, is often confused
with the Internet. In fact, it is just one part of the Internet, along with email, video
conferencing, and streaming audio channels. In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee, now a scientist at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, introduced a new system of communication on
the Internet which used hyperlinks and a user-friendly graphical interface. His slice of the
Internet pie camera to be known as the World Wide Web. Berners- Lee says, “The Web is
an abstract (imaginary) space of information. On the Net, you find computers –on the
Web, you find documents, sounds, videos, …information. On the Net, the connections are
cables between computers; on the web, connections are hypertext links. The Web exists
because of programs which communicate between computers on the Net. The Web could
not be without the Net. The Web made the Net useful because people are really interested
in information (not to mention knowledge and wisdom!) and don’t really want to know
about computers and cables.”

8. Overqualified Employees

If your recruiting efforts attract job applicants with too much experience—a near certainty
in this weak labor market—you should consider a response that runs counter to most
hiring managers’ MO: Don’t reject those applicants out of hand. Instead, take a closer
look. New research shows that overqualified workers tend to perform better than other
employees, and they don’t quit any sooner. Furthermore, a simple managerial tactic—
empowerment—can mitigate any dissatisfaction they may feel.
The prejudice against too-good employees is pervasive. Companies tend to prefer an
applicant who is a “perfect fit” over someone who brings more intelligence, education, or
experience than needed. On the surface, this bias makes sense: Studies have consistently
shown that employees who consider themselves overqualified exhibit higher levels of
discontent. For example, over-qualification correlated well with job dissatisfaction in a
2008 study of 156 call-center reps by Israeli researchers Saul Fine and Baruch Nevo. And
unlike discrimination based on age or gender, declining to hire overqualified workers is
perfectly legal.
But even before the economic downturn, a surplus of overqualified candidates was a global
problem, particularly in developing economies, where rising education levels are giving
workers more skills than are needed to supply the growing service sectors. If managers
can get beyond the conventional wisdom, the growing pool of too-good applicants is a
great opportunity. Berrin Erdogan and Talia N. Bauer of Portland State University in
Oregon found that overqualified workers’ feelings of dissatisfaction can be dissipated by
giving them autonomy in decision making. At stores where employees didn’t feel
empowered, “overeducated” workers expressed greater dissatisfaction than their
colleagues did and were more likely to state an intention to quit. But that difference
vanished where self-reported autonomy was high.

9. Raw Honey

According to Dr. Ron Fessenden, M.D., M.P.H. the average American consumes more than
150 pounds of refined sugar, plus an additional 62 pounds of high fructose corn syrup
every year. In comparison, we consume only around 1.3 pounds of honey per year on
average in the U.S. According to new research, if you can switch out your intake of refined
sugar and use pure raw honey instead, the health benefits can be enormous.
What is raw honey? Its a pure, unfiltered and unpasteurized sweetener made by bees from
the nectar of flowers. Most of the honey consumed today is processed honey that's been
heated and filtered since it was gathered from the hive. Unlike processed honey, raw
honey does not get robbed of its incredible nutritional value and health powers. It can help
with everything from low energy to sleep problems to seasonal allergies. Switching to raw
honey may even help weight-loss efforts when compared to diets containing sugar or high
fructose corn syrup. I'm excited to tell you more about one of my all-time favorite natural
sweeteners today.

10. Children Allowance

Many people who have written on the subject of allowances say it is not a good idea to pay
your child for work around the home. These jobs are a normal part of family life. Paying
children to do extra work around the house, however, can be useful. It can even provide
an understanding of how a business works. Allowances give children a chance to
experience the things they can do with money. They can share it in the form of gifts or
giving to a good cause. They can spend it by buying things they want. Or they can save
and maybe even invest it. Saving helps children understand that costly goals require
sacrifice: you have to cut costs and plan for the future. Requiring children to save part of
their allowance can also open the door to future saving and investing. Many banks offer
services to help children and teenagers learn about personal finance. A savings account is
an excellent way to learn about the power of compound interest. Compounding works by
paying interest on interest. So, for example, one dollar invested at two percent interest for
two years will earn two cents in the first year. The second year, the money will earn two
percent of one dollar and two cents, and so on. That may not seem like a lot. But over
time it adds up.

11. Voting rights in UK：

Compulsory voting is often suggested as a solution to the problem of declining turnout.

But how are individuals and countries affected by compulsory voting beyond boosting
electoral participation? Shane Singh investigates the social, economic, and political
consequences of compelling citizens to vote. There has been a lot of discussion about
compulsory voting these days. In the United Kingdom, in particular, as voter turnout rates
have declined, many commentators and politicians have begun advocating for mandatory
electoral participation. Those in favor of compulsory voting often adduce the importance of
participation among all segments of society. Citizens of democracies are forced to do many
things in the interest of the public good, they maintain, including serving on juries and
educating their children, and full participation serves the country as a whole. Those
opposed to compulsory voting often argue that, from a democratic theory perspective, the
right to vote implicitly includes a right not to vote. Such a right of abstention, they argue,
is more important than any societal good that might accompany high turnout. In fact,
opponents of compulsory voting often contend that the country may be better off if those
who are disinclined to vole are not pushed to participate in public affairs. Regardless of
whether one of these sets of arguments is more persuasive than the other, compulsory
voting is commonly used around the world. Several European democracies mandate
voting, as do Australia and most of the countries in Latin America. By evaluating results
from these countries, it is possible to assess the mechanics and effects of compulsory
voting.

12. American English：

American English is, without doubt, the most influential and powerful variety of English in
the world today. There are many reasons for this. First, the United States is, at present,
the most powerful nation on earth and such power always brings with it influence. Indeed,
the distinction between a dialect and a language has frequently been made by reference to
power. As has been said, a language is a dialect with an army. Second, America’s political
influence is extended through American popular culture, in particular through the
international reach of American films (movies, of course) and music. As Kahane has
pointed out, the internationally dominant position of a culture results in a forceful
expansion of its language... the expansion of language contributes... to the prestige of the
culture behind it. Third, the international prominence of American English is closely
associated with the extraordinarily quick development of communications technology.
Microsoft is owned by an American, Bill Gates. This means a computer’s default setting for
language is American English, although of course this can be changed to suit one’s own
circumstances. In short, the increased influence of American English is caused by political
power and the resultant diffusion of American culture and media, technological advance,
and the rapid development of communications technology.

13. Vividness of TV and Newspaper：

To understand the final reason why the news marketplace of ideas dominated by television
is so different from the one that emerged in the world dominated by the printing press, it
is important to distinguish the quality of vividness experienced by television viewers from
the “vividness” experienced by readers. I believe that the vividness experienced in the
reading of words is automatically modulated by the constant activation of the reasoning
centers of the brain that are used in the process of concreating the representation of
reality the author has intended. By contrast, the visceral vividness portrayed on television
has the capacity to trigger instinctual responses similar to those triggered by reality
itself—and without being modulated by logic, reason, and reflective thought. The
simulation of reality accomplished in the television medium is so astonishingly vivid and
compelling compared with the representations of reality conveyed by printed words that it
signifies much more than an incremental change in the way people consume information.
Books also convey compelling and vivid representations of reality, of course. But the
reader actively participates in the conjuring of the reality the book’s author Is attempting
to depict. Moreover, the parts of the human brain that are central to the reasoning process
are continually activated by the very act of reading printed words: Words are composed of
abstract symbols—letters—that have no intrinsic meaning themselves until they are strung
together into recognizable sequences.

14. Skipping breakfast：

Skipping breakfast seems a simple way of losing weight or saving time while getting the
children ready for school or rushing off to work. But it can also be a sign of an unhealthy
lifestyle with potentially dangerous consequences, including a higher risk of premature
death. According to a study, adults and teenagers who miss the first meal of the day are
less likely to look after their health. They tend to smoke more, drink more alcohol and
take less exercise than those who do eat. Those who skip food in the morning are also
more likely to be fatter and less well-educated, meaning they find it harder to get a job.
Researcher Dr. Anna Keski-Rahkonen said: Smoking, infrequent exercise, a low level of
education, frequent alcohol use and a high body mass index were all associated with
skipping breakfast in adults and adolescents. Our findings suggest this association exists
throughout adulthood. Individuals who skip breakfast may care less about their health
than those who eat breakfast. Previously, experts assumed that missing breakfast often
called the most important meal of the day was simply the marker of a hectic life or a way
to try to lose weight. But Dr. Keski-Rahkonen, who led the study at Helsinki University,
said the results revealed starting the day without food suggests an unhealthy lifestyle.

15. Technology prediction ：

As far as prediction is concerned, remember that the chairman of IBM predicted in the
fifties that the world would need a maximum of around half a dozen computers, that the
British Department for Education seemed to think in the eighties that we would all need to
be able to code in BASIC and that in the nineties Microsoft failed to foresee the rapid
growth of the Internet. Who could have predicted that one major effect of the automobile
would be to bankrupt small shops across the nation? Could the early developers of the
telephone have foreseen its development as a medium for person to person
communication, rather than as a form of broadcasting medium? We all, including the
'experts', seem to be peculiarly inept at predicting the likely development of our
technologies, even as far as the next year. We can, of course, try to extrapolate from
experience of previous technologies, as I do below by comparing the technology of the
Internet with the development of other information and communication technologies and
by examining the earlier development of radio and print. But how justified I might be in
doing so remains an open question. You might conceivably find the history of the British
and French videotext systems, Prestel and Minitel, instructive. However, I am not entirely
convinced that they are very relevant, nor do I know where you can find information about
them online, so, rather than take up space here, I've briefly described them in a separate
article.
16. Beauty contest:

Since Australians Jennifer Hawkins and Lauryn Eagle were crowned Miss Universe and Miss
Teen International respectively, there has been a dramatic increase in interest in beauty
pageants in this country. These wins have also sparked a debate as to whether beauty
pageants are just harmless reminders of old fashioned values or a throwback to the days
when women were respected for how good they looked. Opponents argue that beauty
pageants, whether Miss Universe or Miss Teen International, are demeaning to women and
out of sync with the times. They say they are nothing more than symbols of decline. In the
past few decades Australia has taken a real step toward treating women with dignity and
respect. Young women are being brought up knowing that they can do anything, as shown
by inspiring role models in medicine such as 2003 Australian of the Year Professor Fiona
Stanley. Almost all of the pageant victors are wafer thin, reinforcing the message that thin
equals beautiful. This ignores the fact that men and women come in all sizes and shapes.
In a country where up to 60% of young women are on a diet at any one time and 70% of
school girls say they want to lose weight, despite the fact that most have a normal BMI,
such messages are profoundly hazardous to the mental health of young Australians.

17. The Rosetta Stone:

When the Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799, the carved characters that covered its
surface were quickly copied. Printer's ink was applied to the Stone and white paper laid
over it. When the paper was removed, it revealed an exact copy of the text—but in
reverse. Since then, many copies or "facsimiles" have been made using a variety of
materials. Inevitably, the surface of the Stone accumulated many layers of material left
over from these activities, despite attempts to remove any residue. Once on display, the
grease from many thousands of human hands eager to touch the Stone added to the
problem. An opportunity for investigation and cleaning the Rosetta Stone arose when this
famous object was made the centerpiece of the Cracking Codes exhibition at The British
Museum in 1999. When work commenced to remove all but the original, ancient material
the stone was black with white lettering. As treatment progressed, the different
substances uncovered were analyzed. Grease from human handling, a coating of carnauba
wax from the early 1800s and printer's ink from 1799 were cleaned away using cotton
wool swabs and liniment of soap, white spirit, acetone and purified water. Finally, white
paint in the text, applied in 1981, which had been left in place until now as a protective
coating, was removed with cotton swabs and purified water. A small square at the bottom
left corner of the face of the Stone was left untouched to show the darkened wax and the
white infill.

18. Nobel peace prize:

This year’s Nobel Peace Prize justly rewards the thousands of scientists of the United
Nations Climate Change Panel (the IPCC). These scientists are engaged in excellent,
painstaking work that establishes exactly what the world should expect from climate
change. The other award winner, former US Vice President Al Gore, has spent much more
time telling us what to fear. While the IPCC’s estimates and conclusions are grounded in
careful study, Gore doesn’t seem to be similarly restrained. Gore told the world in his
Academy Award winning movie (recently labelled “one sided” and containing “scientific
errors” by a British judge) to expect 20 foot sea level rises over this century. He ignores
the findings of his Nobel co-winners, the IPCC, who conclude that sea levels will rise
between only a half foot and two feet over this century, with their best expectation being
about one foot. That’s similar to what the world experienced over the past 150 years.
Likewise, Gore agonizes over the accelerated melting of ice in Greenland and what it
means for the planet, but overlooks the IPCC’s conclusion that, if sustained, the current
rate of melting would add just three inches to the sea level rise by the end of the century.
Gore also takes no notice of research showing that Greenland’s temperatures were higher
in 1941 than they are today. The politician turned movie maker loses sleep over a
predicted rise in heat related deaths. There’s another side of the story that’s inconvenient
to mention: rising temperatures will reduce the number of cold spells, which are a much
bigger killer than heat. The best study shows that by 2050, heat will claim 400,000 more
lives, but 1.8 million fewer will die because of cold. Indeed, according to the first complete
survey of the economic effects of climate change for the world, global warming will
actually save lives.

19. Pendulum clock:

One of Guinness World Records' more unusual awards was presented at the National
Maritime Museum yesterday. After a 100-day trial, the timepiece known as Clock B —
which had been sealed in a clear plastic box to prevent tampering — was officially
declared, by Guinness, to be the world's "most accurate mechanical clock with a pendulum
swinging in free air". It was an intriguing enough award. But what is really astonishing is
that the clock was designed more than 250 years ago by a man who was derided at the
time for Ilan incoherence and absurdity that was little short of the symptoms of insanity",
and whose plans for the clock lay ignored for two centuries. The derision was poured on
John Harrison, the British clockmaker whose marine chronometers had revolutionized
seafaring in the 18th century (and who was the subject of Longitude by Dava Sobel). His
subsequent claim — that he would go on to make a pendulum timepiece that was accurate
to within a second over a 100- day period — triggered widespread ridicule. The task was
simply impossible, it was declared. But now the last laugh lies with Harrison. At a
conference, Harrison Decoded: Towards a Perfect Pendulum Clock, held at Greenwich
yesterday, observatory scientists revealed that a clock that had been built to the
clockmaker's exact specifications had run for 100 days during official tests and had lost
only fiveeighths of a second in that period.

20. Mini war:

In such an environment, warfare is no longer purely directed against the military potential
of adversarial states. It is rather directed at infiltrating all areas of their societies and to
threaten their existences. The comparatively easy access to weapons of mass destruction,
in particular relatively and low-cost biological agents, is of key concern. Both
governmental and non-governmental actors prefer to use force in a way that can be
characterized as “unconventional” or also as “small wars.” War waged according to
conventions is an interstate phenomenon. The “small war” is the archetype of war, in
which the protagonists acknowledge no rules and permanently try to violate what
conventions do exist. The protagonists of the “small war” observe neither international
standards nor arms control agreements. They make use of territories where they do not
have to fear any sanctions because there is no functioning state to assume charge of such
sanctions or because the state in question is too weak to impose such sanctions. This type
of war does not provide for any warning time. It challenges not only the external security
of the nation states and international community, but also their internal safety.

21. School liaison police NSW:

Armed police have been brought into NSW schools to reduce crime rates and educate
students. The 40 School Liaison Police (SLP) officers have been allocated to public and
private high schools across the state. Organizers say the officers, who began work last
week, will build positive relationships between police and students. But parent groups
warned of potential dangers of armed police working at schools in communities where
police relations were already under strain. Among their duties, the SLPs will conduct crime
prevention workshops, talking to students about issues including shoplifting, offensive
behaviour, graffiti and drugs and alcohol. They can also advise school principals. One SLP,
Constable Ben Purvis, began work in the inner Sydney region last week, including at
Alexandria Park Community School's senior campus. Previously stationed as a crime
prevention officer at The Rocks, he now has 27 schools under his jurisdiction in areas
including The Rocks, Redfern and Kings Cross. Constable Purvis said the full time position
would see him working on the broader issues of crime prevention. "I am not a security
guard," he said. "I am not there to patrol the school. We want to improve relationships
between police and schoolchildren, to have positive interaction. We are coming to the
school and giving them knowledge to improve their own safety." Parents' groups
responded to the program positively, but said it may spark a range of community
reactions. "It is a good thing and an innovative idea and there could be some positive
benefits," Council of Catholic School Parents executive officer.

22. Brand loyalty:

Brand loyalty exists when consumers repeat-purchase your brand rather than swapping
and switching between brands. It is widely agreed that it is far more expensive to have to
find a new customer than to keep existing ones happy, so brand loyalty is crucial for
achieving high-profit margins. For charities, it is important to set a marketing objective of
improving brand loyalty. If existing donors can be persuaded to set up a direct debit to the
charity, its cash flow will improve significantly. To enhance, or reposition a brand's image
Although some brands stay fresh for generations (Marmite is over 100 years old) others
become jaded due to changes in consumer tastes and lifestyles. At this point, the firms
need to refresh the brand image to keep the products relevant to the target market. A
clear objective must be set. For instance: what brand attributes do we want to create?
What do we want the brand to stand for? Repositioning This occurs when a firm aims to a
change a brand’s image, so that the brand appeals to a new target market. Twelve years
into its life cycle, McVie’s decided to reposition its Hobnobs biscuit brand. Hobnobs had
been positioned as a homely, quite healthy biscuit for middle-aged consumers. Research
pointed McVie’s in a new direction: younger, more male, and less dull. So new packaging
was designed and then launched in conjunction with a new, brighter advertising campaign.
In 2013 Hobnobs sales were worth 36 million pounds, 9 percent up on the previous year.
23. The city of London:

Who would have thought back in 1698, as they downed their espressos, that the little
band of stockbrokers from Jonathan's Coffee House in Change Alley EC3 would be the
founder members of what would become the world's mighty money capital? Progress was
not entirely smooth. The South Sea Bubble burst in 1720 and the coffee house exchanges
burned down in 1748. As late as Big Bang in 1986, when bowler hats were finally hung up,
you wouldn't have bet the farm on London surpassing New York, Frankfurt and Tokyo as
Mammon's international nexus. Yet the 325,000 souls who operate in the UK capital's
financial hub have now overtaken their New York rivals in size of the funds managed
(including offshore business); they hold 70% of the global secondary bond market and the
City dominates foreign exchange trading. And its institutions paid out £9 billion in bonuses
in December. The Square Mile has now spread both eastwards from EC3 to Canary Wharf
and westwards into Mayfair, where many of the private equity 'locusts' and their hedge
fund pals now hang out.

24. Brain mechanism:

It’s important to realize that the brain doesn't see the world around it simply as though
the scene was projected onto a cinema screen on the inside of your skull. Before a scene
can be observed "in your head" it has to be broken down into a number of different
components for processing, and these components then have to be recombined into the
meaningful form that we call "an image". Amongst other things, the scene is broken down
into its different colors — red, green and blue — in a way that's analogous to the manner
in which a television image or magazine photograph is broken down into tiny dots of
primary colors (which are too small to be noticed individually when we look at them, but
which when seen collectively give the impression of a continuous full colour image).
However, unlike and magazine images, the image that we see with our eyes is broken
down not only into separate colour components but into other components too. It is,
rather incredibly, deconstructed into component parts such as horizontal lines, vertical
lines, circles and so on. Each of these component parts is sent to a separate area of the
brain for processing, with the different components of the scene only merging again when
they are unified into what you perceive as the image.

25. Parent’s born order:

Parents' own born order can become an issue when dynamics in the family they are raising
replicate the family in which they were raised. Agati notes common examples, such as a
firstborn parent getting into "raging battles" with a firstborn child. "Both are used to
getting the last word. Each has to be right. But the parent has to be the grown up and
step out of that battle," he advises. When youngest children become parents, Agati
cautions that because they "may not have had high expectations placed on them, they in
turn may not see their kids for their abilities." But he also notes that since youngest
children tend to be more social, "youngest parents can be helpful to their firstborn, who
may have a harder time with social situations. These parents can help their eldest kids
loosen up and not be so hard on themselves. Mom Susan Ritz says her own birth order
didn't seem to affect her parenting until the youngest of her three children, Julie, was
born. Julie was nine years younger than Ritz's oldest, Joshua, mirroring the age difference
between Susan and her own older brother. "I would see Joshua do to Julie what my
brother did to me," she says of the taunting and teasing by a much older sibling." I had to
try not to always take Julie's side." Biases can surface no matter what your own birth
position was, as Lori Silverstone points out. "As a middle myself, I can be harder on my
older daughter. I recall my older sister hitting me," she says of her reactions to her
daughters' tussles.

26. Children watching TV:

Why and to what extent should parents control their children’s TV watching? There is
certainly nothing inherently wrong with TV. The problem is how much television a child
watches and what effect it has on his life. Research has shown that as the child watches
and what effect it has on his life. Research has shown that as the amount of time spent
watching TV goes up, the amount of time devoted not only to homework and study but
other important aspects of life such as social development and physical activities
decreases. Television is bound to have it tremendous impact on a child, both in terms of
how many hours a week he watches TV and of what he sees. When a parent is concerned
about the effects of television, he should consider a number of things: what TV offers the
child in terms of information and knowledge, how many hours a week a youngster his age
should watch television, the impact of violence and sex, and the influence of commercials.
What about the family as a whole? Is the TV set a central piece of furniture in your home!
Is it flicked on the moment someone enters the empty house? Is it on during the daytime?
Is it part of the background notice of your family life? Do you demonstrate by your own
viewing that television should be watched selectively?

27. Grass Cow:

The co-evolutionary relationship between cows and grass is one of nature’s

underappreciated wonders; it also happens to be the key to understanding just about
everything about modern meat. For the grasses, which have evolved to withstand the
grazing of ruminants, the cow maintains and expands their habitat by preventing trees and
shrubs from gaining a foothold and hogging the sunlight; the animal also spreads grass
seed, plants it with his hooves, and then fertilizes it with his manure. In exchange for
these services the grasses offer ruminants a plentiful and exclusive supply of lunch. For
cows (like sheep, bison, and other ruminants) have evolved the special ability to convert
grass – which single-stomached creatures like us can’t digest – into high-quality protein.
They can do this because they possess what is surely the most highly evolved digestive
organ in nature: the rumen. About the size of a medicine ball, the organ is essentially a
forty-five-gallon fermentation tank in which a resident population of bacteria dines on
grass.

28. Tax on meat:

A day would come, Percy Shelley predicted in 1813, when "the monopolizing eater of
animal flesh would no longer destroy his constitution by eating an acre at a meal". He
explained: "The quantity of nutritious vegetable matter consumed in fattening the carcass
of an ox would afford 10 times the sustenance if gathered immediately from the bosom of
the earth." Two hundred years later, mainstream agronomists and dietitians have caught
up with the poet. A growing scientific consensus agrees that feeding cereals and beans to
animals is an inefficient and extravagant way to produce human food, that there is a
limited amount of grazing land, that the world will be hard-pressed to supply a predicted
population of 9 billion people with a diet as rich in meat as the industrialized world
currently enjoys, and that it's not a very healthy diet anyway. On top of this, livestock
contribute significantly towards global warming, generating 14.5% of all manmade
greenhouse gas emissions, according to one much-quoted estimate from the United
Nations. Now that the problem has been identified, the challenge is to persuade people in
wealthy countries to eat less meat. That might seem a tall order, but governments have
successfully persuaded people to quit smoking through a combination of public
information, regulation and taxation.

29. Modern Art:

Today we’re going to continue our discussion of modern art and talk about Charles Cursi.
Charles Cursi has been a part of many modern art movements, He’s worked in Pop Art,
Cubism, and Conceptual Art, but made his mark as a pioneer in computer art. Even long
before computers became popular, he was punching card and feeding them into the big
mainframe computer at Ohio State University. In the beginning, he had to work without a
monitor, so he was virtually creating art in the dark. He even learned computer
programming so he could experiment with this new tool. Through the computer, Cursi has
been able to explore a new world of possibilities. For example, the computer enables him
to sculpt in three dimensions, Also the can look at a sculpture from any angle, and move it
around, change the location of the light source, or he can copy it in different colours. Over
the years, Cursi received numerous grants for various projects. Even though he uses
modern technology, Cursi still insists he is creating art. He’s always told his students to
keep the issues of art in focus, and not get so caught up in the technology that you forget
about the image.

30. Animals:

Far too many people often say things like animals do this but we don’t Or this animal does
this and that animal does this, but the humans don’t do things like that. Those statements
have some assumptions like we are not animals. When we say animal do this, animals do
that, we often assume they are not animal. If we are not animals, what are we? Are we
plants or trees or flowers? No, we are not. Then okay we are not plants? And are we
microorganisms, really tiny microscopic things? No, we are not Then the natural conclusion
must be we are not living things. That’s not true. Yes, we are animals and I see animals in
us and I see humans in animals. So I’m going to talk about the animal behaviour and
human nature. In order to understand human nature, we can look into animal’s eyes and
animal behaviours and find something about what made us, who we are.
Essay:

1. Television serves many functions. Watching TV makes us relax. We can learn knowledge
and information from TV programs. Besides, TV can also be seen as a companion. To what
extent do you agree with this?

2. In this technological world, the number of new inventions has been increasing. Please
describe a new invention, and determine whether it will bring advantages or
disadvantages.

3. Nowadays, more and more people engage in dangerous activities, such as sky diving and
motorcycling. Are you in favour of them? Use examples to support your opinion.

4. Nowadays, people believe that the environment influences their accomplishments. Some
people think their success and accomplishment were influenced by the places where they
grew up. Do you think the environment does or does not affect people's accomplishment
and how it affects?

5. Should individuals limit the use of cars and use alternatives instead to protect the
environment?

6. With enough amount of motivation and practice, people can learn anything that the
experts teach in the classroom. Do you believe or not?

7. “The only thing that interferes with my learning is education.” – Albert Einstein. What did
he mean by that? Do you think he is correct?

