Understanding Culture,

Society, and Politics

Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Human Biocultural and
Social Evolution (Part I)
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics – Grade 11/12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Human Biocultural and Social Evolution (Part I)
First Edition, 2020

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Understanding Culture,
Society, and Politics
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Human Biocultural and
Social Evolution (Part I)
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics – Grade 11/12

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Human Biocultural and Social Evolution!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or

facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum

while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and

independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also

aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into

consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the

body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this

module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to

manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist

the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics – Grade 11/12

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Human Biolcultural and Social
Evolution!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies
and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

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 What’s More This comprises activities for independent
practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

This is a task which aims to evaluate your

Assessment
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

In this portion, another activity will be given

Additional Activities
to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

This contains answers to all activities in the

Answer Key
module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.

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4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written to help you in defining culture and

society in the perspective of anthropology and sociology.

After finishing this module, you should be able to:

1. analyze the significance of cultural, social, political, and economic symbols and

practices

a. trace the biological and cultural evolution of early to modern humans

(UCSP11/12HBSIe-12)

b. explore the significance of human material remains and artefactual

evidence in interpreting cultural and social, including political and

economic, processes (UCSP11/12HBS- If-13)

c. recognize national, local, and specialized museums, and archaeological

and historical sites as venues to appreciate and reflect on the complexities

of biocultural and social evolution as part of being and becoming human

(UCSP11/12HBS- If-14)

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 What I Know

Find all the 15 words in the puzzle below which are related to biological,
cultural, and social evolution of humans. Words can be found across, downwards,
and diagonal.

D A R C H A E O L O G Y

C I R G O B K S E A E F

H A O T M Z J B X Q O A

A N P B I C E G C Y L N

R B H N N F I L A H O T

L E K A I R A J V O G H

E P F A D W Q C A E Y R

S O T O M D V A T C F O

D L X E S N F E E S Y P

A I L H T S K V D P W O

R T E U X P I O N R Z L

W I R N J E S L C P V O

I C D T I C U U S L Q G

N A M I S I X T F W M Y

W L U N T E S I Q O I A

H Y S G D S J O Z N R C

Y S E M V K U N T L G O

B A U Z Y B U V N X P H

I N D U S T R I A L W N

G T E C H N O L O G Y B

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 Lesson
Human Biological and
1 Cultural Evolution
Looking back into the origin and evolution of human beings, we can find it out
from the different theories, growth and development of societies. In explaining the
basis of the human origins, there are anthropologists, geologists, and archaeologists
who have given their explanations and perspectives for that matter.

The origin, growth, and development of human can be explained through the
biological and cultural evolution because the connection between them had been
noticed in early history of human evolution.

One of the most significant issues in social science is the origin and nature of
societies. Tracing the biological and cultural evolution of early to modern humans
make us understand where we came from. Exploring these facts will help us
appreciate and recognize our complexities as part of the society.

Notes to the Teacher

This module prepares the learner in looking back at the human
biological and cultural evolution.

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 What’s In

Study the three-way evolution of humans: biological, cultural and social

through the figure below as presented by Contreras, A. P., et.al. (2016).

Sociology

Social
Cultural

EVOLUTIONARY
PROCESS

Anthropology Political Science

Biological

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 What’s New

Analyze the photo below and answer the questions that follow.

1. What do you see in the picture?

2. What is happening in the picture?
3. In general, describe the appearance of each that appears in the picture.
4. Are you familiar with this picture? What is it all about?

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 What is It

Biological and Cultural Evolution of Human Beings

Human behavior is the result of the interaction of both biological and cultural
factors (De Winter, 1984). Therefore, the study of biological and cultural evolution of
the humans are significant in understanding its origin.

There are various explanations regarding this topic in the early history. For
instance, Greek philosophers like Aristotle and Plato presented their study that
human beings form a connection with the universe while the Roman philosopher
Lucretius believed that the early humans were cave-dwellers. Likewise in a biblical
account on the book of Genesis, it was believed that humans were created by God
and the first parents were Adam and Eve. Meanwhile, social scientists said that
societies have evolved as human beings learned to adapt their environment through
social evolution with process of socialization and enculturation whereby it was
explained through biological and cultural evolution.

