Engineerin: Newelieccord o Contents for October 20, 1932 San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge Work to Begin Improved Riding Qualities for Street Cars. Development of Low-Heat Cement for Mass Concrete By R. W. Cantsox Macadam Road Built With Bituminized Cement Telescopic Traveling Mast to Land Lakehurst Dirigibles Completion of the Alexander Dam By Jon B. Co American Practice in Japanese Sewage-Treatment Plant By Joseen Drtaxo Hiren Lessons From Hurricanes in Puerto Rico. By Masues Fort Adding Stories to Concrete Buildings Report of National Conference on Construction Book Reviews $76 Editorial a7 News Eaquipment 486appRA IN selecting an organization to assist you in making a report on your business oran appraisal of your properties, experience In such work is of primary Importance. For your ‘consideration we outline our experience in this work: Stone & Webster have been making reports and appraisals for 40 years. Properties appraised by us have an aggregate value in ‘exceaa of Seven Billion Dollar. Reports include utilities of every kind and many types of Industrials. In our construction work we have kept cost records for lover 30 years, which are of great value in making historical ‘The list of Appraisals and Reports in- cludes the names of 998 companies for whom we have done this kind of work. appraisals. In recent years we have supervised the expend ‘ure of approximately one hundred million dollars annually for material and labor. what steps are necessary. years of experience, we know how to and do cut the costs toa minimum. For information on how we can assist you, addres Broad Street, New York. Stone & WEBSTER ENGINEERING CORPORATIONEngineerin: Rowe locord Vol.109 New York, October 20, 1932 Bay Bridge at San Francs Puerto Rico Hurricane Better Street Cars. Concrete Building Low-Heat Cement Studies National. Constr Bituminized-Cement Macadam Road Book Reviews Mobile Telescopic Dirgible Mast SFaitorals Reconstruction of Alexander Dam. m Japanese Sewage Plant aguipmsnt o The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge Construction of great bridge to start at once with R-F.C. financing—Enterprise includes two 2,310-ft. suspension spans, a 500-ft. island tunnel and a 1,400-ft. cantilever History of project and structural features outlined C STRUCTION work on the id-transit trafic. The structure will be The bridge will span the S-mile wate 5000000. bridge across" San owned, and operated by the stale, and. barrier between the city of San Fran Francico Bay, connecting the city. conservative "estimates provide’ for cisco and the group of municipalities San Francisco withthe metfopeltan amortization in 25 years at tolls that constituting the metropolitan area on freon the eastside ofthe bay, will be will be less than present Terry rates. the east side of the bay. The combine cl soon as a result of Retonstruc- At the end of that period the bridge population of the communities th Fiance Corporation financing an will become a free structure with main- connected is about 1,230,000, "At the trance recently.” Plans and specica- tenance assumed by the sate present time transportation facilities are ia are ready for calling bids on both Provided by ferries for both vehicular ot and cat channel pies, and this foe vapenion yas an nl passenger trafic. Alignment of the ial work will begin tae ence wecesitates a tunnel throagh ate tem , land oat 6:00 dividing “the nen irecly and Strcture into an fire work to a8 cat and. we Sy" more” by ‘ase of indirect The west channel operations 4 crossing. between The toll pro} San Francie cet neues "ap and the land wil roaches, two consist of two THO” stepen- | ‘win 2310 fe Son spans (with Stspenson spans cata anchor wrth 160. sie ec) in the west spans, tt Cont a 9 Shout” 9,000" ft ‘ume “rough The supporting Yela Buena structures tnt Island and a four main towers $00 i. “can 2 enter common lever span across anchorage and the the eas channel, Shore and island recating a anchorages. al length of 74 H 4 e The hill on the sles. Doubler . istand will be ‘eck construction Pierced by tn wil provide for nel 500° ton Veh and rape From the winns SNA 4 ATPL458 4 short viadoct will extend over the Femaindet of the island to the 100+ Sianncl followed by ive Ss. Gxed Spans of throagh trues and Bie ‘trawe spans to the end aor of the existing rapier Xr arti ste, superimpose 0 8 puwogreph ofthe brie, is reproduced whe toto of this and the saceced pape The San Francisco terminal wil be reached by an elevated strate from the harbor fine to a Heaton near the Meereecton of Fith and Howard Stx Fam this point. which is centrally bo fated as regents popation and rai {tale distribution will be made by the preset i Kamps wil aso Tee provided bring the tral to grade nearer the busine tat of San Franco, To the traf the terminal for the Hower deck willie at stil another point. The "ist an “Francisco 10 Oskland has been feasbiliy. Ferries have operated be Gr'the bay since 1881, bat only. sin the introduction of the automobile has the vellme of trafic become significant During 1920 the one automobile ferry ating across the bay handled F7a000 ‘vehicles, and in. 1980 the thee ferry systems handled 4,544,000 vehicles an increase in the decade of about 500 percent, In ation to this vehicular Trafic. 35,000,000. people (principally Srmually. Obsiously such, trafic. in crease and ‘volume woul lead t0 the trl Tons of times Additional considers: hipping, delay in fogs, with attendant ponubility of danger, and the extensio invalveds It is estimated thatthe brie will reduce the average time for vhict Ine crossing by abst 30 min. and pe Jascenger trac The past interest in this project isin Engineering News-Record — dicated by the fact that there have been 37 applications either by individual or Corporations to the local authorities for s permit to provide a bay erostng. AML of these applications were rejected om the theory that Ht was tothe public fw terest that stich an important sructre he publicly owned and operated Following a comprehensive report male bythe state highway ‘cons: Sion. on privately owned toll bridges in'the state (ENR, April 11, 1929, 1.66), the 1920 session ol the legisla fire passed an important series of bill Providing for state ownership of all tll PACIPYC OCEAN ges. by construction or purchase These laws (ENR, June 27, 1929, p. 1088) established the California Toll Bridge Authority (governor, lieutenant governor, director of the department of public works, director of finance and chairman of the state highway commis Sion) and provided for the financing. of construction cost oF purchase price by revenue bonds to be retired by tolls The validity of the revenue bond measure was subsequently upheld by the tate supreme court Following this fundamental progress in establishing a definite policy” for ‘ownership and control of the proposed bridge, the next step was to determine with defniteness the economic and structural feasibility a location. Realizing th national interests were commission was ap tatives of both the arn were on this board, rendered a report Aug the project to be nece velopment of the area and financially feasible alignment of the ‘stru adopted The 1981 te group of bills p Toan from state fund work: (2) adoption bridge as part ‘of system, which provide nance of the structur ments to the toll brid to make revenie hon (ENR, Aug. 6, 1951 Puree, state highw an office was opened i and design studies an tion exploration work Subsequently a con appointed consisting chairman, Moran 8 ct K P Moisseiff, Charles De H. J. Brunnier, Thi several extended sess tral plans for the p foundations and sup Plans have heen appre sulting board, and th engineering staff presented was approved by the that body Approval of vari interested national att ity for’ crossing Verb Which is owned by the Acceptance of the. Ke plans by the war departien Traffic and revenue Comprehensive sti the preparation of These figures have heeser 20,1932 — Engineering News-Record aur estimates made for existing tures are outlined in order. East of th ire and then checked against the San Francisco terminal and viaduct ap ancrecords of these structures. All proach the first feature of inportance fs ye factors tending to influence the San Francisco anchorage for the trafic have been taken into con- first suspension span. This aon, and it is considered that the anchorage is founded on aon which the amortization has surface of the ground ‘ewsed are tltra-conservative. No st has been made t0 intredce for Insel on the stimulation result "rom the establishing of a bridge Sone points on the curve of actual ‘stinated annual vehicular trafic sand and clay form a relatively home keneous material: itis helieved that n particular dificulties will be encountered in the sinking process. All piers in { fravity west channel crossing. will be founded fn sandstone rock, and foundations ate designed to carry the combined touts of the structure, inchding wind, tide and also stresses cated by” earthquake atock, equaling 7§ per cent of acceleration, ‘The stractralstel tow Testing upon these piers will be 46 ft high and will provide a clearan 218 ft. above high The next foundtat west channel will ht tral anchorage of th ie care of live cable loads, the dead Heng Balanced. This will be the ls will not be continue caisson, its dimensions to be 97x10. {entinatng reverie in plan. It will be founded on rock ten fixe at. a death of 18 ft. elo hw the at yeas, with & preted r ne to abe, during the Inter years of nancing. "The present ferry far de per car. Ttis estimated that be similar in consroction feery facilities were wil he fouled on Fok ower rate would assure about 8D wil be Hess thong th cet ofthe total trai Tie st cs The interurban passenger trafic being carried across the bay rats 40 about 38,100,000 "people Sansone formate aay. ‘For estimating purposes this (On these substructures will be built cue of Te.” per PRSLENRCT PET Sugeno pan 2310-4 central spans and balanced side mig mee? tence Rad ecilaaiar The dengn’ct tome These trafic and revenue studies in ELS dtepension spans was mate by the de deeper, with a maxintn water fr about 110 ft for pier 6, ‘The anche age on the island Will te a comb tunnel and gravity design set de te that on a. conservative estimate pa oat ol oa fection theory, and che design aad stress Capitalized cost of $75,000,000 for calculations were checked by elaborate pe seer are pert! with take trom the. San ance bartels "CEH, Jone 3, 188 ar period at an interest rate of 5 fine, ‘The next foundation structure is 28). The suspension spans donot in rr cent. The, cost estimate incliles he rat water pier (No.2), which will volve any. outstanding design feature San Francisco approach and ter- ic ounded on ‘rock by open cofferdam although they are exceeded. in. length al structures required to place both Constryetion and will support the struc- only by the Hudson River bridge at ticular and passenger traffic on street toral.steel tower for the suspension New York nation in San Francisco. At the Span ‘The next pier (No. 3) will be Vertical clearances provided in. th Oaiand end of the bridge the struc me aa eb Ne the deepest ofthe foundation struc= went channel crossing ave 176 ft, above we teaches ground elevation near the tures, being founded on rock at an high water at the San Francisco harbor ig ofthe bay because of the ong fil: Te uth Meath ot B18 ft. below low lie, increasing, to 214 feat the hast highway approach facilities from ‘rater. This pier, in common with the pier. ‘This clearance of 214 ft, is main point willbe provided by the ontral anchorage and the other two tained acrons the west channel crowing th the ties in conjunction piers in the west channel crossing, will to pier 6. A the state highway commission. rest on a cellular concrete and steel — Design studies indicate that the pier Casson (758127 ft.) sunk by the open donot need fenders for stability. As Structural features dredging method. a resalt the timber Senders will be d coming at the western terminal of At pier 3 the water depth is about Tectly connected to the picts to provi ractue, the major structural fea 40 ft, and the underlying strata of mad, coshioning against damage from ship460 Engineering News-Record — 0. {oprove'y te war densrmens sd LMproved Riding Qualities itiping interes." Doce dec des We at lan of wehalsrtaie ees fOL Street Cars SE: eadvay stds lowe level pron tin two igratben tacks All of'te Experimencal study traces noise and excessive weight superstructure design includes provision sigh-Fre vibratic rigic for resisting earthquake stresses induced boner rl oar aie ce alia by 4 horizontal atcseration of 74 per tack, and points to use of resilient wheels and cush- ioned trucks—Smooth acceleration promotes comfort cae ra penpals ge ne Sh ef aoe pees eat JI a ee eenrtten (et autre olen eS ie PS cae eee Geen aan Soe er ch ene Se eee ae nee coon fy eo eS oa Se Fe comet Se Si tle ements, leeionea stat one ee ee, Se aeons meer een’ oe sae ameter reas a Tea aaeeeieictcan wtsae) ealebeme: brosicos or finer din utiaiesetes oepeteue| element cicero OT cap I pF ag lg pre ple ee se Mel end Sen | aaa aun eee the 1,400-ft. main cantilever span across Study of the characteristics of present control equipment. Development Seta So eee ee Goeee chee pga rg tg gee See fa ee eS lene ele eeiemedlmsecenaes et erent omnes aie omega SRS eres ae AG Some eae ee ee ee aR Geveenteiealnamipaagelts ‘teiveiel wet bees ere a eS eS foe og oie a 2 oe eee eee agaaaNl keene pag ey ee wa cnc” Sei cee Caen oe See Re Seen eee ee nal rarer gh agree gy rhe oy pes fe Seg pep eee Se oe a ne ee kena ees ae Ss 2S mace: aaeemamaeuenaas ie ceeek ors a TLRs Gurke mee eee toe. eS ieee on Secteeeeetee 2 Sra tt nas ae tainios adi hi seksi Semeemnaeeen She, ak me Seer ates ar an Sgeeeanel Siete emcee nt Teese om ee ee iad Seen arenen oar panies eal oan emia geet = teeter tl Poeun tee Yoeretssemar a es ro Tied jini ot citiniaie Stted Or Uek Ge eae iene Te me ee Lath i Seaes: Secale nee eaie atin oat topes aan ares oa Fe 3s ane ae eedine@etnTl see caine tamer tore ce Ee ee an be ieeeai ina mea penis Geel onttee mete war = Sa ras Sees Ler tamer teen eee we Seed ertr ete ooo Ce ee eee oe mapa cat ani weenie sx seemrapenti net os peti pede ae one ey pen eee 9 er eer pen o_inprovemens in ak eis Slewwnetse so ee ee en en ae se wath eae 7 oro wy AL eee emieeeaTe Dae ele mamietocer Dy LLL ae ce OR Sea GMN os ie f eran aeons acon ens Reeee Meena ee 2 oon maccc cre soaied teieen tl coccemtivat iver ae sa GEES cme escent ig em cette pre teal patio m= | ties.” Rubber is used