UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH

MID TERM TEST

SEMESTER I SESI 2018/2019

DECEMBER 2018 1 HOUR 30 MINUTES

FACULTY: FAKULTI KEMANUSIAAN, SENI DAN WARISAN (FKSW)

COURSE CODE : AS3I503

COURSE : GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS

INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN PART A, B AND C

This paper contains seventeen (17) printed pages, excluding this page.

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 Bahagian A. Arahan: Jawab Semua Soalan
Part A. Instruction: Answer All Questions

1. Pilih satu kenyataan yang benar mengenai definisi politik yang dinyatakan oleh
Leftwich,1983:
Choose a corrrect statement on the definition of politics made by Leftwich, 1983:

A. Politik adalah satu aktiviti yang terasing daripada aktiviti sosial seharian.
Politics is a kind of activity that is separated and alienated from daily social
activities.

B. Politik tidak dipengaruhi oleh pengagihan kuasa dan pembuatan keputusan.

Politics is not influenced by distribution of power and decision making.

C. Politik hanya boleh wujud di satu peringkat sahaja.

Politics can only exist at one level only.

D. Politik tidak hanya terikat dengan tindak-tanduk kerajaan tetapi juga wujud di
tempat-tempat lain.
Politics is not only related to the actions of the government/parliament but also
exist in other places.

2. Berikut adalah kenyataan yang benar mengenai definisi politik yang diberikan oleh
Crick,1964 KECUALI:
Below is the correct statement on the definition of politics given by Crick,1964
EXCEPT:

A. Politik dilihat sebagai satu elemen yang berpusat kepada kerajaan.

Politics is seen as an element that is government-centered.

B. Politik adalah satu bentuk pengasingan kerana ia hanya wujud di Parlimen.

Politics is some kind of alienation because it only exists in parliament.

C. Politik tidak hanya terikat dengan satu-satu institusi .

Politics is only tied to certain or one institution.

D. Politik adalah tindakan awam yang hanya boleh dilaksanakan oleh manusia yang
bebas.
Politics is a kind of public action that can only be exercised by human with free
will.

3. Pilih satu kenyataan yang benar mengenai pendekatan teoritikal Social Ecology:
Choose one correct statement on Social Ecology teoretical perspective.

A. Pendekatan ini memberi penekanan ke atas nilai-nilai intrinsik haiwan

This approach put an emphasis on the intrinsic values of the animal.

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 B. Pendekatan ini bersifat eco-centric.
This approach is eco-centric in nature.

C. Sarjana utama yang mengetengahkan pendekatan ini ialah Murray Bookchin.

The influencial scholar for this approach is Murray Boochin

D. Pendekatan ini menekankan bahawa bumi mempunyai keupayaan yang terhad.

This approach stresses that the earth has limited capacity.

4. Berikut adalah kenyataan yang salah mengenai WWF kecuali:

Below are the correct statement regarding WWF except:

A. President WWF sekarang ini ialah Yolanda Kakabadse.

Yolanda Kakabadse is the current president of WWF.

B. WWF menguna-pakai pendekatan Eco-region dalam melaksanakan objektifnya.

In implementing its objective, WWF choose to adopt Eco-region approach.

C. WWF adalah satu aktor negara yang berpengaruh dalam politik alam sekitar
antarabangsa.
WWF is one of the influential state actor in global environmental politics.

D. WWF adalah singkatan kepada Worldwife Fund for Nature.

WWF is the abbrebration for Worldwife Fund for Natural

5. Berikut adalah kenyataan yang salah mengenai aktor negara yang memainkan peranan
Swing kecuali:
Below are the incorrect statement regarding the state actor that play the role as Swing
state except:

A. Aktor ini biasanya mengetuai usaha untuk mewujudkan rejim alam sekitar.
This actor usually lead the role in establising environmental regime.

B. Aktor negara yang memainkan peranan Swing akan cenderung untuk menukar
peranan mereka bergantung kepada keuntungan yang diperolehi.
The state actor that play the role of a Swing state is keen to change the role that
it play depending on the benefit that it gain from the role.

C. Biasanya aktor negara yang memainkan peranan Support akan menyokong aktor
yg perperanan sebagai Swing.
Most of the time, the actor that play the role of Support state support the actor
whose roles as Swing state.

D. Aktor negara yang memainkan peranan Swing akan sentiasa menyokong aktor
yang berperanan sebagai Lead.
The state actor that play the role as Swing state always support the actor that
play the role as Lead state.

