‘Arredondo. Gabriela F, Aida Hurtado, Norms Klan, (Olga Néjera-Ramitez, and Patiicia Zavela, es Chicana Feminisms. Dutham:Duke University Press, 2003. ‘exe thatoperate wit erent ramear, ke de Flinre vere the ‘Gunllusaea,Coming to poitial eonscioasnest theca a he fests whee the re of eity oration rs lea doa ‘eho they persist, drop ay, ab aaelorm ate he cet ope of your ey “The enguaidades in your essay are wonderfully pani roe, etry, eters and palygce (Spaniah, Rags, stand pee, and sag) The eta embodies the very phenomens ie analyzes Ts ou eere that pve the bill reader, ski ue ela home you wt oul ino existence, ‘What privilege to ave spent shi ime with your word. Thank you. ‘Contested Mistress ja de ‘Chahtémae, Chicana Feminine Pi ‘Cle i the Chicane Movement 1968975, Unabuza, peavene muacnwen ‘he 197 publication of she Hus de Cuno newspaper in thee | + eons mated rial storie! moment in tbe develope of Ci ans emit hee and practic nd gendered sili the yu tre the Chicano movernent! Despite the enurnglegey othe pital interventions Chicana aeivistsmade ding the dor an yo theme ‘enc of Chicana feminism within the Chis movement has fern ‘nl ecenty Lely an wntldsiny? The hsteragapy ot peace of telling the hiory of the Chino movement often bas at nly erued |” Women's cay participation i the movernent lt hes paced» se Ine hegemony within has naeatvs, einer damian pele Intion that were mich mar contet athe tine My ofl istoy poet ith dhe moasber ofthe Has de Cuaubtemas, an ery Ciena niet ‘ugnisaton has uncovered Mister ofthe emergence of Chats fet isctesitace and challengs the mechanic ease that have peed there ilenes in the hstricgraphy of beh the Chicano and the wees ‘wovements? Fusing on how the Hiss deChmuhtémee enpendorel pe ‘mea and ui hileana feminine communis this eanay sey i eutre aa sate st of terran srl contestation fr wonion inthe Chea movement ‘TheChicano movementemergaifiom anita of community-based ullical and cle ight stugle, ranging fomindia aor o igration, accesso ection poi requesena satrepreston, ladon ais and local entra of eomamanity insti ‘onset, Chicano movement history has heen structed acd fs conology of ale heres, wherey the fg of Rees Les Tita, Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales, Joo Angel Gute, and César Chaves have ‘come to stand rfl oil wlerstanding of thes aca move ‘ments, apeklly wonens participation nthe Aldiugh hee lear ontibotioe at indeed portant, the way they have Bees istowezed he peda monolithic poreayal ofthe Chiao mowemest in which history iswganize asond ero nartatves saber han the many ati ory lca sgl that coalesce it aon movement, This 2 Aersce the itr memory of he malo fits pata ‘Beate clear historical documentation of Chaba setvism and the emergence of Chicana femininn a ealy a6 195, many Chicano move ‘nent histories have clined that Cleaas didnot beg to artiulte ‘his own agendas unt the 19804 thereby bistricising the emergence ‘of Chicana feinion a the Hime of te decline ofe? movimieto Ch ann Femi historouaphy ofthe second wave wore movement 6 ‘ally dato, feng amon encanvely on sal as Cas, lrely ‘nude clas, white women sensciosinse raising Ou, thereby ers ing the patton of women of colar i che women's movement and tanorngother vee pla fomations that pve rine to women of ealor eminem nl theorists ofthat movement These imitations have ‘niall led many to pee the formation af women of colo palit alent ay vigiating in the 198, marke by the publiestion of This ridge Called My Bask Writer Rada Women of Color Moraga and Anza rt) "Thseatayatalyees Chica feminist print caltre atoll movement acces inter t creating ee poll context for such a vital women teoorpliseal pect and pahingendeavorto mere Expl the formation of Chicana pint communities, Locus manages on the Fae ‘deCaaotusmoe newspaper sts text, ieclation and fnesion,arwelasthe fin Chiean ana, encuentro Semen which members ft oganiza tion helped fund in 1975. Abhowph the newspaper was shor teed — tl thre aes were plied in 2972~s opened up space for Chicana fale acos rgins, sci overent sector activi encaion, and ‘sil diferences Yrinecommnty mote of reduction are ert site {listo ingiry helping to wndestand the develepment of Chicane Feminist ecg, scone an plea! paca ima way that account 0: Maye wet lor how es ala though lel formations at well ger ex reponal eeculaticnn Weaving the Hoyo thi Chicana npanizton be ‘ween 1968 and 973 into arr histo analy the emerence of (Chicana feminism, sate the tansermation of Chicas eos esta their newspaper expanded reniershp sd inpined pail enmity from al amps) orginal and national auiences Many egoiatons over gender and serlty occured in the local power rl ‘unships and day hfe plies th Chicano movement. Mavens pit tultoefonctioned a mediating pace whore theve debates cicalated so ‘where new ies, heals and yal lis wer pd nthe late roses and ealy 1975 Chicana feminists cited tho cal ean Raza maziines, emit eicular, manifests canon tion newsletes el politcal papi. Aa fermod pola elagngy (heb 990, thee print-mediste dalpues among woe fm dle ‘ot movement sectors ap sctlloetons ete pace cnt rmulate Chicana demands bt to constitute nee plea, cil, nd on Aer iensities. Community plications, evepaper an nagacines uc 19 I Grito del Neve and Regentacon an feminist uden newspapers lncuing Pop Remnant ij de Ceres) wer omatve poucing 4 Chicana pint community al frtred the development of Scholar Chicana pits an the ldo Chicana Ses, ‘Chicas feinit historian Martha Cotera bas croniel the devel ‘pment of Chicana ferns prin ommmritos "Chicana ls have ex essed thei fmiiem and ther needa through thsi on ounals ike Re eneracin, Eacuento Feed Hs de Cubans La Coma, Facto le Azan, imagenes de a Chicana, Hembra, Tidos. La Coie [De Clore an Hoos osc Ones popula journals ike La Ea, Nast, 11 Caracol, nd EI Geto often fete fein wig that ae hing ‘co pe he conscious of Clean and wore’ deveepment 211 Thisnih genelogiealse has achttedanemergngesntecs (Chicana historiography that recuperate writings by Chicana the move rent that hve largely been ignored iA Garcia 19, re 