Biological evolution refers to the changes, modifications, and variations in

the genetics and inherited traits of biological populations from one generation to
another. It is also a process whereby organisms undergo various genetic and physical
changes that pave the way for biological diversity. This includes physical changes in
the body of humans like its shape, size of body organs, movement, and the
development of the feet in a straight posture (Jeffery, 2019).

Biological evolution is based on Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution.

Darwin (1809-1862) is a famous naturalist and geologist who wrote the book “On the
Origin of Species” in 1959 wherein he visited Galápagos Islands to grasped the
significance of the unique wildlife he found there only after he returned to London
(Sulloway, 2005).

In his study, Darwin argued that the species develop and evolve in form
through natural selection. According to Live Science, natural selection is a change
of species in small ways, causing a population to change color or size over the course
of several generations. Darwin hypothesized that the basic idea of all biological
change can be described in terms of just three basic principles: variation,
competition, and inheritance.

On the other hand, anthropologists introduced the concept of cultural

evolution or sociocultural evolution. This refers to the changes or development in
cultures from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture. This happens

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as a result of human adaptation to different factors like climatic changes and
population increase. Scientists studied this by analyzing the changes in the way of
life reflected in the different man-made tools and equipment that they humans have
used.

From Hominids to Homo Sapiens Sapiens

Scientists have believed that the evolution of man follows an evolutionary

ladder which illustrates that the African great apes (chimpanzee, gorilla, bonobo) like
humans of the ancient ancestors at the base and the modern humans (Home Sapiens
Sapiens) at the top.

This development were studied by archaeologists. It refers to scientists who

study the past by excavating artifacts and fossils buried in the earth’s surface and
analyzing it. Artifacts are objects that were made and used by humans. Examples
of these include stone tools, metal tools, jars, ornaments, and ceramics. Fossils are
the preserved traces of species like plants, animals, and other organisms commonly
found inside a rock. According to the archaeologists, artifacts and fossils are
important sources of information about the human evolution because it can give a
deeper understanding of the development of humans.

Hominid is the general term used by scientists to categorize the group of early
humans and other humanlike creatures that can walk erect during the prehistoric
times. Hominids are divided into four categories based on the age of artifacts and
fossils found: Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and Homo.

Australopithecus are considered as the first stage of human evolution

together with Sahelanthropus and Ardipithecus. Their fossils were excavated in the
African continent. Australopithecus afarensis is considered as the common ancestor
of Australopithecus species. The 3.2 million years old Australopithecus afarensis
fossil named “Lucy,” discovered in Hadar, Ethiopia in November 1974 by
paleoanthropologists led by Dr. Donald Johanson, was considered as one of the
modern human’s earliest ancestors and the most famous hominid fossil discovered.
Paleoanthropologists are the people who study the origin and development of
human beings dealing with fossil hominids.

However, Australopithecus disappeared in the evolutionary map million years

ago and was replaced by the Homo, a much more intelligent hominids who were
classified as humans and humanlike creatures because of having bigger brains and
two feet that erect walk. From the fossil evidences, it was believed that Homo first
lived in Africa for about 2.4 million years ago. Homo species included Homo habilis
(handy man), Homo erectus (upright man), and the Home sapiens (wise man).

Archaeologists used toolmaking abilities of the early humans in the 1960s to

determine the first direct ancestors of the Homo. It was believed Homo habilis

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(handy man) was the direct ancestor of the modern human because of its ability to
produce tools. From this species, Homo erectus (upright man), who are considered
as skillful hunters, came from and it is believed that it is more intelligent and more
adaptable than Homo habilis in terms of cultural development. It was believed that
Home erectus can do the following: (1) species are said to be intelligent because of its
ability to invent and develop different technologies to respond to their needs; (2) first
species to use fire and to live in caves and small houses made of tree branches; (3)
first Homo to use spoken language; (4) able to develop different religious rituals
particularly burial practices; (5) fossil was first discovered in Africa; (6) first Homo to
leave Africa and travel to other continents like Asia and Southern Europe; and (7) first
Homo to survive Asia.