liberally to taken in hand promptly when the re i, ABEL Siena voy ant ling rd” snide. fa petra ea i HGR Woks SEES ee ore. Seariieee iee poale ncemase ge ee tome kis or cle tga acies” ee sr ot caltecds Tou belape Aiaeriy fame a eagerosaaiae At pecan as Sesto tieg str tc ase 3 Die Scans outer eee Seeman area seen ee ae Bote oe Tees of pei wens, Sevenuppreatind mietpe tnanel ae nibieemcmetnecsed Breen te ree cea ter eae ara Cate ek per Ret amee” roy Sabin tides acione tol Geel ileg ti a at Mania ate Bebe tiemml coopers ts Sat Sn ee ned satge el ic aan a mcr ad rommeeeeaster 20,1982 — Engineering News-Record Development of Low-Heat Cement for Mass Concrete sre of modern concrete dams and construction speed ineasify problems of cracking—Present cements gen: ‘cate high heat during hydration—Modification of benical composition retards and reduces heat rise oem te pent (CREASE in the size of mase-con- eee stractures, acceleration of con- struction speed and the increased asivity of present-day portland cement fave focused the attention of cement chemists and engineers on the growing problem of reducing and possibly elimi rating cracks im large concrete masses. Aitough a single line of attack will not sve the entire problem, present indi- tims point to’ the development and tse of a cement of modified: character ‘sice—similar in its essentials to. the cenent of the 1890's—as most promis- ing in decreasing the amount of heat fenerated daring’ the period of harden- ing, thereby reducing the amount of ‘pansion and subsequent contraction ‘The problem ln the relatively thin sections em- Yoyed in most conerete work, volume hangs other than those due to stress xe caused. principally by variation in ‘ooistre comtent; the heat generated by chemical action during hydration of the ements not a factor because itis dis Dated rapidly. Tn mass structures, how- fre, the interior of the concrete dries ery slowly, if at all, and the principal ‘olume changes are caused by the varia- ‘sin temperature that accompany the eration “of heat by. the hydrating enent and the dissipation of this heat from the concrete Thus the problem of correcting the tendeney of a large mass of concrete to crack resolves itself into Teducing the effects of the heat of hydra- tite ofthe cement. In considering the possibility of de- creasing heat generation the other properties of the conerete must not be neglected. ‘The following conditions are desirable for mass-concrete construction 1. Small temperature changes during the periods of active cement hydration and subseuent cooling. 2. Sufficient early strength to permit ‘economical removal of forms ‘3. Adequate ultimate strength for de- sign requirements, ‘4. Small volume change caused. by moisture variation, to reduce the ten: dency toward cracking at and near ex- posed surfaces. 5. Reasonabie degree of durability, or weather resistance, ‘6. Low permeability, to prevent meas. uurable percolation of water. Proper balance of these conditions ‘must also take into account the cost of ‘manufacturing and placing the concrete. Tn the following’ discussion of heat generation the other five properties fnumerated are considered "but not necessarily discussed in detail. Ob- viously, if nothing more were desired in cement than low-heat generation, it ‘would be possible to. manufacture a cement having extremely low chemical Activity, but this cement would most probably be lacking in strength, volume Constancy and durability. “Temperature rise in concrete, with its undesirable effects, can be reduced either by (a) sing less cement per cubic yard ‘of concrete, (b) placing’ the concrete ‘TICS OF MAJOR CEMENT COMPOUNDS Medio Small Taree all 461 Jowly, so that much of the heat will be dissipated to the atmosphere, or (c) uasing a cement that has the characteris: tie of low-heat generation. With pres cent methods of placement, material re duction of the cement content is imprac- ticable’ from considerations of work: ability, permeability and durability. Slow placement is uneconomical and appar tently out of the question in modern Struction, The development of a that liberates but little heat during hy ration, however, is decidedly promis: ing. ‘Compounds in portland cement Portland cement consists essentially of four major compounds—tricaleium sili cate, dicaleium silicate, (ricaleium alam nate and tetracaleium alumino-ferrite— with various minor compounds that are not of importance here. (Bogue, R. H., ““Caleulation of Compounds in Portland Cement," Analytical Edition, Industrial ‘and Engincoring Chemistry, Oct 1920.) A partial classification of the important characteristics of these major compounds is given by Table 1 ‘The calcium silicates are the effective cementing materials, while the other compounds are generally believed to have litle or no cementing value. All ‘of these compounds liberate heat during Inydration, and the total amount of heat Tiberated is, in general, proportional to the rate of chemical reaction. Trieal~ cium aluminate hydrates most rapidly, chiefly within the first day. Tricaleium Silicate hydrates less rapidly, chiefly within the first week. Dicaleium sili- cate hydrates very slowly, chiefly after the first week, Tetracalcium alumino ferrite hydrates slowly, and since it is considered to have no great cementing value itis believed t0 be of minor im- portance. Considering all properties of Cement, including volume constancy and Gurability, tricalcium aluminate is be Tieved tobe the least desirable of the four major compounds. Early vs. present cements It is interesting to compare the compo. sition of the typical cement used in con. Struction of dams in the 1890's with that of the typical portland cement of today. TThe approximate - major compounds, fineness, strength and heat generation values are fisted in Table TI. It is ev ent that the early cements contained a hhigh percentage of dicalcium silicate, with its slow development of strength (and heat). Tt was customary to grind these cements to a fineness of only about 11 — COMPARISON OF EARLY, PRESENT:DAY AND MASSCONCHETE CEMENTS ce402 180 per cent passing the 200-mesh sieve, to feduce grinding costs and to preven ‘quick set”. ‘The high percentage of tricalcium aluminate probably contrib- tuted to the early. activity in these cements, but the heat liberated during the frst few days was satisfactorily dis sipated because of the slow rate of con: crete placement, which was an impor tant factor in the results obtained. Cement of about the composition sgiven was used in 1887-1890 in the con- Struction of the Crystal. Springs dam San Francisco (ENR, May 8, 1930, . 766), and the excellent condition of the structure today attests the suitability fof the cement for the conditions under which it was used, Other dams built Several decades ago appear to be in bel ter condition as regards cracking ‘weather resistance than are some recent Sctures ‘The typical standard portland cement of today contains more than $0 per cent fof the fairly fastreacting compound, tricalcium silicate, and is ground to a fineness of about 90 per cent passing a 200-mesh sieve. Compared with the old ‘cements, this cement hardens more rapidly and has higher heat generation at all ages, When it is used in large masses, the concrete hecomes rigid while temperatures are still considerably above normal, and the inevitable result in the subsequent cooling is the formation of so-called shrinkage cracks. Placing of fresh lifts of concrete in rapid. succes sion tends to entrap the heat and to aggravate the condition, Te must not be assumed, however, that cements of the type used in early days could he used successfully today without ‘modification. Much of their” potential Strength was wasted because lack of sufficient grinding failed to produce the large number of particles necessary to bind. the aggregates of the concrete together efficiently. Yet the cement ex- pert of today would not recommend finer Erinding of the formerly used composi tions because of their high triealehum- aluminate content. Present equipment and technique of blending and burning hhave made it possible to reduce the tri caleium aluminate to about one-half of its former percentage, and the tendency seems to be to reduce it sill further. To summarize, the cements of early days had two good! features for mass concrete. constrction—lowt_tricaleium Silicate content and high dicalcium-sili tate content—and two undesirable f tures—high tricalcium-aluminate con tent and coarse grinding Mass makes the problem During the recent construction of a Western dam, considerable crack observed in the buttresses, which were 5 ft. thick. Standard portland cement was beeing ied, and this was changed to a coarser grind to reduce the rate of tem- perature change without affecting the ‘chemical characteristics or seriously re Engineering News-Record — 0. ducing the ultimate strength. Since the Section of concrete was elatively thi dissipation of heat from the surfaces was comparatively rapid, so that the temper- ature rise was governed only by the rate of heat liberation during the frst three days, the total heat of hydration being relatively unimportant. Appreciable re- duction in temperature rise resulted In another structure of larger mass, however, resort to the same remedy. failed to produce the desired result. ‘The rapid placing of lifts and the ex- treme thickness of section did not permit the escape of heat in suificient quant ties to prevent a high rise in tempera- ture and. consequently some internal cracking. In this case the governing factor was the lotel amount of heat Ibe ‘erated rather than the rate at early ages Interground silica cement One early development in cements for iss construction was the blending of fine siliceous material with cement, pi marily asa measure of economy and not with the idea of reducing temperature tise, Quantities of silica up to 80 per cent were interground with the cement tused in the construction of several struc tures, including the Arrowrock and Ele- phant Butte dams built by the U. S. Reclamation Service. Records indicate that the temperature rise in the Arrow. rock Dam was substantially lower thar would have occurred if regular portland cement had been used. The ultimate Strength of the concrete was satisfactor ily: high, indicating that the siliceous jal had cementing value. In some Instances low durability of the surface concrete has been observed, but in all tases under observation the interior con- crete is sound and hard Some interest is at present being dis. played in the development of interground Silica cements as a promising means of reducing temperature rise, since ade (quate strengths can be obtained with ‘material reduction in heat generation However, the factors bearing’ on the use cof such ‘cements where durability and Tow shrinkage pon drying are impor tant have not yet been determined. Present trends As a result of recent research on the properties of a cement suitable for mass conerete construction, specifications ‘were prepared for bids on two types of ow-heat ‘cements for the Pine Canyon ‘now under construction by Pasa- dena, Calif. (ENR, Oct. 6, 1932, p. 411), The U. S. Bureau of Reclama- tion is carrying on an exhaustive study of the same general subject in the engi neering materials laboratory of the Uni versity of California in connection with cement research for the Hoover Dam Tt is expected that this investigation will make possible the selection of a cement hhaving desirable properties for mass concrete without "material departure from the Geld of time-tried composi tions, Also, notable of low-heat ‘cements has the Riverside Cement ( Calif, including the dev application ofthe heat-of for measuring the heat the eld of cement chem Woods and H. H. Steinoc Evolved by Cement During ENR, Oct. 6, 1932, p, 404 ‘The present trend appa ward the selection of 1 « what similar to the prot days, but with many of able” properties ‘removed the Pine Canyon. dam, regarded as an example with the typical standard iment of 1932 in Table II that the mass-conerete cenen tricalcium silicate, more « ‘2 minimum percent troublesome compound real nate. Incidentally, such a ce not necessarily be suitable concrete work because of is istics of slow hardening ‘The most. striking departure new cement is the redaction of tricalcium aluminate. S ties feel that this should reduced to 3 or even 2 per commercially available ‘raw mat it is difficult to reduce ‘the tric aluminate to these figures, and o ff such a composition woul be expensive to burn and grin, \ ‘compound is usually ade to th ‘materials to. combine with the al present so that the alumina wl Available for producing the tical ‘luminute compound. The other major difference te the mass-concrete cement afi th ‘eal portland lies in the relative per centages of the two silicates, I again the compound which co high-early strength (tricaliun is substantially reduced in the low cement. Slow hardening, however fnot undesirable in masscon Struction; it is in fact an advantage since the entire concrete mass cimpr ing sections cast at different tines « ppands and contracts more ‘neatly unit. Satisfactory ultimate strength assured by the relatively high percentage of dicalcium silicate, whose hyratin cers chiefly after the ‘These changes in chemical compos tion obviously minimize the most sta problems of temperature rise anil ree ing stress in mace concrete by redacing the temperature rise about 25 per cet ince a certain degree of heating 3 cooling may be withstood by the cx crete without residual tension, the ‘duetion from the upper. imit has * relatively large effect. The chan chemical composition also. permit fi srinding of the cement, giving the Advantage of increased works, Strength and watertightness. ‘Definite progress. hasser 20,1982 — Engincering News-Record sen made in studying this most press- Sect in the Bild of mass-concrete bee " bat it nction tion, although much remains ble to the SMigrned. The problem is being better specification a crete sehed irom the standpoint of fun- cement than has been done before throw # wement ven particles, until ap parently. just enough w 1 for perfect hydration, A. time of 96 Macadam Road Built With ‘ierSGee iy ote: mal cement.” Mortar made with ita inized cement is slightly: darker and Bituminized Cement seers Construction procedure Construction procedure on 2,700-ft. section of P sateaid highway in Massachusetts—Mortar workereliet project: th a ween two courses of stone num of focal and labor was a we road wa as Massachusetts he Hampden road 2-in. gravelsand sub-base. The con s country of the new bitumi- in