19, Many newspaper articles and jouetal esas fom this perio testify tthe na ‘lal tery of women inthe rnwerent who played rail role in he Formation ofthe “Nev China” ons Riel Coens 980 Fer example lenge labor activist Fuacice Hes aa Raskin Morin f the women’s aller of Gt Forum founded La Carta Krol inthe mid péonto nerve at community aed pba that would oon politi aceivtin Hoes went on oft Regeneoc in 17 ‘nn mae vital enero tough her agacine ingotses rearing worse’ issues Besides twoChicana speci sues pub Tnbedin oy ad 973, Reganeracin was Kaun fr i ews sees th reported om wonnet oganring, oped pices that eriiqued seit pe tice the Chicano movement, ater featuring lea Chicane atts, tnd oteles analyzing poli ies nd legen flecting the vs of (Chicana The nevalttes ofthe Comision Femenl Mere andthe Ch ‘cana Service Action Center were crpnizng tole that reported an Chi ‘cana community and employment ones ia Los Angles. usd isthe New ‘Mexican and want movement, nine eights eds an free svcomenier Babee Betis” Marene eed the mayacine A Ge del ‘Under the eneahip of Dorinda Moreno the San Franeieo-base chicane feminist onganizaton Conclo Moje began publishing, La Razin Mer tiza in 1574. Several university women’ proups published campus new today. These inventive omaot print nterrestion elpedt onsite and loearent new form of Chea insurgency daring pei JAS 0€ CuAUHENOC: THE EHEREENCE OF CHICANA “The Har de Cuauhémoe wee an erly women's grog that emerged ont ofthe aa ofthe Chieane student movement They operatd under sch names nla nlerr de ogo the cal term or Long Sea aera, fdas Chicana de tion between. 168 and 197. The group feed ‘thin United esican American Students [Uses] at California State Uni ‘sity Long each which ater ole thecal t Chicano pois aton| ‘under dhe sme Move Esra Chicano de Adin aschal ater the 969 Pla de Sant Be Becase the adeship of tas, ad later nc, held the aide that ne femal ert ha espa knowledge than thet male counter fl elvition” fr the incoming worten. One veteran Chicas sci, ‘Corinne Sanchex|97] notedthat the Hiss de Guabémce was foe at va onanisaonal nechanisn for worsen polial edacstion wii dhe stone movement and was “orginally oganzed wien Mecha or ua 1 feu for edeatng snl sing the awareness ofthe women." AL though idologealdacunsion and atudy groupe wee ar ofthe stadent ‘movement's constouness sing efforts, the women’s roup eventually Tecan ooh thigh which tn die complaints st the ont tons beoven the cv ight dicoure andthe way women were test in che ovpanization. What the women “wanted in esence, wa some until frm the men. that they be eoeasen with ti eslgy because the women weren't tate with espet® [NictsGonics 1993 Tie typ beeame awry for women nthe mewement io organae collective bed on their awn expences as yong, workingelat Chicana nd ares snes thst Were ignored inthe dent mover ‘One common depiction share in the eal kisoryinerviews Tce laced asthe lokageso womens fl prspation ad he dss des they encountered in tar and stchs Severalomentone forex ample, hat when 4 woman nought up anes in a neting it woul go ‘urecogniced wn a ay bog up eset the same eh reso, ton would then bediscsse, engaged an paste. The worse’smectings ‘operated an informal appt rug and place where hey could ise rohlems with the male leadership nd openly aticlate these cone ‘dons (Cail 1996 The group at Carma State University, Long Bech long with ther Chicana clit the restr Los Anglesea, began to sevelop eatiqu ofthe eral pols of te movement Often, commit. ‘ment totherevoltin was measured by bow "wn you ete eh ‘onary man ard new female member compained that station ints te ‘movement included aterpesby the nen to"revlationze hel pant (rama 991) The women fl the gets division of abr tht sl ‘ted them to secretarial ask ad cooking for fundraise nied hei polieal development They wee fase ty the lk of attention oe lyfe inves Chicana aed on emp Corinne Sinckes and Sylvia Castilla thet ae of de main tors in consolidating the ween’ group ws the ination tat arose wea Anna NietsGomez was democratically elected rent of exch forthe acaemie year 1969-19702" NetoGomex bal wide rope fm he stalent boy, who recognized ee leadership capacity thnowph tne ‘one of theft Chicana Equal Oppotuty Pega ror) per counselors (€.Sinchez 198. Although she had several mle allie and a an ef "ie stent leader het work a president was often darted bythe | sand mateeadership, who, serngytheatevel by the kaership of oe ofthe fst woman presidents of atcha tenes a hol sade ng ‘izatonal conta by holding resting behind ber ack. Sacer 1954 Casil 1996 Although NitoGones had lea serve the vc pres. ent of unas in 1988-196, some ofthe ale leadership ex stated ‘hat they di ot want be represented by a woman at atewie one tons Astensins mounted aroandthequetion of wonsnsleaeshiy llof the women recalled how the ening mechanisms used aga them came more dam. For example, women laters were hung ney oti of the aac tier ding this ine, and lt, sr the publ atin fehe newspaper ck burl or he Mijas de Caultmoe an resided over by a techs “peiet® wth ombatones where sever of the rember’ names were Inseibed (MetoGaes 19, Henne 1925 Since 967) Sonia Lope’ ay of Chicana the stent snovernent fou that women’s onpanisations formed becuse of ee inconitenies berweed ‘eben rhetoric the movement and he ely as texts or Ch ana within the movernene that of being exter own people for their abor and seal i977, 34 Sectl Chicana crganiatons and informal oups formed for similar feaons between 170 and 19734 ‘esis aros California, Sncluding San Diego State University, Freena State Colee, Callen State Uiversy Los Angeles, and Stanford Unt ‘vent. The wonea from Califia State Unireaity ang Bench ese wereentremely ative nelle ecient sponsoring se of theirs ia dea Raza events that bret Chicana highschool stent the ‘niversityand helped oti he Chicano enellzentin how eal ears ‘es, they found that despite the fact chat only one thi of new eee ccruits were wornea, over hal of those women dropped ot before hee Junior year ineolee hey investigated the high dropout ate rong Chi ‘amas and discovered dha had Iie to Go with academic sccesas the ‘ort of Chicunas ad high rae pin averages overal The reasons for the dopoutiate ange rm lek cae, culo pes spon 0 lover iesing tamil espensbitiesand wo bung able tocontbute {0 the howsehold income ofthe fame while calle, sia uesses to et married, and economies, They tle ound that allen fa ‘or eas negaaney and lack ces tbr contol Nieto 1991 The group urgent aed to foc onthe survival of Chicana inthe ‘vem aswell as thei caitment to reine thera dropping te ‘envi ats inated thelr eansformaton from amp gi oan a ‘weary goup "The worsen fe tha intema pole were overshadowing ‘he problems they wore having and that cones around the peseney ‘hn polaizedareaty existing tenons ve abo, sexual and reed sede roles inthe movement Realizing tht they were the main Ibe force of the miverent, they began oamess therein he ogeeatin. he group had een malized since 1b 970 they were antag themselves to ales thee common polit eed tation to women ‘1 the movement, the community, andthe university. They gens 4 Malt cove loge with ther Chicana ha facta ifn onscousnes ate sselation of an explily Chicana gendered pote enti ‘The mtoup soiled rou shared interest in Teen sb Chi anu history and enya ancosing the ways Chicane ould parties ite more flyin the atonal Chiao even seed f ei ited to cooking for he fundraisers cn campus. But, heeause the women ‘began to article thei own plies vison of wht Cian lho should be—that it sould che women they wer olen tld hat shes ess were dvsive or sey were dminsl a sll, vendo. a, ‘oxy Matinches, Although thet ell or Chicana fins was grou Jncheirown ive daly expesence and poltiea sgt aie che ne ent, they were beled sgringada oe whitewashed by tae wh clined ‘hat feminiam was antihetia o Chien culture, Despite the alo «alata aps Chicana feminist and even those Chcanas who dt sal theses fein he time at actively worked again the yon der ascrimination nthe moversent, sey averame poe! ntoation like boing bung fig and eotised to ognize Member athe En ‘deCoauhtéznce went ono publiah heir newpaper, founded the Sst chy feminist journal of seholahip in 973, and male ipa conte Suton tothe fermulation af ary Chica feminist hugh Pato the bash o women's erganizing Was edo how Chino natin. fm wasoc ont an ology fut pid eral unity buts gondre ‘onstraction that inilenced how genderroles neapectatons shaped the ‘oil practices ofthe Chicano student movement Sackwell arab) Much ofthe Moly othe stant movement was tilted hgh concepts of gender mediated lrelythrogh masculinity, fetheod, fasion earalismo, This cansrution of masa shaped et tly the disowe of atonal bu che socal ad ental ame of the Chicano youth movement ae a whol, eten authorizing syne al gender clations, sexual polities, and the policing uf yes se ality (Blackwell acco. Morzovey, when deploed within poles rs iaton, conse oles practice that often infemed ange of ue, om how meetings fanetioned to organizational tls aa the ‘uetion of women’s eaership (Rendon 1972 This eto ples or the women who moved iat the Jeadeship of cha and as the lute 90 because cw hong acts of pation of women wha wee democratically lected Jsdership that maclinist dsceurchecante pos nical prcie. Although there hate been various eguey of sein d homophobis inthe Chicano movement of the 1860s an 197! wan ‘ot uml dhe 1908 chat thas ike Angie Chato ental examine the ways that clea national wae constructed now endee* ‘Chicabonaonalism sso engendered constacton of elie fem runsy lage cough a conserve cultural constrt of “aten ‘he diy cule ofthe movement andthe lies of Clea sti 1 fia seeved bot ap an ogasising model sada metaphor forthe {Cheano movement the atculstion of a Chicano poll sujecusy| thrmagh canruction af ender led early Chicano movement acne to encounter rblems bldg ehvret politcal space foe wore, Foe ‘example the dacoure of nate created contactor poston for women: they were ten asthe bearer of teton, eure, and family and ‘imaltaneotly raed atthe unspoken ubjcto politia rights Theco ‘retion of gener for women inte movement was based on what has ‘non called de "Meal Chicana which “orf Chicana as tong, hg sniferng wien wh had ended and kept Chana cule and fly Inet” |A, Gao 1900, <0 ‘Many stiles assume that Chicanas came from “ranma” back: ound ad ten cameo eel fn of erin though he movement. Moweve, he ol histoves ofthe His de Cosuhtmoe eval that msn the women dew their senso politcal ancy and gender desi oes ‘her community based "wan ofemale stent and esistance. As Alescenants of female Iaboreranizes, elites party activists, allroad ‘voters and women who managed family svi on saree reeouee, Post often members of ths organization sah hat twas thee mothe, lela oF who served a her role mde. These sight est hat CChicsns eminiam emerged not nly tol the genderedcontaitone nd ‘exo ofthe movement but rom confit with movement dacurts that consrcte perer norms based onan eal nationalist recovery eel tural “tain” that dnt een with thee ved experience (ack. ell 2co0 Morethan mererecovey national diacouse often produced teins dat also legimised gender pelt Menties|Hsl 988,18. Par ofthe poll woek fh Hijias de Cunduamos newspaper was that ‘edacumented expo nt honored diversity of womens ole and liv expesienes by festurig So Jans dea Cre, lo family members, soKadera ging inthe MeicanRevaaton and Ch etivistand ‘The sis of Ha le Cuhutmoe wis a watershed moment inthe a. ‘ieulaion of Chiesa emai plies, peti, and istic vston that alee culating beneath che urfae the movement The newspaper theorized and ecialize ne forms offen st bean Wo hae {he tnereannetion eas ar race thogh a Innate mixed gerne format chat was equal artform, postr, psa, at soil esque covered woren's history, and politcal niet, I engaged sconomle and socal ious, politalconslovass, Meicaa story, ears andcommnity stugele, ered on Chicane po ‘aldevelopmens sex ‘heir own politcal nsights ar ions, Because dhe Hijas de Cusotmce deplaved state feminist recon uration of nationalist casein the newepper they pulsed they lye ial rle in chee of the national