The first Homo erectus fossil in Asia was found in the Longgupo Cave in China
and was believed to have lived around 1.9 million years ago. Another evidence was
excavated by Eugene Dubois (1848-1940), a Dutch anatomist and geologist, in Trinil,
Java, Indonesia. It was known as Java Man and was recorded to be 1.8 million years
of age. Another Homo erectus was discovered in 1920 in Zhoukoudian, China which
was known as Peking Man and was estimated to have lived for about 1.1. million to
1 million years ago.

The last stage in the evolution ladder of the Homo family was the Homo
sapiens (thinking man) who was considered as the modern man. Their physical
anatomy has similarity with modern human beings the reason why they are
considered as the species where modern humans belong to.

Unlike other Homo species, Homo sapiens made smoothened tools and had
more developed shelters and advanced technology. Examples are the different stone
tools like fish hooks, harpoons, bows and arrows, spear throwers, and sewing
needles. Even if that it was Homo erectus were believed to develop oral languages,
anthropologists argued that it was the Homo sapiens who first develop and use that
skill because they have more developed brains and speech organs.

The Cro-Magnon or the Homo neanderthalensis are considered as the first

group of Homo Sapiens during the past years but after conducting DNA analysis of
Neanderthal in 1997, it was proven that it was not an ancestor of modern humans.
With that, Cro-Magnon was known to be the first fossil skeleton to be considered as
a species of the Home sapiens called Homo sapiens sapiens (wise man). Cro-Magnon
fossils and artifacts were first found in Europe but is believed that it first appeared
in North Africa and later on travelled to Europe and Asia.

Museums as History Teller

Museums are places where people can be able to see and appreciate various
artifacts, fossils, and other proofs that can tell the history of the past. It is difficult
for an ordinary person to have an access to important evidences of the past but it

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was made possible through the museum galleries. As for Eric Lefebvre, director of
the Cernuschi Museum in China, museums open doors, bringing people closer to a
different culture – to hear, to see, and to experience where one door will lead into
many entry points of history.

The National Museum of the Philippines located in Ermita, Manila.

In the Philippines, there is The National Museum of the Philippines which is

divided into three major galleries: National Museum of Natural History, National
Museum of Anthropology, and National Museum of Fine Arts. The National Museum is
an educational, scientific and cultural institution that acquires, documents,
preserves, exhibits, and fosters scholarly study and public appreciation of works of
art, specimens, and cultural and historical artifacts representative of our unique to
the cultural heritage of the Filipino people and the natural history of the Philippines
(National Museum of the Philippines, 2016).

These museums are institutions that are primarily tasked to conserved,

communicate, and exhibit all material and nonmaterial heritages of human society.
Through the museum galleries, the human biological and cultural evolution can be
studied. Other than the National Museum, there are more public and private
museums located in the different parts of the Philippines where people can visit to
appreciate and recognize the history, culture, heritage of the country, and the proofs
of human evolution.

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 What’s More

Let us review the definition of the important terms in the lesson by matching
the words in column A with its definition in column B. Write the letter of your correct
answer on the space before the number.

Column A Column B

_____ 1. Biological evolution A. first stage of human evolution

_____ 2. Natural selection B. considered as the first group of

_____ 3. Cultural evolution Homo sapiens for many years

_____ 4. Hominids C. studies the past by excavating
_____ 5. Archaeologist artifacts and fossils
_____ 6. Paleoanthropologist D. much more intelligent hominids
_____ 7. Artifacts E. handy man
_____ 8. Fossils F. change of species in small ways
_____ 9. Autralopithecus G. exhibits material and nonmaterial
_____ 10. Homo habilis evidences of the past
_____ 11. Home erectus H. wise man
_____ 12. Homo sapiens I. upright man
_____ 13. Homo sapiens sapiens J. studies the origin & development
_____ 14. Cro-Magnon of human beings
_____ 15. Museum K. general term used to categorize
the group of early humans
L. objects that were made and used
by humans
M. changes, modifications, and
variations in the genetics
N. changes or development in
cultures
O. thinking man
P. preserved traces of species

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 What I Have Learned

Read and analyze the sentences. Decipher the jumbled letters to unlock the
significant vocabularies discussed in this lesson.