this country was made in September [Zi Rravel-sand sub-base,. The con- Siedsement macadam road, devel-at Great Barrington, Mass, where 1.700 See eee ft. of new road and $00 ft. of surfacing SY"]sCme 10, gost between, $110 and were placed. repared. This include The impregnation of portland cement CSercan highway practice. A'2700-tt. with bitumen ives it several peculiar Stim af sateaid road, 20 ft wide, properties, including greatly eta by sandwiching a layer of spe: setting, increased workability and abi enent mortar between two courses ity t0 repel excess water,” It is not large crushed stone and rolling the The thing about 170 I. per cut, cap- nf carrying heavy trafic immed iy after Boal rolling. Tests made Germany indicate that this. typeof eet ts waterproof and. docs, not mick under temperature stresses, 8 perty imparted by the special cement sidered so important that the vc has been named TRC. (tem with ituminized-cement reads were ined in two articles published in ‘Oct 6 1982, p00, The first, Ts FIRST major installation in installation for actual highway service ion of fine crushed rock to. the ubgrade, which wtherwise woud have worked up into the base course preventing thorough penetration of Because of the necessity of keeping the road open to traffe during construc tion the macadam_was placed. int 0-it. strips. though the subgrade was prepared full width, A delay in ke ing. the subgrade ahead of surfacing operations made it necessary one. day ack and work on the second half of the road, thereby throwing all trafic including S-ton stone trucks and transit mixers, over the strip before. “This procedtire the stability of the n completed The first operation in laying the mac am was to spread a 2j-in. layer of large stone subgrade. Thismarcia be sem Sipe Nowe hw me tone was all one size, passing a 2 ring and retained on a li-in. ring was sound trap rock, desirably free from fats, hauled from a quarry at Westfield 20 miles away. A heavy roller was passed over this bottom course a few times to provide a fairly smooth surface for the application of the mortar. Next a layer of 1:2} special cement and sand mortar was spread over the lower stone course to a depth of 14 in The mortar was batched at Springfield, 10 miles away, and hailed to the job in Syd transit mixers, being’ mixed en route with 6 gal. of water per bag of Cement. ‘This amount of water ‘made the mortar the right consistency for spreading. Extra water for thinning the mortar for the seal coat was carried by the mixer trucks, ‘The mortar” was transferred to the road by a chute and was spread by hand with the use of Tmmediately after the mortar was spread, a second course of stone, identi cal with the first in thickness and size of one, was applied by hand-spreading A'T2:tom three-whecled roller then went to work on the macada, rolling it con: tinaously until the mortar worked up to, but not over, the surface. This rol ng compacted the mass into the desired final thickness of 4 in "The next operation was to seal the surface with thin mortar brushed into place with steel brooms. "This pro: cedure assured complete binding of the top stones. Despite vigorous brooming, very few stones were displaced. After the seal coat had dried out suficiently prevent picking up, a light tandem roller was used to compact the seal mor tar into possible voids surrounding the top stones, Final treatment consisted of brushing another layer of thin mortar over the Engineering News-Record — Oct Fig SAltoogh both courses of lace ‘idee “ere pent by awd the ach reaps eat nd wn ‘sone dust aad. chips hasbeen Sfolied he The igh dete ecored iy moos of ae puss fons surface, on which was spread a coat of Stone dust ‘and chips, lightly rolled. This formed a temporary wearing sur face for the protection of the top stones in the macadam until they were fully set. The chips and dust wear off in about two weeks tinder normal traffic. The surface of the macadam, because of the presence of large stones, offers an ideal non-skid face, and yet is smooth riding qualities. The placing of the lower stone, mor- tar and upper course and the subsequent rolling are continuous operations. The seal and wearing coats are carried for ward about three times ¢ Sulting pavement is stri bound. macadam, with used throughout, as distin araded aggregate concrete testing to note that a con Fainfall did “not halt" th operations, Engineers and contrac ‘The Hampden project w the direction of L. 0. Ho visor of roads for the t Ley & Co, Ine. Springfel as contractor." The firm Hal, Tne, is the distribut cement and promotes th ‘macadam road in New En! firm was recently formed company by T, A. Pearson Ferguson, vice-presidents of I & Co, Ine. M. J. Collins w tendent for the Fred T. Ley ( bituminized cement is being tured in this country by ty Portland Cement Coa, Clevelan York, Pa, plant. Manufacture carried ont‘under special lice Water Levels in Wells in Northern Virginia ‘The drought conditions that ha cently existed in northern Virgin attracted attention. 10. the tecor water levels that are being obtain five observation wells in Arlingt airfax counties, near Washing D. C,, through the coopera inited States Geological Surve Virginia Geological Survey. Fs these wells are equipped with aut water-stage recorders, and the oth measured weekly. One of them hs quipped ‘with an automatic recor: since July, 1928; two others his tunder observation since the summe 1931. Pronounced rise in the water lee in the winter of 1931-32 and especial in the spring of 1932 shows that du this period there was abundant rel ishment of the groundwater supply. > parently overcoming the exception depletion caused by the severe dru of 1930. Since about June 1, hoseve, there has been a geaeral and rae large decline in the swater levels, show ing that there has been litte or ro re charge during the present summer. Be cause of the dry condition of the s there will be no further rechar considerable rain has fallen, an the will probably be further lowering of th water levels this fall,” However. is 3 three of the wells that have hee: observation in the last two ye water levels were considerably hisher Sept. 1, 1982, than on the same dt 1931, "With respect. to grou storage the present situation is fore favorable as compared with th situation in 1981, as well as that iv 198)sober 20, 1982 — Engineering News-Record Telescopic Traveling Mast to Land Lakehurst Dirigibles Ship can be moored 160 fe. above ground and be moved into shed against 40-mile wind LONG ADVANCE over the mo- ile mooring truck or “mast” of fixed height built for the Akron ish plant a year ago is represented v3 traveling mast of telescoping. con- “ction just installed at the Lakehurst tation of the U. S. Navy by_its ‘signer and builder, the Wellman En Kincering Co, of Cleveland. “As against the 76 mooring height of the Akron nachine (ENR, July 23, 1931, p. 146), that at Lakehurst can moor a ship a maximum height “of 160. ft. above round or minimum height (fully tele- scoped) of 75 ft. Tx tests it was able to withstand side pulls of 1,000 1h full height. and 60,000 Tb, when tele scoped, and to exert a drawbar pall of 57,000. Tn arrangement it is a structural-stee! pyramid with square bace 80 ft. on a side, carried on four four-wheel stan. dard-gage trucks ‘running on railway tracks, capable of traveling around curves by. virtue of automatic electric ‘compensation of the truck driving mo- tors.” The telescoping tower, extending up through the apex of the pyramid, consists of two sections moving in roller. bearing guide rollers mounted in pairs in adjustable equalizers, and raised by rope-hoist mechanism so reeved that the two sections extend oF telescope siml- taneously. The tower is built of alloy steel, to give greatest strength agains the pull of the ship for given weight, At its top is the inverted con receive the mooring. cone he airship’s nose. This cup ca eht-ylind “of the machine deck, The by which the teles wer is raised and lowered, together with the mooring winch, is housed on the opposite sii fof the deck. A glass-inclosed pilot house for the operator is attached to the side of the tower When a ship is to he moored to th mast, a line secured to the. ship passing through the pendant “cone the ship’s how, and earrying a. special ‘coupling device on its end, is: dropped to the ground. Previously the free end of similar line on the mast, leading from the mooring winch up through the center of the telescopic mast secti and out at the top of the cup, has been lowered to the ground. The two line ends are quickly connected, and the Tine is made taut by bawling in on the m ing winch. A further operation of the winch in the same direction pulls the Ship downward. and toward the. m tuntil the cone ie firmly” seated in the cup and locked in position, To aid Steadying the ship during this operation yaw winches located ontside, and inde pendent of the mast, manipulate other Tines attached to the ship. After the bow of the ship is secured to its anchorage, docking is assisted by aveling sterm-towing car known 2s stern beam,” serving to hold the Ship's stern lines while trailing the mast and moored ship in the low telescoped position from the mooring circle to the hangar, or vice-versa. The mooring mast is designed to travel during that trip around track curves, ascending a 3 per cent grade against a 40-mile-per- hhour wind, at speeds ranging from creeping to 2 miles per hour. If neces- sary, however, air brakes on the mast trucks can lock the entire mast with airship against the specified wind pres Sure; electrical sanding of the driving Wheels makes the braking secure665 Engineering News-Record — 0, BeachoD rai rere en te lee Ca.C) rainage eguar IS the power plant dependent Sorage at thi site the hy Alexander D: Construction this in er Vam begun in August, 1928, pleted in January, 192, Reconstruction of Hawaiian dam which failed in 1930 in May, 1929. during construction completed safely by installing a that difficult problems wer system of drains in the downstream beach section by the only material availah available dam sites that have hitherto cite hard grain of any TPB toe tts en of mnaiteble eter Sees Dam may be ten as an exarpie sighs damn degree. ‘The pro of the close interdependence of the oa sluicing, therefore, deliv gad te sles of ean He by the Mcbryie Super Cay Lil, 00 pooed rock from 12 tn Tcaacdatn bulge thatthe ereaest supply system of the McBryde Plana. of fine, clay-like- material Ghipotance of the werk must He Teton in the Hawaifan Tsland of Kata te large fragments Si seat thas treme ioony The water shed has an area of 264 tons of the hydaclic fla of re tee fat tt the utr OT | Scare men Over Whichitha tea sala: grate and cliodal eateral Se eT am Ce headings fal is 180 ix a year, ‘The Gar opens core tn hence thc contol Te is eh Bing the oped secon ery te 10 the ertoneou option th iuional design of such structures thatthe felationship between the height of ater would be to obtain prop his, work most dam, the cost (ineluding spillways) and Solidation of the core, and a the falc of the storage produced. The of soil reacarch wa diet ‘Sctond, ad intimately connected with final design called for a fill having a problem. ‘The progress of te this question of desige: is the fact that central height above streambed of 140 faboratory tests, recovered samp the avident at the Alexander Damn was ft with a erest length of 620 ft, and core drilling. and. finally, the line to am unrecognised hazardone & total volume of $40,000 cud.” The the core during and subsequent that the core mate which had never been described or Feservoir has a capacity of 810,000.00 slip show analyzed and hence was unlikely to be & aquite satisfactory. However. 0 guarded against adequately. ‘This was TO expedite the utilization of water 36, 1930, a blov-out or sli the danger of a. beach rendered im- downstream beach or shell sect permeable by erushing the dam was followed by a dischar Third is the successful method em: the ‘core pool through the bres ployed to overcome this dificulty—the the washing out of a considera Installation of a drainage system within Sune nd brevaic fee eed tion of the dam, A full acco tases slide will be found in for dam’ designers and "may" render ion 303 eee Record May 22,1980, . 8 ihe beaches, ‘This is a. new resourceaber 20, 1932 — Engineering News-Record aa ogra Neuen oF Bcc or be Vey #1 ‘The traditional explanation of some shat similar movements, ascribing them excessive pressures from unconsol tel cores, was untenable, ‘The tests mathe clay within the core, both before Sad after the slide, showed ireater con- “vation than bad been coorputed. The ‘hy core remained standing’ within the iam toa height of 30 ft. above the level i which the beach section was eroded by the escaping core pool. ‘The initial failure within the beach zone was. re- stricted to an. area 30 ft. high and 60. ‘ie, which would not be the case in a eral each movement caused by pres fores a8 far back as the core itself The core pool was watched at the time i the slide by several observers and vas undisturbed and showed no change in level during the movement of the m-out until the collapse of the beach owed the pool to overflow at the he movement of reference points on the slopes of the dam had been slowing down and finally had ceased a short tine before the blow-out, contrary to tperience with dams in which the core yressres. were obviously excessive, in which such movements were great and sccelerating near the danger point. Finally a series of tests of the beach naterals allowed a complete explanation of the collapse. ‘The fragments of de- Composed rock forming this section of the dam were found to have high crush ing strength when dry or moist but to te very weak when saturated. . When nechanically erushed they produced a nmass, a large portion of which was of colloidal size, very fuid and highly im- permeable It was found that the immediate cause ofthe collapse was the local com- pacing of the downstream beach sec tion due to crushing of the fragments conposing it. As a result, the perme- ability was rapidly reduced, allowing the cui of hydrostatic head) that Sealy Mew out and precipitated the Reconstruction plan \ study of the failure and its causes ant the available means of remedy re- ited_in a decision to rebuild along substantially “the same ines as. the criginal construction but to overcome the intrinsic difficulties ofthe poor beach vial by: (1) the maximum feasible increase in beach section, (2) the bail ing of a rockfil toe 40 ft. high, (3) the artificial drainage of the. down- stream beach