8. In some countries around the world, voting is compulsory. Do you believe with the notion
of compulsory voting?

9. Learning a new language at an early age is helpful for children. It is more positive for their
future prospects, though it can also have some adverse effects. Do you believe or
disbelieve?

10.There are both problems and benefits for high school students study plays and works of
theatres written centuries ago. Discuss and use your own experience.

11.Communication has changed significantly in the last 10 years. Discuss the positive and
negative impacts of this change.

12.Space travel is fantastic these days, but there are many issues – such as environmental
problems – that we should be focusing on. What are your views on the allocation of public
funding?

13.Nowadays, people believe that environment influence their accomplishment. Some people
think their success and accomplishment were influenced by the places where they grew
 up. Do you think the environment does or does not affect people’s accomplishment and
how it affects?

14.As national services, which one deserve to receive more financial support, education or
health?

15.Some people think schools should group students according to their academic abilities
while others think students can achieve better performance in mixed groups. Discuss both
opinions and give your own opinion.

16.How does the design of building affect, either positively or negatively, where people work
and live?

17.The world’s governments and organizations are facing a lot of issues. Which do you think
is the most pressing problem for the inhabitants on our planet and give the solution?

18.Should parents be held legally responsible for the actions of their children? Do you believe
with this opinion? Support your position with your own study, experience or observations.

19.Advertising may make people buy something they don’t need or cannot afford, but also,
they can convey information to increase their life quality. What is your opinion?

20.The medical technology is responsible for increasing the average life expectancy. Do you
think it is a curse or a blessing?

21.Students can obtain information of academic subject from online, the printed books and
articles, and discussion with their teachers and their peers. Which one is the most reliable
source?

22.A healthy diet is more important for keeping fit than exercise. To what extent do you
believe with this statement? Give example or personal experiences.

23.Many people choose to immigrate to other countries. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of living in a foreign country? Discuss with your own experience.

24.There are both problems and benefits for high school students study plays and works of
theatres written centuries ago. Discuss and use your own experience.

25.Some universities deduct students’ work if assignment is given late. What is your opinion
and suggest some alternative actions?

26.Some people argue that science is more important than arts. What is your opinion?

27.Lifestyle influence people’s health. Talk about what political services could help.

28.Do you think experiential learning is beneficial in high schools or colleges?

29.We have entered a throw-away society and fill the environment with rubbish. What are the
causes and what are your solutions?

30.In order to study effectively, it requires comfort, peace and time. So it is impossible for a
student to combine learning and employment at the same time, because one distracts the
other. Is it realistic to combine them at the same time in our life today? Support your
opinion with examples.

31.Some people claim that digital age has made us lazier, others claim it has made us more
knowledgeable. Discuss both opinions, use your own experience to support.

32.Online materials like music, movies are accessible at no cost. Do you think online material
should be accessed at no cost? Support.

33.Teenagers should receive lessons on principles of personal finance, such as investing and
debt. To what extent do you believe with this statement?

34.For children, use films to study is as important as study literature. To what extent do you
believe?

35.Some people claim that instead of having to prepare for huge numbers of exams in school,
children should learn more. To what extent do you believe with this statement? Use your
own experience to support your ideas.

36.There are more and more situations using credit cards instead of cash. It seems that
cashless society is becoming a reality. How realistic do you think it is? And do you think it
brings benefits or problems?

37.Some people said creativity is something a person was born with. Others thought
creativity can be taught and developed. What’s your opinion? Explain.

38.Is a competitive environment in school or university good or bad? Discuss and give your
own experiences as examples.

39.Nowadays television has become an essential part of life. It is a medium for disseminating
news and information, and for some it acts as a companion. What is your opinion about
this?

40.It is often argued that studying overseas is overrated. There are many scholars who study
locally. Is travel really necessary for a better education?

41.Climate change is a concerning global issue. Who should take the responsibilities,
governments, big companies or individuals?
42.Some people think human behaviors can be limited by laws, others think laws have little
effect. What is your opinion?

43.Mass media, including TV and newspaper, have a great influence on humans, particularly
on the younger generation. It has a pivotal role in shaping people's opinions. Discuss the
extent you believe or disbelieve. Use your own experience or examples.

44.Tourism is good for some less developed countries, but also has some disadvantages.
Discuss.

45.The mass media, including TV, radio and newspapers, influences our society and shapes
our opinions and characters. What is your opinion?

46.Some people argue that experience is the best teacher. Life experiences can teach more
effectively than books or formal school education. How far do you believe with this idea?
Support your opinion with reasons and/or your personal experience.

47.As cities expanding, some people claim governments should look forward creating better
networks of public transportation available for everyone rather than building more roads
for vehicle owning population. What’s your opinion? Give some examples or experience to
support.

48.The time people devote in job leaves very little time for personal life. How widespread is
the problem? What problem will this shortage of time cause?

49.When you look for work, some people think salary is more important while others think
work condition is more important. Which one is more important when you are looking for a
job?

50.Students should choose a subject that is better to future employee rather than a subject
they are interested in. What’s your opinion?
Reorder Paragraph:

1)

(A) But we cannot deny the advantages of technology, for example, phones have brought the
world closer.
(B) Technology has both advantages and disadvantages.
(C) For example, phones are known to cause problems due to radiation.
(D) I think it all boils down to how we use a particular technology.
(E) Some people also make phone calls while driving, which cause incidents.

Answer: BCEAD

2)

(A)Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as early at 1550.
(B) The flange was a groove that allowed the wheels to better grip the rail, this was an
important design that carried over to later locomotives.
(C) By 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts.
(D) In 1789, Englishman, William Jessup designed the first wagons with flanged wheels.
(E) These primitive railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or
carts moved with greater ease than over dirt roads.Wagonways were the beginnings of
modern railroads.

Answer: AECDBE

3)

(A) Increased glaciation and storms also had a devastating impact on those that lived near
glaciers and the sea.
(B) Western Europe experienced a general cooling of the climate between the years 1150 and
1460 and a very cold climate between 1560 and 1850 that brought dire consequences to its
peoples.
(C) In addition to increasing grain prices and lower wine production, there were many
instances of economic impact by the dramatic cooling of the climate.
(D) The major impact was seen in the inflation of the basic commodities and the wine
industry.
(E) The colder weather impacted agriculture, health, economics, social, strife, and even art
and literature.

Answer: BEADC

4)

(A) The consequence is that refugee acceptance is slowing down.

(B) Australian immigration policy was relatively loose before.
(C) We accept more refugees than we were expected.
(D) At the same time, new refugee policies have been changed secretly.
(E) Because of the election, refugee applications are extended.

Answer: BCEDA

5)

(A) My study of the history of religion has revealed that human beings are spiritual animals.
Indeed, there is a case for arguing that Homo sapiens is also Homo religious.
(B) This was not simply because they wanted to propitiate powerful forces.
(C) These early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that seems always to have been an
essential component of the human experience of this beautiful yet terrifying world.
(D) Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became recognizably human;
they created religions at the same time as they created works of art.

Answer: ADBC

6)

(A) That has been the recipe for private-equity groups during the past 20 years.
(B) Leave to cook for five years and you have a feast of profits.
(C) Add some generous helping of debt, a few spoonfuls of management incentives and trim
all the fat.
(D) Take an underperforming company.

Answer: DCBA

7)

(A) They (managers) should avoid this phenomenon. because this is not good for the
company.
(B) Many managers find the employee's performance column is decreasing.
(C) And they went home very late, some even overwork.
(D) They go to work very early, from 7:00 am to 8:00 am.
(E) Because of great demand, more and more employees are putting themselves into the
limit.

Answer: EDCBA

8)

(A) As a boy, Alex used to collect insects and dead animals and bury them in the black yard.
Death and the spirit are themes in his artwork even to this day.
(B) Today we’d like to feature a unique artist. His name is Alex Grey and once you see his
paintings, you will never forget them.
(C) However, there seem to have been many major influences on Alex’s artwork, which made
him one of the most talented artists in his adult life.
(D) Alex grew up in Columbus, Ohio in the 1950s and 60s. His father was a graphic designer,
who taught Alex how to draw.

Answer: BDAC

9)

(A) The source should be cited under APA guidelines, and the final draft should be written in
APA styles.
(B) The topic you choose should be supported by a range of sources.
(C) A requirement of humanities 104 is to write a persuasive paper on a topic of your choice.
(D) The final draft is due one week before the final exam.

Answer: CBAD

10)

(A) Reread with the idea that you are measuring what you have gained from the process.
(B) It is a review of what you are supposed to accomplish not what you are going to do.
(C) A review is a survey of what you have covered.
(D)Rereading is an important part of the review process.

Answer: CBDA

11)

(A) All guests bring a used T-shirt that they slept in the night before.
(B) Other guests smell the shirts and if they like what they smell, they have a chance to meet
the shirt’s owner.
(C) Scientists have been researching pheromones for years, but recently some people have
started to hold pheromone parties in Los Angeles and New York. The rule is simple to come
for the party.
(D) T-shirts are separated into plastic bags with numbers.

Answer: CADB

12)

A) The only way in which this problem can be solved is by making artificial blood which has
remained a distant dream for science.
B) Donation of blood is considered to be the most noble of the charities.
C) If they succeed, it would be noted as one of the most important inventions in the history of
mankind.
D) This is because this donated magic potion can give life to another person in an emergency.
E) A group of scientists, however, has dedicated themselves towards making this a reality.
F) A growing problem, however, is that the requirement for sale blood is increasing whereas,
the number of donors is decreasing.
Answer: BDFAEC

13)

(A) Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing their bad
practices.
(B) Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than it was when
foreign aid routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.
(C) Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously inspected by
watchdog groups.
(D) At the beginning of the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.

Answer: DACB

14)

(A) During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the mail under any
circumstances.
(B)He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield. Illinois, Peoria, and Chicago.
(C)After a crash, he even salvaged bags of mail from his burning aircraft and immediately
phoned Alexander Varney, Peoria's airport manager, to advise him to send a truck.
(D) After finishing first in his pilot training class. Lindbergh took his first job as the chief pilot
of an airmail route operated by Robertson’s Aircraft Co. of Lambert Field in St. Louis,
Missouri.

Answer: DBAC

15)

A) At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for smaller commuter planes,
making it possible to serve small-volume routes in a much wider range of weather conditions.
B) By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet,
though the first widely used passenger jet was the Boeing 707, because it was much more
economical than other aircraft at that time.
C) After World War II, especially in North America, there was a boom in general aviation, both
private and commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from military service and many
inexpensive war-surplus transport and training aircraft became available.
D) Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to provide light
aircraft for the new middle-class market.

Answer: CDBA

16)

A) However, the floor of the Atlantic is becoming fairly well known as a result of special
surveys since 1920.
B) A broad, well-defined ridge-the Mid-Atlantic ridge-runs north and south between Africa and
the two Americas. Numerous other major irregularities diversify the Atlantic floor.
C) Closely spaced soundings show that many parts of the oceanic floors are rugged as
mountainous regions of the continents.
D) The topography of the ocean floors is none too well known, since in great areas the
available soundings are hundreds or even thousands of miles apart.
E) Use of the recently perfected method of echo sounding is rapidly enlarging our knowledge
of submarine topography.
F) During World War II great strides were made in mapping submarine surfaces, particularly
in many parts of the vast pacific basin.

Answer: DABCEF

17)

A) These new super-Earths have radii of 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.9 times that of Earth.
B) Four of these planets are so-called super-Earths, larger than our own planet, but smaller
than even the smallest ice giant planet in our Solar System.
C) A team of scientists has discovered two Earth-like planets in the habitable orbit of a
Sunlike star.
D) In addition, one of the five was a roughly Mars-sized planet, half the size of Earth.
E) Using observations gathered by NASA's Kepler Mission, the team found five planets
orbiting a Sun-like star called Kepler-62.

Answer: CEBAE

18)

A) In the 1960s and 1970s, corporations were in a state of denial regarding their impact on
the environment.
B) The environmental revolution has been almost three decades in the making, and it has
changed forever how companies do business.
C) Then a series of highly visible ecological problems created a groundswell of support for
strict government regulation.
D) In the United States, Lake Erie was dead. In Europe, the Rhine was on fire. In Japan,
people were dying of mercury poisoning.
E) Today many companies have accepted their responsibility to do no harm to the
environment.

Answer: BACDE

19)

A) Meanwhile, the world had woken up to the potential of atomic energy and countries were
conducting testes to exploit the same.
B) But Polish forces could not defend a long border.
C) They lacked compact defence lines and additionally their supply lines were also poorly
protected.
D) In the beginning, Britain and France were hopeful that Poland should be able to defend her
borders.
E) German invasion of Poland officially triggered the Second World War.

Answer: EDBCA

20)

A) This should make the town receptive to Democrats, but Mr Trump easily won the county of
which it forms part.
B) Liberal is conservative in a moderate Midwestern kind of way which is changing fast due to
big National Beef Packing plant which relies on Hispanic migrants and thus four-fifths of the
children in Liberal’s public-school system are Hispanic.
C) The town of Liberal is said to have been named for an early settler famous among
travellers for being free with drinking water.
D) Liberal’s mayor, Joe Denoyer, who was raised in a Democratic family near Chicago and
moved to Liberal in search of work.
E) Mr Denoyer voted for Mr Trump by being impressed by his promise, though he thinks it
unlikely that the president will keep his promises.

Answer: CBADE

21)

A) These rails were too fragile to carry heavy loads, but because the initial construction cost
was less, this method was sometimes used to quickly build an inexpensive rail line.
B) Early rails were used on horse drawn wagon ways originally with wooden rails, but from
the 1760s using strap-iron rails, which consisted of thin strips of cast iron fixed onto wooden
rails.
C) These were superseded by cast iron rails that were flanged (i.e. 'L' shaped) and with the
wagon wheels flat.
D) However, the long-term expense involved in frequent maintenance outweighed any
savings.
E) The first steel rails were made in 1857 by Robert Forester Mushet, who laid them at Derby
station in England. Steel is a much stronger material, which steadily replaced iron for use on
railway rail and allowed much longer lengths of rails to be rolled.
F) An early proponent of this design was Benjamin Outram. His partner William Jessop
preferred the use of "edge rails" in 1789 where the wheels were flanged and, over time, it
was realised that this combination worked better.

Answer: BADCFE

22)

A) This is especially true when employees are working with a large number of partners.
B) Employees may meet troubles such as contacting and organizing a date and time,
arranging accommodation, etc.
C) People always think it’s easy to organize a meeting. However, there are many potentials
can hinder the starting time.
D) In addition, sometimes you have to find children facility or other health care for the
meeting participants.

Answer: CABD

23)

A) Restaurants and school cafeteria adjust and amend their menus to adapt to this special
diet.
B) This diet is not only unattractive, but also may cause nutritional imbalance if not managed
well.
C) Menus in all of these places have become more balance in nutrients, and also attract those
who are not vegetarians.
D) Vegetarians do not eat meat or fish in their diet.
E) These developments/improvements won’t succeed without the effort of vegetarians.

Answer: DBACE

24)

A) When the clot is formed, it will stay in the blood vessels.

B) The clot in blood vessels will block blood flow.
C) Heart attack is the caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot.
D) Without the normal blood flow, it will cause muscle contraction.

Answer: CABD

25)

A) They may choose a university because of its interesting courses or perhaps because they
like the country and its language.
B) All over the world students are changing countries for their university studies.
C) Some students go overseas because they love travel.
D) Whatever the reason, thousands of students each year make their dreams of a university
education come true.
E) They don't all have the same reasons for going or for choosing a particular place to study.

Answer: BEACD

26)

A) But no one would deny that mobile phones can help us to make a phone call when we are
under a crisis.
B) Mobile phones, for example, can cause incidents if drivers insist on talking on the phone
instead of looking at roads.
C) I think we should be wary of the reporting of science - it is often over-dramatized in order
to secure an audience - but not of science itself.
D) In other words I firmly believe that the development of science and the extension of
understanding is a public good.
E) Of course, there may be the extremely rare example of scientific dishonesty, which will be
seized upon by the news organisations, but the role of science within modern society remains
valuable.

Answer: CEBAD

27)

A) There are, however, challenges associated with the political acceptability of carbon pricing.
B) There is a growing consensus that, if serious action is to be taken to reduce greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions in Canada, a price must be applied to those emissions.
C) Even if other countries act in concert with Canada to price carbon, the effects will be
uneven across sectors, and lobbying efforts by relatively more-affected sectors might
threaten the political viability of the policy.
D) If Canada implements a carbon price on its own, there are worries that Canadian factories
will relocate to other countries to avoid the regulation.

Answer: BADC

28)

A) Some perspectives ultimately are not included.

B) Although experts like journalists are expected to be unbiased, they inevitably share the
system biases of the disciplines and cultures in which they work.
C) Practically speaking, however, it is about as easy to present all sides of an issue as it is to
invite all candidates from all political parties to a presidential debate.
D) Journalists try to be fair and objective by presenting all sides of a particular issues.

Answer: BDCA

29)

A) It depends on how specialized they have become during the course of evolution.
B) The non-specialists, however, the opportunists of the animal world, can never afford to
relax.
C) All animals have a strong exploratory urge, but for some it is more crucial than others.
D) If they have put all their effort into the perfection of one survival trick, they do not bother
so much with the general complexities of the world around them.
E) So long as the ant eater has its ants and the koala bear is gum leaves, then they are
satisfied and the living is easy.
Answer: CABDE

30)

A) By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical reasoning, few

people learn to paint well, and many people cannot carry a tune.
B) For one thing, the use of language is universal—all normally developing children learn to
speak at least one language, and many learn more than one.
C) It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and other cognitive
skills, because language stands apart in several ways.
D) But just the opposite is true—language is one of the most complex of all human cognitive
abilities.
E) Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand language, it may seem
to be simple.

Answer: CBAED

31)

A) The Final draft is due one week before the final exam.
B) The source should be cited under APA guidelines, and the final draft should be written in
APA styles.
C) The topic you chose should be supported by a range of sources.
D) A requirement of Humanities 104 is to write a persuasive paper on a topic of your choice.

Answer: DCDA

32)

A) Inevitably, these discussions focus on present-day dilemmas.

B) But the issue themselves are not new and have historical roots that go much deeper than
have been acknowledged.
C) It is also a recurrent theme in the press, from the highbrow pages of Prospect to the
populism of the Daily Mail.
D) In the early years of the twenty-first century the impact of immigrants on the welfare state
and, specifically, the capacity of the welfare state it absorb large number of immigrants has
become a staple of discussion among policy makers and politicians.

Answer: DCAB

33)

A) Indian businessmen have used IT to create new business models that enable them to
provide services in a more cost-effective way.
B) Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it is to IT skills, says Arun
Maria, Chairman of Boston Consulting Group in India.
C) "This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world without having to produce
them myself, says Mr. Maria.
D) He suggests the country's computer services industry can simply outsource research to
foreign universities if the capability is not available locally.
E) This is not something that necessarily requires expensive technical research.

Answer: BAEDC

34)
A) In the northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in order to gain
speed and save fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.
B) Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging from 7 to 8 mi
(11.3 12.9 km) above the surface of the earth.
C) Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether tail winds or
head winds are encountered.
D) Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike fashion; the
waves propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds considerably slower than
the wind speed itself.
E) They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air masses. There are
four major jet streams.

Answer: BEDCA

35)
A) But just the opposite is true language is one of the most complex of all human cognitive
abilities.
B) Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand language, it may seem
to be simple.
C) For one thing, the use of language is universal al normally developing children learn to
speak at least one language, and many learn more than one.

D) By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical reasoning, few

people learn to paint well, and many people cannot carry a tune.
E) It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and other cognitive
skills, because language stand apart in several ways.

Answer: ECDBA

36)
A. Her comprehension of language is therefore very high.
B. Children who are read to in these years have a far better chance of reading well in school,
indeed, of doing well in all their subject.
C. The read-to child already has a large vocabulary and a sense of grammar and sentence
structure.
D. According to recent research, that critical period for developing language skills is between
the ages of three and five and a half years.
E. This correlation is far and away the highest yet found between home influences and school
success.
F. And the reason is actually quite simple
Answer: DBEFCA

36)
A. They can be surprised by the results.
B. But a growing number of companies are setting up schemes to recruit young works.
C. Employers are often reluctant to hire young people, even though there are more than
850.000 unemployed 16 to 24-year-olds and UK businesses are struggling to fill one in five
vacancies because of skills shortages.
D. They are skeptical about young people’s skills and their readiness for work.

Answer: CDBA

37)
A. Moving to a mayor-led district can also help spur innovation and advancement.
B. Mayoral control of schools can be effective.
C. In cities with lagging student achievement, getting more engagement from mayors or
increasing their authority over schools could be part of the solution.
D. Mayor-controlled districts have seen improved student achievement across all subject and
student groups.

Answer: BDAC

38)
A. When Vijay Govindarajan and Christian Sarkar wrote a blog entry on Harvard Business
Review in August 2010 mooting the idea of a “300-house for the poor”, they were merely
expressing a suggestion.
B. Nonetheless, they closed their blog with a challenge: “we ask chief executives,
government, NGOs, foundations: Are there any takers?”
C. Who could create a house for $300 and if it was possible, why hadn’t it been done before?
D. Of course, the idea we present here is an experiment,” wrote Prof Govindarajan and
Christian Sarkar, - an almost apologetic disclaimer for having such a “far-out” idea.

Answer: ADCB

39)

A. The non-specialists, however, the opportunists of the animal world, can never afford to
relax.
B. So long as the ant eater had its ants and the koala bear had gum leaves, then they are
satisfied and the living is easy.
C. All animals have a strong exploratory urge, but for some it is more crucial than others.
D. It depends on how specialized they have become during the course of evolution.
E. If they have put all their efforts into the perfection of one survival trick, they do not bother
so much with the general complexities of the world around them.

Answer: CDEBA
40)
A. As a result, some people believe it is now time to re-assess many companies in terms of
the standards they agreed to some years ago.
B. Whether these systems have been maintained seems questionable. Particularly as
contracts depend so heavily on efficiency and quick sales.
C. In the late 1900s. Food manufacturers were challenged by the organic community to
ensure they were using ingredients that had been produced in natural healthy ways.
D. Over the last half-century, farming has become a driving force in the world’s food market.
E. It was a time when managers had to take a critical look at every aspect of their production
process and make improvements where necessary.

Answer: DCEBA

41)

A. I flap them so to make sure they are safely there on either side of my head.
B. I keep on flapping my big ears all day.
C. However. I know what I am doing.
D. They also dear that I will flip them all away.
E. But children wonder why I flap them so.

Answer: BEDCA

42)

A. It is not as simple as it appears.

B. Motivation practices and theories are difficult subjects relying several disciplines.
C. The job of a manager in the workplace is to get things done through employees.
D. To do this, the manager should be able to motivate his/her employees.

Answer: CDAB

43)

A. People always think it is easy to organize a meeting; however, are many potentials can
hinder the starting time.
B. Employees may meet troubles such as contacting and organizing a date and time,
arranging accommodations, etc.
C. This is especially true when employees are working with a large number of partners.
D. In addition, sometimes you have to find children facility or other health care for the
meeting participants.

Answer: ACBD

44)
A. They think it is like a small lecture where the tutor gives them information.
B. Many students sit in a tutorial week after week without saying anything.
C. Even if students do know what a tutorial is for, there can be other reasons why they keep
quiet.
D. Many they do not know the purpose of a tutorial.
E. Why is that?

Answer: BEDAC

45)

A. Now in her third year of study, the Monash Abroad program will see her completer four
units of study in the US before returning to Australia in May 2009.
B. There she completed diploma that enabled her to enter Monash University.
C. Ne (Tan), an international student from Shanghai, Chain began her Monash journey at
Monash College in October 2006.
D. Mechanical engineering student Ne Tan is spending the first semester of this year studying
at the University of California, Berkeley as part of the Monash Abroad program.

Answer: DCBA

46)

A. Yet it threw the older medium crisis, removing at a stroke painting’s unique capacity to
bear witness.
B. How these two medina leapfrogged through the Victorian age, defining themselves against
one another, is the subject of Tate Britain’s exhibition Painting with Light.
C. Photography, from its appearance in 1839, looked to painting for fundamental models of
depiction.
D. Dependence, rivalry, envy, emulation: painting and photography, like members of a
dysfunctional yet inseparable family, just cannot cast off lineages of influence and
appropriation.

Answer: DCAB

47)
A. Back in 2008 a small company in San Francisco called Airbnb had a dream.
B. Fast Forward to 2016 and the big, successful Airbnb is considered a mainstay of what we
now call “the sharing economy”.
C. People with spare bedrooms would welcome strangers into their homes and share
restaurant recommendations with them for a small fee.
D. It is also the business that defines the mentality of the millennial generation.

Answer: ACBD

48)

A. To find out if sea lives is as diverse as land lives, some biologists stared to do a research.
B. They had spent 3 years counting all living beings that they can count.
C. The range is extremely wide, from those ones in the history to the ones in restaurants.
D. This complicated analysis was published in a journal.
Answer: ABCD

49)
A. In the last few years, we started to connect everyday objects using machine-to-machine
(M2M) technologies, to create the internet of Things.
B. Decades ago, we connected computers and got today’s powerful internet.
C. But what dons this really mean to you your company and your country?
D. What are the possibilities offers, and the threats it poses?

Answer: BACD

50)

A. The movement also create gaps in tectonic plates, which reduce the mantle beneath.
B. This leads the tectonic plate on top to slowly jostle one another.
C. Mantle makes up 84 percent of Earth’s volume, and thought it’s solid rock, over the course
of millions of years, it behaves like a liquid.
D. The buildup and sudden release of friction from this movement can cause earthquakes.

Answer: CBDA
Reading and Writing: Fill in the Blanks:

1)
Friedman showed that, while people do save more when they earn more, it is only to spend
later. Those in work save against a time of sickness, unemployment or old age – but because
the sick, unemployed and elderly spend their savings, overall consumption does not fall as
people get richer.