abject mal st ed to refgure the nation Aan. y seworking oem of tain, ture and history that ctcunseried ail, ex, an! gendered expe {avons of woe, the work ofthe Hijes de Cusbtémoe mhiph the siti daleguesbeteeen the conten othe azine enmity ‘of An Mercer 194 Tet poland symbole work ke dn he ‘mary concept af the etizejct of Anti a al, herby divers ‘ing and ouipyng the eabjects of resistance eninte in Chin Project of iberaton, Tenet Anderson's (yo influent concepeuaization of he nation | ss imagined community ha been elective alen upto proce new in siphts aboot soil movements and communities of rsstance [Monty ‘99m Fence 19)" Reconfzring ths frmilton fr the hist] specie of anteoloial nationalisms, Paths Chaise tg his terian involved inthe SubslkernSeades Group, mnatins that it mt hough confit with de state Dut wih de era rein tht hig ses thisstrue that dzealonising nationalist imaginasesare contre ‘He argues that antcolonal nationale crests «domain uf snercigmy within colonise a tha thin dan in grsed hough “an em tie insutinal neework of plating peestes, pulang house, news apes and) magsins crested. the pure ofthe state though which the new language ff aatonlbt eration. is ive shane" rh ‘Whereas other Thi Woeld siverent for natn Lbsaton aise ed apace fr many yoang activist ere‘o overthrow he colonial sate, the Chicano movernent contested ste owe, ts violence, dinciination, and ak of channel of repent ton Chieano caval atonal vas form of deceloniing national fam inwhichthe calamari the forma stent am co uy neespapes, pial pamphlets, pd moverent maples payed ‘ormativerle While Anderson's comtbution naines te mpstant le ‘ented for of communication i foreing «national subject, ‘Chateree Hstrate bow domain of cura ad soll wverelty were ‘ital epace or etiulating on aiolona pola imaginary Alton questo of gender, ace, and sexuality have hitorsally ben oedooked incor official atonal, na Pée'99] wok on ax Ing the declan imaginary” 2 vil coststbuton that ves us ol 0 ersten the complex ways quetions of gener apd sexuality ae em skein he processes of arculating politcal abject and projec fe or example, the His de Cuauhene rete the space for Chicana poliel agency and entra avtoncay by refi the confining “inst coo the Chino nationalist imanary. Tey shied the er ‘ain of nationals rom a peeaonal mapa of Atlan (hoeland of the Mexia located in wh now the Southwest ofthe United Sate to 4 bisa lepay of reraltonary women and Mexican feminism. Receting thei wept astiiaton by reclaiming a aon of female resitance, they ape thelr name iter «turf the-cetsry Mexican women's cranization that an an underground pee a worked for women's ight 0 edition and plea representation” “gpzed sl esme hat ‘peaking ut was not alent che Chien ela, Tas Mujeres de Lange name theseles alter a Mexican feminist press npanization, ative Sn the Revolution of 1910, Has de Canuheémac™ “Taking on he ame of Hj de Cuanhiéne unseted the discursive ‘eran through which women were ineribed nto movement its. The ‘setotakingoa Henan performed double function by subverting he Tencing mechanism ofthe Manche comelexdploedby Chicano natin aot who fle shat a women's agenda inthe movement was die. By ‘esgaliing women's role in nationalist cultures teen ee aioli ‘irae that Cuaubtanc yale the la Ass ruler who never suzendered power to the Spaniard the Has de Cuanhéoe sil ‘ev diaplaced the vena ogi fatferinin an carved out spice for Chicana polite! sabjetvty within the movement. They efigured tence form af reeesertaton in the movement though she poet dirulation of pew tees thie newspee Sting Mexican women’ history was ranaformative a wowed | senseot historia agency that ined the ete ol hero, who bg publuhing the mewspiper Hier de Cuanhismoc at Calorie State Unive, sy, Heng Beach in March 2972 The stated gal oe newspaper aso Inform the Chicana abou here thre his, by repertiag Chicane” politi setivties nthe communis end by edacting be othe soc ‘conomle comin hat she mus ea with a woman in # minty caltre ofan oppressive suey” farduton 1973, gh ack on camp, "heft sine ofthe paper was ag gored by tet mae deter rch, who erie the group fr publishing romething spsrat fom ‘heir Chicano aden newspupe El Alen. Nevetiley, lt wastceiva vith eathusiasm and suppoct by others bch eps zl const lomsniatos. tn fact the wornen'sgronp actually rceoed the nding pulls tee newspaper on a group of elder men in @ Newall Mat. ‘ise soeiety (ation of Mexiean migrant earpmnites), e ws thi Jaionslp to this group of oer Mentanos and Chicanos who sapped ‘ete work that lowed the women to ae eat men on camp we ot struinga frm of mascliiy and gendered elation of power that wast onsite with he "community's fen evkelby thse itqune fen iat ese ‘etecting om gender resin he movement, Anna NitoGome ot arate the story of how they fed her newapaper Looking back, ce ‘hat these guys on campos] were yng cat deal lef mao ‘everything was exaggerated. Working in the community helped me out be ‘use I gottoworkwithmenthatscemedmore total. Leer thei mle ey aengcomiortabe and rte who they were Back on expe scemelthe guys weterlepavagtheexageatelsteretypial mac a ford women ta payout tit pntve ae which wa ery igi hing, insteadof being yourself these guy deviated rom ths hyperaacho le they wee eid for being wimps aneloeze The publication ofthe newspaper galvanize the worsen’ piss ites on erp an out neh ormitien,eses working es ‘of fcarerton eduatinn, poverty, and sei js, member of the iis cde Cumtémoepaepated i community orpnizatons and mse links among the La Raza Community Center in Bate Long Beach, the ‘ore gmpe oye the women nthe Orage County Brown Bes, Cat ion por aaa, Teatt Campesino, andcommunity develepnent poets‘in Hawaian Ganens, Although thete organiza woe lke t comm sty tule the publication of the newspapes, the paper gave thet syebil to define and enpageChica ste that were: being adessed !Meqstely in the Chicano movement a thi time. Theve ies nein ‘terlsnon and epoducive elt, welfare andaborighsemployment nd gender dcriination scans tohealth cae, Ciena incareration fi mila and cull