Human (1) ____________________ (REABAIOV) is the result of the interaction of

both biological and cultural factors. Biological evolution is based on the Theory of
Evolution by (2) ___________________ (LEHARCS WNARDI). He hypothesized that the
basic idea of all biological change can be described in terms of just three basic
principles: variation, competition, and (3) ___________________ (HITCNERIEAN).
Meanwhile, scientists studied cultural evolution by analyzing the changes in the way
of life reflected in the different man-made (4) ___________________ (OLTSO) and (5)
___________________ (MQEUNEPTI) that humans have used.

Archeologists have believed that the (6) ___________________ (VOELTNOIU) of

man follows an evolutionary ladder which illustrates that the African great (7)
___________________ (PASE) like humans of the ancient ancestors at the base and the
(8) ___________________ (NOMDRE) humans at the top. They call it hominid or the
general term used to categorize the group of early humans and other humanlike (9)
___________________ (ERCARUTSE) that can walk erect during the prehistoric times.

The evolutionary ladder is composed of the following order: Australopithecus,

Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, Homo sapiens sapiens. (10)
___________________ (OOHM) is a much more intelligent Hominids who were classified
as humans and humanlike creatures because of having bigger (11)
___________________ (NSBIAR) and two (12) ___________________ (EFTE) that erect
walk. The Homo erectus fossil found in Indonesia is called (13) ___________________
(AVAJ ANM) while the Homo erectus found in China is called (14) ___________________.

Nowadays, it is easier to study the history of the evolution of the society

because of the museums. These are places where people can be able to see and (6)
___________________ (PRCTEAEIAP) various artifacts, fossils, and other proofs that can
tell the history of the past.

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 What I Can Do

How do you understand the biological and cultural evolution of human?

Create a poster for the National Museum of the Philippines advertising why people
should go to the museum to appreciate our biological, cultural, and social evolution.
Use the box below.

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 Assessment

TRUE OR FALSE. Assess whether the statements in the column A are true or
false. In the column B, write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.

A B
1. Human behavior is the result of the interaction of both biological and
cultural factors.
2. Physical changes in the body of humans includes shape, size of body
organs, movement, and the development of the feet in a straight posture.
3. Charles Darwin proved that the species develop and evolve in form
through natural selection.
4. Evolutionary ladder illustrates that the African great apes are like the
modern humans.
5. Artifacts and fossils are important sources of information about the
human evolution.
6. Social evolution refers to the changes or development in cultures from
a simple form to a more complex form of human culture.
7. Hominids are divided into categories based on the age of artifacts and
fossils found.
8. Australopithecus are considered as the second stage of human
evolution together with Sahelanthropus and Ardipithecus.
9. The 3.2 million years old Australopithecus afarensis fossil named
“Lucy,” discovered in Egypt in November 1974.
10. Australopithecus disappeared in the evolutionary map million years
ago and was replaced by the Homo.
11. Homo habilis was the direct ancestor of the modern human because
of its ability to produce tools.
12. Homo erectus are considered as skillful carpenters.
13. Anthropologists argued that it was the Homo sapiens who first
develop and use that skill because they have more developed brains and
speech organs.
14. Cro-Magnon fossils and artifacts were first found in Europe but is
believed that it first appeared in North America and later on travelled to
Europe and Asia.
15. The National Museum of the Philippines which is divided into three
major galleries: National Museum of Modern History, National Museum
of Anthropology, and National Museum of Music and Arts.

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 Additional Activities

Write an essay that explains the differences of the biological and cultural
evolution of humans. Use the rubrics below as a guide for the given task.