1) further, only, about, waiting

2) against, for, about, on
3) spend, are spending, were spending, had spent
4) expenditure, utilization, consumption, revenue

2)
A mini helicopter modelled on flying tree seeds could soon be flying overhead. Evan Ulrich
and colleagues at the University of Maryland in College Park turned to the biological world for
inspiration to build a scaled—down helicopter that could mimic the properties of full—size
aircraft. The complex design of full—size helicopters gets less efficient when shrunk,
meaning that standard mini helicopters expend most of their power simply fighting to stay
stable in the air. The researchers realised that a simpler aircraft designed to stay stable
passively would use much less power and reduce manufacturing costs to boot. It turns out
that nature had beaten them to it. The seeds of trees such as the maple have a single—
blade structure that allows them to fly far away and drift safely to the ground. These seeds,
known as samaras, need no engine to spin through the air, thanks to a process called
autorotation. By analysing the behaviour of the samara with high—speed cameras, Ulrich and
his team were able to copy its design.

1. turned to, came across, stayed within, dropped in

2. overhaul, gauge, imagination, design
3. denying, meaning, objecting, proving
4. never leads, will drive, had beaten, is holding
5. charges, pushes, allows, hampers
6. spin, fluctuate, drift, bob

3)
There has been increased research interest in the use of active video games (in which players
phy1111sically interact with images onscreen) as a means to promote physical activity in
children. The aim of this review was to assess active video games as a means of increasing
energy expenditure and physical activity behavior in children. Studies were obtained from
computerized searches of multiple electronic bibliographic databases. The last search was
conducted in December 2008. Eleven studies focused on the quantification of the energy cost
associated with playing active video games, and eight studies focused on the utility of active
video games as an intervention to increase physical activity in children. Compared with
traditional non-active video games, active video games elicited greater energy expenditure,
which was similar in intensity to mild to moderate intensity physical activity. The intervention
studies indicate that active video games may have the potential to increase free-living
physical activity and improve body composition in children; however, methodological
limitations prevent definitive conclusions. Future research should focus on larger,
methodologically sound intervention trials to provide definitive answers as to whether this
technology is effective in promoting long-term physical activity in children.

1. Promote, obstruct, examine, inspect

2. Promotion, intervention, development, revision
3. Reduce, consume, elicited, spread
4. Tissue, composition, nutrition, element
5. Definitive, positive, optimistic, optimal
6. Obstructing, assessing, reviewing, promoting

4)
A giant turtle made from discarded plastic trash will greet visitors to the British Science
Festival this week. The plastic containers, bottles and cups were collected locally in Hull,
where the event is taking place at the city's university. Standing 3.5m tall (11.5ft), the art
installation was commissioned by the University of Hull with the aim of raising awareness of
plastic waste. Professor Dan Parsons, director of the university's Energy and Environment
Institute, said: 'Marine pollution is a mounting global challenge, which is already having
devastating consequences. We have a duty to protect these fragile environments and the
marine life and ecosystems which we call home. The university has commissioned this
installation as a physical reminder of what is ending up in the oceans, but also to ask visitors
to campus to stop and think what they could do to try to reduce their own waste.'

1. has, being, have, was

2. only, already, otherwise, yet
3. settle, call, originate, go
4. reminder, receipt, reinforcement, recognition

5)
The process of delegation comprises the decision to delegate, the briefing, and the follow-
up. At each of these points, anticipate the potential problems. When you delegate, you
are delegating the right to perform an action, you are delegating the right to make
decisions. It is important to be flexible, as the person to whom you delegate may have a
better and faster way of completing a job than you. Despite all these, you retain the
overall responsibility. It is helpful to others if you can provide constructive feedback on
their performance.

1. Learn, anticipate, summarize, think

2. Action, exercise, observation, execution
3. Smart, clever, feasible, flexible
4. Decision, complete, overall, major
5. More, constructive, critical, comprehensive

6)
Arbitration is a method of conflict resolution which, with more or less formalized mechanisms,
occurs in many political and legal spheres. There are two main characteristics to arbitration.
The first is that it is a voluntary process under which two parties in conflict agree between
themselves to be bound by the judgment of a third party which has no other authority over
them; the judgment, however, is not legally binding. The second is that there is usually no
clear body of law or set of rules that must apply; the arbitrator is free, subject to any prior
agreement with the conflicting parties, to decide on whatever basis of justice is deemed
suitable.

1. Concepts, characteristics, importance, impacts

2. Required, bound, bond, punished
3. Contents, phrases, body, sentences
4. Government, law, lawyer, regulation
5. Saying, instruction, reference, set
6. Agree, agreed, subjected, subject
7. Suitable, remarkable, predictable, capable

7)
Since the last papal reform, several proposals have been offered to make the Western
calendar more useful or regular. Very few reforms, such as the rather different decimal
French Republican and Soviet calendars, had gained official acceptance, but each was put
out of use shortly after its introduction.

1. arguments, essays, assumptions, proposals

2. expected, accomplished, overthrown, offered
3. portable, strict, regular, abnormal
4. accepted, accept, acceptance, accepting

8)
Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are qualified for jury service. A
jury is intended to be an impartial panel capable of reaching a verdict. There are often
procedures and requirements, including a fluent understanding of the language and the
opportunity to test juror’s neutrality or otherwise exclude jurors who are perceived as likely to
be less than neutral or partial to one side.

1. Qualified, equalled, capable, able

2. Used, intended, likely, failed
3. Steps, stages, procedures, necessities
4. Central, natural, supportive, neutral

9)
Scientists make observations, have assumptions and do experiments. After these have
been done, he got his results. Then there are a lot of data from scientists. The scientists
around the world have a picture of world.

1. Hypotheses, assumptions, thinking, principles

2. Experiments, assignments, thesis, essays
3. Evidence, numbers, proofs, results
4. Data, statistics, static, figure
5. View, look, picture, idea

10)
A herbal is a book of plants, describing their appearance, their properties and how they may
be used for preparing ointments and medicines. The medical use of plants is recorded on
fragments of papyrus and clay tablets from ancient Egypt, Samaria and China that date back
5,000 years but document traditions far older still. Over 700 herbal remedies were detailed in
the Papyrus Ebers, an Egyptian text written in 1500 BC. Around 65 BC, a Greek physician
called Dioscorides wrote a herbal that was translated into Latin and Arabic. Known as ‘De
materia medica’, it became the most influential work on medicinal plants in both Christian and
Islamic worlds until the late 17th century. An illustrated manuscript copy of the text made in
Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) survives from the sixth century. The first printed
herbals date from the dawn of European printing in the 1480s. They provided valuable
information for apothecaries, whose job it was to make the pills and potions prescribed by
physicians. In the next century, landmark herbals were produced in England by William
Turner, considered to be the father of British botany, and John Gerard, whose illustrations
would inspire the floral fabric, wallpaper and tile designs of William Morris four centuries
later.

1. Recorded, registered, kept, memorised

2. Moved, translated, interpreted, removed
3. Remains, survives, leaves, suffers
4. determined instructed, prescribed, pointed
5. stimulate simulate, wake, inspire

11)
English has been changing throughout its lifetime and it's still changing today. For most of us,
these changes are fine as long as they're well and truly in the past. Paradoxically, we can be
curious about word origins and the stories behind the structures we find in our language, but
we experience a queasy distaste for any change that might be happening right under our
noses. There are even language critics who are convinced that English is dying, or if not
dying at least being progressively crippled through long years of mistreatment.

1. scared, cranky, worried, curious

2. have, with scare, deal, experience
3. satisfied, persuaded, reassured, convinced
4. crippled, lost, disabled, dented

12)
SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on Friday at 1845 GMT
(1445 EDT), reaching orbit 9 minutes later. The rocket lofted an uncrewed mockup of
SpaceX's Dragon capsule, which is designed to one-day carry both crew and cargo to orbit.
This has been a good day for SpaceX and a promising development for the US human space
flight programme,' said Robyn Ringuette of SpaceX in a webcast of the launch. In a
teleconference with the media on Thursday, SpaceX's CEO, Paypal co-founder Elon Musk, said
he would consider the flight 100 percent successful if it reached orbit. ' Even if we prove out
just that the first stage functions correctly, I'd still say that's a good day for a test,' he said. '
It's a great day if both stages work correctly.' SpaceX hopes to win a NASA contract to
launch astronauts to the International Space Station using the Falcon 9. US government
space shuttles, which currently make these trips, are scheduled to retire for safety reasons
at the end of 2010.

1. setup, mockup, setting, base

2. promising, hopefully, rapid, encouraging
3. track, orbit, path, trajectory
4. trust, contract, support, arrangement
5. accelerate, launch, resign, retire

13)
Sales jobs allow for a great deal of discretionary time and effort on the part of the sales
representatives - especially when compared with managerial, manufacturing, and service
jobs. Most sales representatives work independently and outside the immediate presence of
their sales managers. Therefore, some form of goals needs to be in place to motivate and
guide their performance. Sales personnel are not the only professionals with performance
goals or quotas. Health care professionals operating in clinics have daily, weekly, and monthly
goals in terms of patient visits. Service personnel are assigned a number of service calls they
must perform during a set time period. Production workers in manufacturing have output
goals. So, why are achieving sales goals or quotas such a big deal? The answer to this
question can be found by examining how a firm's other departments are affected by how well
the company's salespeople achieve their performance goals. The success of the business
hinges on the successful sales of its products and services. Consider all the planning, the
financial, production and marketing efforts that go into producing what the sales force sells.
Everyone depends on the sales force to sell the company's products and services and they
eagerly anticipate knowing things are going.

1. Guide, mislead, stimulate, evaluate

2. Achieve, perform, finish, compete
3. hinges on, contributes to, leads to, results in
4. Producing, consuming, protecting, purchasing
5. What, where, when, that

14)
In an attempt to lure new students, leading business schools - including Harvard, Stanford,
the University of Chicago and Wharton – have moved away from the unofficial admissions and
prerequisite of four years’ work experience and instead have set their sights on recent
college graduates and so-called ‘early career ‘professionals with only a couple years of work
under the belt.

1. Lure, motivate, stimulate, encourage

2. Exclusion, prerequisite, offer, preliminary
3. Preferably, despite, instead, rather
4. Professionals, employees, graduates, elites
5. Belt, contract, experience, control

15)
School-to-work transition is a historically persistent topic of educational policymaking and
reform that impacts national systems of vocational education and training. The transition
process refers to a period between completion of general education and the beginning of
vocational education or the beginning of gainful employment as well as to training systems,
institutions, and programs that prepare young people for careers. The status passage of
youth from school-to-work has changed structurally under late modernism, and young people
are forced to adapt to changing demands of their environment especially when planning for
entry into the labour market. Since the transition to a job is seen as a major success in life,
youth who manage this step successfully are more optimistic about their future; till others
are disillusioned and pushed to the margins of society. While some young people have
developed successful strategies to cope with these requirements, those undereducated and
otherwise disadvantaged in society often face serious problems when trying to prepare for
careers. Longer transitions lead to a greater vulnerability and to risky behaviours.

1. Persistent, assistant, consistent, permitted

2. Transportation, transition, translation, transaction
3. Competition, inception, completion, complement
4. Deployment, experiment, empire, employment
5. Forced, willing, forward, desired
6. Diamonds, demands, supply, attitudes
7. Negative, passive, optimistic, neutral
8. Successive, success, successful, succeed
9. Disadvantaged, outstanding, advantaged, proficient
10. Risky, well, regulated, disciplined

16)
Over the past ten years, Australian overseas departures have grown from 1.7 million to 3.2
million. This represents strong average, annual growth of 6.5 per cent. This paper analyses
outbound travel demand to each destination country using the travel demand models of
shortterm resident departures. The models are specified in terms of a double logarithmic
linear functional form, with overseas departures as the dependent variable and real
household disposable income prices of travel and accommodation in Australia, and overseas
and the exchange rate as independent variables. The models were estimated using historical
time series data from 1973 to 1998. The data were obtained from several sources such as
the World Tourism Organization, Australian Bureau of Statistics, World Bank and International
Monetary Fund. The results suggest that the estimated elasticity parameters are consistent
with standard economic theory. The number of short-term resident departures is positively
influenced by per capita real household disposable income; and the price of domestic travel
and accommodation, and negatively influenced by the price of travel and accommodation
overseas. The estimated demand models were used to develop the Tourism Forecasting
Council’s long run forecasts. The forecasts suggest that the number of short-term resident
departures will increase strongly over the next ten years, largely due to the strength of the
Australian economy, competitive trove prices, and Australians’ interest in experiencing
different cultures and lifestyles.

1. Encourages, analyses, describes, facilitates

2. Variables, variation, varieties, variability
3. Sources, origins, resources, websites
4. Positively, hardly, significantly, negatively
5. Experiencing, celebrating, understanding, preserving

17)
All approaches aim to increase blood flow to areas of tension and to release painful knots of
muscle known as "trigger points". "Trigger points are tense areas of muscle that are almost
constantly contracting," says Kippen. "The contraction causes pain, which in turn causes
contraction, so you have a vicious circle. This is what deep tissue massage aims to break.
"The way to do this, as I found out under Ogedengbe's elbow, is to apply pressure to the
point, stopping the blood flow, and then to release, which causes the brain to flood the
affected area with blood, encouraging the muscle to relax. At the same time, says Kippen,
you can fool the tensed muscle into relaxing by applying pressure to a complementary one
nearby. "If you cause any muscle to contract, its opposite will expand. So you try to trick the
body into relaxing the muscle that is in spasm.”

1. Of, in, with, at

2. In, with, to, for
3. With, by, to, on
4. By, with, in, at
5. Into, with, on, at

18)
The most vital ingredient in Indian cooking, the basic element with which all dishes begin
and, normally, the cheapest vegetable available, the pink onion is an essential item in the
shopping basket of families of all classes. A popular saying holds that you will never starve
because you can always afford a roti (a piece of simple, flat bread) and an onion. But in
recent weeks, the onion has started to seem an unaffordable luxury for India's poor. Over
the past few days, another sharp surge in prices has begun to unsettle the influential urban
middle classes. The sudden spike in prices has been caused by large exports to neighboring
countries and a shortage of supply. With its capacity for bringing down governments and
scarring political careers, the onion plays an explosive role in Indian politics. This week
reports of rising onion prices have made front-page news and absorbed the attention of the
governing elite.

1. Vital, impressive, affordable, ordinary

2. Simple, basic, great, only
3. Material, luxury, element, ingredients

19)
Researchers already know that spending long periods of time in a zero-gravity environment
such as that inside the International Space Station (ISS) ---result in loss of bone density and
damage to the body’s muscles. That’s partly why stays aboard the ISS are limited at six
months. And now, a number of NASA astronauts are reporting that their 20/20 vision faded
after spending time in space, with many needing glasses once they returned to Earth.

1. Environment, climate, weather, planet

2. Damage, gain, recovery, enhancement
3. Muscles, development, action, flexibility
4. Allowed, limited, exceeded, excessive
5. Eye, ratio, sight, vision

20)
Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intense
scrutiny. Inter-city train journeys and long-haul flights to conduct face-to-face business
meetings contribute significantly to greenhouse gases and the resulting strain on the
environment. The Anglo-US company Teliris has introduced a new video-conferencing
technology and partnered with the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling corporate outfits to
become more environmentally responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-face
meetings to be held across continents without the time pressure or environmental burden of
international travel. Previous designs have enabled video-conferencing on a point-to-point,
dual-location basis. The firm's VirtuaLive technology, however, can bring people together
from up to five separate locations anywhere in the world - with unrivalled transmission
quality.

1. Produce, generate, create, conduct

2. Gases, steam, strain, affect
3. Stress, limit, pressure, press
4. Separate, each, respectively, single
5. Unreliable, unrivalled, unrealistic, unreasonable

21)
Our analysis of the genetic structure of northern spotted owls across most of the range of the
subspecies allowed us to test for genetic discontinuities and identify landscape features that
influence the subspecies' genetic structure. Although no distinct genetic breaks were found in
northern spotted owls, sever: landscape features were important in structuring genetic
variation. Dry, low elevation valleys and the high elevation Cascade and Olympic Mountains
restricted gene flow, while the lower Oregon Coast Range facilitated gene flow, acting as a '
genetic corridor.' The Columbia River did not act as a barrier, suggesting owls readily fly
over this large river. Thus, even in taxa such as northern spotted owls with potential for
longdistance dispersal, landscape features can have an important impact on gene flow and
genetic structure.
1. distinct, resemble, obvious, assemble
2. few, several, much, many
3. hindered, embedded, enabled, facilitated
4. suggesting, demonstrating, telling, stating

22)
Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead of designing for
the least capable browser, or mangling our code to make a site look the same in every
browser, we should provide a core set of functionality and information to all users, and then
progressively enhance the appearance and behavior of the site for users of more capable
browsers. It's very productive development practice. instead of spending hours working out
how to add drop shadows to the borders of an element in every browser, we simply use the
standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don't even attempt to implement
it in browsers that don' t. After all, the users of older and less capable browsers wont know
what they are missing. The biggest challenge to progressive enhancement is the belief
among developers and clients that websites should look the same in every browser. As a
developer, you can simplify your life and dedicate your time to more interesting challenges if
you let go of this outdated notion and embrace progressive enhancement.

1. building, creating, designing, establishing

2. moderately, progressively, gently, gradual
3. taking, take, spending, spend
4. challenge, opportunity, issue, risk

23)
Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since the early
1970s. Although the Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from the
late 1950s, in 1974 it assumed full responsibility for funding higher education - abolishing
tuition fees with the intention of making university accessible to all Australians who had the
ability and who wished to participate in higher education. Since the late 1980s, there has
been a move towards greater private contributions, particularly student fees. In 1989, the
Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) which
included a loans scheme to help students finance their contributions. This enabled university
to remain accessible to students by delaying their payments until they could afford to pay off
their loans. In 2002, the Australian Government introduced a scheme similar to HECS for
postgraduate students - the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS). Funding for higher
education comes from various sources. This article examines the three main sources -
Australian Government funding, student fees and charges, and HECS. While the proportion of
total revenue raised through HECS is relatively small, HECS payments are a significant
component of students' university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several
years after leaving university. This article also focuses on characteristics of university
students based on their HECS liability status, and the level of accumulated HECS debt.

1. Assumed, represented, clarified, paid

2. Including, abolishing, combining, accomplishing
3. Achievable, reliable, accepted, accessible
4. Ability, liability, responsibility, reality
5. Specially, without, particularly, with
6. Introduced, remembered, carried, produced
7. expenses revenue, expenditure, profit

24)
An exotic type of diamond may have come to Earth from outer space, scientists say. Called
carbonado or "black" diamonds, the mysterious stones are found in Brazil and the Central
African Republic. They are unusual for being the color of charcoal and full of frothy bubbles.
The diamonds, which can weigh at more than 3,600 carats, can also have a face that looks
like melted glass. Because of their odd appearance, the diamonds are unsuitable as
gemstones. But they do have industrial applications and were used in the drill bits that helped
dig the Panama Canal. Now a team led by Stephen Haggerty of Florida International
University in Miami has presented a new study suggesting that the odd stones were brought
to Earth by an asteroid billions of years ago. The findings were published online in the journal
Astrophysical Journal Letters on December 20. The scientists exposed polished pieces of
carbonado to extremely intense infrared light. The test revealed the presence of many
hydrogen-carbon bonds, indicating that the diamonds probably formed in a hydrogen-rich
environment—such as that found in space. The diamonds also showed strong similarities to
tiny Nano diamonds, which are frequently found in meteorites. "They're not identical,"
Haggerty said, "but they're very similar." Astrophysicists, he added, have developed theories
predicting that Nano diamonds form easily in the titanic stellar explosions called supernovas,
which scatter debris through interstellar space. The deposits in the Central African Republic
and Brazil, he said, probably come from the impact of a diamond-rich asteroid billions of
years ago, when South America and Africa were joined.

1. Eccentric, exotic, weird, terrific

2. Mysterious, surprised, miracle, common
3. Common, ugly, abnormal, unusual
4. Count, weigh, value, weight
5. Pretty, mysterious, common, odd
6. Perfect, unsuitable, remarkable, suitable
7. Proving, suggesting, imposing, declaring
8. Similarities, connections, differences, relationship
9. Different, similar, related, identical
10. Probably, definitely absolutely, usually
25)
There were twenty-six freshmen majoring in English at Beijing Language Institute in the
class of 1983. I was assigned to Group Two with another eleven boy and girls who has come
from big cities in China. I was told that language study required smallness so that we would
each get more attention from the skillful teachers. The better the school, the smaller the
class. I realized that my classmates were ready all talking in English, simple sentences
tossed out to each other in their red-faced introductions and carefree chatting. Their
intonations were curving and dramatic and their pronunciation refined and accurate. But as I
stretched to catch the drips and drops of their humming dialogue, I couldn’t understand it
all, only that it was English. Those words now flying before me sounded a little familiar. I had
read them and tried to speak them, but I had never heard them spoken back to me in such a
speedy, fluent manner. My big plan of beating the city folks was thawing before my eyes.

1. Majoring, considering, taking, studying

2. Derived, come, originated, emerged
3. Told, informed, announced, instructed
4. Speaking, saying, talking, expressing
5. Accept, master, understand, figure
6. Have spoken, spoke, speaking, spoken
7. Beating, conquering, failing, supporting

26)
Drive down any highway，and you’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants—most likely, if
you travel long and far enough you’ll see McDonald's golden arches as well as signs for Burger
King, Hardee’s，and Wendy’s the “big four” of burgers. Despite its name, though Burger King
has fallen short of claiming the burger crown, unable to surpass market leader McDonald's
No. 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger King remains No. 2.
Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic, with
its overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the other three contenders have
increased. The decline has been attributed to inconsistent product quality and poor customer
service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an
understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that internal
management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be rectified before a unified,
long-term strategy can be put in place. The importance of consistency in brand image and
messages, at all levels of communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC theory and
practice. The person who takes the customer’s order must communicate the same message
as Burger King's famous tagline, "Have it your way,” or the customer will just buzz up the
highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more reliable.

1. Claiming, winning, getting, filing

2. Participants, contestants, contenders, members
3. Dedicated, attributed, contributed, due
4. Rectified, realized, recognized, ratified
5. Importance, principal, significant, result
6. Quality, service, consistency, management
7. Available, reputable, quality, reliable

27)
The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell
(Goldsmith College, London) responds to criticisms of design programs as formalistic and
conventional, stating that a focus on risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation is
equally problematic. His research contains three parts that include preliminary exploration of
design innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom practices, and development of
evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the form of a
structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative element and digital photographs, in
story format. Such a device encourages stimulating ideas, but does not recognize students as
design innovators. The assessment sheet includes holistic impressions as well as details
about “having, growing, and proving” ideas. Colloquial judgments are evident in terms such
as “wow” and “yawn” and reward the quality and quantity of ideas with the term,
“sparkiness”, which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design light bulb packaging.
In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or complexity control as well
as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The
definitions for qualities such as “technical” and “aesthetic” pertaining to users, are too narrow
and illdefined. The author provides examples of the project, its features and structures,
students’ notes and judgments, and their sketches and photographs of finished light bulb
packages, in the Appendix.

1. Praise, results, criticisms, compliments

2. Line, element, factor, figure
3. Makers, leaders, students, innovators
4. Colloquial, formal, traditional, subjective
5. Results, examples, themes, ideas

28)
HERIOT-WATT University in Edinburgh has become the first in Europe to offer an MBA in
Arabic. Arab students will be able to sign up to study at a distance for the business courses
in their own language. The Edinburgh Business School announced the project at a reception
in Cairo on Saturday. It is hoped the course will improve links between the university and the
Arab business world. A university spokeswoman said: "The Arabic MBA will raise the profile of
Heriot-Watt University and the Edinburgh Business School among businesses in the Arabic
speaking world and will create a strong network of graduates in the region." The first intake
of students is expected later this year. Professor Keith Lumsden, director of Edinburgh
Business School, said: "Arabic is a major global language and the Arab world is a center for
business and industrial development. We are proud to work with Arab International Education
to meet the demands of the region."

1. Distance, discount, distribution, level

2. Announced, convinced, declared, suggested
3. Raise, rise, bring, strengthen
4. Local, region, place, size
5. Enrol, group, intake, season
6. meet the demands, increase the reputation, improve the economy, promote the language

29)
According to a research conducted by Cambridge University, flowers can use their own ways
to attract insects to help them pollinate. Flowers will release an irresistible smell. Beverley
Glover from the University of Cambridge and her colleagues did an experiment in which they
use fake flowers to attract bees and insects. In their experiments, they freed many
bumblebees from their origins repeatedly, and got the same results.

1. Uncomfortable, irresistible, wired, strange

2. Friends, colleagues, staff, relatives
3. Origins, originals, organisms, organics
4. Hypotheses, processes, assertions, results

30)
Fans of biographical criticism have a luxurious source in the works of Hans Christian
Andersen. Like Lewis Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth Grahame), Andersen was near
pathologically uncomfortable in the company of adults. Of course, all three had to work and
interact with adults, but all three really related well to children and their simpler worlds.
Andersen, for a time, ran a puppet theater and was incredibly popular with children, and, of
course, he wrote an impressive body of fairy tales which have been produced in thousands of
editions since the 19th century. Most everyone has read or at least knows the titles of many
of Andersen’s works: “The Ugly Duckling,” “The Emperor’s New Clothes,” “The Nightingale,”
“The Little Mermaid,” “The Match Girl,” and many others. Though, as with most folk and fairy
tales, they strike adult rereaders much differently than they do young first-time readers.
Charming tales of ducks who feel awkward because they don’t fit in, only to exult in the
discovery that they are majestic swans, gives child readers clearly-identifiable messages:
don’t tease people because they’re different; don’t fret about your being different because
some day you’ll discover what special gifts you have. A closer, deeper look at many of
Andersen’s tales (including “The Ugly Duckling,” which is not on our reading list), reveals a
darker, harder, more painful thread. People are often cruel and unfeeling, love is torturous–in
general, the things of the material world cause suffering. There is often a happy ending, but
it’s not conventionally happy. Characters are rewarded, but only after they manage (often
through death) to transcend the rigors of the mortal world.