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6. Pilih kenyataan yang benar tentang aktor negara dalam politik alam sekitar
antarabangsa.
Choose one correct statement regarding state actors in global environmental politics.

A. Dalam politik alam sekitar antarabangsa, aktor negara hanya boleh memainkan
satu peranan sahaja dalam satu-satu masa.
State actor can only take one role at one time in global environmental politics.

B. Aktor negara yang mengambil peranan lead tidak akan sama sekali mengubah
peranan tersebut.
State actor that take the role of lead actor will never change their position.

C. Aktor negara veto dalam politik alam sekitar antarabangsa sama seperti negara
veto dalam Majlis keselamatan PBB.
State actor in global environmental politics that takes veto position is the same
with veto tates in the UN Security Council.

D. Aktor negara tidak semestinya memainkan peranan yang sama sepanjang

perundingan mewujudkan regim alam sekitar dilaksanakan.
State actor does not necessarily take only one role during the negotiation to
establish environmental regime.

7. Berikut adalah kenyataan yang benar mengenai sumber alam sekitar sepunya kecuali
Below is the correct statement regarding ’global commons’ except:

A. Sumber alam sekitar sepunya adalah satu sumber yang boleh diguna-pakai oleh
semua pihak.
’Global commons’ is environmental resources that can be utilised by all parties.

B. Kemusnahan sumber alam sekitar sepunya akan menyebabkan kemusnahan

bumi.
The ruin of ’Global commons’ will lead to the destruction of the earth.

C. Sumber alam sekitar sepunya adalah tertakluk kepada kawalan negara yang
memilikkinya.
’Global commons’ is subjected to the control of the state that owns it.

D. Sumber alam sekitar sepunya adalah satu konsep yang diperkenalkan oleh
Hardin,1998.
’Global commons’ is the concept introduced by Hardin, 1998 .

8. Pilih satu kenyataan yang salah mengenai Paradigma Pembangunan Mampan

Choose one incorrect statment regarding the paradigm of Sustainable Development:

A. Paradigma ini muncul selepas laporan Brundtland dikeluarkan.

This paradigm comes into being after the Brundtland report was released.

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 B. Nama lain bagi paradigma ini ialah Paradigma Alternatif.
The other name for this paradigm is the Alternative Paradigm .

C. Paradigma ini adalah konsep alam sekitar yang radikal.

This paradigm is a radical environmental concept.

D. Dua konsep yang penting di bawah paradigma ini ialah konsep keperluan dan
konsep limitasi.
The two important concepts under this paradigm is the concept of needs and the
concept of limitation.

9. Berikut adalah faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi peranan negara samada mereka

memainkan peranan Lead, Veto, Swing atau Supporting kecuali:
Below are the factors that influence the state to either play the role of Lead, Veto,
Swing or Supporting except:

A. Pasaran antarabangsa
International market

B. Faktor politik domestik

Domestic politic factor

C. Pertimbangan politik-diplomatik antarabangsa

International political-diplomatic consideration

D. Faktor politik antarabangsa

International politic factor

10. Berikut adalah kenyataan yang betul tentang Deep Ecology kecuali:
Below are the correct statements on Deep Ecology except:

A. Semua bentuk hidupan mempunyai nilai intrinsik

All life forms have intrinsic values

B. Tidak ada pengasingan di antara benda hidup dan benda tidak hidup
There is no division between the living things and non living things

C. Keupayaan bumi adalah tidak terhad.

Capacity of the earth is unlimited

D. Deep Ecology sangat menyokong langkah untuk mengawal populasi manusia.

Deep Ecology strongly support efforts to control human population .

11. Berikut adalah peranan yang biasanya dimainkan oleh aktor bukan negara dalam politik
alam sekitar antarabangsa kecuali:
Below are roles played by the non state actors in global environmental politics except:

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 A. Melobi di perundingan antarabangsa.
Lobby at international conferences.

B. Mempengaruhi agenda alam sekitar global

Influence global environmental agenda.

C. Mengemukakan saman ke atas aktor negara.

Issue summons to the state actor

D. Memantau perlaksanaan konvensyen antarabangsa.

Monitors the implementation of international convention .

12. Berikut adalah kenyataan yang benar tentang ’Tragedy of the Commons’ kecuali:
Below are the correct statements regarding Tragedy of the Commons except:

A. Diketengahkan oleh Hardin pada tahun 1998.

It was put foreard by Hardin in 1998.