section by tile drains and rockfiled trenches, The first two re forts rendered only a small degree of Additional security? the Tast is the im portant element in the reconstruction Drainage system While a number of successful systems hhave been installed at ground level 10 drain the bases of earthéill dams, 0 Precedents were found for drainage at higher levels, and no information, was available on the design or the probable action of such drains. It was known that the most serious menace to success- fal action was disruption by movements and readjustments within the earth mass as the pressure therein increased, These movements reach large proportions and would tend to displace tile drains and interrupt their service. Four features of the design were counted om to mini mize the danger of such interruption of (1) Each drain was laid ina. com paratively large rockfilled trench, 24x18 In. for the smallest in, tle up to 48x36 in, for the very effective drains parallel 10 the dam axis carrying ®in. tie. (2) Near the core in the softer ma- terial, the feeder drains of Sn. tile were Jaid with old Tight railroad rails inside them. The tile was string on the rails like beads om a string in the hope that the steel would serve to prevent toss of alignment and a closure of the water passages, (3) At each drainage level the drain age channels were laid out on a grid iron system with intersection channels both parallel'and perpendicular to the Jam axis, so that interruption to. flow at any one point would not deprive the Surrounding space of drainage (4) The drains were laid on a steep grade so that internal settlement would fot reverse the slope, The drainage levels were installed at 1490-ft, elevation near the base of the ddam and at 1500 ft, 1515 ft, 1530 f 1545. ft, and. 1565" ft. on the down: stream tide. As the Sin, tiles were Spaced 10 ff, on centers and staggered in successive levels, this meant that no portion of the downstream beach (below the 1550-ft. level) was more than 833 ft. from a drainage channel. One drainage system at the top of the S0-ft. dam (El. 1543 ft.) was. pe vided in the upstream beach Performance of drains The records of drain outflows and of water table heights in the corresponding468 Engineering News-Record — Octo test wells are the best evidence of the from which a hydraulie6ll dam of cess led to the determination effectiveness of this drainage system. normal cross-section could be con- a somewhat similar metho ‘The main collection at any time was at structed, as judged by the current mental study and control f the, bef the dim ‘rd rom the ria of ‘moet of rae and theater highest drainage system. Intermediate rules developed therefrom. The theory of clay systems collected a much smaller amount, “The size of grain in the Alexander Dam which is fundamental to any ‘The response to a cessation of sluicing borrowpits is shown in an accompany- tion of hydrauli-6ll dam st ‘operations was prompt in the upper ing diagram. No experience with from the work of Charl levels, slow lower down. Apparently strictly similar material for so large a Terzaghi’s theory, with th the lag due to a height of 100 ft. was dam was available, and hence application differential equations for + ‘approximately three weeks. As the dam of the empirical knowledge of the pro- water during compression increased in eight’ and. the area of fession was to a large extent uncertain. sulting consolidation, produc beach decreased, the total outflow de- To most engineers with experience of tion for the particular creased at about the same rate. As the other types of earth, the obvious solu- hydraulic-il dam core durin: dam increased in height and pressures tion of the diffculty of construction by struction period, for which increased, the permeability ofthe ma- hydraulic methods would be to build a method of integration is krv terial surrounding the drains decreased, rolled-6ll dam. This possibility received course was therefore had 1 So that though less water was to be the most careful consideration in the of finite approximate integra handled, ‘the head required remained case of the Alexander Dam, both at The dam cross-section wa nearly constant, only a moderate de- the beginning of construction and after into a number of squares, 2 crease in head being observable the accident. Its rejection was based on of water from square to strc A check on the permeability of the experience with other rolled-ill dams in definite intervals of time wa surrounding material and a comparison Hawaii, which have shown difficulty in Tt was found by trial that the compacting and a most appalling record produced reasonably accura Mechanical iisbie of failures, due to the formation of with only a comparatively smal ‘eet tot Sede water channels of squares and hence, while | through the dam it was feasible. A further sin after completion. was Tater found in two empiric The fine structure tions which summarized the 1 and high voids of a large number of stich con: these soils, (about computations for triangular dam three times the vol- The results of such consolidation com lume of the solid putations were checked by field tests matter when most” From the results of such consid thoroughly com- studies the outward pressure ofthe cre acted) mean that was computed when tests had shown the ‘unless puddled they relationship. between moisture content contain large quan pressure, shearing resistance an lateral tities of air very pressure’ of the core material. The Ee closely held. |The weight of the beach, its shearing result is a highly ance under various pressires an! clastic mass that drautie conditions within it also frored resists compacting and consolidates very capable of experimental study and ches of its value with that derived from labo- fatory tests of the same material was unevenly under telling fg. against its behavior inthe ds attempted by pumping or bailing from "The essential difference between the The result of the computation cvaled the test wells, observing the drawdown rolled-6il and the hydraulic dam, the following comparison with eld and inflow and compating the corre- under such conditions is thatthe danger experience. sponding coefficient "of permeability. of failure of the rolled-All dam is with While the large number of assumptions fall reservoir after completion, while necessary as to extent of water table, he hydraulic Gill presente’ hacard only radius of circle of influence, ete, makes during construction. Alter itis Gnished such results inconclusive, they ‘are in- its strength inereases daily. Tt has al= ‘Sin clint hes teresting and show that’ when proper ready been. subjected dtgng ‘constrac- Allowance is made for th great var. fin sees many tines those to ability of the material their average which it will be subjected in service. on ow checks well with that of the laboratory "te Iydraule fll ees eompleted at a tests cost (for fil alone), inclnding all ex- The flow from individual drains and fense due tothe accident, of 29.086 the variation in water table in individual Peres et eo eae Yells indicate that imerruption of low Eeimate of the cost of a rolled-ll dam The Germantown dam, built with in several parts of the dam did occur; ynder the conditions at the site is very hard firm gravel in its banks, was tn bout that the gridiron system prevented Wey greater doubtedly ‘safe. at the friction actor i from crating any serio premre Stated. "The upstream section of the 3c greatest head at any time was 6 ft - irveces daca elle wit antral ob at a point near where the new fil joined Experimental control Coelecinteceersincteueny ral that remaining from the first construc- The construction was undertaken in with much the same shearing coeicie. tion. ‘Differential settlements in this the belief that modern advances in the The downstream section with a lower sicinity were very much_ evidence scence of soll mechanics were sficent shear tod and probably caused the disruption of to provide a. framewor coretica aerate ee Field checks ; tests to serve as a guide to the action In addition to the series of sample caked (sil seseencticabte ‘of hitherto untried materials. The core obtained from borrowpits, beaches ant Both the engineer and owners recog- had been so studied, and it had per- core, both near the surface and de? nized from the inception of the project formed even better than the computa. down in the body of the dam, 2 com that the material available was not one tions had predicted. This partial sue- prehensive series of checks, meascher 20, 1932 — Engincering News-Record cs, and observations was obtained sy a Fp get was a careful and systematic ating up of the dacharge from the ‘cframage outlets. Each of these wie sored tice a week, and varoas ween were plotted to show at ‘the vari et im this flow that Sere ih tine, weer a woke Companion series of measurements wt Gre bservation of the water ‘Semin he fowrteam bach are i points 2h-n, pipes with perforated Me riiee 6 long were driven {She dosred place in the fil and then ‘adap to the surface of the fll by $aTexeasions. ‘The Zin. pipe was Jale‘as the dam rose, 20 thatthe top “te testwell casing was always {bvifec above the sol level The tops ince wells were suitably numbered foc reference and Kept tightly pligged ‘sept when opened up for observation. cl observation consisted of = sound: fog measuring. the clevation of the ‘Sher table by means of its mark on a Tel tape sunk by a suitable bob ovemcnts of the exterior of the tanks were continaowsly obnerved by trate and tape measurements and. by {els ra to a aeies of reference points Gabetied in the earth or rock of the {im pes” These points were laced iF apart verially and bout 70 Sorsnaly, covering both petream snl downstream slope "Te rate of settlement of the upper arc of the fil was followed by means of pst across the dam on which levels Site obtained every few days. As one ‘cot posts. was buried, another set reed in ation to these regular measure- satya record was kept of movements ofthe fumes which rested on the il tnd it was easly possible to infer ll tovemoas therefrom. in July, 1991, 2 test well was sunk sv feast of the center Tine, and par= tly conoidated core samples were Cane at various depths. ‘Of te many men who contributed to she sccest of this undertaking, only few canbe meationed ‘ere, John Waerhouse, the. president of "the McBryde Sugar Coy and Franke Alex- ander, its manager, for whom the dam iis teen named, sre frst in influence aol inthe importance of their contribs toes The writer has been the engineer Sheaghow the design and constuction, wih J, H. Foos as consulting engineer RL. Wiliams was in charge during fart ofthe construction pertod. Dr. E'E: Hance of the. Hawaiian Sugar Paners Experiment Station contributed to tests and soll theory, while M.-C Dase was in charge of the testing laortory daring the final construction perio.” Kirk Miles was a Junior eng Se cea tractor, 8. Nakao, i i forth loyalty and efcieney of the con= schon Fores Advanced American Practice Followed in Japanese Sewage-Treatment Plant Kyoto adopts combined activated-sludge and separate: sludge digestion with mechanical equipment throughout By Joseph Delano Hitch ‘YOTO, a city of 760,000 popula tion about 20 miles west of Tokyo, Japan, i building a sewage- treatment plant of highly modern type in which aetivated-sludge treatment and separate-sludge digestion will be com- bined. Although its capacity is S mgd. the plant is to be classed as an experi mental one because it will be used to test out the eficacy of the activated: sludge process on” dyeshouse wastes mixed with domestic sewage, and. will serve as the proving ground for the working out of a method of treatment to be teed ‘ultimately for handling the entire sewage of the city. Several Japanese cities have adopted American Sewage-treatment methods in part, but Kyoto is the frst to adopt them in their entirety and the first to utilize mechani- cally operated equipment throughout Kyoto's sewage contains about 250 pam. of suspended solids and at times ‘contains as much as 20 per cent dye hhouse wastes and 30 per. cent ingitra tion. ‘The average flow for which the plant is designed is 8 cust. per second. (Minimum daily 5, maximum 12; the hourly rate occasionally may be as high as 16.) ‘Sereening ond Grit Removal—The raw sewage will pass Grst through a eift bar screen ‘with din, stecl bars set to give a L-in, clear opening. The Accumulated coarse solids. will be re- ‘moved by a mechanically operated clean- ing device equipped with a float ‘operated switch that operates the rakes slutomatically when the screens cause a loss of head of a predetermined amount through the screen Directly downstream from the bar screen there is a mechanically operated grit chamber and grit-cleaning channel. The grit chamber, 14 ft square, is cleaned by a revolving mechanism driven by a traction wheel at the peri- phery, and the gritcleaning channel (21 in, by 26 ft.) is cleaned by a recip- rocating rake that delivers the washed inorganics several feet above water level Preliminary Settling—From the grit chamber the sewage flows through a recording and indicating venturi meter land thence to pumps that elevate it 15, ft. to. the preliminary sedimentation tank. This tank is to be 80 ft. squa Settled solids, collected by a mechani cally operated sludge-collecting mecha fism, are. transferred by diaphragm pump to a separate sludge-digesting tank, 65 ft. in diameter by 27 ft deep, equipped with a. revolving stireing mechanism and arranged for the lection of the sewage gas and its utiliza tion to hold the sludge at 8D to 90 deg. F. deration—The effluent from the pre liminary sedimentation tank will flow to the aeration units, but a bypass is pro- vided so that a portion may be diverted to the river without secondary treatment The aeration capacity at this time will be sufficient to treat all of the sew ‘especially when the dye-house wastes constitite a large portion of the total, but by virtne of the bypass ar rangement the aeration tanks. can I tested out on a wide range of flows, and the performance record can be used it extending the plant Final sedimentation after aeration takes places in a basin 60 ft. square, al ‘equipped with a revolving sludge-co lecting device, from which excess sludge is returned to the channel leading. to the primary sedimentation tank. Digested sludge will be dried on open beds of the conventional type and sold to farmers as a mild form of fertilizer. T. Chujyo, chief engineer of the Kyoto sewerage department, developed the design of the plant on the basis of his observations during a visit to the