Criteria 3 2 1
Substantial,
Good explanation Poor explanation
Content specific and well-
of content. of content.
explained content.
Very good
Good organization Poor organization
Organization organization of
of evidences. of evidences.
evidences.
Very good usage of Good usage of Poor usage of
Technicality grammar and grammar and grammar and
punctuations. punctuations. punctuations.

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 19
What Can I Do What’s More Assessment
1. M 1. T
Criteria for Scoring 2. F 2. T
3. N 3. F
1. Creativity – 5 pts
4. K 4. F
2. Presentation - 5 pts 5. T
5. C
6. F
6. J
3. Content – 5 pts 7. T
7. L
8. F
8. P 9. F
9. A 10. T
10. E 11. T
11. I 12. F
12. O 13. T
13. H 14. F
14. B 15. T
15. G
What I Know: What’s New What I Have Learned
1. FOSSILS 1. BEHAVIOR
2. ARTIFACTS 1. Evolution of Man 2. CHARLES DARWIN
3. HOMINID 3. INHERITANCE
2. The man us evolving or 4. TOOLS
4. SPECIES changing from left to right. 5. EQUIPMENT
5. EVOLUTION
6. EVOLUTION
6. GEOLOGY 3. Their appearance is 7. APES
7. CHARLES DARWIN different from each step. 8. MODERN
8. TECHNOLOGY 9. CREATURES
9. EXCAVATED 4. Theory of Evolution by 10. HOMO
10. ANTHROPOLOGY Charles Darwin 11. BRAINS
11. HUNTING 12. FEET
12. POLITICAL 13. JAVA MAN
13. ARCHAEOLOGY 14. PEKING MAN
14. INDUSTRIAL 15. APPRECIATE
15. MUSEUM
Answer Key
References
Atienza, Maria Ela., Lusterio-Rico, Ruth, Arugay, Aries, Encinas-Franco, Jean,
Quilala, Dennis. 2016. Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics for Senior
High School. Quezon City, Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc.
Contreras, Antonio P., Dela Cruz, Arleigh Ross D., Erasga, Dennis S., Fadrigon,
Cecille C. 2016. Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics. Quezon City,
Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Desmond, Adrian J. 2020. Charles Darwin. April 15. Accessed June 30, 2020.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Darwin.
Jeffery, William R. 2019. "Astyanax mexicanus: A vertebrate model for evolution,
adaptation, and development in caves." Encyclopedia of Caves (Third Edition)
(Elsevier Inc.). Accessed June 30, 2020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-
0-12-814124-3.00012-1.
Kaur, Ramneet. 2017. Human Evolution. February 3. Accessed June 30, 2020.
https://ramneetkaur.com/human-evolution/.
Lanuza, Gerry M. and Raymundo, Sarah S. 2016. Understanding Culture, Society,
and Politics First Edition. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc.
National Museum of the Philippines. 2016. About National Museum. March 17.
Accessed June 30, 2020.
https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Mandate%20a
nd%20Objectives.html.
Patterson, Roger. 2007. Evolution Exposed: Biology. May 2. Accessed June 30, 2020.
https://answersingenesis.org/human-evolution/ape-man/the-origin-of-
humans/.
Sulloway, Frank J. 2005. The Evolution of Charles Darwin. December. Accessed June
30, 2020. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-evolution-
of-charles-darwin-110234034/.
Than, Ker. 2018. What is Darwin's Theory of Evolution? February 27. Accessed June
30, 2020. https://www.livescience.com/474-controversy-evolution-
works.html.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2020. Fossil. March 26. Accessed June 30,
2020. https://www.britannica.com/science/fossil.
Winter, K. W. De. 1984. "Biological and cultural evolution: Different manifestations
of the same principle. A systems-theoretical approach." Journal of Human
Evolution 13 (1): 61-70. Accessed June 30, 2020.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S00472484848007
67.
Yan, Ai. 2019. Museums open the door to experiencing different cultures. October 8.
Accessed June 30, 2020. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2019-10-
08/Museums-open-the-door-to-experiencing-different-cultures-
KCFAm6Fxf2/index.html.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)

Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph

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