B. Menekankan kepada keterhadan ekologikal sumber bumi.

It emphasises the ecological limits of the resources on the earth.

C. Penggunaan sumber alam yang melampau tidak akan menjejaskan manusia

Extreme usage of natural resources will not affect the humans.

D. Sumber alam yang dikongsi bersama tidak boleh diguna-pakai tanpa had.
Shared natural resources cannot be unlimitedly utilised

13. Berikut adalah ciri-ciri utama politik alam sekitar antarabangsa kecuali:
Below are the characteristics of global environmental politics except:

A. Kedinamikan sesuatu isu dalam politik alam sekitar digambarkan oleh peranan
aktor negara dalam perdagangan antarabangsa berkenaan sesuatu produk.
The dynamic of the global enviromental issues is depicted by the international
trade of certain product in relation to the environmental problems.

B. Penyatuan veto adalah kata kunci dalam perundingan regim alam sekitar
The undisputed veto position is the key in global environmental regime
negotiation.

C. Negara yang mempunyai pengaruh ekonomi yang kuat boleh mempengaruhi

perundingan regim alam sekitar.
State that has strong economic influence can influence global environmental
regime negotiation.

D. Negara yang mempunyai kuasa ketenteraan yg kuat boleh mempengaruhi

perundingan regim alam sekitar.
State that has strong military power can influence global environmental regime
negotiation.

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14. Berikut adalah elemen utama dalam konsep pembangunan mampan kecuali:
Below are the main elements in the concept of sustainable development except:

A. Principle of Sustainable Use

B. Principle of Non-Integration
C. Principle of Equitable Use
D. Principle of Intergenerational Equity

15. Berikut adalah hasil daripada Persidangan Rio/Sidang Kemuncak Bumi kecuali:
Below are the results of the Rio Conference/The Earth Summit except:

A. Konvensyen Kerangka Perubahan Iklim

Climate Change Framework Convention

B. Rancangan Tindakan Agenda 21

Agenda 21 Plan of Actions

C. Konvensyen Keperbagaian Biologi

Convention on Biological Diversity

D. Konvensyen Basel
Basel Convention

16. Berikut adalah andaian asas dalam Social Ecology kecuali:

Below are the basic premises of Social Ecology except:

A. Kewujudan benda hidup dan bukan hidup adalah sama tarafnya.

The existence of non living things and living things is at the same level.

B. Hasil dan cara mendaptkan hasil mestilah konsisten.

The outcome and the manner to achieve the outcome must be consistent

C. Menentang segala bentuk dominasi manusia ke atas alam sekitar.

Social Ecology is against of all forms of human domination on the environment.

D. Berpandukan kepada falsafah politik anarchisme.

Social Ecology is guided by the anarchisme politics.

17. Negara-negara Lead memainkan peranan berikut kecuali:

The state actor that play the role of a Lead state do the following functions except:

A. Negara Lead biasanya akan tampil untuk mengetengah sesuatu alam sekitar
global yang perlu diberi perhatian.
A Lead state is often the one that highligh the enviromental issues that need to
be given attention.

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 B. Negara yang memainkan peranan Lead boleh terdiri lebih dari satu negara.
There can be more than one states that play the role of Lead states.

C. Negara yang memainkan peranan Lead akan tetap memainkan peranan Lead
tanpa berubah peranan.
Those state actor that play the role of Lead will remain to be in that role wihout
any change.

D. Negara Lead biasanya mengambil tindakan solo dan tindakan itu kemudiannya
menjadi ikutan oleh negara lain.
The Lead state often undertake to carry out an unilateral measure which in turn
will be followed by others.

18. Melobi atau memberi tekanan kepada kerajaan adalah salah satu cara aktor bukan
negara memainkan peranan. Berikut adalah kenyataan yang benar tentang peranan
tersebut kecuali:
Lobbying or exerting pressure on the government is one the ways in which NGOs actors
achieve their objectives. Below are the correct statement regarding the methods
excepts:

A. Kempen untuk mengharamkan produk yang mencemarkan alam sekitar adalah

satu langkah yang telah diambil.
Campaign to ban certain products that degrade the environment is of the
measures that could be taken.

B. Aktor bukan negara juga pernah menjalankan boikot

The NGOs also has sought to carry out boycot

C. Melobi kerajaan untuk menukar polisi adalah satu kejayaan besar aktor bukan
negara.
To lobby the government to change their policies is a major achievement of the
NGOs.

