الزراعة المحمية - الدكتور عبدالله السعدون PDF

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.A W 6c q& K' = ! 3+# c# 4+: q#

F c C % #1 ."+# ls Z r,y 3#
2 E \+
+ kr
VM ( C& EF q> 8 2 Æ"+# yp 3
G:;
3Ã 3 .9K ' _K
.E V0
= =K+e C 0 ! z& #B K M! "7 ! U ! 1 $ ks
1 V>< .C UJ VM Û 3iY =K7 .E \K1
B Û
.h7 lnp ` 2 \+
( ^< c ' % 9 -

E 7' V h&U F kw
8 . 6c +W L& zU: 8 OO %_* ! "&
."81 +#*

H0 # LMN 1 DY-B 6<: 9<:K8 "+,- .K L' $7:
.L' t ( 75 =
Á# : 1 $ green house range &J = 3# q& Y-Z 2 ( ky
qF # ( # # ? =&

K =a!
Z 3#1 =O5W ;' KB
.= q{ Z G# C H V6 u7 #

*+,~ H$91 >
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¢
6f+
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G:;
V>< 3 ."+# sy Z lp 3# + 1 3&c . #1 .K#1 !K1
."+# sp 3
U- @0 +%F < $!-1 3# = t @77* V
3# 9 $7 .(jp) µM# v F 7 %7 ! "# $!-* t q&| .H !
.? .Y .7 . H< .² .V<< .h&%
K; T<-*
$!-1 7! = 3# 9 9<:K ( hi 3R
µ F* 6 +c : ! .!+ z%7
1 6# ^ O 4+: q# .=77
.E 9<:K Z b>
\+! ."+# wp C %! 75 3# 2 %F = t % V&:
.+# jlw &! ."+# n,l
jC >?
b+, M+ V .&J = ac : ( # ' T+% 9 : :
( hi v K+ h,m ac h,- q{ VH : 3R .67: H?
ac 3# ¾W .ª &' ( "&D K+ OK V,: ¿ .6Y:
+c C50 " 6Y: h 2 .cK .7^ Äc # .; =ac '!
( Central heating +' ac ,- V>< .. .K+ OK \<Ç
6Y: ( !+6
&: ac h,- q{ ( .U' = =&|
v! -75 @2 @D!+6 # 1 .ac (fZ K U# 3#¨ 1 K+ : (
= ac : ( ' T+% \+
@ &c .@D!+6 K 9%M- 2 ( &6#
.&J

;1 K< % `/P 5. K< d< jC
# K H ( GM- ¥ .boilers =5_ ( ' :
#, 5 " &
3# vK+ 9xB! Gac : h: v E V0 Z H0 $!-1 ( KË 1 307
.$!-*
( ' : h hot water pipes 30 ' $!-! ac 2 (
K U! V&: H0 >m E V0 ac $!-1 x ( qc ¡ .H0 V2+#
K+ h,# M UF* 2 Z E V0 K+ OK VU: #
.&D
#
.VO+' Z 9 O+ .uMc $!-* V0 +& "º ' K V i!
G! &' Ò* Z E V0 K+ OK VU: .$!-* V0 '
.$!-* Z ¥ .VO+' V0 ' K ! z& v &U z<! K+ h,# M

8Z ' Ó> 8 ¿ .+x# >'! h,' VH F .G: !
L! K+ h,# $-O Z .G! &' Ò* Z E K+2 OK \<Ç
' K+ +0º h,# O G-c .$!-* ( ' K +2 ( hi v
"DM: GD<Z ' : ;6O CxZ ( hi .VO+'! VU (aquastat)
.85 – p 2 (
: .' K+2 OK
,ci&
OK Z G: h ' c .steam pipes K $!-! ac 2 ( #1
/CK1 Í ` 2 Z VU <0 uf EN KË Z C i ¿ .102 K+2
v &U zc ( .$!-* V0 K K `º &H h, .!+# H !
'
Z VO1 3# 5" F a# ac $!-1 : .. .6Z K C0! z&
3# ac ( G&7 t^:
B VO+' Z /+01 +# K W: 3
»:
K} * "+,- .E V0 ac -|
,
.. O
3R .6# +M =:! +> F v +#* .^ OK ! "07 $!-
.">1 !+ hM: ( K VO+# 3# <78
-
jC )Sf bPf
&J = ac #;5 K+ =O28 ' :
:
( -% K+ = 2 !
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:Z 2
.
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.q!+' M! E %_ 2# A1
.% # ^_ /+01 # 3#
U' E K O 2# A2
VH ! -KM'! .6
"#) K+ VH (% ^_) E K O # #M# R
.(% # ( K+
.E+6<! G0 E AK0 ! K+ OK ( qF # T+c 1 T
AK0 ! K+ OK ( qF # T+c 1 $2 % vK+ VH V## G
.G0 E
.+
+7 V## W
.G#2Z / # .GDY-Z < .E ¿ G&F i: .Y-B V## C
$%: 1 8Z .#;5 K+ =O28 + M: ( M! ' F h_+!

