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    PHYSICS LABORATORY Course Code: PHY-104 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Azimur Rahman School of Engineering Presidency University 10, Kamal Ataturk Avenue, Banani, Dhaka-1213 Email: info@presidecy.edu.bd Website:www.presidency.edu.bd PHYSICS LABORATORY PRESIDENCY UNIVERSITY of Experiments | Expt No. | Experiment Name Page Exptl: | To determine the specific heat of a liquid by the method of | 3 | cooling. Expt.2: | To determine the spring constant and effective mass of a 8 given spiral spring. Expt.3: | To determine the value of “g”, acceleration due to gravity, by | 12 means of a compound pendulum. Expt.4: | To determine the specific resistance of a wire using ameter _| 17 bridge. Expt.5: | To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half 2i deflection method. Expt.6: | To determine the value of an unknown resistance and to 23 verify the laws of series & parallel resistance by means of a post office box. Expt.7: | To determine the modulus of rigidity of a wire by the 28 method of oscillations (dynamic method). Expt.8: | Determination of the refractive index ofa liquid by plane | 32 mirror and pin method using a convex lens. Expt.9: | To determine the focal length and hence the power of a 36 | convex lens by displacement method with the help of an optical bench. Expt.10: | To determine modulus of rigidity of a wire by statical 40 method. Text Book: Practical Physics By Gias Uddin Ahmed & Shahab Uddin Ahmed Presidency University * Experiment # 1 To Determine the Specific Heat of a Liquid by the Method of Cooling Theory When a hot body is placed in a constant temperature surrounding, it loses heat by (1) conduction (2) convection and (3) radiation. If however, the body be kept in such a way that the hear lost by conduction and convection may be neglected, then the quantity of heat emitted by the body in given'time for the rate of foss of heat depends only on (a) the temperature of the body and that of its surrounditig (b) the-area and the nature of the surface exposed, and is completely independent of the nature of the liquid. : If the difference of temperature between the body and its surrounding is not large, then according to Newton's Law of cooling, the rate of emission of heat is proportional to the temperature difference. This principle miay be utilized in determining the specific heat of a liquid by observing the time taken by the liquid in cooling from one temperature t© another, ‘Suppose a liquid of mass M; atid specific heat S) is‘enclosed within a calorimeter of mass: mand specific heat s. The thermal capacity of the system is (M; $1 + ms). Ifthe "” temperature of the liquid falls from 9 to @, in t, seconds, then the average rate of loss of S = at Ha LES # MSE =O) senor the fist liqiid be replaced by an equal volume of a heat is : i second liquid (say water) of knows specific heat under similar conditions and ifthe time tiken by this second liquid to coo! through the samé range of temperature 0, to 82 be tp seconds, then the average rate of loss of heat is, (4252 +14 = 8) where Mzand Sp L ate the mass and specific heul of the second liquid iespectively. Siace the conditions are similar, these two rates are equal. WAS msYO, = 04) _ WAS, + ms, ~ 8) : 4 4 MS, t+ ms(t Mh Or | g= Page 3 Apparatus Doublé walled enclosure Calorimeter Thermometer Graduated to the tenth of a Degree Heater Stop Watch, ete Description of the Apparatus The apparatus consists of a copper calorimeter of about an inch diameter and three inches high. (Figure 1) The calorimeter is fitted with rubber lid having a central and a side hole, ‘A thermometer T; can pass through the central hole and if necessary, rotary type of stirrer S may be introduced in the liquid whose stem can project out of the lid through its side hole. The calorimeter is paintéd dead black on the outside and placed on the non- * conducting supports inside a double-walled metal vessel which, in practice, consists of two tin boxes C and D, polished one within the other. The space between the boxés may be filled with water at room temperature to ensure.a fixed surrounding for the calorimeter. Page 4 Procedure Clean and dry the calorimeter and weigh it empty with the stirrer only (not the lid), Put a mark on the innes wall of the calorimeter at a height of about three fourths from the bottom. Place iton its non-conducting supports inside the double walled enclosure. : Heat some water in a beaker to about 60°C (this temperature should be about 30° above the room temp) and pour itin the calorimeter up to the mark. Replice the calorimeter lid and insert a thermometer, reading up to a tenth of a degree, in the water through the central hole in the li, the top ofthe stirrer coming out through the side hole, Genily stir the water, if nevessary (see discussion (0), and note its temperature at an interval of one minute. Go on doing this till the temperature falls to about 35° (which should be about 5° above the room temp). Now bring the calorimeter with is contents otitside and wait tll it cools to room temperature. Remove the lid and the thermometer and weigh the calorimeter with water and stirrer and hence determine the mass of water. Pour out the water from the calorimeter and wipe it dry and put it back on its back ‘on ifs non-conducting support. [nthe meantime heat some experimental Tiquid in a beaker and when the temperature has risen to about 60° C. Fill the calorimeter , up to the mark by it. Replace the lid, insert the thermometer and repeat the procedure described in step 3. Determine the mass of the liquid taken, Plot the ewo cooling curves (one for water and the other for liquid) on the same piece of graph paper with time as abscissa and temperature as the ordinate. (Figure 2). From the curves, determine the time taken by the water and the liquid to cool through the same range of temperature (8) - 02) which should be around 20°C. This can be done by drawing from 6 and 42 two straight lines witich are parallel to the time axis. Let the straight line from ®, cut the cocling curves for liquid and water at A and B respectively, while that from 2 cut the two curves at A; and By respectively, Then the perpendicular distance between the points A and A\ is the required time t, while that between points B and By is the time ty, These can be casily read off from the time axis (abscissa) in the Braph. Calculate the specific héat from the formula given above. “ ms Page S e a in es experiment # 8: To Determine the Specific Heat of a Liquid by the Method of Cooling ‘Name:

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