ole, a well a exam, sel pli, and womens ‘le inthe movement. Along with many other plications from Calibre, New Mic, and Texan the ended punt communi consid tough the ccation fhe as de Guathemoe newspaper i 978 wat vital he cation ‘f Chicana feminist movement nerwrks and alliances Though pnt madiated exchange, now identities, sepioal and Moga dillerences, ‘sti, theories, and practices were debated and dace in cemgus and community meetings and orl an national conference, These Meat were then shared nd seared a they eve throug the proves ‘spubiaton of editorial ales conferees proceedings, ets none- ‘ment debates an political potion papers Moreover, the peocest pl ‘aonandeirulation notony bulk eerie! inertia comsnii ‘tconsiutea China counterpublie oe parallel dacusve tens where numberof sordioted socal gps invent a ctculte counter d- ‘ues so ato formulate oppostonal aeration ol the Metin Interests, and needs (ser 993, 1) These pblicton practoes and ict of Gsibutin formed par of {Chicana feminist seatesye rework modes of pit communtaon a realy operating in the Chieano movement aswell tt tate new one, thas molting the sce of participation for werner." Though thea 1960 and eal 170, new ors of ent media and newpaper emered vs ofthe vocal justice singles ofthe Chien movement. He wat com mon foreach campus ee coranity organinatin to have some form 1mbliationandstygroupor pli education seston Prine mediated isle andthe xchange of eaingmateriaalloweeath oy knew what the oters were ding and ening, because modes of commana tion were networked hugh sovemset print alte ar the practice of sirculting anes and theoretical resins in mimeograph fom. This was crucial tothe ecleldevelopment of Chicana pli erm nity. Drawing an the experience tha many of he women hal woukingon 21 Alri, allo he women Solved nthe Hi de Conan woe for student or community aewspaper sich ws La Raza, As pat ofa state ‘ical agenda of linking campus 0 comsmniy, newspapers would ask ‘allege students og involed and wevleon the newpaper tight y at tending community meetings nd then writing up repr. uling Coultons and Tonsoal Strategies The transloca strategy and technology of republication helped wo fang « ew polite subjectivity of la Nuers Chicana throug teal daleer at coostrted the mukiple meanings, eatin, end atc ofthis ‘mergnt imagined polteleommnity The Hie de Cnatdenc new per slong with ther publiations, provided num for Chicana logue aero rpions and socal movement sectors which wascrcil tthe formation of Chicana femisis. The Hassle Cutie ewepape in ‘aed artes by other Chicena rb the eaunty For example, sits [Moraes “La Mujer Todavia Inspotete" orgy lished in Spish for Howtos Fopel Chicano, appeare in the Rint se 4 the newport and dscnssed the mgialztion of women inthe movement The rep esto ofarticlesireulated diverse Chicana politcal dessin «mutate flies, femats and modes publication which was rio coma ction arose eons argon politi tations al ws nn "ane esc sttegy to formulate sate pial mands, This moe of eitultion andthe emergence ofa teneocal Chicane fernnieountrpubli is deere by Tea active Matha Cotrs Who, relleting eon the mverent, acknowledged the inact of Calorie (Chicena feminist writings for Tena onpaniing within La Raza Uae Paty. Speaking of Anna NicoGormes, Crt isla "Wel, om ‘ow ie was Ann's ails tha away ots what we wate fo the ‘wen Toa” Mevealing# tics used in ocala ores fr thee slemanis Cater recalls hat Tejanaactvst woul aon the ost ont ight feminist writings fro Caloris as tte to reteset hee eal foe women’s ederahipin keeping with other natn developments This "uci layed on underlying reganal tensions in the Chicano movement at 2 ime when there were idoloieal ders ore how to xsaie si bl seateies for dierent polite contents an tegional variation (2 ‘ella 1995) Not nly was ths tol nse opr for women's demand i Aten regional contests, ut it served to pad ess actos gesaphic In fut, «primary ode of crnscel dialogue happened when lasomnnky papers printed artes fom acs the elon an also pub Tabet atiles srs fren social movement st exe there ablicaton ofan Is de Cacubtéme article by loa women's move re per agen, Orego, aswel a inthe newspaper of one of the ‘oane Lois Party chantry, Hf You Lon Diseasion, dscusive fr rations and sates traveled ant were tanslored by dering 20 ‘paphic communis and constituent andences through the proces of Conference and Ceumtepublics The Has de Cum newspaper and its outgrowth, the Encuentro ene! ural, were inert beeaise they were among the Hest ia ‘he nation to pully vost: a Chica Feri san. This was eu ‘lal inthe tadene movement cae It ave women a place to move in ‘ud nog so somtimes ote of matinalit discourse ad rested a Soave ws sean within the movement could be challenged The stu- sensed inthe Fis de Caauhtemoe ede ger deal of haa ‘nent, som and rin apd al of the women interviewed described ‘he tlt hey encountered repades f whether they dened the ‘elves feriiseas Tho Jeuactos mae range of clams, nchuling tat they were on an “Angle bourpoisie p® were apringas fngecized) or Malnces ta elation otheve forms silencing, Paquet and Soars mad that “Chicana who deviated from a ational pola tance were sujet o ease snesons 1993, 19).Clung Matha Cotes obser ‘ation tha “eng called eins] wa a po enough easton fr ma it {ening 6 sme of he most active women neh community" 57% ath esters an Sega rg that “sch soci a plital sanctions discour gel women fom anlting feminist ses" toa, on eis important ‘enote that emit bat cos esa baling, which snevamother frm of poleing son tes of gender andoceuy(Morags tnd Anza ror, Moraga 1985) ‘Aeameanensubrert the lacing michanims deployed again em Chicana femiit created counterpblc by reccagving snl engen ‘ng movement spaces i dhs era, not operating owe Ie Cas bilo too Inthe Hes de Canttemoe newspaper, the pace uf pu luhing onference proceeding and continuing dates in print served not nly ava importante of celiton tat «mode of contestation, Thi exrmplied in the craton af dhe ifanous statement fo the 969 Denver Youth Liberation Conlerence, where was delaed at he