Tribunal

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For other uses, see Tribunal (disambiguation).

Andrew Birrell (after Henry Fuseli), Caractacus at the Tribunal of Claudius at Rome (1792)

A tribunal, generally, is any person or institution with authority to judge, adjudicate on,

or determine claims or disputes—whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title.  For [1]

example, an advocate who appears before a court with a single judge could describe

that judge as "their tribunal". Many governmental bodies that are titled 'tribunals' are so
described to emphasize that they are not courts of normal jurisdiction. For example,
the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was a body specially constituted
under international law; in Great Britain, employment tribunals are bodies set up to hear
specific employment disputes. In many (but not all) cases, the word tribunal implies a
judicial (or quasi-judicial) body with a lesser degree of formality than a court, to which
the normal rules of evidence and procedure may not apply, and whose presiding
officers are frequently neither judges nor magistrates. Private judicial bodies are also
often styled 'tribunals'. However, the word tribunal is not conclusive of a body's function
—for example, in Great Britain, the Employment Appeal Tribunal is a superior court of
record.
The term is derived from the tribunes, magistrates of the Classical Roman Republic.
"Tribunal" originally referred to the office of the tribunes, and the term is still sometimes
used in this sense in historical writings.The tribunal was the platform upon which the
presiding authority sat; having a raised position physically as symbolic of his higher
position in regard to the adjudication of the law.