1. React, interact, perform, talk

2. React, connected, related, concerned
3. Strike, hit, beat, strive
4. Inappropriate, shameful, awkward, improper
5. Blessings, gifts, ability, treasures
6. Harmful, painful, detrimental, unpleasant
31)
It originally referred to the production of goods to meet customer demand exactly in time,
quality and quantity, whether the ‘customer’ is the final purchaser of the product or another
process further along the production line.

1. Requirement, demand, need, feedback

2. While, thus, although, whether
3. Up, further, all, back

32)
Mintel Consumer Intelligence estimates the 2002 market for vegetarian foods, those that
directly replace meat or other animal products, to be $1.5 billion. Note that this excludes
traditional vegetarian foods such as produce, pasta, and rice. Mintel forecasts the market to
nearly double by 2006 to $2.8 billion, with the highest growth coming from soymilk,
especially refrigerated brands. The Food and Drug Administration's 1999 decision to allow
manufacturers to include heart-healthy claims on foods that deliver at least 6.25 grams of soy
protein per serving and are also low in saturated fat and cholesterol has spurred
tremendous interest in soymilk and other soy foods. A representative of manufacturer Food
Tech International (Veggie Patch brand) reported that from 1998 to 1999, the percentage of
consumers willing to try soy products jumped from 32% to 67%. Beliefs about soy's
effectiveness in reducing the symptoms of menopause also attracted new consumers. A
2000 survey conducted by the United Soybean Board showed that the number of people
eating soy products once a week or more was up to 27%. Forty-five percent of respondents
had tried tofu, 41% had sampled veggie burgers, and 25% had experience with soymilk (Soy
foods USA e-mail newsletter). Mintel estimates 2001 sales of frozen and refrigerated meat
alternatives in food stores at nearly $300 million, with soymilk sales nearing $250 million.

1. Guesses, estimates, predicts, assumes

2. Saturating, saturation, saturated, saturate
3. Extreme, tremendous, minimal, limited
4. Users, consumers, clients, guests
5. Effectiveness, fruitfulness, usefulness, timeliness
6. Choices, sources, alternatives, preferences

33)
By the Bronze Age drinking vessels were being made of sheer metal, primarily bronze or
gold. However, the peak of feasting – and in particular, of the “political” type of feast came in
the late Hallstatt period (about 600 – 450 BC), soon after the foundation of the Greek colony
of Massalia (Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhine. From that date on, the blood of the grape
began to make its way north and east along major river systems together with imported
metal and ceramic drinking vessels from the Greek world. Wine was thus added to the list of
moodaltering beverages – such as and ale available to establish social networks in Iron Age
Europe. Attic pottery fragments found at hillforts such as Heuneburg in Germany and luxury
goods such as the monumental 5th century Greek bronze krater (or wine mixing vessel)
found at Vix in Burgundy supply archaeological evidence of this interaction. Organic
containers such as leather or wooden wine barrels may also have travelled north into Europe
but have not survived. It is unknown what goods were traded in return, but they may have
included salted meat, hides, timber, amber and slaves.

1. Vests, vehicles, vectors, vessels

2. Colony, territory, settlement, occupation
3. Method, way, direction, pace
4. Food, Milk, Wine, Grape
5. Containers, places, holders, bottles
6. Purchased, bought, traded, exchanged

34)
In 2001 he received the SIUC Outstanding Scholar Award. In 2003 he received the Carski
Award for Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching from the American Society for Microbiology.
Mike’s research is focused on bacteria that inhabit extreme environments, and for the past
12 years he has studied the microbiology of permanently ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo
Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In addition to his research papers, he has edited a major treatise on
phototrophic bacteria and served for over a decade as chief editor of the journal Archives of
Microbiology. He currently serves on the editorial board of Environmental Microbiology. Mike’s
non-scientific interests include forestry, reading, and caring for his dogs and horses. He lives
beside a peaceful and quiet lake with his wife, Nancy, five shelter dogs (Gaino, Snuffy,
Pepto, Peanut, and Merry), and four horses (Springer, Feivel, Gwen, and Festus).

1. Shifted, moved, focused, scoped

2. Bad, negative, extreme, rigid
3. Story, review, treatise, journal
4. Magazine, quote, newspaper, journal
5. Majors, jobs, interests, undertakings
6. Along, around, beside, near

35)
The horned desert viper’s ability to hunt at night has always puzzled biologists. Though it lies
with its head buried in the sand, it can strike with great precision as soon as prey appears.
Now, Young and physicists Leo van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the Technical University of
Munich in Germany have developed a computer model of the snake’s auditory system to
explain how the snake “hears” its prey without really having the ears for it. Although the
vipers have internal ears that can hear frequencies between 200 and 1000 hertz, it is not
the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting. “The snakes don’t have
external eardrums,” says van Hemmen. “So unless the mouse wears boots and starts
stamping, the snake won’t hear it.”
1. Hand, head, chest, feet
2. Model, type, module, style
3. System, appliance, tools, applications
4. Voice, song, prey, shout
5. Ears, eardrums, eyes, eyeballs
6. Sounds, frequencies, voices, quantity
7. Internal, external, viral, outer

36)
The space work for an astronaut can be inside or outside, inside they can monitor machines
and the work is carried out alongside the craft. They also need to make sure the Space
Travel. Outside the craft, they can see how the seeds react in the space. Some seeds
company send seeds to them to investigate how seeds change their biological character.
When outside the craft, they can set up experiments or clean up the space rubbish.

1. Foreign, external, outside, excel

2. Practiced, carried, given, set
3. Suit, Travel, Tribe, Station
4. Out, Outward, Outside, Outdoors
5. Escalate, estimate, inspect, investigate
6. lie down, shake off, put aside, set up

37)
A dog may be man's best friend. But man is not always a dog's. Over the centuries selective
breeding has pulled at the canine body shape to produce what is often a grotesque distortion
of the underlying wolf. Indeed, some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded
as pathologies. Dog breeding does, though, offer a chance to those who would like to
understand how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree pooches is well recorded,
their generation time is short and their litter size reasonably large, so there is plenty of
material to work with. Moreover, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic
analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America's National Human Genome Research
Institute, who wish to identify the genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus
have an ideal experimental animal.
1. Excellent, excessive, selective, scrupulous
2. Diseases, epidemics, pathologies, medications
3. Brood, household, litter, kin
4. Hence, However, Moreover, So
5. Representative, attainable, general, ideal

38)
The contemporary ministerial staffing system is large, active and partisan - far larger and
further evolved than any Westminster equivalent. Ministers' demands for help to cope with
the pressures of an increasingly competitive and professionalised political environment have
been key drivers of the staffing system's development. But there has not been commensurate
growth in arrangements to support and control it. The operating framework for ministerial
staff is fragmented and ad hoc.
1. Engagements, arrangements, instruments, enlightenments
2. Discussing, opposing, operating, selecting
3. Split, fragmented, pieced, merged

39)
Complementary therapies - such as those practised by naturopaths, chiropractors and
acupuncturists - have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades.
Interest initially coincided with enthusiasm for alternative lifestyles, while immigration and
increased contact and trade with China have also had an influence. The status of
complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of areas: legal regulation; the
stances of doctors' associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific research
into their efficacy.
1. Conducted, expected, practised, recommended
2. Issues, decades, centuries, generations
3. Confidence, ambition, occupation, enthusiasm
4. Effect, influence, earning, idea
5. Effluent, effigy, efficacy, efficiency

40)
No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse copyright can
confer so it may seem right that he should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5
percent of all sales after the original one, which can go on giving to their families for as much
as 150 years. But that ignores the truth that copyright law is a scandal, recently
exacerbated by the Free Trade Agreement with the US which required extension of copyright
to 70 years after death. Is it scandalous that really valuable copyrights end up in the
ownership of corporations (although Agatha Christie's no-doubt worthy great-grandchildren
are still reaping the benefits of West End success for her who dunnits and members of the
Garrick Club enjoy the continuing fruits of A.A. Milne's Christopher Robin books)? No. The
scandal is that “bien pensant” politicians have attempted to appear cultured by creating
private assets which depend on an act of Parliament for their existence and by giving away
much more in value than any public benefit could justify. In doing so they have betrayed our
trust.
1. Loyalty, floaty, royalty, bravery
2. Humiliation, slander, insult, scandal
3. Achieved, accumulated, exacerbated, exercised
4. Reaching, garnishing, reaping, gaining
5. Humiliation, slander, insult, scandal
6. Testify, justify, satisfy, rubify
41)
Thomas Alva Edison was both a scientist and an inventor. Born in 1847, Edison would see
tremendous change take place in his lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making
many of those changes occur. When Edison was born, society still thought of electricity as a
novelty, a fad. By the time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity. Much of the credit for
that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime, Edison patented 1,093 inventions, earning him
the nickname “The Wizard of Menlo Park.” The most famous of his inventions was the
incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph and the
“kinetoscope,” a small box for viewing moving films. Thomas Edison is also the first person in
the US to make his own filmstrips. He also improved upon the original design of the stock
ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone. He believed in hard work,
sometimes working twenty hours a day. Edison was quoted as saying, “Genius is one percent
inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.” In tribute to this important American, electric lights
in the United States were dimmed for one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his
death.

1. Both, neither, never, almost

2. Peculiar, tremendous, particular, brilliant
3. Thought, made, regard, consider
4. New, miracle, tradition, novelty
5. Credit, achievement, contribution, establishment
6. Copyright, patented, processed, made
7. Owned, started, produced, developed
8. Improved, increased, created, invented
9. Tribute, order, regard, addition
10. Dimmed, lit, on, switched

42)
Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association of
Paris-based artists who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics of
Impressionist painting include visible brush strokes, light colours, open composition,
emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of
time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. The name of the movement is
derived from Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant). Critic Louis
Leroy inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari. Radicals in
their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by giving
colours, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work of painters
such as Eugene Delacroix. They also took the act of painting out of the studio and into the
world. Previously, not only still-lives and portraits, but also landscapes had been painted
indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and transient
effects of sunlight by painting air (in plain air).

1. Emphasised, emphasis, rely, depending

2. Derived, come, attribute, related
3. Paintings, lines, inspiration, enlightenment
4. Fact, act, notion, thought
5. Remember, capture, memorize, notice

43)
Measuring poverty on a global scale requires establishing a uniform poverty level across
extremely divergent economies, which can result in only rough comparisons. The World Bank
has defined the international poverty line as U.S. $1 and $2 per day in 1993 Purchasing
Power Parity (PPP), which adjusts for differences in the prices of goods and services between
countries. The $1 per day level is generally used for the least developed countries, primarily
African; the $2-per-day level is used for middle-income economies such as those of East
Asia and Latin America.

1. Requires, desires, needs, allows

2. Qualities, prices, costs, demands
3. Less, more, most, least
4. Developed, middle-income, high-income, developing

44)
I am a cyclist and a motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive and wear a helmet on my
bike to reduce the risk of injury. I am convinced that these are prudent safety measures. I
have persuaded many friends to wear helmets on the grounds that transplant surgeons call
those without helmets, "donors on wheels”. But a book on 'Risk’ by my colleague John Adams
has made me re-examine my convictions. Adams has completely undermined my
confidence in these apparently sensible precautions. What he has persuasively argued,
particularly in relation to seat belts, is that the evidence that they do what they are supposed
to do is very suspect. This is in spite of numerous claims that seat belts save many
thousands of lives every year. There is remarkable data from the year 1970 to 1978 in which
countries with wearing of seat belts compulsory have had on average about 5 per cent more
road accident deaths following the introduction of the law. In the UK, road deaths have
decreased steadily from about 7,000 a year in 1972 to just over 4,000 in 1989. There is no
evidence in the trend for any effect of the seat belt law that was introduced in 1983.
Moreover, there is evidence that the number of cyclists and pedestrians killed actually
increased by about 10 per cent.

1. Decisions, opinions, convictions, prejudices

2. Damaged, undermined, harmed, hurt
3. because of, despite of, even though, in spite of
4. Imperative, necessary, compulsory, acceptable

45)
Gas drilling on the Indonesian of java has triggered a “mud volcano” that has killed 13
people and may render four square miles (ten square kilometers) of countryside uninhabitable
for years. In a report released on January 23, a team of British researchers says the deadly
upwelling began when an exploratory gas well punched through a layer of rock 9300 feet
(2800 meters) below the surface, allowing hot, high pressure water to escape. The water
carried mud to the surface, where it has spread across a region 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) in
diameter in the eight months since the eruption began. The mud volcano is similar to a
gusher or blowout, which occur in oil drilling when oil or gas squirt to the surface, team says.
This upwelling, however, spews out a volume of mud equivalent to a dozen Olympic
swimming pools each day. Although the eruption isn't as violent as a conventional volcano,
more than a dozen people died when a natural gas pipeline ruptured. The research team, who
published their findings in the February issue of GSA Today, also estimate that the volcano,
called Lusi, will leave more than 11,000 people permanently displaced.

1. Triggered, intrigued, motivated, inspired

2. Upwelling, downwelling, uncurrent, downcurrent
3. Laboratory, observatory, exploratory, exploitative
4. Prohibiting, allowing, forbidding, pushing
5. Explode, extract, escape, eclipse
6. Carried, delivered, mixed, transmited
7. Polluted, spread, transported, expanded
8. Distance, width, length, diameter
9. Eruptible, conventional, active, thermal

46)
The increasing darkness in the Northern Hemisphere this time of year "indicates to the plant
that fall/autumn is coming on. So it starts recouping materials from the leaves before they
drop off. Evergreens protect their needle-like foliage from freezing with waxy coatings and
natural "antifreezes." But broadleaf plants, like sugar maples, birches, and sumacs, have no
such protections. As a result, they shed their leaves. But before they do, the plants first try
to salvage important nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.

1. fall/autumn, spring, summer, winter

2. Roots, leaves, trunks, stems
3. Watery, sticky, waxy, slippery
4. Saved, survived, shed, fell
5. Salvage, slave, transmit, transit

47)
If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible to understand some
native speakers, they should not worry. This does not necessarily mean the lessons were
wasted. Millions of Spanish speakers use neither standard Latin American Spanish nor
Castilian, which predominate in US schools. The confusion is partly political - the
Spanishspeaking world is very diverse. Spanish is the language of 19 separate countries and
Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one standard dialect. The most common Spanish
dialect taught in the US is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called "Highland" Spanish
since it is generally spoken in the mountainous areas of Latin America. While each country
retains its own accents and has some unique vocabulary, residents of countries such as
Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia generally speak Latin American Spanish, especially in
urban centers. This dialect is noted for its pronunciation of each letter and its strong "r"
sounds. This Spanish was spoken in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and was
brought to the Americas by the early colonists. However, the Spanish of Madrid and of
northern Spain, called Castilian, developed characteristics that never reached the New
World. These include the pronunciation of "ci" and "ce" as "th." In Madrid, "gracias" (thank
you) becomes "gratheas" (as opposed to "gras-see-as" in Latin America). Another difference
is the use of the word "vosotros" (you all, or you guys) as the informal form of "ustedes" in
Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin Americans much like British English sounds to US residents.

1. Necessarily, usually, only, particularly

2. Rocky, hidden, mountainous, coastal
3. Thoughts, actions, accents, authority
4. Collection, elucidation, pronunciation, remembering
5. Characteristics, problems, normality, distinguishes

48)
At the beginning of the twenty—first century, the relationship between standard and
nonstandard language is, evidently, still an uncertain one. We are at a transitional point
between two eras. We seem to be leaving an era when the rules of Standard English, as
elected and defined by prescriptive grammarians, totally conditioned our sense of acceptable
usage, so that all other usages and varieties were considered to be inferior or corrupt, and
excluded from serious consideration. And we seem to be approaching an era when
nonstandard usages and varieties, previously denigrated or ignored, are achieving a new
presence and respectability within society, reminiscent of that found in Middle English, when
dialect variation in literature was widespread and uncontentious. But we are not there yet.
The rise of Standard English has resulted in a confrontation between the standard and
nonstandard dimensions of the language which has lasted for over 200 years, and this has
had traumatic consequences which will take some years to eliminate. Once people have
been given an inferiority complex about the way they speak or write, they find it difficult to
shake off.

1. transcendent, compositional, evanescent, transitional

2. notable, irreversible, acceptable, preferential
3. approaching, revolutionizing, fathoming, transplanting
4. still, ever, yet, thus
5. concatenations, consequences, successions, sequences

49)
To learn the speech of alchemy, an early form of chemistry in which people attempted to turn
metals into gold, it helps to think back to a time when there was no science : no atomic
number or weight, no periodic chart no list of elements to the alchemists the universe was
not made of leptons, bosons, gluons, and quarks. Instead it was made of substances, and one
substance-say, walnut oil-could be just as pure as another-say, silver-even though modern
scientists would say one is heterogeneous and the other homogeneous. Without knowledge
of atomic structures, how would it be possible to tell elements from compounds?

1. biology, science, technology, history

2. universe, universal, worldwide, world
3. all, completed, pure, wholesome
4. affidavit, law, scientists, medicine
5. proper, necessary, impossible, possible

50)
Charles Darwin knew intuitively that tropical forests were places of tremendous intricacy and
energy. He and his cohort of scientific naturalists were awed by the beauty of the Neotropics,
where they collected tens of thousands of species new to science. But they couldn't have
guessed at the complete contents of the rainforest, and they had no idea of its value to
humankind.

1. colossal, various, tremendous, overwhelming

2. vadmired, influenced, awed, appreciated
3. specialities, species, spices, specifications
4. value, profit, price, power

51)

The last tourists may have been leaving the valley of the kings on the west bank in Luxor but
the area in front of the tomb of Tutankhamun remained far from deserted. Instead of the
tranquillity usually descends on the area in-the evening it was a hive of activity. TV crews'
trailed masses of equipment, journalists milled and photographers held their cameras at the
ready. The reason? For the first time since Howard carter discovered the tomb in 1922 the
mummy of Tutankhamun was being prepared for public display.

Inside the subterranean burial chamber Egypt's archaeology supreme Zahn Harass,
accompanied by four Egyptologists, two restorers and three workmen, were slowly lifting the
mummy from the golden sarcophagus where it has been rested -- mostly undisturbed -- for
more than 3,000 years. The body was then placed on a wooden stretcher and to transported
its new home, a high - tech, climate-controlled plexi-glass showcase located in the outer
chamber of the tom where, covered in linen with only the face and feet exposed, it now
greets visitors.

1. tranquility, kindness, beauty, peace

2. discovered, founded, showed, invented
3. commuted, transported, moved, convey

52)

Life expectancy at birth is one of the most widely used and internationally recognized
indicators of population health. It focuses on the length of life rather than its quality, and
provides a useful summary of the general health of the population. While an indicator
describing how long Australians live that simultaneously takes into account quality of life
would be a desirable summary measure of progress in the area, currently no such measure
exists, and this is why life expectancy at birth is used as the main progress Indicator here.
During the decade 1999 to 2009, life expectancy at birth improved for both sexes. A girl born
in 2009 could expect to reach 83.9 years of age, while a boy could expect to live to 79. 3
years Over the decade, boys ' life expectancy increased slightly more than girls’ (3.1
compared with 2.1 years.) This saw the gap between the sexes' life expectancy decrease by
one year to 4.6 years. In the longer term, increases in life expectancy also occurred over
most of the 20th century. Unfortunately, life expectancy isn't shared across the whole
population though, being lower in Tasmania and the northern territory, and for Aboriginal and
Torres strait islander.

An exhibit that brings together for the first time landscapes painted by French impressionist
PierreAuguste Renoir comes to the national gallery of Canada this june. The gallery in Ottawa
worked with the National Gallery of London and the Philadelphia Museum of Art to pull
together the collection of 60 Renoir paintings from 45 public and private collections.

1. rather, other, more, less

2. as, however, nonetheless, while
3. slightly, marginally, significantly, tremendously
4. age, date, time, year
5. push, pull, put, pour
6. paints, creation, paintings, impasto

53)

Dogs make great listeners because both man and man's best friend use analogous brain
regions to process the voices. Researchers collected almost 200 sound samples, including
human and canine vocalizations, as well environmental noises silence. They played these
clips to 22 people and 11 dogs while the subjects’ brains were undergoing functional MRI
scans. Human brains tuned in most to vocal sounds. Dog brains were most sensitive
environmental noises. But they still had a latin common. A dedicated brain area reacted to
the vocalizations, a different to cheery sounds like laughter reaction to unhappy noises. The
study is in the journal Current Biology.

1. shillalas, listeners, temptresses, heterosexuals

2. sickle, credential, environmental, committal
3. chalking, gloating, crossing, undergoing
4. functional, refundable, expendable, caterwaul
5. hangnail, laughter, latter, filibuster
Reading: Fill in the blanks:

1) Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of his
professional life listening to children, watching children and poring over reports of
researchers around the world who were doing the same. He found, to put it
most succinctly, that children don’t think like grownups. After thousands of interactions
with young people often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect that behind
their cute and seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that had their own
kind of order and their own special logic. Einstein called it a discovery “so simple that only
a genius could have thought of it.”
Piaget’s insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By the end of a
wide-ranging and remarkably prolific research career that spanned nearly 75 years–from
his first scientific publication at age 10 to work still in progress when he died at 84–Piaget
had developed several new fields of science.
Developmental psychology, cognitive theory and what came to be called genetic
epistemology. Although not an educational reformer, he championed a way of thinking
about children that provided the foundation for today’s education-reform movements. It
was a shift comparable to the displacement of stories of “noble savages” and “cannibals”
by modern anthropology. One might say that Piaget was the first to take children’s
thinking seriously.

2) Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother founded, says she always
thought she “was growing a nice little business.” And that it is. A little business that
controls 45% of the cosmetics market in U.S. department stores. A little business that
sells in 118 countries and last year grew to be $3.6 billion big in sales. The Lauder
family’s shares are worth more than $6 billion.
But early on, there wasn’t a burgeoning business, there weren’t houses in New York, Palm
Beach, Fla., or the south of France. It is said that at one point there was one person to
answer the telephones who changed her voice to become the shipping or billing
department as needed. You more or less know the Estee Lauder story because it’s a
chapter from the book of American business folklore. In short, Josephine Esther Mentzer,
daughter of immigrants, lived above her father’s hardware store in Corona, a section of
Queens in New York City. She started her enterprise by selling skin creams conducted
by her uncle, a chemist, in beauty shops, beach clubs and resorts.
No doubt the potions were good — Estee Lauder was a quality fanatic — but the saleslady
was better. Much better. And she simply outworked everyone else in the cosmetics
industry. She stalked the bosses of New York City department stores until she got some
counter space at Saks Fifth Avenue in 1948. And once in that space, she utilized a
personal selling approach that proved as potent as the promise of her skin regimens and
perfumes.

3) Team Lab’s digital mural at the entrance to Tokyo’s Skytree, one of the world’s monster
skyscrapers, is 40 meters long and immensely detailed. But however massive this form of
digital art becomes — and it’s a form subject to rampant inflation — Inoko’s theories about
seeing are based on more modest and often pre-digital sources. An early devotee of comic
books and cartoons (no surprises there), then computer games, he recognized when he
 started to look at traditional Japanese art that all those forms had something in common:
something about the way they captured space. In his discipline of physics, Inoko had been
taught that photographic lenses, along with the conventions of western art, were the
logical way of transforming three dimensions into two, conveying the real world on to a
flat surface. but Japanese traditions employed “a different spatial logic”, as he said in an
interview last year with j-collabo.org, that is “uniquely Japanese”.

4) Life expectancy at birth is one of the most widely used and internationally recognized
indicators of population health. It focuses on the length of life rather than its quality, and
provides a useful summary of the general health of the population. While an indicator
describing how long Australians live that simultaneously takes into account quality of life
would be a desirable summary measure of progress in the area, currently no such
measure exists and this is why life expectancy at birth is used as the Main Progress
Indicator here. During the decade 1999 to 2009, life expectancy at birth improved for both
sexes.

5) A girl born in 2009 could expect to reach 83.9 years of age, while a boy could expect to
live to 79.3 years. over the decade, boys’ life expectancy increased slightly more than
girls’ (3.1 compared with 2.1 years). This saw the gap between the sexes’ life expectancy
decrease by one year to 4.6 years. In the longer term, increases in life expectancy also
occurred over most of the 20th century. Unfortunately, life expectancy isn’t shared across
the whole population though, being lower in Tasmania and the Northern Territory, and for
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

6) Since nutrition scientists are constantly making new discoveries, we need to revise
our recommendations for healthy eating from time to time. However, nutrition is an art
as well as a science. It’s an art because it requires creativity to develop a healthy eating
plan for people who differ in their food preferences, beliefs and culture, let alone in their
nutritional needs according to their genes and life stage. As we discover more about how
our genes and our environment interact, it’s becoming increasingly difficult to provide a
single set of dietary recommendations that will be suitable for everyone.