fo etl rl tf hat hire conlernce that was the cena ofthe Chana canes that “the Chicana dacs not want 0 be berate.” As a defining somentoftheChicaomorement where sn sprtide Actin sidered by many toe the movement manifests) wa apts, this at smentisinitelfan interesting momentocontstition, when then ofthe white womens eration movement was leary areulted tera sore Some aetivists who were athe eaucas meting ft sacked fo hear the proclamation the Boal plenary casein the etl worse at 0s meeting, sate forging aller patnation fer women Wiha the movement were discussed [Pesquera1931-Thtwatement litrates the cnet and comestatary nar of Chicana Femininn in he move ‘ent and the duty failing new kind af Chin lita ub ject within th confine of sulin atonal Ye, the declaration oa the lloor of te Denver Youth Liberation Confers pss to wht | call hidden gener nsurgeneies, where sbrersve pace te conse inche movementergaizatonal rues agely though womens ‘cues whlch efferel «contin Kets cm questions f gene and se ali. When dee onfonttion on womens es wnt ately po sible ard no pti step, many demande were epoiatd below the nce of ple movenent spaces “The 197 publication of the newspaper continued the dale om the role of women initiated atthe Denver conference, A response ws ised lor Bovgusta Lngeauey Vibes, which war printed inf Gite Norte nd vepented in Bots Rabin Marans Sater fs Foweral an the fst Inne of Ha de Cuaubsrne. Another response wis ind in Hijo de ‘Cihiemoc by member Anna NistoGomes, eal *Chicanas enti" ‘The pact of publishing conference proceedings, debs, nd eas ‘hough creslaon and dstbuton in pent commnty networks wis ‘tui in crafting venues that promoted crteally needed conversations ‘epsttng women’ struggles: Chicana picture consicedinerye tive omits hat served ar pace ould an dics ot nly ile toll sitions bt the mip poiteal and gana meanings [Chicana enies the aeethat contending pempectives rdcontretsa eves were inced inthe publication of the newspaper states that (Chien prin: communities wexe nat wed scariest ses onntracton an contestation, Regional Organi nd he Has de Cuoaberace ‘The plication sate afte Fj de Cuma ecnedel with shee longterm oranizatonal goals and with alager scope of eon arsani Ing or example the st ue, plied in March 178, wes primatiy‘concerned ith Chana at sur inconvettion with ther groups ach ‘the women in the Orange Canty Brown Bees, bat ar new iomes were lisbed, che newpaper began serve a vehicle fer Chicana ional ommuriaion ands 996: The secede of ede Cameos rabid asa repionaloganzing tol ia Apel 97, wa designed te alate eas prodoced athe Los Angles Chica Ecatondl Conerence, ‘which wis organic in preparation forthe is oational Chicano Confer ace, La Conferenea de Mere por Ia Raa, oe bel a Haat In preping to 4o to the Bt national canfeenee, the Has member ‘hip realized cere had been Mile sustained eomsmaniation in California tmong Chinas. As a remedy tn hi station, they helped organize ‘he Chicana Edactionsl Conference fr May 6,297 wih the hot Chi as organization at CSU Los Angels, ving "Chinas fo the hgh school the communi the Pints and the ccs” When 350 Chicanas mended they realize chat he newspaper needed move bend campus tnd become brasder in weope tobe effective at mobilising statewide con ‘mnietion-The second neve marked a shit nthe ole the newspaper osit came a reson forum for Chiesa, and the ween ee wat Dlanned 16 presen the els ro the Sohn California conference to the National Confrence. To deelp he phosophial premises ie. logeal base of Chica feminim, th Hd Cuaubtésoe began ica ‘ngand dating the hosp of Caieana senha nla Herman [sel The third ase that cae out in Jone 97s sepored that he May (Chicana Educational Conference wa once around ie workshops and lngan wit prforances by lab deltas an extra de Sn Dien «Pty reading of "Yo roy Chicana de Ast” by Sara tells, and an hoon Ieee on the History of La Mexicana? The ae plished peceeeings oleh conference and pt fom he workshops The confeenee ened wa seston hat amped al the ese fom the workshops int lat form or the Naini Conference fn Hosta ad wa (llowed by a dance whee the Fabulous Sound played ‘rosin the Desert and Healgieal Divides (a Station Wagan) Modes of communication wee crucial toiling «politcal movement of {Chicana Feminists an Ue newspaper abel to la exsing ap. "By 1974 the eomtctRetween Raza Women ha been sharply reed ont of esses ose of dhe commutation by the nationalist mewement™ [NietoGomer 9] Thislonoe ofcommunicaton was probably mon da ‘eaialy lasted inthe 972 La Conference de Moke por la Racin Houston ands fterath The Hijesde Cuauhténine ple thir eamings ‘o bls chee tid newspaper and bl seer! nrg civ ‘vy for thei eip-Commuaity member nated ation wagon tae ‘or the women rs Los Angle toouston, They struggled gather soures, and ly, ee twelve women from CSU ong Heath, CSU ta ‘Angcles, and Las Angeles City Cole ile nts the ation wagons end ‘gin their long jourey aco the ener. Ragingin ae to to ‘many it was this is sip away rm home las, What haypene a he Houston casfeence wou change the develop nt of Chicana feminism i dis er and tet the contested eta om whieh early Chicana feminist chought and practice emerged within a0 ‘ological conflicted scial movement eld The eanerence tok pac “May 28-40, 1971 in Houston and was ngaized by eommanity women, Elma Bares andthestatfot the MagniaPa ranch ofthe ve hh seated a langely Mesican bro. Baere al NletCeme 15 ‘Te onzanizer nclded Chicana edits, commonity leader, wellne women and suns. The group of community wemen plane! and ane fun fortwo yar to gather enough resources toorganice the eonfrence ‘hina fal sectors wet invited and che tesjunse was enormeus With ‘mor than ac hundred Chicana om ore han twenty satsin st. tenance, che conference brought together all of the prominent Chicane tii from around the county fr the ft tne res 107, Lee 1977) "The woeshops included sch woundneakngtopies a the ae ‘the Church nthe oppression of Chicana lor nes,Chicons ein, ‘women in the Rare Unida Party, heal ae, women's sein the move ment, wellareigh, and wore