6# /+01 K H 7 qY G-c .v 9K ' / +c : 8 F ^W =-!
:` ac =O2 $N 6c .M! 3# "%: +W1
H= u A (ti-to)
:z f
.
( -% K+ = 2 ! K M# .ac =O2 @ H
.E %_ 9 -
F E!¡ u
.q!+' M! OK? E 2# A
.E+6<! 0 K+ OK ti
4
.E+6<! OK? K+ OK to

.6
L<' @ ' hM 1 8Z .+
+! u &F +¡: h_+!
( + ^¡: .
7 /h ls ` 2 Å +
+7 u7 # 1 K

– j,jr @ – 2 M 3# @OO; % 6
L<' u &F c .Y
2 ( j,jw Z : .+ "f+# E 8 #
j,pw Z <:
.+ E \+:
2 M%! %' 75 = 2 ( G-1 ' t 7 Ê
2' 3# l F jppp /
7 /-%+! K+2 2 jjwp W 3#
AK0 V0 K+ =OK ( T+< 3# +6c 2 OK V! E OK?
.E
Y= [F6
.&J = V0 K+ OK h,: ( Thermostat K+ h,#
ac 6O* ` VY L+ 3
K+ OK ( hi
;6e V&
. 6 c# L_ zc 1 .+' VY: ( hi! 7 . 6 ,-
1 VY:
K+ =OK
h,' u>! "M# N h
^ OK
K+ h,# 1 m I* 3# . 6O* t 3# v1 bMZ
G : © .! _+' K+ OK 3
^ =^: ° N 8 2 .7 3#
.9 F 4567 ; 3
5" >c .=:
Kf =^¡:
:G-Y! @ #
+# : .3R #
1 K+ h,# < : @
0¨ 1
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h,' qf # "_ .D =K =ac ' 1 ac $!-1 qf # K
8 (
.E u7 3# +M!
.=: # &M / # 3# "+F h,' qf # 1 $ kl
D
G:K+2 OK qcK Z v¨: +x' &Y x1 3
h,' !Z $ kr
q# .ÂY0 T H V0 Gf ! LMi .G! uJ K+2 OK 3
.&Y x1 @>< 1 !* ! T U @OK? z%

$- O VÖ LMi . 6 O # ( h,' qf 1 $ & ks
.G50 3# K+m z& /+0* T c 2 : ¯K Vx
T U
/+#jp
+! T U V0 qc : 2+m T U $-O : V><
.MF
¿ .10 K+2 OK
G%f q# T U V0 +0º h,# cfZ $| kw
< . Z K+ OK E><Ç Z 9K ' CÉ# ( µ+O -K %
VF EF 3# q# 4 2 .ac 6O1 VYc 2 ( +#* 4K : (
3# h,' F% K U# 1 $ & . & OK Z K+ \<Ç
.@D!+6 K 9%M- 2 ( 2 G&
&> @2 # 3# 1 K%!
.K+ h,# V&
F 3# T U V0 v
+0º +# #+: qf $ ky
w % jC' Z9 ,@ " C ^$

.# &J = ( K+ OK ( hi =771 7K : 8
6M%: * . 1 ac #;5 F% ^c : \+! # ' VD7 Z KxB
.= V0 K+ OK ( hi 3# 1 K F LMN ( <
1 ac #;5 F% ^c : \+! ' VD7 T+%! ! @ &c
:&J = (
.M%' ( D e b+, $7 m G| N E h&U: K0 kj
&
`! .E V0 <: > &
+¡¨ 3+#* 5 * "+,-
.&Y x* q# E Z VU: K+ F%
"+,- .M%' ( D e b+, ">1 $7 m G] % 9 - K0 kl
Mc
">1 +¡¨ V! .E V0 <: > &
uMc +¡¨ 8 % *
R
1 .9xB! 1 .VH ! M< 1 7 .AK? Z E V0 3# K+
.+!
* "+,- . 2 M 3# 8" ! % 3# =M °5¡ 1 M C&7 kr
vK+ VH V## c .^ OK ! % vK+ VH V## VM
%w .%sl ! <: &M t c ."iiH " 2 % 3# 2 M%

%sp ! .`
AO 3# =M °5¡ M 7
<! ac =O2 \<Ç Ê W 3# M 7
.
(w) +
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.ac =!2 (
V## <? C! 8" 1 K ' AO ^: .G#2Z / # E ¿ &8 kw
.ac =!2 ( (c) Y-B
t * .E K O 3# "+F Äc +2 3# – 9%' K F – VM ky
K08! +#* ( hi 3R .VH ! K+ Mc 3# : D =K
.E ( ac $!-1 =ac ' qf VW#*
– VM q# .=: V K# ( (' = () K GO : $ kn