7) Ikebana is the Japanese art of flower arrangement. It is more than simply putting flowers
in a container. It is a disciplined art form in which the arrangement is a living thing
where nature and humanity are brought together_ Contrary to the idea of a particolored or
multicolored arrangement of blossoms, ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the
plant. It is steeped in the philosophy of developing a closeness with nature. Such as its
stems and leaves, and puts emphasis on shape, line, and form. Though ikebana is
an expression of creativity, certain rules govern its form. The artist’s intention behind each
is shown through a piece’s color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and the
implied meaning of the arrangement. As is true of all other arts, ikebana is creative
expression within certain rules of construction. Its materials are living branches, leaves,
grasses, and blossoms. Its heart is the beauty resulting from color combinations, natural
shapes, graceful lines, and the meaning latent in the total form of the arrangement.
Ikebana is, therefore, much more than mere floral decoration.
8) In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works,
Pinker has argued that swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have
originated as evolutionary adaptations, well suited to the lives our ancestors eked out on
the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is immune from
being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism, our tendency to
reward senior executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the small number of
women who become mechanical engineers – all may have their roots in natural selection,
Pinker claims. The controversial implications are obvious: that men and women might
differ in their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting
may have little influence on personality.
9) Books and articles highlighting intractable debt, poverty and development abound in both
the academic and popular literature. This addition to the debate is both timely and
interesting as it subsumes the economic debate to the broader social, political,
environmental and institutional context of debt in developing countries. Debt-for-
Development Exchanges: History and New Applications is intended for a wide audience
including: academics from a range of disciplines (including accounting and finance); non-
Government organizations (NGOs); civil society groups; and, both debtor and creditor
governments and public sector organization. Professor Ross Buckley, author and editor,
has developed an international profile in the area of debt relief and this book is the
outcome of an Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery grant to explore debt-for
development mechanisms that relieve debt, improve development outcomes from aid,
are practically and politically attractive to creditors and contribute to regional security.
10) It is commonly said by anthropologists that the primitive man is less individual than
civilized man. This is an element of truth. Simpler societies call for, and provide
opportunities for, a far smaller diversity of individual skills and occupations than the more
complex and advanced societies, and as a result those who live in those societies are less
individual. In this sense, individualism is a necessary product of modern advanced society,
and runs through all its activities.
It is commonly said by anthropologists that the primitive man is less individual than
civilized man. This contains an element of truth. Simpler societies are more uniform, in
the sense that they call for, and provide opportunities for, a far smaller diversity
of individual skills and occupations than the most complex and advanced societies.
Increasing individualization in this sense is a necessary product of modern advanced
society and runs through all its activities from top to bottom.
11) It would be reassuring to think that the electorate choose who to vote for based on
the candidates’ track records and future policy promises. In truth, many of us are swayed
simply by the way that politicians look. Consider a 2009 study that asked Swiss students
to look at multiple pairs of unfamiliar French political candidates and in each case to select
the one who looked most competent. Most of the time, the candidate selected by
students as looking the most competent was also the one who’d had real life electoral
success, the implication being that voters too had been swayed by the candidates’
appearance (there’s little evidence that appearance and competence actually correlate).
Unsurprisingly, being attractive also helps win votes, especially in war time (in peace time,
looking trustworthy is more of an advantage). Other research has shown that we’re more
likely to vote for male and female candidates with deeper voices.
12) Drive down any highway, and you’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants — most
likely, if you travel long and far enough, you’ll see McDonald’s golden arches as well as
signs for Burger King. Hardee’s and Wendy’s the “big four” of burgers. Despite its name,
though, Burger King has fallen short of claiming the burger crown unable to surpass
market leader McDonald’s number 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the
bride, Burger King remains number 2.
Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic,
with its overall quality rating dropping, while ratings for the other contenders have
increased. The decline has been attributed to inconsistent product quality and poor
customer service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an
understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that internal
management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be rectified before a unified,
long-term strategy can be put in place.

13) The importance of consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of
communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who
takes the customer’s order must communicate the same message as Burger King’s famous
tagline, “Have it your way.” or the customer will just buzz up the highway to a chain
restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more reliable.

14) Away from the rumble of Shanghai’s highways and the cacophony of the
shopping districts, stroll down side streets filled with rows of tall brick houses. In the
early evening or on a weekend morning, you’ll hear the sound of classical music drifting
from a piano, played by a 10-year old or a grandmother in her seventies. Wander down
another alley toward drab high-rises (skyscrapers) and you’ll hear Beethoven or Mozart
flowing from a violin, or perhaps a cello, accordion or flute. In China, classical music is
booming as mightily as the 1812 overture, its fortissimo in Shanghai, is home to China’s
oldest orchestra, forte in Beijing and other lively cities, and on a crescendo in farther-
flung areas. Commanding YI00-200 (512.50425) per hour, private music teachers in
Shanghai can readily earn more than five times the average per capita monthly income.

15) It seems we live in a bizarre Universe. One of the greatest mysteries in the whole of
science is the prospect that 75% of the Universe is made up from a mysterious
substance known as ‘Dark Energy’, which causes an acceleration of the cosmic expansion.
Since a further 21% of the Universe is made up from invisible ‘Cold Dark Mater’ that can
only be detected through its gravitational effects, the ordinary atomic matter making up
the rest is apparently only 4% of the total cosmic budget. These discoveries require
a shift in our perception as great as that made after Copernicus’s revelation that the
Earth moves around the Sun. This lecture will start by reviewing the checkered history of
Dark Energy, not only since Einstein’s proposal for a similar entity in 1917, but by tracing
the concept back to Newton’s ideas. This lecture will summarize the current evidence for
Dark Energy and future surveys in which UCL is heavily involved: the “Dark Energy
Survey”, the Hubble Space Telescope and the proposed Euclid space mission.

16) The world’s atmosphere is forever on the move. Wind is air in motion. Sometimes air
moves slowly, giving a gentle breeze. At other times it moves rapidly creating gales and
 hurricanes. Gentle or fierce, wind always starts in the same way. As the sun moves
through the sky, it heats up some parts of the sea and land more than others.
The air above these hot spots is warmed, becomes lighter than the surrounding air, and
begins to rise. Elsewhere, cool air sinks, because it’s heavier. Winds blow because- air
squeezed out by sinking, cold air is sucked in under rising, warm air. Winds will blow
wherever there is a difference in air temperature and pressure, always flowing from high
to low pressure. Some winds blow in one place, and have a local name — North America’s
chinook and France’s mistral. Others are part of a huge circulation pattern that sends
winds over the entire globe.

17) Sportswomen’s records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records
don’t exist, we need to get out and start interviewing people, not to put too fine a point
on it, while we still have a chance. After all, if the records aren’t kept in some form or
another, then the stories are lost too.

18) No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse copyright can
confer so it may seem right that he should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5
per cent of all sales after the original one, which can go on giving to their families for as
much as 150 years. But that ignores the truth that copyright law is a scandal,
recently exacerbated by the Free Trade Agreement with the US which required extension
of copyright to 70 years after death. Is it scandalous that really valuable copyrights end
up in the ownership of corporations (although Agatha Christie’s no-doubt worthy great-
grandchildren are still reaping the benefits of West End success for her who dunnits and
members of the Garrick Club enjoy the continuing fruits of A.A. Milne’s Christopher Robin
books)? No. The scandal is that been peasants politicians have attempted to appear
cultured by creating private assets which depend on an act of Parliament for their
existence and by giving away much more in value than any public benefit could justify. In
doing so they have betrayed our trust.

19) The space work for an astronaut can be inside or outside, inside they can monitor
machines and the work is carried out alongside the craft. They also need to make sure
the Space travel. Outside the craft, they can see how the seeds react in the space. Some
seeds company send seeds to them to investigate how seeds change their biological
character. When outside the craft, they can set up experiments or clean up the space
rubbish.

20) Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes eat only eggs as part of their diet. Some
eat only small eggs which are easy to eat, while some snakes eat bird’s eggs, which they
have to swallow whole, as the snake has no teeth. Instead, these snakes have spines
that stick out from the backbone. The spines crack the egg open as it passes through the
throat. Once the egg is punctured, muscles in the snake’s body work in waves to squeeze
out the contents, which then move down into the stomach. The snake then forces the
shell back into its mouth by bending its body into an ‘S’ shape. The shell is now drained
and flattened into a compact shape. Egg eating snakes sometimes have to go for a long
time without any food. So, they eat as many eggs as they can when they get them!
21) Joseph Engel Berger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once marked, “I can’t define
a robot, but I know one when I see one.” If you consider all the different machines
people call robots, you can see that it’s nearly impossible to come up with a
comprehensive definition. Everybody has a different idea of what constitutes a robot.

22) The exponential qrowth of the internet was heralded, in the 1990s, as revolutionizing
the production and dissemination of information. Some people saw the internet as a
means of democratizing access to knowledge. For people concerned with
African development, it seemed to offer the possibility of leapfrogging over the
technology gap that separates Africa from advanced industrialized countries However, the
initial optimism about the internet’s potential to provide an enormous and ever-expanding
body of publicly available knowledge has had to come to terms with material and social
obstacles.

23) UMN’s ALCs feature large circular tables that seat nine students and can accommodate
laptop computers for collaborative work. Typically, students bring their own computers to
class and use the building’s ubiquitous wireless capability. The classrooms are designed to
facilitate hands-on activities and problems that require students to interact with each
other to reach a solution. Students can display their work on large LCD screens mounted
around the room to promote small- and large-group discussion. Each table is allotted
three gooseneck microphones so that students can make themselves heard without
shouting during group discussions. Additionally, students can press a button on their
table console to light a signal lamp to indicate when they need help or wish to speak. To
facilitate brainstorming and group reporting, the room is also lined with erasable
marker-boards.

24) Dictatorship is not a modern concept. Two thousand years ago, during the period of the
Roman Republic, exceptional powers were sometimes given by the Senate to
individual dictators such as Sulla and Julius Caesar. The intention was that
the dictatorship would be temporary and that it would make it possible to take swift
and effective action to deal with an emergency. There is some disagreement as to how
the term should be applied today. Should it be used in its original form to describe the
temporary exercise of emergency powers? Or can it now be applied in a much broader
sense — as common usage suggests?

25) Since the last papal reform, several proposals have been offered to make the Western
calendar more useful or regular. Very few reforms, such as the rather different decimal
French Republican and Soviet calendars, had gained official acceptance, but each was
put out of use shortly after its introduction. After World War II the newly-formed United
Nations continued efforts of its predecessor, the League of Nations, to establish the
proposed World Calendar but postponed the issue after a veto from the US government.

26) The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the level of individual guilt and
responsibility. Criminal acts are seen as individual issues of personal responsibility and
culpability, to which the state responds by way of policing, prosecution, adjudication and
punishment.
 This is but one level at which crime and criminal justice can be analyzed. The problem is
that so often analysis ends there, at the level of individual action, characterized in terms
of responsibility, guilt, evil.
In few other areas of social life does individualism have this hold? To take but one
instance, it would be absurd to restrict analysis of obesity, to individual greed. It should
similarly be widely seen as absurd to restrict analysis of criminal justice issues to the
culpability of individuals.

27) Space’s Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on Friday at 1845 GMT
(1445 EDT), reaching orbit 9 minutes later. The rocket lofted an unscrewed mockup of
Space’s Dragon capsule, which is designed to one day carry both crew and cargo to orbit.
“This has been a good day for Space and a promising development for the US human
space flight program,” said Robyn Ringette of Space in a webcast of the launch. In a
teleconference with the media on Thursday, Space’s CEO, Paypal co-founder Elon Musk,
said he would consider the flight 100 percent successful if it reached orbit. “Even if we
prove out just that the first stage functions correctly, I’d still say that’s a good day for a
test,” he said. “It’s a great day if both stages work correctly.” Space hopes to win a NASA
contract to launch astronauts to the International Space Station using the Falcon 9. US
government space shuttles, which currently make these trips, are scheduled to retire for
safety reasons at the end of 2010.

28) Exposure to gun violence makes adolescents twice as likely to perpetrate serious violence
in the next two years, according to a University of Michigan study. Researchers found
there is a substantial cause and effect relationship between exposure and perpetration
of violence. Jeffrey B. Bingenheimer, a doctoral student in health behaviour and health
education, analysed five years of data from adolescents living in 78 neighbourhoods in
Chicago. Bingenheimer is lead author on a paper in this week's journal Science.

29) We now know through the work of neuroscientists that the human brain is wired to mimic
other people, and this mimicry involves actual involuntary physiological experience in
the observer. Human beings tend to imitate actions that they see. Physiologically, our
brains include mirror neurons, which react to actions that are seen as if we are doing the
action ourselves. It is largely an unconscious and automatic experience. When we hear
people speak, observe their vocal nuances, watch their posture, gestures, and facial
expressions, etc, neural networks in our brains are stimulated by the ”shared
representations” generating feelings within us that reflect the experience of those we are
observing.

30) In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics comes
from the Greek root “to build.” putting these two words together, we get the term plate
tectonics, which refers to how the Earth’s surface is built of plates. The theory of plate
tectonics states that the Earth’s outermost layer is fragmented into a dozen or larger
and small plates that are moving relative to one another.

31) The UW course descriptions are updated regularly during the academic year. All
announcements in the General Catalog and Course Catalog are subject to change without
 notice and do not constitu nte an agreement between the University of Washington and
the student. Students should assume the responsibility of consulting the appropriate
academic unit or adviser for more current or specific information.

32) The Dag Hammarskjold Library at United Nations Headquarters in New York is a library
designated to facilitate the work of the United Nations and focuses mainly on the needs of
the UN Secretariat and diplomatic missions. Anyone with a valid United Nations
Headquarters grounds pass, including specialized agencies, accredited media and NGO
staff, is able to visit the library. Due to security constraints in place at the United Nations
Headquarters complex, the library is not open to the general public.

33) Down the road, the study authors write, a better understanding of sharks’ personalities
may help scientists learn more about what drives their choice of things like prey and
habitat. Some sharks are shy, and some are outgoing; some are adventurous, and
some prefer to stick close to what they know, information that could prove useful in
making sense of larger species-wide behavior patterns.

34) For too long we have held preconceived notions of ‘the’ market and ‘the’ state that were
seemingly independent of local societies and cultures. The debate about civil society
ultimately is about how culture, market and state relate to each other. Concern about
civil society, however, is not only relevant to central and eastern Europe and the
developing world. It is very much of interest to the European Union as well. The Civil
Dialogue Initiated by the Commission in the 1990s was a first attempt by the EU to give
the institutions of society - and not only governments and businesses-a voice at the
policy-making tables in Brussels. The EU, like other international institutions, has a long
way to go in trying to accommodate the frequently divergent interests of non-
governmental organizations and citizen groups. There is increasing recognition that
international and national governments have to open up to civil society institutions.

35) The widespread use of artificial light in modern societies means that light pollution is an
increasingly common feature of the environments humans inhabit. This type of pollution is
exceptionally high in coastal regions of tropic and temperate zones, as these are areas
of high rates of human population growth and settlement. Light pollution is a threat for
many species that inhabit these locations, particularly those whose ecology or behaviour
depends, in some way, on natural cycles of light and dark. Artificial light is known to
have detrimental effects on the ecology of sea turtles, particularly at the hatchling stage
when they emerge from nests on natal beaches and head towards the sea. Under natural
conditions, turtles hatch predominantly at night (although some early morning and late
afternoon emergences occur) and show an innate and well-directed orientation to the
water, relying mostly on light cues that attract them toward the brighter horizon above
the sea surface. Artificial lighting on beaches is strongly attractive to hatchlings and can
cause them to move away from the sea and interfere with their ability to orient in a
constant direction. Ultimately, this disorientation due to light pollution can lead to death
of hatchlings from exhaustion, dehydration and predation.
36) Stress is what you feel when you have to handle more than you are used to. When you
are stressed, your body responds as though you are in danger. It makes hormones that
speed up your heart, make you breathe faster, and give you a burst of energy. This is
called the fight-or fight stress response. Some stress is normal and even useful. Stress
can help if you need to work hard or react quickly. For example, it can help you win a race
or finish an important job on time. But if stress happens too often or lasts too long, it can
have bad effects. It can be linked to headaches, an upset stomach, back pain, and trouble
sleeping. It can weaken your immune system, making it harder fight off disease.

37) From a child's point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on TV
done to give actors the opportunity to take a rest or practice their lines? Or is it done to
make people buy things? Furthermore, is the main difference between programs and
commercials that commercials are for real, whereas programs are not, or that programs
are for kids and commercials for adults? As has been shown several times in the literature
(e.g. Butter et al. 1981 Donohue, Henke, and Donohue 1980 Macklin 1983 and 1987
Robertson and Rossiter 1974 Stephens and Stutts 1982), some children are able to
distinguish between programs and commercials and are aware of the intent of TV
advertising, whereas others are not.

38) Scientists preparing for NASA's proposed Jupiter icy Moons Orbiter believe that Jupiter's
moons Europa may be a corrosive mixture of acid and peroxide. Thus, it may not be the
ideal place for life to exist as was thought possibly to be the case. Virtually, all the
information we have about Europa comes from the spacecraft Galileo, which completed its
mission to study. Although the general perception of Europa is of a frozen crust of water
ice harbouring a salty subterranean ocean kilometre below, researchers studying the most
recent measurements say light reflected from the moons icy surface bears the spectral
fingerprints of hydrogen peroxide and strong acids, however, they accept that it could
just be a thin surface dusting and might not come from the ocean below.

39) Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity—doing something
truly creative, we’re inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy
of youth. Orson Welles made his masterpiece, “Citizen Kane,” at twenty-five. Herman
Melville wrote a book a year through his late twenties, culminating, at age thirty-two, with
“Moby- Dick.” Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in E-Flat-Major at the
age of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the importance of precocity
has hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote “The Love Song of
J. Alfred Prufrock” (“I grow old . . . I grow old”)? Twenty-three. “Poets peak young,” the
creativity researcher James Kaufman maintains. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the author of
“Flow,” agrees: “The most creative lyric verse is believed to be that written by the
young.” According to the Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading authority on
creativity, “Lyric poetry is a domain where talent is discovered early, burns brightly, and
then peters out at an early age.”

40) It is difficult to tell precisely when the Breton language was born. As early as the VIth
century the new country was established and known as “Lesser Britain”, but for many
centuries its language remained close to the one of Great Britain’s – very close even to
 the dialect spoken in the South West. The VIIIth century is the milestone where Breton,
Cornish and Welsh are considered as different languages.

41) Before effective anesthetics, surgery was very crude and very painful. Before 1800,
alcohol and opium had little success in easing pain during operations. Laughing gas was
used in 1844 in dentistry in the USA, but failed to ease all pain and patients
remained conscious. Ether (used from 1846) made patients totally unconscious and
lasted a long time. However, it could make patients cough during operations and sick
afterwards. It was highly flammable and was transported in heavy glass bottles.
Chloroform (used from 1847) was very effective with few side effects. However, it was
difficult to get the dose right and could kill some people because of the effect on their
heart. An inhaler helped to regulate the dosage.

42) This summer, 41 UBC alumni and friends participated in expeditions to the Canadian
Arctic and the legendary Northwest Passage. Presentations, conversations and learning
accompanied their exploration of the great outdoors aboard the Russian-flagged.
Academic ICoffee, designed and built in Finland as a scientific research vessel in 1989.
Her bridge was open to passengers virtually 24 hours a day. Experts on board presented
on topics including climate change, wildlife, Inuit culture and history, and early European
explorers. UBC professor Michael Byers presented on the issue of Arctic sovereignty, a
growing cause of debate as ice melts, new shipping routes open, and natural resources
become accessible. Recommended pre-trip reading was late UBC alumnus Pierre Bertons
book, The Arctic Grail.

43) The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. Due to its unique
international character, and the powers vested in its founding Charter, the organization
can take action on a wide range of issues and provide a forum for its 193 Member States
to express their views, through the General Assembly, the Security Council, the
Economic and Social Council and other bodies and committees. The work of the United
Nations reaches every corner of the globe. Although best known for peacekeeping,
peacebuilding, conflict prevention, and humanitarian assistance, there are many other
ways the United Nations and its system (specialized agencies, funds, and programs) affect
our lives and make the world a better place.

44) Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every
year but the gas is usually harmless. When a volcano erupts, carbon dioxide spreads out
into the atmosphere and isn’t concentrated in one spot. But sometimes the gas
gets trapped underground under enormous pressure. If it escapes to the surface in
a dense cloud, it can push out oxygen-rich air and become deadly.
Huge clouds of carbon dioxide were released from California’s volcanic Mammoth
Mountain in 1984, killing thousands of trees. The U.S. Forest Service declared the area
off-limits to campers and keeps a close eye on gas levels there to this day.

45) At times, a broad stream of knowledge flowed from China to Japan. At other times, this
transfer was halted from one side or the other, and Japan developed on its own. But
whether in isolation or not, Japan was always itself. Everything that arrived from China
 was adapted you suit Japanese tastes and needs.

46) David Lynch is professor and head of education at Charles Darwin University. Prior to this
he was sub dean in the Faculty of Education and Creative Arts at Central Queensland
University and foundation head of the University’s Noosa campus. David’s career in
education began as a primary school teacher in Queensland in the early 1980’s and
progressed to four principal positions. David’s research interests predominate in teacher
education with particular interest in building teacher capability to meet a changed world.

47) Music was as important to the ancient Egyptians as it is in our modern society. Although it
is thought that music played a role throughout the history of Egypt, those that study the
Egyptian writings have discovered that music seemed to become more important in what
is called the ‘pharaonic’ period of their history. This was the time when the Egyptian
dynasties of the pharaohs were established (around 3100 BCE) and music was found in
many parts of every day Egyptian life.

48) The Nature Conservation Amendment Act of 1996 enables the Minister of Environment
and Tourism to register a conservancy if it has a representative committee, a legal
constitution, which provides for the sustainable management and utilization of game in
the conservancy, the ability to manage the funds, an approved method for the
equitable distribution of benefits to members of the community and defined
boundaries.

49) Laurence Stephen Lowry (1 November 1887 — 23 February 1976) was an English artist.
Many of his drawings and paintings depict Pendlebury, Lancashire, where he lived and
worked for more than 40 years, and also Salford and its surrounding areas. Lowry is
famous for painting scenes of life in the Industrial districts of North West England in the
mid-20th century. He developed a distinctive style of painting and is best known for his
urban landscapes peopled with human figures often referred to as “matchstick men”. He
painted mysterious unpopulated landscapes, brooding portraits and the unpublished
“marionette” works, which were only found after his death.

50) Organizations need to integrate their sales activities more both internally and with
customers’ needs according to a new book co-authored by an academic at the University
of East Anglia. The book addresses how sales can help organizations to become more
customer oriented and considers how they are responding to challenges such as
increasing competition, more demanding customers and a more complex
selling environment. Many organizations are facing escalating costs and a growth in
customer power, which makes it necessary to allocate resources more strategically. The
sales function can provide critical customer and market knowledge to help inform both
innovation and marketing.
However, the authors say that within the industry there is still uncertainty about
the shape a future sales team should take, how it should be managed, and how it
fits into their organization’s business model.
51) The National Portrait Gallery’s Conservation Department performs one of the
Gallery’s core functions, the long-term preservation of all Collection items, to make
them accessible now and in future.
The Collection dates from the 8th century to the present day, and consists of portraits
in a variety of media, so the Gallery employs Conservators with expertise in a range of
disciplines, including Framing, Painting, Paper, Sculpture and Photography.

52) The casual observer does not necessarily recognize the skill in how a teacher, for
instance, responds to a thoughtful question from a normally quiet student and how that
may be very different from the ‘standard response’ to a commonly inquisitive or talkative
student. Expert teachers are aware of what they are doing; they monitor and adjust their
teaching behaviors to bring out the best in their students.

53) The Classic era of Mayan civilization came to an end around 900 AD. Why this happened
is unclear; the cities were probably over-farming the land, so that a period of drought led
to famine. Recent geological research supports this, as there appears to have been a
200-year drought around this time.

54) A herbal is a book of plants, describing their appearance, their properties and how they
may be used for preparing ointments and medicines. The medical use of plants is
recorded on fragments of papyrus and clay tablets from ancient Egypt, Samaria and
China that date back 5,000 years but document traditions far older still. Over 700 herbal
remedies were detailed in the Papyrus Ebbers, an Egyptian text written in 1500 BC.
Around 65 BC, a Greek physician called Dioscorides wrote a herbal that was
translated into latin and Arabic. Known as ‘De material medical’, it became the most
influential work on medicinal plants in both Christian and Islamic worlds until the late 17th
century. An illustrated manuscript copy of the text made in Constantinople (modern-day
Istanbul) survives from the sixth century.
The first printed herbals date from the dawn of European printing in the 1480s. They
provided valuable information for apothecaries, whose job it was to make the pills
and potions prescribed by physicians.

55) A majority of U.S. high school students say they get bored in class every day, and more
than one out of five has considered dropping out, according to a survey released on
Wednesday. The survey of 81,000 students in 26 states found two-thirds of high school
students complain of boredom, usually because the subject matter was irrelevant or
their teachers didn’t seem to care about them.

56) Coffee is enjoyed by millions of people every day and the ‘coffee experience’ has become
a staple of our modern life and culture. While the current body of research related to the
effects of coffee consumption on human health has been contradictory, a study in the
June issue of Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, which is published
by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT), found that the potential benefits of
moderate coffee drinking outweigh the risks in adult consumers for the majority of major
health outcomes considered.
57) Friedman showed that, while people do save more when they earn more, it is only to
spend later. Those in work save against a time of sickness, unemployment or old age –
but because the sick, unemployed and elderly spend their savings, overall consumption
does not fall as people get richer.

58) Stars and the material between them are almost always found in gigantic stellar systems
called galaxies. Our own galaxy, the Milky Way System; happens to be one of the two
largest systems in the Local Group of two dozen or so galaxies_ The other is the
Andromeda galaxy; it stretches more than one hundred thousand light- years from one
end to the other, and it is located about two million light-years distant from us.

59) The Dag Hammarskjold Library at United Nations Headquarters in New York is a library
designated to facilitate the work of the United Nations and focuses mainly on the needs of
the UN Secretariat and diplomatic missions. Anyone with a valid United Nations
Headquarters grounds pass, including specialized agencies, accredited media and NGO
staff, is able to visit the library. Due to security constraints in place at the United Nations
Headquarters complex, the library is not open to the general public.

60) For too long we have held preconceived notions of ‘the’ market and ‘the’ state that were
seemingly independent of local societies and cultures_ The debate about civil society
ultimately is about how culture, market and state relate to each other. Concern about civil
society, however, is not only relevant to central and eastern Europe and the developing
world. It is very much of interest to the European Union as well. The Civil Dialogue
initiated by the Commission in the 1990s was a first attempt by the EU to give the
institutions of society-and not only governments and businesses-a voice at the policy-
making tables in Brussels. The EU, like other international institutions, has a long way to
go in trying to accommodate the frequently divergent interests of non-governmental
organizations and citizen groups. There is increasing recognition that international and
national governments have to open up to civil society institutions.

61) Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters,
without any ideas: - How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store
which the busy and boundless fancy of man has painted on it with an almost endless
variety? Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge? To this I answer, in one
word, from experience.