hoy. ‘Ant began to develop on the fist day ofthe conference when asl soup been to crteze che eonfeence a being Bought ot by the white womens movement becae it was eld at the rea, which they elated had been hstovealy "wht, rl inition” Cris eae tht the Danie were not ase the emit, even tho they wer tn "he ceal Howson barrio and an the predminantly Menican Yea Dy the second day, a walkout was staged and early ball of the conference pa "cians et mees in aol ack and hol a counerenierence he ‘hina aes from Long Beaeh who nana thee events al deserbe | lctionals group who spoke on the flow ofthe conference abut he sec it wa fr women tobe sitingaruad talking about thet yobs ven he real problems aaza were ping side. Many teal cha. “smutie womaa who sed the walkout by geting conto ofthe sir shone nd starting top sep" worn for ing Het the unfreewhen thet men wee dng i nssive nares in Vietnam ad the rea [Chicano stg es being wage in the farmworker? march to Delano, whore shot ad hee ed at marchers dal 2972) She wed women Gro were commited to the liberation of Chicana people oot her and {het in dh "Comminiy aaah pk to cus the el ees facing (Chicanos Sanchez 197, NletoGomes 99 Hernindez 992, Miranda 9) Marines 199) “Asettng thi the vison inthe conference was 0 seen, several “lim at he women rho tage the walkout were sen tere hy acer faction of Chicano nationalists bei os Angels with whic tho pln ter pap was alate, Whe al the women who ateaded fom the Las “Angles ea spent months funding entgh money e asl by ext ‘and priate the preparatory ional conferene, the women who Stage the walkout flew in on che ast day od conference an lew hack toon Angeles hele the conference ended Confrence parlyant cla ‘ht they never planed ootsy or the fl meting, steting the por: ‘ence of princi elo etc, they pont out that without staying to Ina rdeate the al revoktions, the pliner group eached all the ol movement pes nd eat their periective abot the women who had old out and retained athe conference (acho, Meneses, Act, and ‘uno 97 ‘Despite elingdemorslioed he remaining rtp conned the oneal onftence by working together e debate sss, pss restos, ‘develop position papers Due tot ginal preconference com ty npaizing lott ls de Cuauhtemoc and eter spresentatives fromthe og Angee pina eonfrence wee fully reared porns inthe national conference, They came armed eth the newepape, whieh ‘intnine the ew and esolion ofthe regional meetings tonto the fre pin plneé“Hermanidad" Ou the fist dy they met with Chis a ror all over te county sn reslation passed naming the Hija de uate newspaper the national print while or Chana commun ‘ato tha wold be sed forge atonal eranzation. The newspaper never fled the expectation to become nationsl panes Ne further aes were published ater the 1971 Hoosen conference. Unkhoug most scout the conference depict eas the bight of ashy Chana feminist atv, cers point to the Howsan incident a ax ope fw dived Chicana thinking was around womens polities and (emia, ivi hastening the polarization exiting betwee Seni ists and anes” (el Calo 298,21 Many of the Low Angeles tea women contnaed to wrk oer although the Henson experience 176 Mayet ace shaded the eld of pote action ant ered the way activists ner ‘tool the Bel of Chicana politcal postions For example, Nititmnes (co7] concept a theory of Chicana ferinin where she delinested te erence beeween"Feminitan ai thoee movement woe wh though they were "song women and god ontaner, wee "Loyalists ‘he nationalist polis line am analyse echoed by ater fries ‘Morag 985 Penquers and Soca 193, Coda 1984, Despite hose lenges, the pla fet of the Hiss wat canine in communi Dane organizing, the developmen ofceiy Chicana Ste, the ul tation of the fat paral of Chicana scholarship 97 Local the ies se Coanhtiee eogsed ty exis in it ormercoigration, a the Kind of Chicana poles they engage in moved off empus and nto various ernmonity states. Many he former ember sel active nay, serving enerhip apn, ulin a Chicana Countrpab: ‘mncuento Femeni and Comunity asad Organcing Under new potical formation, leaders of Has Je Caauhtence went ot foun Encuentro emer he spring of 197. The peace othe it ‘rohume marks the development of Chana feminist consis “Pally snere tht fein sould not be vewed a any expe of dint, Iutrather asa means of recognising one's lad otal capabilities, the ‘jas founded the Encuentro Femara which ow haseolvel ng ‘orally ndependentpubliation. Resizing se aerul or sragale aia el Raza women, ino wy ght fr femininm without ‘tbeing an effort on bell of wr people” Peace 1973, “The journal wa edited by Anna NletoGome: ia colasoration with ther Los Angeles-aes Chicana activins nach ax Adelaide del Cast, Using pinto ceste «country for edcaton and dialogue on Ci ana oocyte journal el served san portent inka space or a temomeus Chana cll autonomy cutie ofthe resist forme of stinaiam, For example, dl Casio's ctay *MlintsinTengpal Pre Hiinay Laat ae Rerpecie"| 974 published inthe seen isnoe ofthe Jura, was one af theft to demystify Manche 8 sin | fealty. "The pulistion of Ewen Feel nt only donee the pli ‘al mobaaon of Clea, but it fered ne forms of Chena polit Calsolidaty andparination. nation os pete print commit, this period also witnessed he roth of Chisans community ad pi ‘al oaniatons Organizations bora inthis period include the Chienmia een Meson Nod, deb ees Bes td Simic Rony ts Wome Wav the Mean st Aa ines Cafe gpa sl cml wee frelon ys wens Com on Mere cpes ‘hm ington Caan ane ‘ionepteion alr fer We he ane {Chicana Caco th gn Chto nel mar cation cre) ‘venga Dap se momen ee he a nd uty {Chea she were were hing foreland exuded ao ly shoe ite sae tr ong poi ices The nda ct Rawal aed shes mith os Anges Chiat een te doen coy nr grad bald per lea novice hates songs Chan teal ently Force Nie an Cre ine waar ‘es commnty coil Pope arte wh Pts Fran he Costa Rowe Meena oops Chea Se ‘er Actin Cons ace tenon ning cner fr Ch Shanna A Meter wile “Ghat abr Fe lo lied nt cr non ne ea seo the chan ale, Enc hee! comet the Sm yin nes le et a ey "A {ser ia lr gO thy wr Ses ncaa awh ered br Nice: wl chery ued ep Tes Sepevomm mnie i en sutton Mates or Rc nd en psn ve ‘racave welt ough ere Wa he ale Inne gmt 1 the er Tam deserting, Chicans poor and prose wet « pcized ater of selfsepesentation and knowledge pecan, Chicana pent ature forme out ofthe mandete aren reer al write at aoo to roduc colleen all hromtedgeat an act cllectiveelfleteri. 