United States and study of many sew fage-treatment plants of various sizes and types. Tt may be of interest also to note that the “mechanical units, including screens, grit chambers, clarifiers, diges ter and sludge pumps, were built to the designs of the writer's firm by Japanese Tabor in local ‘machine-building. plants. Mississippi Levee Building A new record was made in August for amount of earthwork placed in a ‘month in the Mississippi River flood. control levees. The total was 17,588,000 ceuyd., of which 16,500,000 cu.yd. was placed in levees on the main river proj fect below Cape Girardeau. In July nearly 15,000,000 cu.yd. was placed, the two months totaling’ 40 per cent of the amount placed in the year ended June 30, 1932. The Bird Point-New Madrid set- back levee is 98.1 per cent complete The Bonnet Carré spillway structure and side levees are complete except for gaps left for bridges. To the end of August 266,500.00) “cuyd. has been placed under the present ood-control act.470 Lessons From Hurricanes in Puerto Rico Structures wrecked in wind of Sept. 27 were of inade- quate construction—Anemometer again destroyed—De- sign changes suggested for structures in hurricane areassober 20, 1932 — Engincering wre (Fig, 3). It ie true tht all cree bilings that fal were sratat erecteres, nd in) al cases mt penthes insticien or wronely fad or bath conditions cained eng Rees crea pwc tice mmtances can be explained only on he cory tat the wind loading reached Inte case ofthe sec iramed structures (camicd by the writer the bracing was very eat ious and in one pat Scr eae there wes to oy not ay Weng benween colmns but the col sas fad excessive slenderness ation oat 70 percent of the transmission tee ewer of coe of the power oom pies were Mown down an wll fave te reflec, Tn Oo particles cate he tae ro for tary aes tha The towers are of tubular construction Hurricane lessons The lessons to be derived from the fics of this and previous hurricanes cinerved by the writer may be sum marized as follows: 1. The wind loadings now used in fen must be raised. ‘The valve ree ommended is 78 Th. per sat 2. Keinforeed-concrete buildings, when wel signed and properly constructed sclone-proof. "They have the added ie of being earthquake-proof \indbracing and windbracing con. caused neighboring The 1 windows should hot be rein Roofs atu not of I ‘4. Tile roof roofing paper hacard cstimat hingle A large number of Checking the Design of Rectangular Timber Beams By In the foregoing load, th per spit. H HE DESIGN of rectangular tim ber, joints, beams and girders can bbe quickly checked by applying the fol- i teen, in a Towing formulas, all derived as special ceases of the fundamental equations of applied mechanics. The conditions. of Simple support and uniform loading are assumed. 1b, pee sin, pth of be Tength of span, ft. C — spa ams, ft S — section modula D 4 the following table and rimulas. is facilitated byt Ls 1. Bending sress = f = SeCTION MODULES OF RECTANGULAR 2. Horiontalfohear stress = f = was say When the allowable fiber stresses are 1800 Ib. per sqin. in bending and 165 Ib, per. sqiin. in horigontal shear and a modulus of elasticity of 1,680,000 Th. per sqin. is assumed 1200 5. Allowable load == bending co ce 4. Required section modus ” ino (horizontal sheaa Engineering News-Record — Oct Adding Stories to Old ie a eee Sn Concrete Buildings aces ba in column footing, and a framin is constructed, which bear new footing and spans abs fot bear on the old one. Architect ead Hgter teats, Wasd. being met by the structural designer. framing. supports, the new ‘The Lowman and Hanford Building (TATE, sro then ROBLEMS encountered in adding is 80 x 108 ft. in pan, with two stories HfU"C hy soe, Pees ae Re eee ete oe balding in Seattle that had no pro- of typical fla-alab construction, inciod- Sq 49 Tt. tong, milled tops vision in te original design for’ n= tog drop panels and column ‘capitals. fom the nowéeoluma a0d 2 ‘rensed loading reslted in asimple but No provision for adgitional stories was from ‘the roof, through 4 father ‘unusual olation in colar de ‘neither original-colamns or {amt rook, through Sign and constrain.” For te ads Sn color capitals Ts 34 in. in diameter paced around’ the then spot-welded to the [bean ‘old "concrete columns, stifened by permissible building-code fimits footing, and at thelr tops, a few in welded lacing bars and Gnally incased. existing roof and’ @oor loads. ‘The sieve™gar greases vost iat inv eoncrete, carry the load from the property has increased in value, and welfed to heavy se! plate ip new floors around, ad not into, the old. the owners are at present adding On€ the new reinforcel-concrete oe alums, ‘The method iy considered of ational sory with. plans. for_Bve the govec'ttase will eat fStereabecauxe ofthe incvesing’ fre, more within afew yearn all to carry {oe,cR@er stories wil ‘quency. with which this problem of ute heavy loadings. Treatment of a provide pontive connection altering existing concrete buildings 1S pyicued in he tld by wel, vig ‘No bond to old concrete Sear mass By Heory Bicuman After welding the latticing a0 ten plates to the vertical bats th columns are incased with 2 crete fireproofing. ‘This. concr casement will be poured “against ¢ ‘old column, but no attempt wil be to clean or roughen the sua contact, and the bond betwcen th Sind old concrete willbe slight. In one where the main bars pass thin the flor slabs and colin capital will be greased and thea the oles wi be filled with mortar. Tt is the i tion to have the existing colunins cry the loads of the existing floors and te new work carry the loads of the aed orien "The question as tothe advisatilty this “separation is one that tatrl arises, Tf the contact between the ev (4-34 ods, continuous from basement and the old concrete should be intimate j os land complete, axial deformations die to new loads would be equal inthe ten and the old concrete, bt in the case o the old” columm. these deformation would be in addition to those alreais Existing by reason of the old flor lo With the old conerete column contin in and ‘confined by the new conc with its added resistance against Ie ‘expansion, no practical harm to € the column or to the building « oP ecm | P2826 74” hobs borings ‘droge ra wie fod, i She plates, 27long R bsiening Cont etn, EEL, ep mth ot Lo TGP Eite weld neste pl Enlarged Detail of Lacing IT approe i hte 5 $7 we ste TRG] ee en a rT Liesl sipfener 78°1@ 608 | deformations can only be inte Sgt onto bom | ne | eepeeemscealarreaied cen FAUT he tmp | Inmsaoch eb coiting eras inthe coum tre sready of mazimim Pt z tmted code vale, there can te = Nov basement Fleer question but that bond between the new Bae find the old concrete wold have «7 and seriously increased. the strese above building-code values. Cons ‘quently bond is being avoided. ‘The contract is being executed by tit J. W. Bailey Construction Co. The veriter is architect and engineer Clear space befieen new ana costing totingctor 1982 — Enginecring News-Record Construction Reviews Its Problems Fiveday meeting at Washington of the Associated General Contractors, the Construction League of the United States and the National Conference on Construction takes action ‘on current problems confronting the construction industry ‘senting leadership in all branch the industry met Oct. 9-14 in Washington, D. C. atid took action on ‘arios problems of technique, finance, Suarance and internal organization and fosiness practices. About 150° repre- ouatives ineuding engineers, archi- ca, contractors, realtors, insurance Speals, Gnanelers, manufacturers, pro Ts construction groups repre- tended the meetings of the three groups, land many of them continued in attend lance throughout all the meetings of the five days. ‘The subjects touched ran in- to scores, but many’ of them were quickly dismissed as. reports of progress. oF routine, leaving perhaps a dozen that commended themselves for attention in running summary. ‘This is given in the form of a separate account of the ing of each Building Construction Conference WIE CONFERENCE on building Weld under the auspices of the Dvpartmet of Commerce and the United Stes Chamber of Commerce considered ‘ream of ix formal committe re- sand artumber of talks on feral ef Wilding for sham removal, stg wring employment in construction an EEC ian policies "A fewr more than in) were rogistered for the. meeting itt tat mb wai ated cme daring presentation ‘of the com- ice reports, which were conned to he sesons ofthe frst day. Conelisions tal recommendations following out of ike Gat day's sessions were adopted at he eomeladingsesion onthe second Ss, andthe papers’ on Staggering foment ‘and on slum removal were preented ‘number of the committe reports sroetted facts and experience of funda. metal value which wil be summarized cprately in fate Tastes Tn this ac- croton he eneral findings and ‘commendations are outlined Local construction inventories Five studies embracing. construction iventories, the U.S. construction ‘ployment statistics, principles ‘ satisties and a bibliography of con- wction were made by the committee inesS Feports, statistical and trade siornation, and a report was presented each study. Principles of construc- tion statistics were outlined, and brief wdation was given to the con- n census and the work of the iment of Labor in collecting em nt statisties, Recommendations ule that these activities should pal attention was given to the nent of construction inventories, ‘ose hack of such inventories is lp a picture of the demand and supply of construction ina given locality The report outlined the main factors of such a picture as applied principally 10 residential “construction. Among the pal factors is occupancy of exist if buildings, and particular study was ‘prough i hows the Department of Commerce woh on how to make am occ ppancy survey was prepared and is em hodied inthe committee's report. A separate section of the report discussed the activities required to arouse com munity interest in originating and con- tinuing local construction inventories, ‘The desirability of continuing periodic surveys was stressed in the report and the discussion that followed. The dis- cussion also. brought out. that, using existing civic and business agencies, the cost of these surveys would he moderate Elimination or wastes Principal consideration had been given by the committee to, and reports Wwe presented on the reduction of costs by Accident prevention and “onl through seasonal operations and” on training of apprentices and planning, Memoranda were also presented on mechanics’ liens, building. codes and quantity surveys’ as influences affecting ‘The reports on accident prevention and seasonal operations are reserved in their factual details for future separate presentation. In general, in respect to fceident prevention, the report empha Sind the indirect Tosses from accidents as amounting to far more than the amounts paid_by the insurance com panies in settling claims. The indirect Tostes were estimated as four times the ‘urn of the claims paid, this estimate be- ing based on a. study of the loss in gate ent buidling-code practice was Tt was urged that there provided for "certain low-rental residence construction “coe Ices severe than those applying ¢ that agencies be set up. authorized consider appeals from cx to interpret all provisions and to com der the acceptability of new prodact developed since the writing of the cole Further standardization, and spt und it was urged that similar action he taken by architects in specifying prod tects standardized as to. de od ity. The need to provide locally for ietier credit information was sugeestl Particular attention was called to th teork ofthe bureat of contract infor tion, and it was, recommended. that branches of the industry should thae bureau. Inspection practic mentioned as contributing to waste par- ticlarly im waniipal operations. Te was Stiggested that effort be made to sta inspection agency which could function forall maniipal operations. Tn con clusion, stand was taken against the w of foreign materials in government work the RFC normal Further, it was advised Realty finance Three activities in particular of this committee, it was stated, have been the Sponsorship of a local construction i ventory in Cleveland, Ohio; a study of appraisal practices, inchuding a st ment of appraisal” principles; andthe development of a uniform mortgage le Cooperating with the committee on statisties to provide a demonstration Survey mimittee called the co mittee ‘on real property inventory. was Created in Cleveland, Ohio. To. make this effort most effective, it was dec to carry out the enterprise only if the hanks interested in realty i quested it, helped to. finance ita actively participated in it. The banks readily, agreed that it was a necewary enterprise for regulating building finane ing, and the Cleveland Clearing Home made a contribution on behalf of all the hanks. A total of $15,000, sulficient to carry on the initial survey, was assured by interested groups. A member of th% staff of the National Conference on Con- Struction has been designated technical Associate in carrying out the operations land the staf! direction of the enterprise is under a_Cleveland member of the National ‘Conference ‘Committee on Statistics, which developed many of the principles being applied An inventory sisting property and a. survey. of wpaney, noting the “doubling up,” is to be undertaken with the cooperation of the post office. New construction is to he recorded as well as new subdivision activity. Procedures are being set up for recording deeds, mortgages and fore- closures, Movements of population are also being checked. All data are being gathered for separate small divisions of the city, designated as census tracts by the Bureat of the Census Tn the matter of appraisals the com mittee found general” agreement that present practices are not satisfactory. Te had recommended that a national body of appraisers be organized that. would tlemand of its members qualifications as to education, experience and character, hut since the drafting of this recom= rmendation there had been organized the American Institute of Real Estate Ap- raisers of the National Association fof Real Estate Boards, designed to ‘qualify appraisers and” to. determine sound. practices. A code of appraisal principles was presented, which proved fone of the most complete documents of conference and which will be taken ‘up for separate consideration in a future Economic relationships ‘This committee, summarizing in ten ccounts the basic defects existing in the ‘organization of construction, presented first a brief for the agency type of con- tract. as means. of improvement in certain types of building work and, Second, outlined means being practiced several communities to eliminate bid peddling. If building construction is to ‘perate on a sound basis, a satisfactory Stlution must be found’ for following prevalent conditions 1. Greatly added ulimate cost and unsatisfactory” performance result from the failure of the owner to limit the bids to competent and experienced contrac- 2. The duplication of effort that re sults from the presentation of bids by an excessive umber of bidders results in. Substantial. economic 1o 3. Insaificient investigation on the part of bonding companies and the owner, Tick of information and lax standards of materials suppliers in their credit prac: tices result in artificially establishing re- tponsibility for financially weak general tractors and subcontractors, Lien Jaws in many states make it possible for a vendor of material to a contractor 10 Collect from an owner for this material, even thonigh the owner has already paid the contractor for the same material ‘This makes it possible for vendors. of material to disregard the credit stand- ing of the contractor to whom they sell, and it destroys the advantage that a con- Tractor of high eredit rating should enjoy. 