D. Melobi dan memberikan tekanan kepada kerajaan adalah satu-satunya cara yang
efektif dalam mencapai matlamat aktor bukan negara.
Lobbying or exerting pressure on the government is the only ways in which
NGOs actors achieve their objectives.

19. Faktor politik domestik adalah salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi aktor negara dalam
menjalankan peranan mereka. Berikut adalah huraian yang betul berhubung faktor
berikut kecuali:
Domectic politics factor is one of the factors that influence the state actors in
determining the roles that they play in global environmental politics. Below are the
correct statements regarding the factor except:

A. Faktor ini merujuk kepada situasi dalaman sesebuah negara.

This factor refers to internal situation of a state.

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 B. Faktor ini akan mempengaruhi aktor negara untuk mengambil peranan Lead
sekiranya tiada tentangan di peringkat domestik.
This factor will influence state actor to take up the role as Lead actor if there is
no resistance at domestic level.

C. Faktor ini tidak mempunyai sebarang kaitan dengan pertimbangan politik-

diplomatik antarabangsa
This factor has no connection with the International political-diplomatic
consideration

D. Faktor ini sangat bergantung kepada pendekatan rejim pemerintahan negara

berhubung isu alam sekitar.
This factor is heavily influenced by the approach taken by the ruling domestic
government with regards to environmental issues.

20. Berikut adalah aktor bukan negara yang bermotifkan perlindungan/pemuliharaan alam
sekitar di peringkat global kecuali:
Below are the NGOs whose objective is to protect/conserve the environment at the
global level except:

A. Greenpeace
B. WWF
C. Friends of the Earth
D. Sahabat Alam Malaysia

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Bahagian B Arahan: Jawab Semua Soalan dengan menggariskan perkataan
Betul atau Salah.
Part B: Answer all questions by underlining True or False

1. Dalam politik alam sekitar antarabangsa, sesebuah negara yang memainkan

peranan Lead juga boleh memainkan peranan sebagai Support .

In global environmenta politics, states that play the role as Lead will also
play as Support.
True/False

2. Greenpeace telah lama aktif dalam persidangan negara-negara yang terlibat

dalam London Dumping Convention pada awal 1980an.

Greenpeace has long been active in the conference that involved states since
the negotiation of London Dumping Convention in the early 1980s
True/False

3. Greenpeace dan WWF merupakan pertubuhan bukan kerajaan yang

berpengaruh dalam politik alam sekitar antarabangsa.

Greenpeace and WWF are the two non-governmental organisations that are
influential in global environmental politics
True/False

4. Boikot bukan cara yang biasanya diguna-pakai oleh pertubuhan bukan

kerajaan yang bermotifkan alam sekitar untuk mencapai matlamat mereka.
Betul/Salah.

Boycot is not the normal method used by the non-governmental organisation

to achieve thier objectives
True/False

5. Di bawah undang-undang antarabangsa, sumber tumbuhan genetik dianggap

sebagai ’asas sepunya manusia’.

In international law, plants genetics is considered as ’common property’ of

humankinds
Treu/False

6. Deraf bagi IUCN (International Union for the Conservations for Nation)
adalah satu-satunya deraf konvensyen cadangan pertubuhan bukan kerajaan
yang berjaya direalisasikan.
Betul/Salah.

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 The draft for IUCN (International Union for the Conservations for Nation) is
the only draft that was suggested by the NGOs that became a reality.
True/False

7. India adalah salah satu negara dalam kumpulan G-77.

Betul/Salah.

India is one of the states in the group of G-77

True/False

8. CITES adalah satu konvensyen utk mengawal perdagangan spesis tumbuhan

dan haiwan terancam.

CITES is the convention establish to control the trading of plants and animals
facing extinction.
True/False

9. Sekarang ini, WWF menggunakan pendekatan yang dikenali sebagai Eco-

region.

At the present. WWF is undertaking the approach known as Eco-region.

True/False

10. Memantau perlaksanaan konvensyen antarabangsa berhubung isu alam

sekitar adalah salah satu daripada cara pertubuhan bukan kerajaan
memainkan peranan mereka.

Monitoring the implementation of international convention concerning

environmental issues is one of the ways in which the NGO play their roles.
True/False

11. Veto state juga dikenali sebagai blocking state.

Veto state is also known as blocking state.