2 May ve ‘on. Many contemporary Chicanainttetuls a wits thes tng inthe movement or thcugh dscamive tations een by Che feminists who emerged out oft. As fin an cnten ate daletaly re lated his pero sa the growth of new, crate frm af wang ‘iative of ae forms of politcal sbjetvten Ouse othe ease can ‘ventlons f polities! journal the newsprint forms a the wrtingvared wiley fom open ltrs to songs intodacing tnew Chane peoer fee form wing Thiskindof mixed gene format would come ft the basso pedagoey of ierstion among Chicenathemseleasswellavae alisomalstatezy among women ofclor predating the profsiin at worneg of colar sthoegizingin che ae and ety ttn The dives forme Ch ana vested to “speak themselves into poets and polite dacoure {esis os ew wense of restive agency ofthe tte (chubans Domes ‘evian1993LCrocianmapping these poctican polite taser the vetings of Chicana Islan feminists ofthe 197, who foged new fre fidenity, commnty, an politi eansiousnss, Collective sel Anowledge was len pre in «salad natative ‘monte «format comon in the anehoogzing acts sed by women ‘color writers and politica! poets Developed eto nearly women ‘comes in La Ra ste, Devinda Gladden Moren’s 17 alec of ot, prose and artwork a myer en pede aha, ian eaty eatin of these paces. Citing this callection a way to nce thelr own pee the eto ofthe isis of Euewentta men eeatd otenerteaeon ‘semations sere capa regions sil loetons, an ideologies! des ‘nce, which wat awiderpeai ractce and prt of the eXchange ete by the Chican pine communities. Thes ester form of Chea ew it prot communities transfrmedhot politcal dicount ane, ‘work through wiih it was enunciated. Often ported se Beles she time, grassroots svt intelleceal such as Metta Mates Mint Vaal, and BaiqutaLongeauny Vasque: were very mach women ofthe ne ‘who created a Chicana eseyit tion tha chronicled ow these ‘ik conitins emerged out ofthis Mts conte, een in dsoooe ‘wth one another This potcal essayist tration was eared om hol ‘ou he 7c hough Nita’ yr La Femenit laa co fens two historia chronicles, Dia y land 9) and The Chacang emit 977} "Now plea communities resistnesnutaed che frmation o Ch 200 rine cole ante puetian of kncmedge wa pitta in buling ‘wer colton. Eneauraged bythe Third Wonk Liberation Prost ston S4n Francie Sate and University of Caiornl,Herklay Hine were‘Anna Nites and Cora Snes played acral ole the form ono ely Chicana Sades 97, the Chicana canes af the cots de ‘mane that bth Chaba crn a afmative acta be developed (Casutlo 1971, NewGomes 1975. NetuComes Rega teaching 2 Califor iaState Univer, Nerhdgen972, alin Nay of hat yeaa Chiesno ‘Seuies/nxcha conference was eld at thet camp where aetlation was pated hat reed all Chica Ses majors to ake teas one clas on JaterThe esoladon declared "This poporalecognizethe need it ‘he el ofthe Vigne to show areal woman who not exe om he wil fli. nore o tray unerstnd the nced an problem of La ‘acs we us incline the Chicana nor skhdyNlteGomg 9738s In 197} a Chicana Cumeutum Workshop st veta, whieh bough. ether leiing Chana thinkers, resin runabreaking progam for thecotablshment of Chica eurcalam in universes ad high schol, abled an New Dirctions i Bdocon Estudos ferents de ae ‘ana{NeGome? and Sanches 974) Dring ay and Ani of tht yar, ‘inches headed en inate in Washington,DC. ta de inten Chieo an educton and the Chica Stes uric that hed been pew sly developed at he uct wotksbop with people roughou the ation {Cotes ito} Chicana print communities treated the pace of debate eo Jegcal colic, andlenowedge predation through he pce of publish ‘nga republishing in various eal tea cnfrence proceeding, dtc, an cot providing the basis for Chana scaly predcaon snilae cellaborative pblestien . Sénches ands 2977 National As ‘ociationfor Chicana Sais acs] 1990 Alar etal. 1993} Anvencellent ‘sample of his was the psa plication of Unease: Chicana thes, the published proceedings of 4 Indmark pane and debates the wes in 198, eganized hy Hereley based jes on Match (Cr dove 194 Tes prin communities were eal sites of polit sug over sneaning and provided «theoretical an histo forte formation fof Chicana feminist achlaehip. Moverient print eltes were ued 49 rework the dicsve fam of social strug to craft ew maces fr women within masclinstregsters of natonslsn. These eat trv: ons fated the contraction of be pltalidentty a the NeraChi an andaleecontebted wo balding sliarity with ther women of or ‘teow print-mediated dialogues aroscomntnlier and scl locations ‘While hese histories give siesght na the nev epitemoogiy, lier ative eninit Sec, an ites of Knowledge proton that oper ‘ed thoughout the 196s an os, they have not hee equate doc ‘mented inthe histor resond fhe Chicano and mint monet istorogapy va pola race, andaccal ntovement naraives une in 45 # maor ate af Ment production, often oe! to Iepimate | poli the boundaries af what ic politely pore fn or arent con text ects thee ences and rarest ah Women's Seis ad ne Sais department, they have become naitonalized. Alten ‘avemodesof historia inguiry sre urgently ned in politi contest fete fom the jana made the 1960 ad 29705 such hedaman ing farmative ation, because ti retrent mentality i being mitered ‘ binurien ofthe movements fr aca fsice fo this eca™ ‘The eligi de Canta deg, Chemo, Gann, Ca ‘een ee mar contr lteter co ‘lpm utes ores fea twin ep ey pet ase et ‘ne th ind Cuan: a oe {btu einer aot Gatling aie lest ‘netng meh Resp rina anew pert fn bebe "op iene 93 FS Mi rela sre eg Channa ps ei he ‘epi thse, en lhe mend ee ers! ver imran te A i 97, {Perez sce At il cater the Chane Meremant, The Da hee dh sense’ yon cated as, le ee tame of aw hs ncn ca ed by Aca Old erie {sh whch decree page adh nen the econ oteSYP MON sou va ey Pg ht