4. Employment by the architect or the owner of inexperienced and incompetent inspectors not qualified to pass on con- struction details and lacking in practical construction judgment results in lack of cooperative effort between the contrac- tor and the inspector, and in the case of an unserupulows contractor permits the ‘execution of work inferior to that which is specified. “This, in turn, places an tanfair burden on the contractor who de- sires to observe ethical standards. ‘5. Carelessly. drawn and indefinite specifications make it posible for a con tractor to make claims for unnecessary and unforseen extras, of to reduce the cost of the work at a severe sacrifice of the quality. This places the ethical contractor at a, great’ disadvantage in presenting his bid, since a contractor Sesiring to maintain a high reputation must refuse to adopt such shrewd. and ‘questionable tactics. 6. Loose and non-comprehensive spec. fications are frequently the result of the failure of the engineer and architect to maintain a close contact with competent contractors, subcontractors and materials producers who are familiar with the Tatest practices and possess the best data 7. In the design of important build- ings serious losses) frequently occur through the failure of the owner and architect to call in as consultants, in the arly consideration of the project, ex- perts “inthe. field of construction, Finance and building operation, 8. A tendency on the part of general contractors to ue unscrupulous methods in obtaining a price less than that offci- ally bid by the subcontractors usually involves financial loss to the subcon- tractor and inferior work for the owner Subcontractors are also guilty in permit= ing and even encouraging this cutting tunder their bid figures after the bids Associated General Contractors EDERAL, loans to sid construction, direct federal construction programs federal legislation affecting’ co vetion had major attention in the fall ‘meeting of the governing boards of the Associated General Contractors. A definite committee set-up was announced to adjust differences on questions of surety bonding practices. In this con- nection the bureat of contraet informa. tion stated that performance records of ‘contractors were on file and that 27,332 reports had been made, about half to’ surety companies, financial institu- tions, manufacturers and distributors, and half to agencies awarding public and private contracts, The award of Engineering News-Record — Octo 9, Many of the above det to the lack of a cooperative between the owner, the archit thes general contractor ion 10. In the construction « i buildings the general contract heen employed on an agen professional basis for the fecuring better cooperation | tractor, architect and on'n that has many advantages of work. Many possible as nullified, however, when the is attempts to assume the dual it fessional advisor on ‘one. cy wat competitive operator on ant has simultaneously, thereby ext al to the temptation of using his "0 ‘ cient workers on the lumps Se petitive job; also when he i of materials o 0 heontract operation fon a job that he is handling « fessional basis, Bid peddling was made charge of evil practice by the c Te was considered that efor cine rought about only by. an « educational program conductel industry. A mumber of metholc ¢ hhave been adopted to prevent were outlined with the warning th introducing new arrangement tunities are often made for esti new evil practices, Local organizations Based on questionnaires, this © sittee presented a summary of the (of local building associations that developed throughout the country x ‘concluded that “no one particular ‘of comprehensive local organs inherently superior to any. othe The merit of any such organization in its adaptability to the specific com tions. existing in the particular ¢ ‘munity. Among the principal i determining the type of organization a population, labor situation, presen trade associations and. type! leadership availabe contracts to irresponsible Tow isl hhad been prevented by the burea 743 cases, Resolittions were passed motor-vehicle tax diversion: in fa:or system of Hicensed realty appraise and standard methods of appraisal: 2 in favor of creating an inter-in committee to aet on legislation acting Prevailing-wage law Accumulating evidence of the w ability of the Bacon-Davis pre ‘wage act governing wages on publi-building construction and to secure a remedy becatse of v0?uber 20,1982 — Engineering News-Record ride gle ewied ct posed Prcit gave considered to suggest ne ates tn Soe Sy Herman Galloway. ator si Nealowey indicated that Give. ques: oe of legality and interpretation ass ithe catte nab? (2) ti mean tate wage oe pid we (8) the date of the contract, oF se eter tee cont 3) Oe See al ae ay oe essing seomr Se arena ee ac oe wee ee Diem GS) ay te See SS cemiteni coiy tha weges set octal tii ves tas at ri a he Wings Vocal? ‘Validity arguable In answer to the question of validity ‘tes pointed out that court decisions ul held. state prevailing wage. laws aralid in Oklahoma, Texas and Ili Criminal statutes and were declared i “ld beeause tneertainty in definition i criminality was involved in tems as “prevailing” and “locality” s0 tat that ime could not be determined, In the Illinois ease a decision was ‘dered on a basis having litle applica onto the federal statute. On the basis court decisions, then, validity of the acon Davis act is very arguable, but thre is no assurance that a decision of ity would be probable, ‘On the second question it was con- ler that it could be held successfully tat any date but that of the contract othe bid is an unreasonable inter- tation of the statute. It seems fairly rtain also that the answers to. the remaining questions are that the Secre- tory of Labor has no jurisdiction where wages have been agreed upon by. the Contractor and. the ‘contracting. officer, that the tion seale is not the pre ling wage unless it is in fact. the cale that prevails, and, finally, that rage scales" in force outside the’ civie ivsion in which the work is located ‘annot be recognized in determining the evaling wages. |i was considered that if contractors leire relief from the bad situation seated by the Bacon-Davis law, they “hoald seek a court decision on the wnestions named, No action was taken by the meeting. Ik was indicated, however, in the report 4 the legislative committee that efforts real! he continwed to put through the ext Congress the ammended act that ws vetoed at the last session, Federal construction activities ussion of the Reconstruction Corporation policies and activi- ‘aght out sharp criticism of that body from various speakers, both for ite inaction and-ite drastic requirements for loans asked. ‘Speaking as'a member ‘of the committee on trae “recovery W. G. Luce stated that contacts. with the RF.C, which had. been quite di couraging at first, were becoming mors cordial, "It seemed now that a real div position was developing to make the REF.C. a service to contruction, The discussion did not head up in action by the meeting ‘Continuing the consideration of federal credit for construction, Nathan Adams, one of the directors of the new institution, discussed the policies of the new home-loan bank act. Mr. Adams indicated that if morta nf the onl he set free for use in the financing Tomes. Reviewing federal Perry K. Heath, assistant secretary of the treasury, stated that the monthly expenditure was rimning about $10,000, building work 000 and that this rate would for the next twelve months. At p in a building program of $700, 239 buildings ‘have alre pleted, involving an $99,391,219. There is work $496,463 942 authorized gress in addition tothe $100,00 ‘ided in the reli act. Th contract buildings costing ay. been expen avail ites have ‘been purchase District of Columbia costing A total of 121 building 10300, is about ready for afl operations Important items repo palate via Sisiom ofthe Standard quest prequalifeation of contactor Taw for balding appraisers an of the AGC. mana. Active measures and developing rules for tent prevention the staff ope kha Construction League EARLY two-score questions. for ‘consideration were promptly di posed of in the meeting ‘of the policy committee of the Construction League of the United States held at Washington, D. Cy Oct. 12. Outstanding reports were presented on the work of the com mittee on trade recovery, the committee fon large-scale housing and the com- tmittee on a code of practice for the con- struction industry. A. brief report on the work of the bureau of contract information was. given commendatory notice. It was brought out that the vor ing strength of the organizations. now ‘members of the league aggregated about 115,000 individual members and that in addition these organizations had some 6.500 honorary, company and. junior members. The treasurer's report showed balance in the treasury. The member Ship commitice reported increasing. as- Soclation interest int the work of the Teague and an announced disposition to take up membership as soon as associa tion finances improved. A notable piece of work was disclosed in the preliminary draft of a trade prac- tice code. These rules were submitted with the recommendation that a. trade practice conference be appointed. and thorized to make application for a trade practice conference under the Federal Trade Commission. The code drafted contains 30 rules grouped in two classifications: (1) rules enforceable by federal law, and (2) rules enforceable bby agreement. This code will be pub lished in substance in another issue Large-scale housing The report on large-scale housing, as presented by Robert D. Kohn, reviewed the present legal set-up for such opera tions and some of the economic limita tions to their successful undertaking At present only New York State hav a housing law, although Ohio has passed such a law, which will be in effect Jan, 1, 1933, Progress in. legislation heen slow in other states. Il prepared a law, and preliminary steps have been taken to secure legislation in Wisconsin, North Carolin and New Jersey. Legislation was intro ‘duced in Pennsylvania and Indiana and failed.” -Mr. Kohn called att possible dangers in drafting too much of the New York law into acts for other states, as New York had quite different problems to solve. In general, he stated realestate interests were in opposition to housing legislation ‘because of its effect on the leasing value of existing properties. "Definite economic’ limita tions, Mr. Kohn pointed out, were placed fon such projects by interest rates and land costs, A dollar added t square-foot cost of land increa monthly rent per room about Ge T per cent increase in interest rate $1 rent per room per month, Improved REC contacts In reporting on the work of the National Committee for Trade Recovery W. G. Luce stated that 46 were actively at work in 43 states. The fst task of the national committee had been to get the lav, and now it was to activate its service first by continaots contact with the K.F.C, and second by persuading the public” to activity in Applying for loans. ‘The encosraging Statement was made that the attitude of the corporation toward borrowers was improving and that a material hasten ing of loans could be anticipated, California the the aon ule476 Book Reviews and Notes A Monthly Commentary on Current Additions to the Civil Engineers’ Library oo Marine Borers in Australia In 1927 the Sydney Harbour Trust ‘Commissioners began a study of means for checking the ‘destructive activities fof marine borers along the shores of Port Jackson, New South Wales, the 1S:mile deep estuary on which Sydney is located. "Port Jackson is located in the temperate zone and has 180 miles Of foreshore, 9 miles of which is de: eloped for scommercial purposes. Marine borers are active in the entire The present report is one of progress and preliminary observations as to the character and distribution of borers mand, their habits and. sustenance Protective measures employed are out Tined and results obtained to date are summarized. A. brief comparison of results obtained. in harbors north of Port Jackson is included The maces ‘Mushroom In these than normally conscious of the cost of overnment there is increasing demand {or factual information as to why such costs have inereased s0 enormously and hhow the growth can be checked or te duced, "In s0 far as the federal govern: tment is concerned this book by James M. Beck, former solicitor general of the United Staten, answers the Best que tion. By analogy the manner in which state and local governments have grown is demonstrated. How the growth can = checked. is indicated but not an swered; in fact one effect of the picture Mr. Beck paints is development of sense of hopelessness over ever check ing the growth of government bureats and departments. All-attempts. 