62) Rudman looks at how a poor understanding of Maths has led historians to false
conclusions about the Mathematical sophistication of early societies. Rudman’s final
observation-that ancient Greece enjoys unrivalled progress in the subject while failing
to teach it at school- leads to a radical punchline; Mathematics could be better learnt
after we leave school.

63) One cause of unemployment may be downswings in the trade cycle, ie. periods of
recession. Another explanation of wide-scale unemployment refers to structural
employment. Structural unemployment arises from longer-term changes in the
economy, affecting specific industries, regions and occupations. Structural
 unemployment often explains regional unemployment. Some regions of the UK such as
Central Scotland, and the North-West have higher rates of unemployment because the
traditional heavy industries which located there have gone into decline as they are
replaced by cheaper imports from abroad. The new high-tech industries based on new
technologies tend to be based in the South-East and along particular growth corridors.

64) Deciding to go to business school is perhaps the simplest part of what can be a
complicated process. With nearly 600 accredited MBA programs on offer around the
world, the choice of where to study can be overwhelming. Here we explain how
to choose the right school and course for you and unravel the application and funding
process. “Probably the majority of people applying to business school are at a point in
their careers where they know they want to shake things up, but they don’t know exactly
what they want to do with their professional lives,” says Stacy Blackman, an MBA
admissions consultant based in Los Angeles. “If that’s the case with you, look at other
criteria: culture, teaching method, location, and then pick a place that’s a good fit for
you with a strong general management program. Super-defined career goals don’t have
to be a part of this process.”

65) Charles Darwin knew intuitively that tropical forests were places of tremendous intricacy
and energy. He and his cohort of scientific naturalists were awed by the beauty of the
Nootropics, where they collected tens of thousands of species new to science. But they
couldn’t have guessed at the complete contents of the rain forest, and they had no idea of
its value to humankind.

66) The presentation will cover copyright’s position as one of the intellectual property rights
and how it differs from other intellectual property rights. It will give an overview of
what copyright protects as well as what may be done with copyright protected works
without permission under permitted acts (sometimes or so-called exceptions). It is by
manipulating the restricted acts through licensing arrangements that rights
owners establish and exploit commercial markets. In contrast to commercial markets,
the growth of open source and open content licensing models has challenged established
business models. The presentation gives a brief commentary on two of the
more prominent open licensing frameworks: the GNU Creative Commons licenses.

67) A sustainable transportation system is one in which people’s needs and desires for access
to jobs, commerce, recreation, culture and home are accommodated using a minimum of
resources. Applying principles of sustainability to transportation will reduce pollution
generated by gasoline-powered engines, noise, traffic congestion, land devaluation, urban
sprawl, economic segregation, and injury to drivers, pedestrians and cyclists. In addition,
the costs of commuting, shipping, housing and goods will be reduced. Ultimately in a
sustainable San Francisco, almost all trips to and within the City will be on public transit,
foot or bicycle — as will a good part of trips to the larger Bay Region. Walking through
streets designed for pedestrians and bicycles will be more pleasant than walking through
those designed for the automobile. Street-front retail and commercial establishments will
prosper from the large volume of foot traffic drawn to an environment enhanced by
trees, appropriately designed “street furniture,” (street lights, bicycle racks, benches, and
 the like) and other people. Rents and property costs will be lowered as land for off-street
parking is no longer required or needed.

68) Scientists preparing for NASA’s proposed Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter believe that
Jupiter’s moons Europa may be a corrosive mixture of acid and peroxide. Thus, it may not
be the ideal place for life to exist as was thought possibly to be the case. Virtually all
the information we have about Europa comes from the spacecraft Galileo, which completed
its mission to study Jupiter and its moons close up before NASA dramatically crashed it
into Jupiter in 2003. Although the general perception of Europa is of a frozen crust of
water ice harbouring a salty subterranean ocean kilometres below, researchers studying
the most recent measurements say light reflected from the moon’s icy surface bears the
spectral fingerprints of hydrogen peroxide and strong acids. However they accept that it
could just be a thin surface dusting and might not come from the ocean below.

69) Symbiosis is a general term for interspecific interactions in which two species live
together in a long-term, intimate association. In everyday life, we sometimes use the
term symbiosis to mean a relationship that benefits both parties. However, in ecologist-
speak, symbiosis is a broader concept and can include close, lasting relationships with
a variety of positive or negative effects on the participants.

70) English is the world’s language. Such dominance has its downside, of course. There
are now about 6,800 languages left in the world, compared with perhaps twice that
number back at the dawn of agriculture. Thanks in part to the rise of über-languages, most
importantly English, the remaining languages are now dying at the rate of about one a
fortnight.
Summarise Spoken Text:

1) Description

Today, we'll discuss about abstraction, commonly known as description. There are two
methods of description. These are symbolic language and body language. The abstraction is
an important part for developing a computer. This is originated from the symbolic system in
the computer system. The origin of symbolic system was developed when people try to
communicate with each other. The symbolic language took communication to wider people
and popularity group. The other part of abstraction is the body language. People accepted
body language as well. The physical movement facilitates the development of sign language,
which popularly became hand words.

2) Human Migration

23,000 years ago, towards the end of the Old Stone Age, also known as the upper Paleolithic,
the weather in Europe and in many parts of the world took a turn for the worse.
Temperatures plummeted, rain levels fell and a massive ice sheet slowly advanced to cover
most of northern Europe and stay there for the next few thousand years. We know that
during this glacial period, many animal and plant species sought shelter in Europe's three
warmer southern peninsulas, Iberia, Italy, and the Balkans. But the question is, where did the
people go? Archeological material recovered from this time period has shown that a large
number of our ancestors retreated to Franco Cantabria, an area covering the southwest of
France and the northeastern tip of Spain. But was this the only area where people traveled to
escape the worst of the weather? Let's go back to the growing ice sheet. In order to grow, the
ice mass had to take up water, causing sea levels to fall. At its maximum when the ice
reached as far south as Germany, sea levels were up to 120 meters lower than today. That's
approximately the same height as the London Eye. As a result, areas of the shallow sea
became exposed and Europe's shape was very different from the one we recognized. It could
be that humans lived on these exposed shores during the Paleolithic, but we have no
evidence of their settlements because it's now we're underwater.

3) Government Tricks

I suppose it's the truism to point out that citizens need to be well informed. Maybe it's
something we take for granted in our liberal western democracies. But there will be plenty of
societies, well, that is run counter to explicit government policy. Many areas of the world still
suffer from the reverie of the deliberate missing information. Governments, especially the
unelected ones, but also some elected ones, have denied the events that have ever taken
place. They pretend that other events did take place. They would help spin what they cannot
deny. Ensure they've used every trick of the book, to pull the eyes of the world, and in an
attempt to cover up their mistakes.

4) Human Minds

The pace, the pace of which that the human minds have evolved over the last half million
years and more recently the last 200,000 years has been so frighteningly rapid that the
evolution of cognitive function and perception in different ways, can only happen to the
actions of a small number of genes. If one needed to adapt dozens of genes changes and
concert, in order to acquire the penetrating minds that we now have, which our ancestors
500,000 years ago didn't have, the evolution could not have taken, could not have occurred
so quickly. And for that reason alone, one begins to suspect that the genetic differences
between people who lived 500,000 years ago sever that cognitive functions than ours are not
so large.
Therefore, a rather small number of genes, may be responsible for comforting us that
powerful minds which we now, which the most of us now possessed.

5) Language Acquisition

Child language acquisition, three little words. So let's take them on at a time. Child, when to
start being a child? For many people, language acquisition starts around about twelve months
when kids say that first word, but don't forget the first year. At the first year, our first year of
life is very important as well and indeed before you are born, remember there are couple of
months before you are born, when you actually able to perceive in the womb, something of
the language that's around you. So language acquisition starts earlier than most people think.
And it also ends later than most people think. When does child language acquisition stop?
Well, in a sense, you know, we are all children, we stay being children all in our lives. There is
no obvious endpoint for learning sounds, of course, there is for learning grammar, there is for
vocabulary, huh. I mean that goes on for the rest of our lives in million or more words in
English. Most of us only have a vocabulary of 50, 60, 70 thousand words, whatever it is until
there is always something to learn. So remember that two ends of child language acquisition
are wider apart than some people think. That means there is more scope for studying in it
than most people think.

6) The Republic

Why should we read the Republic? I image lots of students asked this question to me when
they're given it as a set book at the beginning of their university course, but in fact there are
many good reasons to read the Republic. And first one I would pick on is just that it is
immensely readable. It's not Plato did not write philosophy like a dry text book. He wrote it
like a living conversation. The whole of the Republic which is fairly fat book is a living
conversation written in short almost soundbite type answers, but nevertheless, developing
some very important ideas so my first answer then we should read the Republic just because
it is readable. It is readable it was written by a genius and it's worth reading. It's easy to
read. It's not difficult. But then there's also obviously the thoughts, the content of the book
and he's asking this absolutely fundamental question why should we bother to be good,
what's in it for us effectively. It seems when we look at the world, it looks as though injustice
pays. It looks as though crime pays or as the good people get trodden down. So, Plato
addresses this absolutely fundamental question why should we be good. I'm not going to tell
you his answer. Read the book.

7) Industrial Revolution

France, one thought that they were called them "retarded", a word that was used,
unfortunately, at that time. And then one tried to see why not. Now, that analysis has been
really rejected greatly over the past years, because Industrial Revolution is measured by
more than simply large factories with industrial workers and the number of machines. This is
the point of the beginning of this. The more that we look at the Industrial Revolution, the
more that we see that the Industrial Revolution was first and foremost an intensification of
forms of production, of kinds of production that were already there. And thus, we spend more
time looking at, you know, the intensification of artisanal production, craft production, of
domestic industry, which we've already mentioned, that is people mostly women but also men
and children, too, working in the countryside. The rapid rise of industrial production was very
much tied to traditional forms of production. In Paris, for example, in 1871, alright, 1870, the
average unit of production had only slightly more than seven people in it. So, if you only look
for big factories and lots of machines, you'll be missing the boat on the Industrial Revolution.

8) Development

The history of software is of course very very new. And the whole IT industry is really only 67
years’ old which is extraordinary and to be so close to the birth of a major new technology, a
major new discipline is quite remarkable given where we got to in those 67 years. And the
progression has been not so much a progression as a stampede because Moore's Law, the
rapid expansion in the power of computing and the rapid fall of the cost of computing and
storage and communications has made it feasible for information technology to move into all
sorts of areas of life that were never originally envisaged. What has happened is that there
has been as | said a stampede for people to pick the low-hanging fruit. And that is what's
guided the development of software and information technology over the past decades and
continues to do so with a number of consequences that we will explore.

9) Ugly Building

It seems to me that architecture is very much something that causes us both pleasure and
trouble. I live in the part of western London where I think many of the streets are, where I
live are really really ugly, and this distresses me every time I walk to a supermarket or walk
to a tube. I think why did they built that and with terribly without architecture. It last so long,
and if you write a bad book or do a bad play, you know, I will be shocked when it be showed
and then no one would suffer. A bad building has a serious impact for, could be hundreds of
years on the people around it. And suppose the book arose a little bit from the frustration,
almost anger than there is so much bad architecture around. And then I realize if you talk
about architecture, you will say why building are not more beautiful. Then you will say I can
use such word as "beauty", that's a really arrogant word. And no one knows what beautiful is.
It's all in the eye of beholder. I couldn't help but think that actually. Well, you know that we
all attempt to agree that Rome is nice than Milky kings, and San Francisco has the edge of
Frankfurt, so we can make that sort of generalization, surely they are something we can say
about why a building work or why it doesn't. So the book's really attempt to suggest why
architecture works when it does and what might be going to be wrong when it doesn't work.

10) Wildlife as Food

In my view, it's impossible not to talk about wildlife, and not think about its role in livelihood.
And I guess part of that is my own view, part of the research that I do in Africa. In most
eastern west Africa. I look a role, all the humans rely on wildlife as the source of food, and
also the source of income. And we talk about our wildlife, it seems we talk about fish, we are
talking about what probably the single most important source of protein for human that
across the globe. And, so, billions of, or more than a billion of people rely on fish as their
primary source of animal protein, and most of these people living in poverty. So the
management of fish resource of wildlife in that sense causing incredibly important to
livelihoods and health. And also, wildlife tourism is the multiple billion dollars' industry, and in
many places, such as Africa, South America, it can be the No.1 source of income, it can be
the No.1 source of foreign income for economies.

11) Instinct

Instinct is a term used to describe a set of behaviors that are both unlearned and set in
motion as the result of some environmental trigger. Instincts are also often discussed in
relation to motivation since they can also occur in response to an organism's need to satisfy
some innate internal drive tied to survival.
Instincts are present across species and are consistent within individual species. In other
words, many different species rely on instincts, and if one member of a species possesses an
instinct, then they all do.
Before we move into a discussion of specific types of instincts, it is important to distinguish
the difference between an instinct and a reflex. Both are types of unlearned behavior that
tend to serve a survival purpose. The difference is that a reflex is a typically a simple reaction
or a response to an environmental trigger whereas an instinct is a much more complex set of
behaviors.

12) Radio Burst

A fast radio burst is very much like what it sounds. It’s a very fast burst of radio waves. It
comes from outer space, a long way away. And by fast, I mean really fast. So it starts and
stops in about a thousandth of a second, so you click your fingers, and it’s finished. Fast radio
bursts are a real mystery. We don’t exactly understand where they come from, or what
actually makes them. And there’s a lot of open questions that we really don’t have an answer
for. There are probably more theories about what makes fast radio bursts, than their actual
detections of these things. So since 2007 we’ve only had 20, but there are probably 30 or 40
different theories on what makes them. The most interesting thing about this burst is the fact
that we found it with the Australian square kilometer ray path finder. So that is, it wasn’t
really obvious that we would be able to do this, as well as we ended up being able to do it. So
this telescope is really a fantastic telescope. In fact, it’s probably the best telescope on the
planet at the moment for finding these bursts. So whereas in the past it’s taken ten years to
find twenty bursts, once we’re really going with this new instrument, we’ll able to find them
much more quickly. One or two every week. And that will blow open the field. We’ll be able to
do much more detailed studies of these things, get better statistics, understand what,
hopefully understand what they are, and where they’re coming from.

13) New Zealand

This is my next contribution to New Zealand's super diverse future. The status quo is not
sustainable. Super diversity stock take, which I will talk to you about now, is designed to help
us to adapt to a super diverse New Zealand to make sure that we fit for the future. Because
New Zealand is super diverse right now, predominately in Auckland but actually throughout
New Zealand. Here we're already 50% Māori Pasifika and Asian, 44% are not born in New
Zealand. And we have over 200 ethnicities. Now the definition academically of super diversity
is 25% not born in New Zealand, a hundred ethnicities. So we are almost double that number
already. And Auckland will continue to become younger and browner as the Anglo-Saxon
population ages and shrinks. So the mega trend here is not age and the myth. The mega
trend here is not urbanization. The mega trend is demography. It's ethnicity and we need to
get our head around that because most of the benefits from super diversity that we as a
country are enjoying at the moment, such as greater innovation productivity and investment
increase New Zealand's financial capital whereas most of the challenges from super diversity
adversely affect New Zealand's social capital. However, if you don't mitigate the challenges to
your social capital, you are not going to maximize sustainably the diversity dividend benefits
for your financial capital.

14) Lawyer

My name is Graham Virgo, I’m professor of English Private Law in the Faculty of Law at the
University of Cambridge, and I’m going to consider the question why you should study law if
you don’t want to become a lawyer. A lot of people who study law at university do so because
they want to become practicing lawyers, whether barristers of solicitors. But it is not
necessary to read law at university to become a practicing lawyer. Equally, studying law at
university is a legitimate subject for academic study even if you definitely do not want to
become a lawyer or think that you may not become a practicing lawyer. That is because the
study of law at university is not a vocational subject, it is an academic subject and an
intellectual discipline. Even those students who study law at university intending to become
practicing lawyers are required to do additional vocational training to prepare them for
working either as a barrister or a solicitor; for them the study of law at university by itself is
not sufficient to train them to become lawyers. So why do such students study law at
university and why do others study law even if they don’t want to become a lawyer? The
answer is fairly similar in both cases, namely that studying law at university trains the
student to think and write logically and clearly.

15) Bilingualism

So, there is an example comes from the other end of life and has to do with what's called
wonder babies. This was a study which was done a few years ago in Trieste which is basically
at the border on Slovenia and Italy. So there are a lot of Italians and there are a lot of
Slovenians and there are of course a lot of mixed marriages. What they did was they took
three groups of babies, all babies were seven months old so there were a bunch of Italian
speaking babies, bunch of Slovenian speaking babies and a bunch of Italian-Slovenian babies
from mixed families. They showed those babies various puppets and then they switched the
situation. Typically, when the seven-month-old baby is used to particular setting and the
situation switches it takes them a little while to regroup. So turned out that seven-month-old
Italian and seven-month-old Slovenian babies would get used to the puppet appearing on the
right, and then when the puppet would appear on the left they would continue looking to the
right as if nothing had changed. Whereas the bilingual babies very quickly would turn their
head and notice that the puppet has changed its position.
16) Shakespeare’s Poem

Let's think about perhaps the top 10 things that people would like to know, ought to know
about Shakespeare if they're getting into his works. The first thing to say is that he did live
quite a long time ago. He lived 400 years ago. So if you're reading Shakespeare or listening
to Shakespeare, you're listening to somebody whose language is not quite the language of
our current. You're listening to someone who was writing in a language which is a bit out of
date for now. It needs a little bit of effort to understand that language but the understanding
will be done partly for you by the actors if you're hearing it, or if you're seeing it performed.
Another thing is that Shakespeare was a very great poet. He wrote poems are at narrative
poems and sonnets but he was also, and this is my third point, he was also a great theatre
poet. His poetry is dramatic poetry in the plays. He's not just writing static poetry, lyric
poetry in the plays, which is therefore declamation. He's writing dramatic poetry which
consists of interaction between the characters of the plays.

17) Globalization and IT

Well, I would argue that what they will say was the most important thing to happen in the
early twenty first century was the merger of globalization and the IT revolution. The two
really fused in a way that more and more IT started to drive more and more globalization.
And more and more globalization started to drive more and more IT and what that fusion did
was take the world from connected to hyper connected and from interconnected to
interdependent, these are huge differences of degree that our differences in kind it happened
over the last decade. You are all feeling it in your jobs, in your universities, in your schools.
But no one is really explaining to people everyone's living this fusion. Now, the plumbing of
the world fundamentally changed in the last ten years.

18) How to Spend Life

What do you desire? What makes you itch? What's all of the situation would you like? Let's
suppose, I do this often in vocational guidance of students, they come to me and say, well,
we're getting out of college and we have the faintest idea what we want to do. So I always
ask the question, "what would you like to do if money were no object? How would you really
enjoy spending your life?" Well, it's so amazing as a result of our kind of educational system,
crowds of students say well, we'd like to be painters, we’d like to be poets, we'd like to be
writers, but as everybody knows you can't earn any money that way. Or another person says
well, I'd like to live an out-of-doors life and ride horses. I said you want to teach in a riding
school? Let’s go through with it. What do you want to do? When we finally got down to
something, which the individual says he really wants to do, I will say to him, you do that and
forget the money, because, if you say that getting the money is the most important thing,
you will spend your life completely wasting your time. You will be doing things you don't like
doing.

19) Facial Recognition

Last week we talked about how people recognize objects and really how well people recognize
objects, given how difficult the problem is, given how objects can be seen in all different sorts
of illumination, in different positions, in different angles. And yet we are able to extract that
information, we are able to take the visual stuff out there, interpret it in a way that allows us
to recognize all the different things that we can in our environment. Today we're gone kind of
carry on looking at that, but we gone look at what's really a special class of objects. That's
the human face. So we gone look at how we recognize human faces and how we do it quite as
well as we do. We're really expert at recognizing faces. So again we can think about how do
we take that visual information and how do we transform it into a form which allows us to put
a name to a face, and to do all the other clever things that we can do with faces. So I'm gone
start off again by just pointing out that it's a hard problem. Face recognition is a hard
problem, and it's a clever thing we do. If you think about all the different types of faces you
can recognize, and all the different types of information you can get from the face, your kind
of start to appreciate how well we can do face recognition.

20) Brand image

Consumers are the core section of any business. In fact, the whole concept of any business is
surrounded by the behavior of consumers. And the values of consumer are a crucial factor.
Now, we have to understand a consumer is not to be taken likely. He knows what product he
wants. Consumers are extremely smart. They could make decisions about price and value of
products in minutes or sometimes in few seconds. So, a business therefore needs to uplift its
brand image. Consumers are willing to pay 15 more for quality products. However, the
conflict starts when manufacturers failed to meet the expectations. This lies in the basic
fundamental of engineering in designing a product. Consumers want products to be softest.
But at the same time, they also want product like toilet papers to be light and strong,
something which can be easily be torn. The brand Tide is really good example. There was a
problem of shaking the washing powder before being put into the machine as it causes the
damage of the material of the clothes. Tide had to made up to a lot of expectations for
consumers.
Listening: Fill in the Blanks:

1) With its capacity for bringing down governments and scarring political careers, the onion
plays an explosive role in Indian politics. This week, reports of rising onion prices have
made front-page news and absorbed the attention of the governing elite.
The most vital ingredient in Indian cooking, the basic element with which all dishes
begin and, normally, the cheapest vegetable available, the pink onion is an essential
item in the shopping basket of families of all classes.
But in recent weeks, the onion has started to seem an unaffordable luxury for India’s
poor. Over the past few days, another sharp surge in prices has begun to unsettle the
influential urban middle classes. The sudden spike in prices has been caused by large
exports to neighboring countries and a shortage of supply.

2) Icy objects such as comets may have helped start life on Earth by delivering water and
carbon-based molecules to the young planet. Because putting something on ice
doesn’t necessarily keep it from changing: a new study finds that even in frigid, deep
space environments, simple hydrocarbon molecules can react to become more complex
ones. The process even works when temperatures drop to near absolute zero. But just
what kind of organic molecules would exist on the icy bodies of a forming solar system?
Researchers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, investigated how
organic molecules might evolve toward greater complexity even in the cold of
interstellar space. The scientists found that ultraviolet light, which radiates from stars
and galaxies, can induce rapid changes in icy hydrocarbon molecules cooled to 5
kelvins—that’s a frosty minus 451 degrees Fahrenheit. The chemical reactions resulted in
molecules of more complexity— which is the right direction to go if you want to
eventually make amino acids and biological molecules. The study appears in the
Astrophysical Journal Letters. It just goes to show—if you really want to freeze
something in place, you’d better encase it in carbonite.

3) Sweet potatoes contain fiber, vitamin A and calcium But the way that scientists think
they can make them even more healthful is literally shocking. Researchers found that
giving a jolt of electricity to sweet potatoes increased the level of antioxidants known as
polyphenols by 60 percent. The investigators placed sweet potatoes in a solution of
sodium chloride. They found that 0.2 amps of direct current gave the potatoes nearly
one and a half times more antioxidants than potatoes that weren’t shocked. The
research was presented at the National Meeting of the American Chemical Society. It
seems that the electric zap stressed the potatoes into producing more polyphenols as a
protective mechanism And the treatment did not sacrifice flavor. Previous research has
shown that electrically supercharging white potatoes increases antioxidant levels. So
perhaps it’s only a matter of time before other fruits and vegetables get shock therapy
too.

4) What is nanotechnology? Well, a report that was put together by a combination of the
Roy al Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering that came our last summer,
identified two topics. Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and the manipulation of
materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ
 significantly from those as a larger scale. Nanotechnologies are the design
characterization, production and application of structures devices and systems by
controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale. So I'll talk a little bit more in a
moment about what a nanometer is, but loosely speaking people think of
nanotechnologies as being a sort of a hundred nanometers or less.

5) Along the way, we have built unashamedly beautiful buildings, two of which have won
an d been runnerup in the prestigious United Nations World habitat Award: the first
time an Australian building has received that international honor. We rely on older
concepts of Australian architecture that are heavily influenced by the bush. All residents
have private ver andhas which allows them to socialize outdoors and also creates some
"defensible space" between their bedrooms and public areas. We use a lot of natural or
soft materials and buil d beautiful landscaped gardens.

6) For many years, the favorite horror story about abrupt climate change was that a shift
in ocean currents could radically cool Europe's climate. These currents, called the
overturning circulation, bring warm water and warm temperatures north from the
equator to Europe. Susan Lozier, an oceanographer at Duke University, says scientists
have long worried that this ocean circulation could be disrupted.

7) Now that story’s been scotched, as only part of contingency planning. But it was a
symptom of the dramatic turn of events in South Australia, and it flushed out other
remarks from water academics and people like Tim Flannery, indicating that things
were really much worse than had been foreshadowed, even earlier this year. So is
Adelaide, let alone some whole regions of South Australia, in serious bother?
Considering that the vast amount of its drinking water comes from the beleaguered
Murray, something many of us outside the State may not have quite realized. Is their
predicament something we have to face up to as a nation?

8) Kids from the ages of two to 19., consume about seven trillion calories in sugar-
sweetened beverages per year, according to Steve Bootmaker of the Harvard School of
Public Health. He spoke at the Obesity Society Annual Scientific Meeting in San Antonio
on September23rd. Seven trillion is a lot of calories in sugar-sweetened beverages.
At, for example, 50 cents per can, it’s about $24 billion a year. All of those dollars and
sugary calories are stoking the childhood obesity epidemic. Currently, in the U.S. , about
17 percent of children and adolescents are obese that’s more than 12.5 million kids.
And new research in the British Medical Journal suggests that obese children will have
much higher risk factors for cardiovascular disease as adults. Even as kids, their hearts
are changing shape to look like those of adults at risk for heart disease. But the good
news is that simply cutting out an about of 64 calories a day from kids’ diets could start
to level out the steep rise in childhood obesity. That’s equivalent to less than half a can
of most non-diet sodas.

9) Financial markets swung wildly yesterday in frenzied trading market by further selling of
equities and fears about an unraveling of the global carry trade. At the same time
trading i n the European credit markets in London was exceptionally heavy as traders
 frantically re assessed their appetite for risk - prompting wild swings in the prices of the
key derivatives . It was the third day of frenetic activity in the European credit markets,
suggesting that eq uity market swings were prompting a wider repositioning of
investors in a host of asset classes.