True/False

12. 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development di Johannesburg adalah

persidangan antarabangsa yang pertama yang telah menekankan perkaitan
antara isu perdagangan bebas dan kesannya ke atas alam sekitar.

The 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg is th

first international conference that put an emphasis on the impacts of free
trade on the environment.
True/False

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13. Disebabkan kekangan utama ke atas perdagangan bebas adalah polisi di
peringkat domestic seperti cukai impot/tarif dan kuota, triti atau persidangan
antarabangsa/multilateral perlu diwujudkan untuk meningkat perdagangan
antarabangsa.

Since the main hindrance on free trade is domestic policies such as import
taxes/tariff and quota, multilateral agreements/treaties need to be
established in order to encourage international trade.
True/False

14. Keputusan ke atas pertikaian ’tuna/dolphin’ di GATT pada tahun 1991 adalah
titik tolak kepada konflik di antara perdagangan bebas dan usaha untuk
melindungi alam sekitar.

The decision on the ’tuna/dolphin’ GATT case in 1991 marked the beginning
of conflict between free trade and effort to protect the environmental
resources.
True/False

15. Salah satu daripada kebimbangan pencinta alam sekitar ialah perdagangan
bebas akan menyebabkan pembangunan ekonomi yang pesat yang
seterusnya akan menjejaskan alam sekitar.

One the concerns of the environmentalists is the fact that free trade will lead
to exponential economic growth which in turn will affect the environment.
True/False

16. Dari segi amalan, pihak kerajaan jarang sekali melonggarkan peraturan
berhubung penjagaan/perlindungan alam sekitar untuk bersaing dalam
perdagangan antarabangsa.

In term of state practice, the government rarely compromise the rules and
legislation to protect the environment in order for them to stay competitive in
the international trade.
True/False

17. ’Free Riders’ adalah pihak yang tidak terlibat dalam sebarang usaha untuk
memelihara alam sekitar tetapi walaubagaimana pun mendapat faedah
daripada usaha tersebut.

’Free Riders’ are those parties that do not get involve in any effort to
conserve and protect the environmental resources but nonetheless gain
benefits from such efforts.
True/False

18. Pakar perdagangan antarabangsa mendapati bahawa polisi alam sekitar yang
telah menerapkan prinsip ’polluters pays’ tidak menjadikan polisi tersebut
bertentangan dengan amalan perdagangan bebas.

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 The experts on free trade revealed that environmental policies that have
embedded in the polices the ’polluters pays’ principle does not make the
polices to be in contrary with the practice of free trade.
True/False

19. Sebaliknya, pengamal perdagangan antarabangsa menegaskan bahawa

kemiskinanan adalah punca kepada kemusnahan alam sekitar.

On the contrary, the experts on free trade firmly believed that poverty is the
real cause of environmental degradation.
True/False

20. Commission for the Environmental Cooperation (CEC) adalah kerjasama

antara Amerika Syarikat dan Mexico untuk mengatasi masalah alam sekitar
berhubung perdagangan mengjangkaui sempadan antara ke dua negara
tersebut.

Commission for the Environmental Cooperation (CEC) is a collaboration

between the USA and Mexico to overcome environmental problems due do
transboundary trade between the two states.
True/False

21. Usaha NAFTA untuk memastikan perdagangan bebas adalah selari dengan
usaha untuk memelihara alam sekitar dilihat telah memberikan kesan yang
positif.

The effort of NAFTA to ensure free trade take place in parallel to efforts to
protect the enviromental resources are producing positive outcomes.
True/False

22. Pada tahun 2007, pentadbiran Obama telah menghentikan amalan yang
dibuat semasa pentadbiran Bush iaitu untuk merundingkan perjanjian
berhubung perdagangan bagi mendapatkan kelulusan kongres.

In 2007, Obama administration put a stop to the practice undertaken during

Bush administration i.e. to negotiate trade agreements for the congress to
approve.
True/False

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BAHAGIAN C
Arahan: Jawab Semua Soalan dengan mengisi tempat kosong
Instruction: Answer all questions by filling the blanks.

1. In the year_______________, a conference known as____________ is said to

be the beginning of the development of international treaties in environmental
issues.

2. The terms compliance must be differentiate with the other three (3) terms
namely _______________, _________________ and _________________.

3. The term___________________refers to _________________and an example of

such action is to ensure the financial provision provided by the Global
Environment Facility (GEF) must be managed in accordance to the rules adoptef
by the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC).