20. far made to reorganize the government or to eliminate much duplication and waste have failed ‘because: those who could ave made them effcctive—even up to ident ‘himselt—have been ear- {al of the effect upon their own job, that Of their friends or upon their party Mr. Beck's book” is well written Engineers will find init too. much ‘emphasis on the legal side, t00 much ‘worship of the Constitution’and an in- tion work for two. sears, the dish can Toll bridge work ‘Ghowesn Avg. ead the Messer fave money. avaiatie for the frst units Completion of the toll fridge hetween under consideration by the Nei ‘within six weeks after the suit is settled Savannah, Til, and Sabula, Towa, has been Associaton there. | Cledring out At the time the hide for the tannel are made possible by a'Tean of $190(000 to the houses and the construction of coened the district board of directors will Savannal-Sabula Bridge Co. AML ounda- for rental at tow call for a recommendation from Frank i. tions and piers, concrete approaches and Work is estimated to cos Weymouth, general manager. Thereafter, about 48 per cent of the stee! work on the 000 to be raised by public subserir it will be ccvled whether the work 's 40. bridge had been completed when the work $1,000000 obtained from the F.C. al he done bythe lowest responsible bidder wat stopped. several” months ago due to the provisions for financing. ini tr eto be done directly by the district shortage of funds. The Bridge Co. gave dend corporations tinder force acco ree-year notes secured by a Pledge of the. Application for a foan of $1.00. ‘Under terms of the specifications, mate- hone of the compan” the RIFC. for the construct rials, such a cement and stel,t0 be ted "Application ofthe Chesapeake Day the in the tunnel will be provided by the die- Bridge Co, Baltimore, for a loan of $7. 4 trict and. so these materials are not in- SOQO00 for’ the construction of a 6I-mile St Louis is proposed as soon as the ‘ded in the specifications jong bridge serots ‘Chesapeake ‘Bay has (Continued om p. 482)adober 20, 1982 — Engineering Ne Quick Legislation Expected on {an Francisco-Oakland Bridge The contract covering maintenance and sins of the’ San Francsco-Oakland Sie which must be ratified by the state ‘Gilerna before the F.C. loan can ature. "Be re mects in reaar es it is not expected that, sie Aivertising for substrocture bids, the sin conatrctign item, will require ‘aye ‘Thus it ie. not “expected th wl constesetion can" begin until early sit yer, However, with effective prepa iz eantie and by waking this 3 wah order of business immediately the Tgulture convenes. it is expected. that it'on 8 large scale can be under way Gey in dhe spring + Power Commission Reasserts Control Over New River Work Ata step in the determination of whether se Feierl Power “Comeneaion has. the ht to take control over: the. project lopment of the Appalachian Electric wee Coon the New River im Viewina, i commision, on Oct 12, formally Zed resohtion i which it declared mat New River, from the mouth of Wil- toes Greek, Vay north is navigable water “iia the dition thereof, as set forth in ino) of the Federal Water Power Antempts. are expected to be made to ave the Supreme Court determine the ex the power commission's. authority sts of rivers which. while. not avgable in fact "yet may be said t0 have ‘s'est ‘pom the. navigation of lower tases of the same river or of other ‘ream "AS in the case of the proposed incopment of the “Appalachian Electric Power Con the matter of whether state ie ailty commissions or the Federal Foner Commission shall tale jurisdiction cogs nthe poi “Ri Contractor Loses Suit Over Caisson at Poughkeepsie D New York sate the cout fer cains eg ame ‘of claims at {ping of th i Bridge at 27,1827, and the subsequent werk i right ina the caisson, which extended over more than a year. Blakes’ Rollis Corp. the contractor, sued for $365,250, which aside from a few small balances) was ‘claimed 3+ the extra cost arising from the listing and the work necessary t0 bring the caisson beck to a vertical pouton are completes Sinking. The contractor alleged that. the Casson was topheavy in design. The Claimed that the caitsn was, properly jgned and that the listing was due t0 the ‘ison The circum nd the recovery operation in detail in Eno Feb 12 198, The caisson was a steel and reinforced fren and comtained 25 dredging wells which were temporarily closed for Rotation by {alse bottoms bait of 12x18 in. timbers. ‘The caisson after launching and building 9p was brought to the pier site, where, the out §8°1 deep and was. snk on ume 7, 1927. Dr six weeks the. removal and the beginning of The bot i dificalt to. remove and more were removed along the east side Sind longitudinal center feof the caisson than along the west side. The contractor tegan dredging, however, chiefly along. the eastside and center, reaching” depths up fo 13 ft. below cutting elite, and firedged a trench 9 ft deep and 0 ft 1 fdjacent to the east side of the cals July 25 some 1314 bottoms had bee removed and the caisson cutting eige had he acident ere reviewed J. L. Schley Named Governor of Panama Canal Zone Julian L. Schley, engince lent Hoover on Oct. 1 scceeds Col. Harry, Burg Colonel Schle World War be: comm incers in France. "After ser War Claims Beard be was t Nashwille and at Galves amphrey, Va. "He was ap me down to I ft Tm the might of July lowing. several hoary oa sdenly tipped inclination of ava wot righted uni snr Th its findings the court that the ealsson was stable was stable when it landed ithe iver, and was si netrate into for TL fs wi the ole dig tee fell int. the the contractor's negligence. aad, declared that “the work. and © Solved in the erection of the ca and sinking t to the proper elevation was the responsibility of the contractor in Yul Siement of ts contract to erect si ton, and there shoul be ws recovery for th MONUMENTAL BRIDGE COMPLETED IN VANCOUVER, B.C sea gant aad 4 Neher house42 Company Formed to Build Connection to Moffat Tunnel A. new company to be known as the Denver, Salt Lake & Western Railroad Co, bas been organized as a subsidiary of the Denver, Rio Grande & Western RR to construct the Dotsero eutoff connecting the Denver & Ri Grande with the Denver K'Salt Lake west of the Moffat tennel Recently a. Kaan. from the REC. was authorized" for’ the constraction of this ito. Award of the contact for the work fe'reported mpofically to have been made {o,8 combination of Utah Construction Co, We A" Rechtel Co, and. Morrison-Kinad sen Co, Holders of the supplemental bonds issued by the Moffat “Tumel Improvement. Dis- tick for the completion of ‘Moffat tunnel aiter the original bond. issue had. bees found inadequate to cover the cost of com strvction won another skirmish in. thelr fight to. establish the validity of the bonds then ‘the United. States Supreme. Court Fefsed to consider at appeal from the Aeeision ‘of ‘the 1. & Clreait Court of Appeais for the Tenth Circuit upholding thelr validity. “Validity of the bonds has not ye, however, een definitely” estab lished as the taxpayers suit is now before the Colorado Supreme Court on R.F.C. Loans tinned from p. $80) can he worked out, The cost will be paid through ‘tolls charged the raileaad, ‘Constrvetion of public market ata cost of $1,500000 i proposed by the city of Portis, Ore Application has. beet ‘made to the RLF-C. for money to cover part Of the cost of the project.” Contract for the work has been et ‘Construction of a municipal power plant by the city of Salem, Ohio, with: REC. moneys. being ‘considered’ by" the ety ‘coun Ireigaton ia. Washington ‘The Yakiina-Renton Irrigation District of Yakima, "Wash, "has" applied 10" the RFC. for a Joan of '$12000000 for the development of 4 72000-acre project iyi tetween Yakima and Prosser. At Seattle, the port commission plans to ask a Toan of from §2.$00000 to $3000 000 for the construction of new terminal t0 provide facilities for the inter-coastal sr¥ Fee of the Grace Lines between Seattle and New York, the loan to be repaid through port revenues. Florida proposed The Overseas Bridge Corp. Miami, Fla. has made application to. the REC. for a Tan of $108,000 for the construction of 132 smiles of bridges and 134 miles of causeway and il between Lower” Mate- tumbe and No Name Keys on the Over- Seas highway to Key: West Construction of & women's dormitory at the University of Colorado to cost $550, {00 is proposed in a loan application being smade by the tniversity to the REC ‘Quincy, lit, plans to apply to the RFC. for a loan of $100,000 for the constriction of a terminal for river barges, and East St. Louis. Il, hae voted to. apply for ian of 8800000" for ety ‘park improve: Causeway Engineering News-Record — Octo Engineers Named To Aid Applicants For R.E.C. Loans HIRTY-SEVEN well-known ena neers have been asked by the Reson struction Finance Corp. to act as advisers to its local loan agencies in the considera~ tion of slf-liquidating. projects. for which leans. are asked. The corporation expects that applications. for loans, especially the smaller loans, will come first to its local agencies in the larger centers throoghout the country. By" providing. each agency ‘with engincering advisers i hopes not only {o speed ‘up the competion of the appl cations, bot also. to-save the applicants the expense of travel involved in havin the ‘engineering features of theit appl ‘ations oy Engin tion'of plane and estimates is not expected fof these’ engineers nor is the idea of the Corporation ‘that they will liminate other fengineering services, "Rather, itis the ‘opinion of the directors of the corporation that by having these engineering, advisers fon the staff of their local agencies the feed for adequate engineering. work can be impressed upon the applicants who might ftherwise send. through "applications “0 Washington with incomplete supporting data of an engineering nature "The engiacers invited by Harvey Couch, director “of he "Reconstryction "Finance ‘Corp, to serve, together with the agencies to which assigned is as follows ee ee Hal, Zohn Hubbell, Clarence. W. ‘Wheeler, Walter H. Dyer azar J Fisken, John Bh Drown; Daxter 1 ‘Two erigineers have been named to assist most of the larger agencies, and at New ‘York: three have been asked to serve. ‘Mr. Couch, i his Teter to the engineers said hat the "LE-C. “engineering board hoped to benett from the reactions of eng neers. well” acquainted’ with the local No compensation except remuneration for travel is involved Water Supply from pe River Proposed for Houston, Tas A proposal to supply te cit ‘Texas, with 130 milion Gimal"Co. ‘the’ compan’ saw, 170 mon gallons er Temiy River." Pet ott (or ievigation purposes and believes that by extending is to within 16 mile of the ot St "carps for supplying the font af the necessary da, the water, pipe fines apd flrs enimated at rom $2.00000 —— New San Gabriel Bids to be More Detailed on Quarrying ‘The new, and third, speci quarrying the. rock-6ll’ materi (Gabriel dam No. 1 of the County Flood Canteot District detailed a8 to quarry operat factor of transportation The ications will tend to remove able part of the contractor risk on this jo. ‘Original specifications called figure for, rock placed in. the leaving bidders entirely free 3s selection and operation. The posal called for the handling of Project. and only one bid wis Which was considerably abore the we fstimate.” This bid was rejectel fond call for bids. provided tracts for features of the w the Fockbll. "Specifications for ‘were not changed. "The. lowest ation “of bids was. stil well ab: ‘engineer's extimate and only one received for quarrying. and placing wh epresents about 8D per cent ot Cost, These bids were also rect "The new specifications will de number of quarry locations in the ‘with estimates of available rock, tnd waste, ‘The nearest. quar taken as 8 base and'a definite dst quarry to site established. Biers il asked for unit prices from this qearry follows 1 Yards of rock accepted andy Airetly in dar. 2, Vards'of rock pasted over 4 ie rior to placing in the an aod measured fn place in the dam. 3. Yards of stripping as measured by ‘sectioning. 4. Yards of waste which shall be as rejects at the quarry Stripping) and “material, rough the grizaly. ‘The purpose of the grizzly, whic bee located on the road Between 2" site, is t0 provide for better claw than canbe dane bythe shovel pit The grisaly will only be onditious im the quarry inficate that He ‘quarry ren contains unacceptable 1 Tn addition to unit prices for th ‘quarry, bide will be asked for ther es Sites a the basis of additional Yard shove the base quarry figure Bids will include only rock. place dam, the prices for stripping ant fare considered to be the same ‘roponals wil be called for asain.ntter Bill for Sewer Service Charges inzoduced in Illinois it pose to obtain funds for ssdecting, stl has been Se Uae tae gate cahecty to borrow from the ir tee comtrection’ the bond Seton to be cared for lye The property of mortgaged and i Sai’ receiver may be appt ato charge and cole? rates, save te bonds and operat Soe eh was drawn in geese of the Na Tad Recover a Rates Set for Work on Los Angeles Aqueduct ion of a wage scale in accordance California prevaling-wage snibrzation of the issuance 0 y divctorg ofthe Metropolitan District of ‘Southern, California "The amount of the bonds to be S2N16000, which sco ‘eet the work under to. he ‘wage. scale, the. district fiectors wil extabliah a rate for board snd fesing Construction forces. A” rate’ of S140 er day will be charged each man tree meals Howsing probably, ‘wil ereccmmended. The Hoover Dam board el Woning rate was quoted in dictesion tite rectors as $10 per day The matter of staguering the employ smst sched $0 a8 10 give work to the Freatest number of men possible also was by the district board, the diectors ‘spresing their desire to-do so, butt the ime, fecogmising practical obstacles tint mast be overcome, euch ae the natare remoteness of much of the work The wage seal, based on an eight-hour day, with n0 extra. pay for Sunday oF elias work, follows Miner "wadkfeenmane, Doom 1932 — Engineering News-Record San Francisco Garbage Plans Again Put Up to Voters Again the citizens will be asked to decide the merits of plans for garbage disposal then three proposals appear ‘on the November ballot’ The board of super visors has. cok a decision om the following San Francisco edt Thackeray destrsctor ia San “Francsc wwas Brought to life on Oct. 10, On that date Judge Mogan, of the San Franc Sneflor Court made the injunction ef tive ten days from date or Oct. 20, 198 This injunction is the outcome’ of ‘a sit that was begam by protestant im the teh torhoud of the destructor in 1925 the claim being’ that the. smoke, rors. and der ineidental to ite operation : public nuisance The ‘old destructor has been in ser for some. 30 years and recently has. been Francisco's garbage isn 630 tons daily” (the from A to 710 ton Cent anntal increase) garbage disposal Briel review of the spocared it Enginceriny Newe-Recon Nowe 14,1929, 9. 