10) Are we smarter than the dinosaurs? Specifically, are we clever enough to avoid their
fate? If we don’t want to be blown away by an asteroid, it would help to know what’s out
there. That’s the idea behind the Sentinel mission Sentinel is an infrared space
telescope designed to spot near-Earth asteroids. But it won’t be near-Earth. It will
launch in 2017 or ’18 and adopt a Venus-like orbit around the sun. From there it will
search space for any asteroids that might come dangerously close to Earth. It could
double the known count of near-Earth asteroids in a matter of weeks. With enough
warning, we’d have a chance to deflect an inbound asteroid. Sentinel is the brainchild of
the B612 Foundation. B612 was the asteroid home of literature’s Little Prince. The
group announced their plans for Sentinel on June 28th. But those plans depend on
funding. The B612 Foundation is a nonprofit that aims to finance Sentinel through
philanthropy. Former NASA astronaut Ed Lu heads the foundation He says Sentinel
needs a few hundred million dollars to get off the ground. That’s a lot of cash, but the
B612 Foundation might make it. After all, when it comes to fundraising, humans leave
the dinosaurs in the dust.

11) Meetings, calls, kids, dogs, errands, exercise and all those emails! Who doesn’t feel
starved for time these days? But a new study suggests that you can feel like you have
more time—by donating some to others. The research is in the journal Psychological
Science. There really are only 24 hours in a day—seven or eight of which are (ideally)
spent sleeping. And a time commitment does take time. But researchers found that if
people felt like they had done something for others, their perception was that they had
gotten more done than people who killed time, spent time on themselves or got
unexpected free time. And that made them feel like they had more time overall. You
don’t even have to spend your whole Sunday volunteering The helping tasks in the
study took only about 5 to 15 minutes. They included things like editing a
student’s essay or writing a note to a sick child. Time donators also felt like they could
do more with their time, making them even more willing to give time in the future.

12) Lowry Laurence Stephen Lowry RBS RA was an English artist. Many of his drawings and
paintings depict Pend Lebury, Lancashire, where he lived and worked for more than 40
years, and also Salford and its surrounding areas. Lowry is famous for painting scenes
of life in the industrial districts of North West England in the mid-20th century. He
developed a distinctive style of painting and is best known for his urban landscapes
peopled with human figures often referred to as matchstick man. He painted mysterious
unpopulated landscapes, brooding portraits and the unpublished "narionette" works,
which were only found after his death.

13) Well in 2004 we integrated ticketing in South East Queensland, so we have introduced
a paper ticket that allowed you to travel across all the three modes in South East
Queensland, so bus, train and ferry, and the second stage of integrated ticketing is the
 introduction of a Smart Card, and the Smart Card will enable people to store value so to
put value on the card, and then to use the card for traveling around the system.

14) The ocean has been getting bluer, according to a study published in the journal Nature.
But that’s not really good news for the planet. It means that the plants that give the
ocean its green tint aren’t doing well. Scientists say that’s because the ocean has been
getting warmer.

15) That brings us to the CEO's second duty: building everyone or more accurately, building
the senior team. All the executives report to the CEO, so it's the CEO's job to hire, fire,
and manage the executive team. From coaching CEOs, I actually think this is the most
important skill of all. Because when a CEO hires an excellent senior team, that team can
keep the company running. When a CEO hire a poor senior team, the CEO is up
spending all of their time trying to do with the team, and not nearly enough time trying
to do with other elements of their job. The senior team can and often does develop the
strategy for the company, but ultimately it's always the CEO who has the final "go-no-
go" decision on strategy.

16) As a kindergarten teacher might say, sharing is caring. She might not mention that
cooperation is also a great way to form a community, and thus improve everyone’s
chances of survival. Humans aren’t the only ones to apply this strategy marine bacteria
also form cooperative populations, according to a study in the journal Science.
Researchers examined the genomes of bacteria belonging to the Vibrionaceae family. In
the lab, they grouped together bacteria with similar genetics that coexist in the same
micro-habitat. The scientists expected that within any given population, individuals
capable of producing antibiotics would use these chemical weapons against others. But
when they looked at interactions between different strains of Vibrionaceae, they found
that only a few members of any given population could produce the bacteria-killing
substances, and the rest of that community was resistant to those particular
compounds. But the antibiotics could fight off foreign populations, while leaving
members of the home group unharmed. This arrangement implies a bacterial social
structure where individuals help the group as a whole. Crayon-hoarding toddlers might
want to take note.

17) With more and more car accidents attributed to distracted driving” it’s become clear just
how dangerous it can be to fiddle with your cell phone while behind the wheel. Now it
seems more and more people are failing to safely use their mobile gadgets while
walking. The number of distracted walkers injured seriously enough to be treated at
hospital emergency rooms have more than quadrupled in the past seven years,
according to the Associated Press. That’s not even counting the untold incidents of
stubbing your toe or doing that little trip-run move across the sidewalk. These hospital
cases are people who get hit by cars, fall off curbs or even onto train tracks because
they’re too busy texting surfing the Web or in some other way too distracted to watch
where they’re going. There were about 1,150 such incidents last year. There isn’t any
hard evidence yet that proves pedestrian gadget distraction increases the chances of
pedestrian mishaps. Still, it’s hard to argue with the anecdotal evidence available at the
 nearest street corner. Perhaps you’ve seen the video of the walker in California who’s
concentrating so hard on his mobile device that he almost bumps into a bear? Don’t be
that guy.

18) “Touchdown confirmed. We are safe on Mars. …… The control room at NASA’s Jet
Propulsion laboratory late in the evening of August 5th, Pacific time, when word arrived
that the Curiosity rover had landed safely on Mars. The one-ton rover, which dwarfs all
Mars landers that came before it, will now spend a planned two years exploring the
Martian surface. The mission is expected to cost $2.5 billion. Curiosity’s task is to
investigate the inside of Gale Crater, where a giant mound of sedimentary deposits may
provide evidence of a wetter, possibly habitable Mars billions of years ago. But first it
had to survive an elaborate landing sequence which appears to have gone smoothly.
Curiosity landed on time and on target and soon beamed back grainy photos of its
wheels and its shadow. Given the carlike size of the rover and the challenges of landing
on Mars, Curiosity’s landing goes down as one of the greatest parking jobs in history.

19) Having a kid changes everything, from your sleep schedule to the status of that formerly
spare room. The stable of bacteria that live in a woman’s gut is also transformed when
their host becomes pregnant So finds research in the journal Cell. The study looked at
women in Finland. The women’s microbial makeup cha need dramatically between the
first and third trimesters. The array of microbes in the gut went from looking normal in
the first three months of a pregnancy to resembling what’s found in patients suffering
from metabolic disease in the last three. But some of the symptoms of that condition—
like weight-gain and slower sugar metabolism— can be beneficial to pregnant women,
supporting energy storage that helps a foetus develop. Other symptoms, like
inflammation demonstrate that the immune system is functioning properly as a
pregnancy comes to term. Scientists don’t yet fully understand what brings about the
changes in gut bacteria—immune function is a suspect, but factors like
hormonal signals aren’t ruled out. The research suggests that other changes to the
body, like puberty or old age, could also bring about microbial makeovers.

20) Many different types of bar code scanning machines exist, but they all work on the same
fundamental principles. They all use the intensity of light reflected from a series of
black and white stripes to tell a computer what code it is seeing White stripes reflect
light very well, while black stripes reflect hardly any light at all. The bar code scanner
shines light sequentially across a bar code, simultaneously detecting and recording the
pattern of reflected and non-reflected light. The scanner then translates this pattern
into an electrical signal that the computer can understand. All scanners must include
computer software to interpret the bar code once it's been entered. This simple principle
has transformed the way we are able to manipulate data and the way in which many
businesses handle recordkeeping.

21) As a consumer, you’re probably consuming imports. If we have a trade war and we
start slapping tariffs on all of those imports, the bill is going to be higher. If the world
relies so much on trade, what is a trade war and why do countries get caught up in
 them in the first place?

22) Macular degeneration causes visual distortion and even complete loss of sight. When the
wife of chemistry Nobel laureate Walter Kohn was diagnosed with macular
degeneration, he wanted to do something. I spoke with him at the recent Lindau Nobel
Laureate meeting in Germany. “We are developing a corrective device,
including interaction with the patient, who is following a certain routine and who tells
us his perceptions that arise.” A macular degeneration patient looks at a completely
regular grid on a computer screen. But because of the condition, the grid will appear
distorted. The patient uses a mouse to adjust the grid to appear normal. “We will receive
from the patient an edited piece of graph paper. And from the way the patient edits it,
we can tell what the distortions are that he perceives, and from these we can then
develop devices that correct his distortions.”

23) Black holes are common. But actually counting them is no easy task. Even the brightest
can be hard to see. Of course, “bright black holes” is a bit of an oxymoron. But when
super massive black holes at the center of a galaxy feed, the material falling into them
heats up, giving off a bright glow across the electromagnetic spectrum Infrared light in
particular is good to look for when black-hole hunting. Some feasting black holes are
obscured by gas and dust which absorbs much of their glow—but they still shine in the
infrared. It’s no surprise, then, that NASA’s infrared WISE spacecraft found a bunch.
WISE launched in 2009 to survey the entire sky in the infrared. Now researchers have
used WISE data to count the luminous black holes in a well-known corner of the sky
called the COSMOS field. In just that tiny region, WISE found about 130 glowing black
holes, or active galactic nuclei. The study will appear in the
Astrophysical Journal Extrapolating from this small area, at least two million active
black holes dot the sky confirming that these extreme astrophysical objects are
common indeed.

24) Presidential hopeful Mitt Romney pledged to achieve North American

energy independence by 2020 this week. That’s a presidential move because every
president since Richard Nixon has pledged some version of the same thing, including
Romney’s opponent President Barack Obama. Obama’s version is called the all of the
above strategy more domestic oil production to reduce imports. More electricity derived
from wind, sunshine and natural gas added to the U.S. grid. Even more coal, as long as
it has CO2 capture and storage attached. Romney’s plan differs only in the details. That
increased domestic oil production should come from drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife
Refuge and other public lands, for example, as well as off the Eastern seaboard. Both
candidates love biofuels, even ethanol from corn. The candidates share another
similarity as well: an inability to discuss climate change on the campaign trail. And global
warming is one of the largest environmental results U.S. energy policy or, for the past
half century, the lack of a coherent one. Until issues like climate change are included in
the discussion, any energy plan is just a lot of hot air.

25) How many rolls, cookies or baby carrots would you have to eat to feel full. It’s probably
more than you’d want to admit It may not even be possible with carrots. But what if
 you ate that volume of filet mignon? Hunger and fullness are controlled by hormones
that send messages between your gut and your head. And different foods send different
messages. Some say eat more and others warn you to slow down. Now a study finds
that protein is, indeed, key in generating signals of fullness. The work is in the journal
Cell. Mice that lack receptors to sense that they were eating protein kept chowing down
without appearing to feel full. Whereas normal mice would stop eating much sooner
while eating a high-protein meal. The results of the study make it extra impressive,
that Joey Chestnut wolfed down 68 hot dogs at the Nathan’s July 4th hot dog eating
contest—with more time he likely would have felt full after a few. But for people eating
sensibly grilled chicken or fish supply satiating protein too.

26) Olympic athletes submit their bodies to grueling training. And then they soar around
the world to meet the competition. American east coast athletes traveled five time zones
to get to London. West coast athletes leapt over eight. And increased the odds that
they’ll get a cold, if not the gold. So says a study in the British Journal of Sports
Medicine. Researchers tracked 259 elite rugby players in the 2010 Super 14 Rugby
Tournament. The 16 weeks of games took place in Australia, South Africa and New
Zealand. On average, there were 21 illnesses per thousand player-days. But players in
their home countries endured only 15 illnesses per thousand days. And when a team
traveled more than five time zones in either direction, illnesses rates more than doubled.
The number dropped back to 10 after they flew back home. The illnesses were
primarily infections such as respiratory or intestinal illnesses. A weakened immune
system does not appear to be a factor. The researchers suggest that differences in
temperature, pollution, allergens and different foods and local microbes are the likeliest
culprits. One more element that might give European Olympians a home field
advantage.

27) If you’re thinking about upgrading to Apple’s new iPhone 5 when it debuts in a few
weeks, you’re going to have to figure out what to do with your current device. Given
how much we’ve come to rely on these gadgets for storing pictures, contacts and
personal information, some serious privacy issues should be considered before selling,
recycling or trading in your old phone. Typically, you restore factory settings on your
smart phone before parting ways. But a couple of recent articles on NBCNews.com and
Yahoo.com find that factory resets are inconsistent depending on the phone.
Blackberry and Apple resets appear to delete and scrub personal data the best,
according to data retrieval experiments described in the articles. But Android and
Microsoft smart phones weren’t as good at wiping important information. In the Yahoo
article computer analyst Steve Burgess recommends that, in addition to the factory
reset, you should remove a phone’s memory and SIM cards before turning it in. Robert
Sicilian’s advice in the NBCNews. com story was a bit more severe. He recommends a
drill, a sledgehammer and bucket of salt water.

28) Having a kid changes everything, from your sleep schedule to the status of that formerly
spare room. The stable of bacteria that live in a woman’s gut is also transformed when
their host becomes pregnant So finds research in the journal Cell. The study looked at
women in Finland. The women’s microbial makeup changed dramatically between the
 first and third trimesters. The array of microbes in the gut went from looking normal in
the first three months of a pregnancy to resembling what’s found in patients suffering
from metabolic disease in the last three. But some of the symptoms of that condition—
like weight-gain and slower sugar metabolism— can be beneficial to pregnant women,
supporting energy storage that helps a fetus develop. Other symptoms, like
inflammation, demonstrate that the immune system is functioning properly as a
pregnancy comes to term. Scientists don’t yet fully understand what brings about the
changes in gut bacteria—immune function is a suspect, but factors like
hormonal signals aren’t ruled out. The research suggests that other changes to the
body, like puberty or old age, could also bring about microbial makeovers.

29) Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant suffered three meltdowns last year.
Paired with hydrogen explosions, these meltdowns allowed radioactive material to
escape. So what’s the effect on the environment and human health? The first clues come
from what’s called the pale grass blue butterfly This delicate insect’s wings change color
and pattern in response to environmental changes. The offspring of female butterflies
caught in the Fukushima region six months after the meltdowns sported such colour-
pattern changes, as well as deformed legs, antennae, wings and even eyes. The
deformities persisted and got worse in the second generation of offspring as well. The
same deformities were found in butterflies collected from the wild. And the researchers
induced similar effects by exposing normal butterflies to radiation from cesium particles
like those that escaped Fukushima Daiichi. The research is in the journal Nature
Scientific Reports. As for people, more than 3,000 individuals from a town 23 kilometers
north of the stricken nuclear plant also bore detectable levels of radioactive cesium in
their bodies. Their total dose of less than one milliSievert is considered safe, and no
radiation sickness was observed. But, says a report in the Journal of the American
Medical Association, the men, women and children exposed need to be watched for the
long-term effects of the radiation for the rest of their lives.

30) Are we smarter than the dinosaurs? Specifically, are we clever enough to avoid their
fate? If we don’t want to be blown away by an asteroid, it would help to know what’s out
there. That’s the idea behind the sentinel mission Sentinel is an infrared space
telescope designed to spot near-Earth asteroids. But it won’t be near-Earth. It will
launch in 2017 or ’18 and adopt a Venus-like orbit around the sun. From there it will
search space for any asteroids that might come dangerously close to Earth. It could
double the known count of near-Earth asteroids in a matter of weeks. With enough
warning, we’d have a chance to deflect an inbound asteroid. Sentinel is the brainchild of
the B612 Foundation. B612 was the asteroid home of literature’s Little Prince. The group
announced their plans for Sentinel on June 28th. But those plans depend on funding.
The B612 Foundation is a nonprofit that aims to finance Sentinel through philanthropy.
Former NASA astronaut Ed Lu heads the foundation He says Sentinel needs a few
hundred million dollars to get off the ground. That’s a lot of cash, but the B612
Foundation might make it. After all, when it comes to fundraising, humans leave the
dinosaurs in the dust.
31) If you’re thinking about upgrading to Apple’s new iPhone 5 when it debuts in a few
weeks, you’re going to have to figure out what to do with your current device. Given
how much we’ve come to rely on these gadgets for storing pictures, contacts and
personal information, some serious privacy issues should be considered before selling,
recycling or trading in your old phone. Typically you restore factory settings on your
smart phone before parting ways. But a couple of recent articles on NBCNews.com and
Yahoo.com find that factory resets are inconsistent depending on the phone. Blackberry
and Apple resets appear to delete and scrub personal data the best, according to data
retrieval experiments described in the articles. But Android and Microsoft smart phones
weren’t as good at wiping important information. In the Yahoo article computer analyst
Steve Burgess recommends that, in addition to the factory reset, you should remove a
phone’s memory and SIM cards before turning it in. Robert Sicilian’s advice in the
NBCNews. com story was a bit more severe. He recommends a drill, a sledgehammer
and bucket of salt water.

32) Black holes are common. But actually counting them is no easy task. Even the brightest
can be hard to see. Of course, “bright black holes” is a bit of an oxymoron. But when
super massive black holes at the center of a galaxy feed, the material falling into them
heats up, giving off a bright glow across the electromagnetic spectrum Infrared light in
particular is good to look for when black-hole hunting. Some feasting black holes are
obscured by gas and dust which absorbs much of their glow—but they still shine in the
infrared. It’s no surprise, then, that NASA’s infrared WISE spacecraft found a bunch.
WISE launched in 2009 to survey the entire sky in the infrared. Now researchers have
used WISE data to count the luminous black holes in a well-known corner of the sky
called the COSMOS field. In just that tiny region, WISE found about 130 glowing black
holes, or active galactic nuclei. The study will appear in the Astrophysical Journal
Extrapolating from this small area, at least two million active black holes dot the sky
confirming that these extreme astrophysical objects are common indeed.

33) Macular degeneration causes visual distortion and even complete loss of sight. When the
wife of chemistry Nobel laureate Walter Kohn was diagnosed with macular
degeneration, he wanted to do something. I spoke with him at the recent Lindau Nobel
Laureate meeting in Germany. “We are developing a corrective device,
including interaction with the patient, who is following a certain routine and who tells
us his perceptions that arise.” A macular degeneration patient looks at a completely
regular grid on a computer screen. But because of the condition, the grid will appear
distorted. The patient uses a mouse to adjust the grid to appear normal. “We will receive
from the patient an edited piece of graph paper. And from the way the patient edits it,
we can tell what the distortions are that he perceives, and from these we can then
develop devices that correct his distortions.”

34) Doctors know a lot about prescribing medications. “Take two brisk walks and call me in
the morning. “But for many patients, a light get-moving plan might be just what the
doctor should have ordered. Many of us aren’t exactly in peak physical condition. But a
large number of people are actually deconditioned. So says the Mayo Clinic’s Michael
Joyner in an essay in The Journal of Physiology. After surgery, illness, pregnancy or
 extended inactivity for any reason, people might feel faint or fatigued when they try
even mild exercise. These signs, Joyner argues, should be recognized by doctors not as
symptoms that should be treated with drugs, but rather as a medical state of
deconditioning that might be better helped with a gentle, guided exercise program. It
might sound counterintuitive that fatigue can be beat back with exercise. But remember
Newton—Isaac, not Fig. A body at rest stays at rest. And a body in motion needs to
resist external forces acting upon it that might slow it down.

35) Malaria is a tropical disease, right? Actually, malaria parasites can be found as far north
as Alaska—at least in birds. And a warming climate may push avian malaria even farther
north by the end of the century according to a study in the journal Plops ONE.
Researchers took blood from nearly 700 birds around Anchorage, Fairbanks and a truck
stop called Cold foot, Alaska, above the Arctic Circle at 67 degrees’ north latitude. And
they found the parasite in 7 percent of the birds at the two southerly sites. Some were
migrants. and may have picked up the disease down south. But others were hatchlings
and resident birds—indicating the parasite can complete its full life cycle in the Great
White North. The parasite doesn’t seem to have hopped north of Fairbanks yet. But
temperatures in the Arctic are rising at twice the global average, and researchers say
malaria could cross into the Arctic Circle by 2080. Once it gets there, it could attack
species like snowy owls, which have never been exposed to malaria, and may not have
resistance to the disease to malaria, and may not have resistance.

36) Emmanuel Kant spoke often about the sublime, and specifically how art becomes more
sublime when beauty mixes with terror. Now research provides some support for this
philosophical viewpoint Scientists had 85 subjects experience one of five different
things. One group watched a brief scary movie, another group watched a happy movie,
and two other groups performed either 30 or 15 jumping jacks. The control group did
nothing. Then all the subjects looked at four abstract paintings for 30 seconds each, by
a Russian artist, El Lissitsky. And they rated the art—based on qualities of how
inspiring stimulating, rousing, boring, forgetful or uninteresting the piece was for them.
The group that watched the scary movie rated the art as more sublime and positive
than any other of the groups. In fact the other four groups did not significantly differ in
their ratings. We might not think of describing art as frightening. The researchers note,
however, that art can “…be surprising, elicit goose bumps, and inspire awe. “Who knew
that pairing The Walking Dead with a trip to the Museum of Modern Art would make the
entire experience more sublime.

37) Presidential hopeful Mitt Romney pledged to achieve North American

energy independence by 2020 this week. That’s a presidential move because every
president since Richard Nixon has pledged some version of the same thing, including
Romney’s opponent President Barack Obama. Obama’s version is called the all of the
above strategy more domestic oil production to reduce imports. More electricity derived
from wind, sunshine and natural gas added to the U.S. grid. Even more coal, as long as
it has CO2 capture and storage attached. Romney’s plan differs only in the details. That
increased domestic oil production should come from drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife
Refuge and other public lands, for example, as well as off the Eastern seaboard. Both
 candidates love biofuels, even ethanol from corn. The candidates share another
similarity as well: an inability to discuss climate change on the campaign trail. And global
warming is one of the largest environmental results of U.S. energy policy or, for the
past half century, the lack of a coherent one. Until issues like climate change are
included in the discussion, any energy plan is just a lot of hot air.

38) In lab tests, music and lighting can affect how much people eat. Now a study has found
that changing the ambiance of a fast food restaurant to more of a fine-
dining atmosphere lessened the amount of food people crammed into their pie holes.
To quote the paper, “softening the lighting and music led people to eat less, to rate the
food as more enjoyable, and to spend just as much. “That last finding means that fast
food joints, which are accused of contributing to the obesity epidemic, might actually
try it. The study was led by well-known eating behaviourist Brian Wans ink from Cornell
University and appears in the journal Psychological Reports. The researchers converted
part of a Hardee’s so that it had soft lighting and slow jazz instrumentals. The patrons
were expected to possibly eat more in the relaxed section, because they’d linger,
maybe get dessert. But they actually averaged 18 percent fewer calories per meal than
the folks in the rowdy section—down from an average of 949 calories to 775. The overall
experience appears to have been a more satisfying meal. Even if there was less of it.

39) Olympic athletes submit their bodies to gruelling training. And then they soar around the
world to meet the competition. American east coast athletes travelled five time zones to
get to London. West coast athletes leapt over eight. And increased the odds that they’ll
get a cold, if not the gold. So says a study in the British Journal of Sports Medicine.
Researchers tracked 259 elite rugby players in the 2010 Super 14 Rugby Tournament.
The 16 weeks of games took place in Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. On
average, there were 21 illnessesper thousand player-days. But players in their home
countries endured only 15 illnesses per thousand days. And when a team traveled more
than five time zones in either direction, illnesses rates more than doubled. The number
dropped back to 10 after they flew back home. The illnesses were primarily infections
such as respiratory or intestinal illnesses. A weakened immune system does not appear
to be a factor. The researchers suggest that differences in temperature, pollution,
allergens and different foods and local microbes are the likeliest culprits. One more
element that might give European Olympians a home field advantage.