4. The term________________refers to the extent to which a state actor adhere to

terms and conditions of an international agreement or treaty. On the other hand,
enforcement refers to_______________________________________

5. The effectiveness of an environmental treaties significantly depends on

_____________________________________________.

6. The tradisional view with regards to compliance is very much related to the
principle of _______________________.

7. On the issue of compliance, elaborate the recent views as opposed to the

traditional views.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

8. In a more complex perception on compliance , the state actor is no longer

viewed as ___________________________ decision-maker.

9. Solutions for compliance problem at the present time has to based on

_________________approach rather than___________.approach.

10. The regime rules are directly related to_______________________________.

11. Why is it compliance with the Kyoto Protocol is more difficult to carry out as
opposed to compliance with the Montreal Protocol.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

12. In a number of cases, treaty rules does not require

_________________________. This is because the industries are adhering to the
specific pollution standard.

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13. If the existence of the treaties serve the interests of certain industries, the level
of ___________________ tend to be high.

14. ____________________________makes compliance easier to be carried out

because uncertainty on what the states need to do is reduced.

15. _________________________together with information campaign, states are

prevented from justifying noncompliance on the basis of a lack of information.

16. One of the reasons on the failure of the states to fulfill treaty obligation is
_________________________________.

17. The idea of ______________________according to the states’ capacities is

profound in FCCC and Kyoto Protocol.

18. Mechanism ___________________ or _______________________ is among the

new concept on the field of climate change that takes into account differing abilities of
the states.

19. ________________ is one term to explain a situation where the prevention of

emissions may be diluted if states are subsidized through financial or technological
transfer.

20. The approach of using differentiated standards and financial and technological
transfer is the basis of _________________.

21. Information plays important roles in afew stages and the first stage is
:__________________________________and the second stage
is:_____________________.

22. The scientific report of _________________________plays an important roles in

establishing global consensus about the science of climate change as the basis for the
international climate negotiations.

23. ________________with regards to the compliance rekod will significantly

depends on the complexity of the issue covered by the treaty and the democratic
character of the complying state

24. Transparency can be attained through an effective compliance information

system that is stipulated in the treaty. To a large extent, treaties rely on
the____________________ of the states.

25. Self –reporting is often criticised because it lead to________________.

26. ____________________is one of the most effective mechanism to control as to

whether states not only formally adopt legislation implementing a treaty but also comply
with the contents.

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27. _________________________has suggested that an international authority is
needed to be set up to ensure compliance with the carbon dioxide emissions targets.

28. The problems with reporting system is that it has led to

______________________________________.

29. one of the main achievement of the review process is not only in the
improvement of the quality of the reports, ______________________of the experts also
improved.

30. At the Cancun climate negotiation in 2010, it was agreed that the reporting
system under the FCCC needs to be by means of _________________.

31. Under approach of ’managerial’ , noncompliance on the part of the state actor is
perceived as____________________ and efforts should be taken to improve that.

32. Certain states ratify international treaties due to international pressures

or________________________.

33. Among the factors that influence states to comply international treates are
________________, _______________,_________________ and
______________________.

34. The greater the number of countries that have ratified an accord, the better is
the____________________and___________________.

35. The general , __________________will influence the states to carry out treaty
obligations and on the subsequent compliance record.

36. Compliance also depends on the __________________________among states

which can influence individual states’ compliance strategies.

37. The issue of _________________ can be overcome if the record of compliance is

related to potential benefits for the states in the existing and future international
agreements

38. Mediation process atau conciliation usually involve ________or international

institution.

39. Article 11 in Vienna Convention states that _________________is the first

means of resolving disputes.

40. Article 14 in FCCC and Article19 under the Kyoto Protokol contain the same
wordings which are:__________________________________________.

41. Instrument__________________________is the last resort for the conflicting

parties to settle their disputes.

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42. Procedure _______________________also known as NCPs is a procedure that
aims to facilitate compliance rather than punishing noncompliance.

43. The change of approach from _________________approach

______________approach has led sanction to play a minor roles in noncompliance
response system.

44. Sanctions against states party to an international treaty

including___________________ and __________________________ is considered as
an ineffective response to address noncompliance.

45. Comprehensive noncompliance response system have various methods to

manage noncompliance that function to facilitate compliance, improve transparency and
reporting procedure and ________________.

46. __________________________ and _______________are the crucial conditions

to ensure the effectiveness of global environmental regimes.

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