386 San Francisco’ chief administrative fier, A}. Cleary, has, announced that when the destructor’ is closed down i The ad wh wary expedient trade outside. the city Southern Pacific R convey the gattage to the point There js city ordinance in San Fran cisco. limiting to. $1 per ton the amount that can be paid By the city for disposal along the cars wil “dopo Ban on Outside Contractors Removed by Maryland Limitations set arsland. ty th order. that hor fron Marylan Hoover Dam Notes preparation of alternate pla Pencil d mpl trait of the Eations for the power plat was {6 Los Angeles for review b California Ed es Angeles in” opera 1.500-TON BULKHEAD GATE FOR HOOVER DAM TUNNEL “The fant of two 301504 bulkhead pte, tbe inthe plat of the Conti “ars ill be requeed.+4 Work Expected to Re-start on Abitibi Canyon Project Work on the hydro-cectrie power proj ct im the Abitibi River canyon im northern ‘Ontario which was stopped. last "summer eeawe of the “inability of the Ontario Power Service Corp. to meet bond inter: cats expected (0 be resumed soon. On Gee" 11 the ‘cabinet of the Province of Ontario ratised the proposal 10 have the province porch ment throat fn exchange the, Ontar Tiydro-Eleetric bonds TRatication of the agreement will permit the work to he carried forward bythe bonds of + SOCIETY CALENDAR ASPHALT INSTITUTE, Agphaly IRRICAN SOCTETY, FoR Tretia Reeeranerae eee eerie Engineering Golden Gate Bridge Low Bids Low bids for the construction of the Golden Gate suspension bridge at San Francisco, opened Oct. 14, total §23844,000, as compared with a low total of $24,304 (00 "of ‘his “subortted Tast_ Year The former ‘low “bid ot ‘the. "SeCtintie- Marshall Corp, $10,494,000, for the eree on of the superstructure ‘steel, wat al lowed to stand and this portion of the ‘work was pot readvertied. “The low bids Sstimited for the readvertised portions are 4 follows: Contract T-B, cables, John A. Roehling’s Sons Co, $8,885,000: con tract-2, main piers, Paciie: Bridge Co $2935.00; contract 3, anchorages and a” broach piers, Belge Builders, Tc, $1.859,- BS4: contract 4, steel for San" Francisco approach, Bridge Builders, Ine, $9340 Contract’, Presidio road, Beidge Builders. Tne, $996,000; contract 6, Sausalito road, Chegris& Sutsos, $99,780; ‘contrat 7, roar lbs om main spa, Clinton Cont co ‘contract Ry electrical instal lain Ata Electrcal & Mechanical Co, [These ids ince cost of cement. Last year the bids were based on furnishing of Cement by. the Golden Gate. Bridge a Highway ‘District ae Investment Rating of Buildings Proposed by Engineers Holding that the public has suffered enormous foses due 10 irresponsible pro ‘motion, inflated. valuation and. because improper “designs, faulty. and. fradulent Constraction and incompetent_inspection, Slso thatthe. investing public. should be fable at all times to. obtain. trustworthy Information on the condition of a building ‘offered as security, the Western Society ff Engineers has ‘recommended that. all Investment projects should be classed as to structural safety, efficiency of operation tnd economy of maintenance. To this ent 2""certiicate ‘of rating” by competent ex- ferts i suggested. "Further the society Pleges itself to cooperate with other inter- {sted organizations in promoting the ger ‘adoption of such a proceeding. and in the development of adequate standard spec ‘eations for classifying buildings and other This action was taken following a report by a committe consisting of Chester B. Burdick chairman, Prank D. Chase, HH. Hadsal, W CT: Post ‘0. Kurtz, Eagar Martin and + Cameron County, Texas, Plans To Construct Irrigation Works A suit to validate the organization of 1 Cameron County Water Improvement District No. 19 (Texas) and to establish the legality of its bonds totalling $950, (000 as been filed by'the district im the District Court at Austin, Texas. A coder to inuue the bonds was approve at a recent meeting of the directors of the district and an efforts being made to arane for their Sale through the Re- ‘The sale of $541,000 of bonds of the Orange County (Texas) Conservation fand Reclamation “Board. has ‘been ap Proved. by the attorney-general of the Nite. The bonds are for drainage work. ews-Record — Octo} Work Starts on Ten Buil for Chicago World's Fair Work tas been begun on nits for the Century of Pros tion to be held in Chicago nes total ‘value of these building {oo million dollars, nearly a 1s the cost of the “Sky Rie €25-fe towers. The total Struction "now under way (00,00. + Personal Notes Oxwano Bares and Citas recently were. made honorary the Chicago Engineers Cla fven in their honor C.F, Lasrar of the Bh tell Engineering Co. has te charge of the new ofice ‘which has been opened in Cin Evens Revsot, major, Cor neers, district engineer at To sto be transferred. to Ws uy’ with the Board’ of Rivers and Harbors about N Wruss E. Teate, major, Cory neers who has been serving ith ican Battle Monument Comms hha been assigned to duty 2 eer, North “Atlantic Divs York W. A, Daxtmisox, major, Qo Corps, as been assigned struction quartermaster at Balt to direct construction “of hosp quarters at Forts Meads, Homi, i Sind at Edgewood Arsenal and Carp 1 bird. Previously, Major Daniel ws Governors Island Jesse F. Tanrury, Ju, associate acer, U. S. District Eniner Occ ile, Kys since May, 1924, bas bee Tnoted and transferred to. Washine the specifications and plans brarch ot Rivers and Harbors Board. Mr Tar in'a graduate of West Point tut ct srmy_after the World War. Later Teentered the government service 3 1 ite Obituary Gineianai, Ota ded thereon 0 Dpiyears. ‘Mr. Brehm was a naive vi ( cinnatl and began "work as ac ‘with his father. Enxxst L, Cotstox, contractor ville Ky. died there’ om Oct. years, During the past 18 years i Son has served on the Board of Pi ‘Works Hexey D. Gornox, formerly ‘engineer to the Jenkins Valve & Kab (Gon died at his home in East Oratsc. § fon Oct 1, age 84 years Wexse. Morava, consulting esi sand president of the Morava Constr ‘Company ont 1928, died Oct. 13. C cago. He was born im Bohemia 7 e ‘ago but came to this country early i and obtained his engineering edie ‘the Univesity of Hintsber 20, 1982 — Engineering News-Record Brief News peeanner sland or Detroit BER cn etween $300,000 and Sain ere Stely Shelve recent See ard of supervisors of Warne Zeal to have 2 commie of the Cet report on the Proje ext ot ew, Stamnes Cowsrreg of the shel Soy er Testig Materials Bie Ez om Spectrorapic Arson {oR rc chemist, Alums G.5i Renae beenappited hate Stemi Pome Wonks Drparraexr Exrtovres iaSejaim, NB have been placed on 2 ‘eeealy work pet week bass Because of age of nde, This fs the Bt time samployees of the department. have 1S paron 8 parttime taste Heretoore (Sula have Been laid off when funds for tir employment were not avalale area op rie Wace Law in California ‘edi a resolation ‘recently adopted tye California State Builders Exchane The reoltion stated that private work is aaa disadvantage by the tendency to ‘Giatin the: wage scale paid on public rks higher than that pardon private as A Six-Hote Day and a five-day week sod s minimum wage of $0 cents an hour iSrebeen setup as Fequirements in the ‘Sua for work on ‘the. addi ‘smal eadquarters of the {ur Congress of Canada. in Ottawa ‘ris reported to be She fest contract felt in Canada this basis. Curaune of Laxorse Firsns and tev ling them ‘off to make them. serviceable Contracts and Capital conerat cri08 hm ay Ietgremment 1H " ‘NEW PRODUCTIVE CAPrTAL, (Thomnnds of Dela) vere hes NS ENR Cost and Volume Index to be undertaken by the Depart ational Defense in Canada as 3. meas of unemployment elie. It expect that the, work ‘will provide employment for about 4000 men. Repairs and renova tion of the historic citadels at Quebce ani Halifax also is to be undertaken A Loxe Disrcre Ovex Wace Rares aid skied labor on the U.S. Veterans Horpital st Batavia, N.Y, was ended a conference in Washington recently when ie wan agreed. that carpenters, wonld be 485 dM cents an hour, bricklayers. $1 and common laborery 40 cents. Waxes Plumbers and electricians have not been set Coxsraverion 394,00 of the tfal tax ree according to a chart of tures for the year ended. June Drepared by the state auditor far the largest iter Engineering Contracts AVY ENGINEERING constr ion contracts reported the past, week total $34,445.00, one af the highest weekly figures of the year. Both federal awards {$9S7AO00, snd private contract, $6609.00, were way above the sual weekly total Tor these “clases. “Highway lettings Atmounted to $13,709,000, which approaches the record 18 milion dolar weeks in hsh Wway awards reported last month. Missouri River levee work raised. the earthwork contracts to 8 millions, the highest weekly figure in this class since July. Large high way. letings reported inclode Iii, $4579,000;" Georgia, $1,998000 and. New York, $1-2850000 "The largest railcad onstruction contract let in many ‘months was represented by the 42-mile Detsera ext the D.& RG. W. RAR. in Colorado to cost $5,500,006. "Other large contracts eporeed. include Missouri River, levees SS2o1000; a public market in Portand CONTBAGTS, AND,CAB went Contracts _B Soper lions of Dollars Jen. Feb Mar Ape pst oe CUMULATIVE one of " are g Wor Apr May Jone duly hug Sept Oe May dune July and Capital revetmenis, $1210.00 ds. have, been c large projects. The Lake Okeechnbce, Florida, 2 millns Cistoms house-at Philadelphia, # millens and roads in Texas, § millions. An agri Saltural pavilion i’ planed. at San’ Fran Sisco to lest $1,301000." Line b teen received fora court howe at Jack sonville, Fla, $1212000; and Lock ae Dam 2 and Lack 3. Ohio River. Pitt baat, $190,000 and §$12.000, respectively ‘New capital figures as. shown in the accompanying table and chart have been revived inclode all self iqeidating foans approved bythe Reconstruction "Einanc Corporation, which have -amonntel $128300000 to" date. "For the past week Private. capital issues totaled $13 200000, public $1.900000, the fowest of ti a 79.0, VERABES FOR 32 nog Sept EESTI ON? CoreaConstruction Equipment and Materials Portable Road Material Plant A. portable crushing-screening-loading plant designed to mect the trend in high Wray spectcations calling for finer rock Bnnounced by. the. Stith Engineering Works, Milwaukee, Wis. The machine # ‘equipped with a vibrating screen instead of Gh tlaker screen orderly wed ta port fable’ units. The new "Telenith.machine tay be furnished interchangeably with 3 No. 24 cone erusher or 4 Telemith, Wheel All standard Telemith portable units are ‘atinped with self-contained. plate feeder To im by ‘ft, an allstecl roller bearing vibrator” vibrating screen, two. Telit conveyors a 42 it feed conveyor, a $0 ft, fbhed product conveyor, and either 10 or 20 cuyd. portable stecl bin. Metal Wheels are standard uipment but rubber Tired wheels are available where desired ro Low-Friction Conveyor Rollers The Barber-Greene Co. Aurora, I, has farrier The "roller bearings. ae sei aligning and take thrust aswell as radial load, Each sizeof carrer has but one size roller ‘ont which makes. these nits and Component ‘parts ‘interchangeable. The roller is made of Skin-diameter seamless tubing. ‘The ends are made of pressed Steel with ‘the outer roller face inserted funder ‘pressure. “The inner tube is Ii in india. with two shoulders, one at each end ‘The spindle is of f-in-diameter cold-rolled steel.” The bearings are held in place by two labyrinth seal washers, shined 90 26 to keep the bearings tight. Each roller ‘could carry a load of 200, of the entire farrier 9 load of 600 pounds os Scale for Bulk Cement A scale for weighing baile cement, de- signed to weigh Toads ap t0 1000 Th. ace ‘ately, has been introduced by the Winslow Government: Standard: Seale Works, Ine Terre Havtc, Ind. Tt is an allstesl sale Cf pipe-lever-type construction with igh channel supports. A springless over-a tinder dial" is. provided. The weighing mechanism consists of & single beam, Brad New ballccaneae scle_made_ by Winslow tated to 1,000 th, capacity, with minimum fraduation of 1 1b. A tare poise is used for balancing. the’ weight ofthe empty ‘wheelbarrow of cart. “The scale is pro- fected against dust or moisture It can be Seach with platform level or unways agate Self-Locking Nut Held by Pin A tock nut which is claimed to be proof against working loose beeatse of vibration has been inte Fitting through a Ton ole atone comer of the mut fan L-shaped locking pin which ergages the thread ‘of the bolt and follows it. This turns the pin at at angle and establishes a. point of impinge: tment against the bolt, the pin biting fa and maintaining this point of "adjustment against vibration. ‘The ut ean be removed swith a serench ‘by exerting suflent pres: Sure to momentarily throw the pin, thereby Engineering News-Record — releasing the point of impin fitting the pin to pass ever ngage and follow the thre! Sie direction. The mas zi that the nuts may be put « ; repeatedly without damage threads, nuts or bot + Equipment in Brie} Welding Blewpipe, The Products ‘Co., New York, nounced a new welding tated as the Oxweld type W2! ihe Blowpipe hss been develope i tse on pipe line work, but the fsa States that its application is to this field The oxygen Nalves are located at the front Ale, so that fame adjustment , readily made by the operat : Blowpipe is in “operation. The srs valve f located on the leit Operator's ight’ thumb ca at regulate it." The oxygen valve =o fon the underside of the Nal stetylene passageway betwee Nalve and the injector nin bility of a fashiack. Welder, New 300- and . cnaine-driven Plex Are welders sve f ently been announced byt _ fouse Electric & Manufacturine Pittsburgh, Pa. These. new wells cm body ‘the following ‘feature soy Irotecion from weather, accesshi cnt Aependable power an translorner re te actance to prevent current surges le trode sticking.” Standard wnits ore ere with Gin. rm seeltired: wes! Centrifugal Pump. A new lin with built-in electric motor “1 By the Ingersoll-Rand “CoP! N. J." The pumps vary in cana to 810 gal. per min, in heads tod the motors have a cayacity 28h. A General Electric Co. fused” The nit is shipped com semble. Self-Priming Pump. The D: sine & Pump Co, Shippensburg. | ounces a new Zin. selt-priming ps ot the recirculating centrifagal type. The pump is driven by a. 2h. aircvie! fine and has a capacity of 3,000 3! er hoor at 2 30 it, head, sncreasing «0 10 fal per hour when the head is 10 f- The (pomp. is. mounted on. a two-wheel ‘am frvele and the tal weight 3-410