40) How many rolls, cookies or baby carrots would you have to eat to feel full. It’s probably
more than you’d want to admit It may not even be possible with carrots. But what if
you ate that volume of filet mignon? Hunger and fullness are controlled by hormones
that send messages between your gut and your head. And different foods send different
messages. Some say eat more and others warn you to slow down. Now a study finds
that protein is, indeed, key in generating signals of fullness. The work is in the journal
Cell. Mice that lack receptors to sense that they were eating protein kept chowing down
without appearing to feel full. Whereas normal mice would stop eating much sooner
while eating a high-protein meal. The results of the study make it extra impressive,
that Joey Chestnut wolfed down 68 hot dogs at the Nathan’s July 4th hot dog eating
contest—with more time he likely would have felt full after a few. But for people eating
sensibly grilled chicken or fish supply satiating protein too.
Highlight Incorrect Words:

1) How can you tell the difference between a French baby and a German baby? No, it’s not
that one is wearing a saucy little beret while the other I tucked into tiny pair of
lederhosen. Well, maybe tht’s part of it. But a new study in the journal Current Biology
shows that the babies opportunely actually sound different. Because the melody of an
infant’s cry matches it mother tongue. We all know that babies start equaling
eavesdropping while they’re still in the womb. So when they come out, they know their
mother’s voice. When they’re older, they start to imitate the sound they hear.
Unquestionably Eventually they babble, and then start to speak, and then you never
hear the end of it. But long before that first burble or coo, babies are barking learning
the elements of language. A team of scientists recorded the cries of 60 newborns: 30
born into novelizing. French-speaking families and 30 that heard German. And they
found that French infants wail on a rising note while the Germans favor a falling melody.
Those patterns match the rhythms of their native languages. So next time you hear a
baby cry, listen closely He could be telling you where he’s from.
2) Have you ever wanted to turn down the volume at a deafening concert or noisy bar? Env
y the whale: a new study finds that toothed whales can reduce their own auditory sensiti
vity when they expect a loud sound. The work is presented at this week’s Acoustics 2012
meeting. Whales and dolphins rely on their responsive hearing to interpret
returning installation echolocation clicks. Previous research suggested that these
marine mammals could dull their hearing before uttering outgoing echolocation clicks, wh
ich are very loud. Could they use the same coping hidden mechanism for external
noises? To find out, easterners researchers trained a false killer whale that a loud noise
would always follow a brief warning signal. Then, they want attached obstructionist
suction cup sensors to the outside of the whale’s head and played the signal. The
sensors measured refrains brainwaves that indicated the whale did reduce its hearing
sensitivity in expectation of a clamor. The researchers hope to test other species as well.
Loud noises from ships can disturb whales. To accommodate marine life,
perhaps vessels could emit signals before making a ruckus, warning whales to tune us
out.
3) Ants are known for working together, operating as a unit the good of the colony. But not
so fast, say researchers from the Universities of Leeds and Copenhagen. It turns out that
ants can scheme like a stage mom. Scientists say that some ants hide out to ensure that
their offspring become child-bearing queens instead of barren workers. The accepted
apologist’s hypothesis had been that random ants were fed certain foods that would
allow them to develop into queens. But DNA test on five harmonies colonies of leaf-
cutting ants greet revealed that certain males have a better henetic chance of rerouting
producing royal progeny. Scientists believe these rare males stay anonymous, and thus
avoid any problems with other ants that might darkies otherwise lose their “one-for-all,
all-for-one” attitude. In fact, the number of males carrying royal genes to those who
aren’t may have settled at a low ratio through evolution-which cobbled objector
together the best way for the ant gene pool to expand, while at the same time keeping
the lucky males hidden from their possibly jealous rivals.
4) Researchers at the University of Califomia claim to have discovered that people who eat
chocolate regularly tend to be lighter than those who hardly rarely eat it. The findings
 may seem suspicious surprising in that chocolate has a great many calories and, in
general. The more calories people contain consume, the more likely they are to put on
weight. The recent studies establish emphasize that it is more the regularity with which
people eat chocolate that is important significant rather than the amount they consume.
Whether they eat a little or lot seems to make no difference, whereas eating it freely
frequently appears to reduce weight more than only having it occasionally.
5) English had barely established itself as a language in England when it began spreading
moving to other countries to be used there as well. First it passed headed north to
Scotland and then west to Wales. It then made its path way across the sea to lreland.
That was in the Middle Ages. Overs the course of the following centuries it has put down
roots all over the earth world; from the USA to South Africa, from India to New Zealand.
Of course. In all these places countries it had developed in special ways to suit the new
concepts contexts in which it found itself.
6) Social capital is a concept that was introduced by sociologists, many years ago. It’s
actually the networks and reserves resources that people use to deliver social
outcomes. For instance, it might be holding a sporting event, running a community fair
fete, being part of a club. It is difficult to measure social capital and one way of looking
at it is the amount extent that people volunteer in their local community. So you can
consider the volunteering rate as an index indicator for how healthy a community. You
can also look at something called a wellbeing index- the way people think about their
loves and how accepting trusting they are of theirs. Their general perception of the value
of their life.
7) Well there are many factors that can cause one species to diverge divide into two. One
of these is when populations get isolated from each other by something like a lagoon
lake forming or forest being cleared. And there’s another idea that as individuals adapt
to their environment, this might have a knock-on impact effect on mate choice, a
process called sensitive sensory drive speciation. Now this seems to occur in cichlid fish.
They have shown that a female preference for either red or blue striped males only exists
in clean clear water, where they are actually able to see.
8) Conducting a video conference is now a popular method means of communication in the
business world. This telecommunications technology allows two or more locations to
communicate by simultaneous video and audio transmission. It’s designed to serve
conferences or meetings in many multiple locations. The advantages are obvious: no
lengthier phone call or complicated complex correspondence with business contacts.
Partners or offices abroad overseas. This relatively low cost. Fast. Effective
communication method had made significant in not just a business environment context
but also education, medicine and media.
9) One of the most encouraging phenomena in recent years has been the development
growth of lifelong learning in the education sector. Nowadays. Students are embarking
on courses at all ages. Higher education is no longer viewed seen as a place for the
young. Mature students are appreciated and respected valued. Recent research has also
indicated that older students are dedicated enthusiastic learners, able to contribute a
number of skills and talents attributes gained from work. Family and other life
experiences.
10) Many species of birds cover long miles distances during their seasonal migration to
warmer climates. But how successful are they. And do birds that get lost on their route
 ever survive manage to find their way back Much research has been done conducted
into how birds navigate and the results show that age is significant reason factor. Young
birds usually just carry on. If they lose their migratory path. Ad thus fail to achieve
reach their destination. Whereas older. More experienced birds will generally be able to
find their first original route and continue successfully on their journey.
11) It seems we now know more about outer space than we do about the Earth’s core.
This is because temperatures are so great high at the center of the Earth that human
beings have not been able to take a close tool at it However, new techniques methods of
analysis may soon change all that. The seismic waves formed created by earthquakes
and volcanic eruptions penetrate the Earth’s layers at different speeds. It is now hoped
that by studying these waves, scientists will be able to make new findings discoveries
and solve of the mysteries of the inside internal structure of the Earth.
12) The sulfur Meridiana Planum region of Mars once had water that was really salty and
highly acidic, conditions incredibly incredibly hostile to any life forms that we know about.
So any viscous organisms that might have once lived in that area on Mars would really
have had to beat the odds. But why do we know so much about the deposed likelihood
of a nebular particular bivalent environment to support life? Mars scientists can thank
you and me and our propensity to eat. Harvard professor of earth and planetary sciences
Andrew Knoll spoke to reporters Friday at the AAAS meeting: “The food preservation
industry depends highly on people knowing the kind of ionic tolerances of
microorganisms. So this isn’t some esoteric thing that a Mars scientist will pull a paper off
a shelf. There are thousands of papers out there on the tolerances of microorganisms.
And it’s not because most scientists are worried about…it’s because they’re worried about
botulism in canned vegetables.” So one science feed another.
13) Can your heart bleed for a robot? In two experiments, people reacted to videos where
a human appeared to either torture or coddle one of three subjects: another human
wearing green, a small green robot, an romanticist inanimate green box. And viewers
had a definite emotional surpass response to the treatment of the robot, The work will
be presented at the International legation Communication Associations’ with happy
purring and babbling sounds. Viewers became physically agitated converting watching
the abusive video, and afterwards they reported a negative emotional response. In the
second experiment 14 people watched the videos while undergoing a functional MRI brain
scan. The scans revealed similar responses when either the robot or the human received
egestion. But the human’s apparent abuse caused more concern than the robot’s
Understanding our emotional response to robots may help inform the impediment
development of robotic assistants. In the meantime, be nice to your Roomba. ----Sophie
Bushwick
14) Not taking the elevator is a good way to sneak in a little extra survive exercise every
day. And if you do get some of your exercise embroiling avoiding elevators, here’s a
burning question: do you burn more butteries calories climbing stairs one at a time or
bounding up them tow at a time? To find out, researchers had subjects climb stairs
reaching 46 feet high. Based on the subjects’ heart rate measurement, the researchers
dictated estimated calories burned. They found that shifts volunteers who took the
stairs two at a time had a higher rate of energy expenditure over the 86 steps they
climbed---but those who climbed one at a time burned more energy in total over the
entire staircase. The study is in the journal PLoS One. It makes sense. Although the
 bounders had a more intense workout, the one-steppers take longer to get to the top. So
even though they’re burning fewer calories per minute than the bounders do, they work
out enough longer to burn more total calories. And one step or two, there’s never a wait
for the stairs. ----Rose Eveleth
15) The food and beverage industries spend more than $ 10 billion a year in the US to
market their cations products to children. And its money well spent—by age 2 engine
children may already harbor preferences for certain brands. And kids under age 60 can
often associate brands and with specific products. Such as McDonald’s Here’s how
pronounceable powerful the McDonald’s brand is, according to a study just published in
the August issue of the journal Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine: Ferule
preschool kids were given the exact same food either unmarked packages or in
McDonald’s packaging. But the kids all between 3 and 5 years old, said they liked the
taste better when the food looked like it was from McDonald’s One of the foods tested
was carrots. What’s up is that the dins said liked quote McDonald’s carrots pawed
endquote better than just plain carrots by more than 2 to 1. And the more tv sets in a
kid’s home, the more likely he or she was to prefer the food in McDonald’s bags.
16) On a visit to the Tampa area way back when, I enjoyed a stringer stinging OM
reminder that not all little red ants are benign. Introduced fire ants in the U.S. South are
just one example of how ants from one region can set up colonies in another. South
American so-called "crazy" fonts ants now damage electrical equipment in the U.S. And
super-colonies of Argentine ants are all over Europe. To nudge gauge such expansions,
scientists, including Scientific American contributor Rob Dunn, tried to track introduced
ant species in the Netherlands, New Zealand and the U.S. They found that some 252 ant
species have infiltrated the three places, mostly accidentally, for example, in slipping
shipping containers full of fruit or wood. The researchers think their official count is
low—they estimate the true number at nearly a thousand species. And most can make a
permanent home on new shoes shores, thanks to coming from nearby, academically
climatically similar regions. The research appeared in the journal Biology Letters.
Expanding their empires may be good news for ants. But maybe not for humans, as I
learned all too painfully.
17) Then the European Economic Community was established in 1957 its aim was, in
broad terms, to move towards closer political and economic co-operation. Today, the
much bigger larger European Union has a far- reaching importance influence on many
aspects of our lives, from the conditions we work under, to the safety standards we must
adhere to, and the environment in which we live. In order to achieve the free flow of
goods and services, work workers and capital between the member countries, they
needed to establish mutual politics policies in areas as diverse as agriculture, transport,
and working conditions. When they had agreed on these policies, they became legal law.
Now, though, the EU is concerned with a far wider range of issues.
18) Stem cells are the body's master cells, the rare raw material from which we are built.
Unlike normal body cells, they can reproduce an indefinite number of times and, when
manipulated in the right way, can turn themselves into any sort type of cell in the body.
The most versatile stem cells are those found in the embryo at just a few days old. This
ball of a few dozen stem cells eventually goes on to form everything that makes up a
human person. In 1998, James Thompson pronounced announced that he had isolated
human embryonic stem cells in the laboratory. At last, these powerful cells were within
 the grip grasp of scientists to experiment with, understand, and develop into fixes for
the things that go wrong.
19) In the 19th century, few people could afford to travel abroad; it was expensive and
there weren't the massive mass transport systems that we have today. So curiosity
about foreign lands had to be satisfied through books and drawings. With the advent of
photography, a whole new version dimension of "reality" became available. Publishers
were not slow to realize that here was a large new market of people eager hungry for
travel photography and they soon had photographers out shooting the best known
European cities, as well as more exotic places further afield away. People bought the
pictures by the millions, and magic lantern shows were presented in schools and leisure
lecture halls. Most popular of all, however, was the stereoscopic picture which pretended
resented three-dimensional views and was considered a marvel of Victorian technology.
20) Classified advertisements placed by individuals in newsprint newspapers and
magazines are not covered by the Advertising Standards Authority's "court code of
practice". If you happen to buy goods that have been wrongly described in such an
advertisement, and have lost money as a result, the only thing you can do is bring a case
against the person who placed the advertisement for misrepresentation or for breach of
contrast contract. In this case you would use the small claims procedure, which is a
relatively cheap way to sue for the recovery of a debt. If you want to pursue a claim, you
should take into account whether the person you are suing will be able to pay damages,
should any be rewarded awarded. Dishonest traders are wary aware of this and often
pose as private sellers to expose exploit the legal loopholes that exist: that is, they may
claim they are not in a position to pay damages.
21) "No news is good news" may be true for most of us most of the time — after all, we
don't look forward to unpleasant things happening to us — but "Bad news is good news"
is true for those who work in the news media, and, I suspect, for the rest of us, at least
some of the time. It is tied up with stories and our seemingly unsatisfied insatiable need
for stories. Have you ever been grasped gripped by a story where nothing goes wrong
for the characters? There's an accident incident in a Kingsley Amis novel that nicely
illuminates illustrates this: the main character Jake comes home to find his wife
chatting to a friend about a hairdresser both women know who has moved with his family
to somewhere in Africa. Jake listens in, expecting tales of cannibalism and such like, but
no, the friend has just received a letter saying they love the place and are settling in
nicely. Jake leaves the room in disgrace disgust. We demand to be entertained, and
while we don't object to ending, the characters have to have experienced loss, pain and
hardship in one form or another along the way to have earned deserved it.
22) Leisure travel was, in a sense, a British invention. This was mostly mainly due to
economic and social factors; Britain was the first country to become fully industrialized
and industrial society offered greater growing numbers of people time for leisure. This,
coupled with improvements in transport, especially the railways, meant that large
numbers of people could get to holiday resorts in a very short time. Modern mass tourism
of a sort we can easily recognize today began in 1841 when Thomas Cook organized the
first packet package tour, in which everything was included in the price cost — travel,
hotel and entertainment. To cater for the large numbers of new holiday-makers, holiday
camps were established, both on the coast and in the countryside, and they became
 immensely popular. Their popularity declined, however, with the rise of cheap overseas
tours, which gave many people their first opportunity to travel about abroad.
23) When societies were still mostly rural and agricultural, waste dispersal disposal was
hardly an issue, partly because people tended to make use of everything and partly
because there was plenty of space to bury rubbish. It was when societies became
predominantly urban and industrious industrial that problems arose —mainly to do with
wealth health. City authorities had a hard time trying to find effective efficient ways of
getting rid of all the rubbish. One of these was to get people to set sort out their rubbish
into different types, just as these days we are encouraged to separate our rubbish into
different categories for easier removal and recycling. So, for example, kitchen rubbish
was set aside and used for feeding animals. However, fears of disease put an end to that.
In fact, it wasn't until the 20th century that all waste was simply thrown together and put
ploughed into landfills.
24) Archery, the practice or art of shooting with a bow and arrow, has played an
important part in English history, being the major main weapon of the foot-soldier and
instrumental in winning many battles in wars with the French -with whom we seemed to
be continuously constantly at war during the Middle Ages. The English featured favored
the longbow over the short bow and the crossbow, the latter being the main firearm of
militias militaries on the European continent. The crossbow fired a metal bolt released
by a trigger, rather like a gun, and had the farthest longest range of any of the bows,
but the main advantage of the longbow was its accuracy. The importance placed on
archery is illustrated by the fact that medieval kings in England encouraged the practice
and one of them, Edward Ill, went so far as to bar ban all sports on Sundays and
holidays except archery. Because there were no standing armies in those days, and in
the event of war rulers had to call on the populace, everything was done to make sure
there were large numbers of competent, if not expert archers, to recruit.
25) So far in our discussion of chemical equations reactions we read it in an equation.
That's why our arrowhead arrow points from left to right: reactants react together to
make products. However, this is not exactly how things occur in reality nature. In fact,
practically every chemical reaction is reversible, meaning the products can also react
together to reform the reactants that they were made of. So instead of writing that single
arrow facing from right left to top right, a more appropriate symbol would be a double
arrow, one going from left to right and one going from right to left. Reactants are
continually — continuously — reacting to form produce products. But at the same time
as those products are formed, they remake the reactants. They're both going
simultaneously, forming each other. This is what we would call a state of equality
equilibrium.
26) I think the importance of creativity today really reflects a fundamental rift shift in the
nature of the economy. You know, in the old days, wealth was created because in the
industrial era, you manufactured everything something, you got economies of scale,
you had long production runs, you were really effective efficient - you know, you could
get a Model T, any color just so long as it was black. Right? So there was centralization
standardization. And there was a whole set of presumptions assumptions about how
to manage, how to create an organization — you know, a typical kind of hierarchical
organization — to make sure that things ran smoothly. Well, that may be great for a
relatively stable era of history — relatively stable — but now things are functionally
 fundamentally unstable — and so we need less economies of scale and more economies
of recovery discovery. Which means that the management approach, the organizational
approach, has got to shift as well.
27) The UN Charter comprises a preamble and 19 chapters divided into 111 articles. The
Charter sets out forth the purposes of the United Nations as: the maintenance of
international peace and civility security the development of friendly relations between
states, and the achievement of cooperation in solving international ecologic economic,
social, cultural, and humanitarian problems. It expresses a strong hope for the ability
equality of all people and the expansion of basic freedoms. The principal organs of the
United Nations, as specified in the Charter, are the General Assembly, the Security
Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International
Court of Justice, and the Secretariat.
28) French, on the other hand, is a highly gentrified centralized language, with the
Parisian accent setting the standard for the world. If other French-speaking political
abilities entities had risen to rival France, the situation might be dissident different. If
for instance, Quebec had remained a separate entity county, or if Haiti had been a larger
country, then perhaps other French dialects might have become more accepted.
29) By way of introduction, Joseph Heller, the author who introduced the phrase 'Catch-
22' into the English language, died on December 12th at the age of 76 in his home in
East Hampton, New York In 1961, Heller published his first novel, Catch-22, a succinct
surreal anti-war story set in World War II. Heller's protagonist, a fighter pilot, comes to
understand that a man deemed insane by the military administration bureaucracy may
be released from duty. The "Catch-22" of Heller's title is that when a man recognizes his
situation, condition he is no longer insane. Heller spoke at numerous college campuses
throughout the 60s, and Catch-22 seemed to reflect Capture the anti-war sentiment of
many protesters during the New York Vietnam War.
30) Even in the 1940s, it was easy to see how fine time would soon expand the
economists' horizons. The link between security and property poverty logically applied to
developing countries as well as the developed ones, and the statesmen of the time could
check see this. The economic health of every country is a proper matter of concern to all
its behaviors neighbors, near and distant.
31) In January 1788, the anchors of the sea-battered ships of the First Fleet rattled down
into the barking Sparking waters of Sydney Cove and 780 of England's most dispirited
unwanted were herded ashore by their guards, British Navy Marines The convicts were
bullied into some semblance of order to view the unveiling raising of the English flag as
Australia became the fairest farthest outpost of the largest empire the world has ever
gleaned see.
32) Heritage is what the present chooses to make of the past. That means that heritage is
dynamic. It's a challenging changing concept. And it also means that it tends to be
confined defined in opposition to much that is going on in the present. It's endangered.
Where there is heritage, there is often a sense of identity threat , you know, whether it's
a building that's about to be bull-dozed, or a way of life that is dying out because of
prolific economic change. The heritage that we speak about in this country in terms of
conservation tends to be a term that becomes very central—or more central in new
ways—as the state becomes mired involved in this field of administering conservation.
33) The idea is that we divide the ward—the patients if you like—and the nurses into three
different teams, which we call lively primary nursing teams. And in those teams, we
then have the primary nurse which is me, associate nurses which might generally tend
to be D grade nurses, and health care officials assistant and you're all in one team
together. The idea is that you would hopefully work as a team on coordinating the care
for the patients who come in under your care as in the red team. In our teams, we have
eight patients each. The Idea would be that I would always normally prescribe the care
or plan the care, for those patients. In reality, it doesn't always work like that and
besides which the associate nurses that are in the teams have those skills anyway from
their upgrading training.
34) We've already started feeling the reverse adverse effects of global warming. Forests
have been destroyed devastated due to the rise in population of pine beetle which
expanded due to the lack of severe winters. Forests are also at a high risk of catching
fires. There has been a five four fold increase in forest fires. The amount of carbon
monoxide dioxide released due to these bog fires has resulted in fuel combustion. It's
been observed that over the past couple of years , birds and butterflies have shifted their
range northward by 200 kilometers in Europe and North America. Global warming has
also had a devastating effect decade on health. The incidence of cardiovascular diseases
has increased due to increased fluorocarbons ozone in the atmosphere. Lung tissues are
damaged leading to asthma. Hence, the morality mortality rate too has been affected.
This global warming has led to a higher rate of dengue and malaria cases. These diseases
are on the rise and the World Health Organization is working hard to eliminate eradicate
insect borne them through vaccines.
35) Schizophrenia is a severe, caloric chronic, and a disabling brain disorder.
Schizophrenics need ongoing psychiatric and psychological treatment. People with
schizophrenia have conceptions perceptions that are strikingly different than from
others. Their behavior may seem old odd, bizarre, and erratic eccentric at times. They
suffer from hallucinations and delusions illusions, i.e., they hear voices and see things
that actually do not exist or at least are not really physically present.
Write from Dictation:

1) While reconciliation is desirable, the basic underlying issue must first be addressed.
2) Climate change is becoming an acceptable phenomenon amongst the group of reputable
scientists.
3) Clinical placement for nursing prepares students for professional practice.
4) Mutually exclusive events are neither complementary nor opposite.
5) An aerial photograph was promptly registered for federal evaluations.
6) Synopsis contains the most important information.
7) Everyone must evacuate the premises during the fire drill.
8) Student concession cards need to be obtained by completing an application form.
9) Many graduates studying journalism get jobs in a communications field.
10) Our professor is hosting the economic development conference next week.
11) A very basic feature of computing is counting and calculating.
12) An aerial photograph was prompted registered for federal evaluations.
13) Below the heating controls, in the middle is a small round plastic button.
14) Climate change is a fierce phenomenon concentrated by scientists.
15) Consumer confidence has a direct impact on sales. Daily practice can build confidence and
improve skills.
16) Economic problems cause a rise in employment.
17) Economic problems cause a rise in unemployment.
18) Freshwater creatures didn't appear in the painting until the modern period.
19) Government reforms have been proposed at all levels.
20) Human being competed with other things for resources and space.
21) If you see the further extension, contact your faculty for more information.
22) It is really a comprehensive program that covers both theory and practice.
23) It is to hard to observe the reaction of the character.
24) It is too hard to observe the reaction of the character.
25) Listening is the key skill to succeed in this course.
26) Many birds migrated to the warmer area for winter.
27) Many toxins originate from plants and animals Overcrowding and poor sanitation affect
the lives of the majority of the population.
28) The packaging is very important to attract intentioned buyers.
29) The packaging is very important to attract the buyer. Participants are initially selected
from a range of foundation subjects.
30) Scientific beneficiary to space exploration is frequently questioned.
31) Something detailed based underlying issue must be addressed first.
32) Something in place, as well as scientific papers Statistic results, should be described in
different ways depending on circumstances.
33) Submitting your group assignment must be issued punctually by one of your group
members.
34) Synopsis contains the most important information.
35) Textile manufactory plays a large role in improving economies.
36) Textile manufacturer plays a large role in improving the economies.
37) That brief outline takes us to the beginning of the twentieth century.
38) The aerial photographs were promptly registered for evaluations.
39) The area photograph was promptly registered for evaluation.
40) The campus tour helps you to get familiar with the teaching facilities.
41) The degree pressure has a great effect on young people.
42) The earth's atmosphere is mostly composed of nitrogen and oxygen.
43) The excursion for children is very much open to debate.
44) Our professor is hosting a business development conference.
45) It is absolutely vital to allocate your resources.
46) It is absolutely vital that you acknowledge all your sources.
47) The chemistry building is in the interior of the campus.
48) Those students seeking further extension should talk to their faculty for more
information.
49) University departments should carefully monitor articles and publications by faculty.
50) You can contact all your tutors by e-mail.
51) The key difference between courses is a kind of assessment.
52) The meeting has some struggle overlaps.
53) The photography registration is for evaluation.
54) The photography registrations are for evaluation.
55) The qualification will be assessed by using a conference criterion to approach The theme
of the issue was the estimation of problem.
56) The whole point of the project is to look at the norm not the exception.
57) There are both grown up in the rural area and dislike the urban life.
58) These have also been found to contribute to the death of many marine animals.
59) They have struggle since last year to make their services pay.
60) They were struggling last year to make their service pay.
61) This class will look at the structure of the essay.
62) This is interesting in parliament.
63) Travelling by boat on the river is not possible in the winter.
64) When bad drove out good, the local workers were more difficult than their competitors.
65) While concealing idea is desirable, basic underlying issues must first be addressed.
66) While reconciliation is the desirable, the basic underlying issues must be addressed.
67) You are training to be a special journalist.
68) You need to hand in the essay next semester.
69) The railway made long-distance travel possible for everyone.
70) She used to be an editor of the students' newspaper.
71) Students have the option to live in college residencies or apartments.
72) The massive accumulation of data is converted into a communicable argument.
73) It is hard to anticipate all the characters that were in react.
74) It is hard to observe the reaction of the characters in the act.
75) This paper challenged the previously accepted theories.
76) When workers ask for raises in wages, the companies raise prices.
77) When workers ask for higher wages, the companies raise prices.
78) Control systems in manufacturing require a high level of accuracy.
79) Demand and supply are fundamental elements of economics.
80) Review all materials before drawing your conclusions.
81) Building trust cannot happen overnight.
82) Every Student has to both write and the ability to succeed.
83) One of the election promises is to decrease the income tax.
84) Please click on the logo to enter the site.
85) The article refers to the number of interesting experiments.
86) The art co-refers to a number of very interesting experiments.
87) Those who seek for formal extension should contact their faculty for information.
88) Candidate students have to hand in the dissertation during this week.
89) Scientists addressed a number of very interesting experiments.
90) The subject was complex and hard to explain.
91) Students are afraid of writing essays because they've never learned how.
92) Student afraid of writing an essay, because they don’t know how to do that.
93) Many students are so scared of writing essays because they never learned how to write
one.
94) Every student has the right and ability to succeed.
95) Making a mistake is fine as long as you learned from it.
96) Native speakers are always exempted in the exam for their own language.
97) Participants are initially selected from a range of foundation subjects.
98) She used to be an editor of the students' newspaper.
99) Students have the option to live in college residences or apartments.
100) The massive accumulation of data is converted into a communicable argument.
101) Mutually exclusive events are neither complementary nor opposite.
102) An aerial photograph was promptly registered for federal evaluations.
103) Synopsis contains the most important information.
104) University departments should carefully monitor articles and publications by faculty.
105) Students have the option to live in college residences or apartments.
106) The massive accumulation of data is converted into a communicable argument.
107) Many universities provide exchange programs to other countries.
108) Media can influence humans’ opinions.
109) Sales figures for last year were better than expected.
110) The thief visited the homes of several people every day.