K 2 () 6<71 1 (E &F () =:
1 G+2 3# – 9%' K F
. &
< 3# "^W VM: =K' t * "+,- .( f'
6
78 1 . =O2 <0 ( 6 &
3# / UM <78 k
. ' L' ( "D
: &J = ( %p – np K Mm 5 " K+ ( F< <0 3R k
K: qc ! h .M% ! H0 foam _K qc ! % 3# M 3# 6<M71
M ! +Y: _+ "- # .f jppp K Mm & VD7 ( 3#
( O 3# VD q& .
7 U- C50 ( _+ x5: .. .%
W
&i , <- 7 3R .O $2 O 3# Gf h ±0 0
."K M &Y x1 3# D e
=O2 <0 b ª 75
1 3# V, 4Y! &J = %: kjp
( 3R .O $2 %p Z jp 3# +: V,: $! 4Y +c : .
.U VUc ! ( ê! E @OK? z% ÈK V, 4x +c :
2

© 6O q# .'! 7 75! $!-1 Vm 5
" ac N 3R kjj
."K K+ 3# ^ & ' $ 2 .
K ´ %0 3# "+F !+ z%7
3# +M! E O Z 9xB! 5 " M< ¥ .
G:K+2 9<:K8 "+,-
.=:
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)1 " 5@A ` q1? :;$
V## VM 2 M 3# 8" ! % 3# M C&7 1 ! 1 L7
<! – – ac =O2 <Ì .%sp ! % vK+ VH
( E- .H? t 3# <78 ¢ =7K E6| Mc .. .K M
1 AO 1 3
"^W 75 LDFK %_1 Q0+ "+,- .75 =
.µ5O<
V## <0 ( % M 3# <78 3# K F 1 LMi ..
dead air space 3 3# =+&7 !K 2# #: vK+ VH
3
&6! c' QM- * .;
air cushion D 7 !Wm : M% !
&c .&6#5: 2 ( .vK+ VH V## <0 ( &6I1 3# VM
c' ; 2 ( #1 .VH V##
+¡¨ 8 . 2 M% "# 5&
c' EH # c .&6! K UJ 6 =+i! "2U# c .&6!
M% Z 0 M% 3# K+ V&N D =K: = : .h7 lp Z &6!
.vK+ C ( &¶< <: ! .@OK? e Z ¥ .OK?
75 Ã+x : 1 V>< .E AK0 3# 75 M EW: h
7 #: h .+# jpp &! 0 .+# jwp &! OK?
QU! h &6! 3# +&# K: qc ! 75 M ! D
– p,nw qc
"KF E! V motor blower qc ^H K : #

7 /= sp 6 ."+M: U2 U- M! .MF / 3# r j,wp
µF 3R .# h# n,w – w 75 Ã+7 ! u> 1 $
¾W: h7 yp C %! c<x 75! ! -1 3# GU: h monometer +# -# %7 !
Ã+x ! 6c+ 21 qf Y0 2
EW: .U b+2 Vx
( ' 3# ` h7 lp – jw cfZ q# .E V0 +0 b+% .75

w tK M# T+c V .! -* (+ ( ' z%7 / # ! T+< +F 3R ! -*
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# C&7 ! -* »K : 3R .. .!+# H ! /VK j tK M# "%f ¾ h#
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.=:
' =+%F uF:
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.E V0 !¡ K+2 OK ! ¼<28 V67* 3# ks
2 ( =
K ' F &f !Wm -W 75 Ã+Y : kw
.K+ 1 Y e ( H0 .Ã+Y / 2B ÄO<'
V0 Z c > - <0 % 3# M 7
3
( I* VF "+#1 c > - ( \<Ç8 &! .^ OK ! E
L' ( "^ "
G-1 8Z .K L' ( "! _+# F . ' L'
."^W fB x 6c <: K
jC >?
b+, M+ V .&J = ac : ( # ' T+% 9 : :
( hi v K+ h,m ac h,- q{ VH : 3R .67: H?
ac 3# ¾W .ª &' ( "&D K+ OK V,: ¿ .6Y:
+c C50 " 6Y: h 2 .cK .7^ Äc # .; =ac '!
( Central heating +' ac ,- V>< .. .K+ OK \<Ç
6Y: ( !+6
&: ac h,- q{ ( .U' = =&|
v! -75 @2 @D!+6 # 1 .ac (fZ K U# 3#¨ 1 K+ : (
-k
= ac : ( ' T+% \+
@ &c .@D!+6 K 9%M- 2 ( &6#
.&J
;1 K< % `/P 5. K< d< jC
# K H ( GM- ¥ .boilers =5_ ( ' :
#, 5 " &
3# vK+ 9xB! Gac : h: v E V0 Z H0 $!-1 ( KË 1 307
.$!-*
( ' : h hot water pipes 30 ' $!-! ac 2 (
K U! V&: H0 >m E V0 ac $!-1 x ( qc ¥ .H0 VO+#
K+ h,# M UF* 2 Z E V0 K+ OK VU: #
.&D
#
.VO+' Z 9 O+ .uMc $!-* V0 +& "º ' K V i!
G! &' Ò* Z E V0 K+ OK VU: .$!-* V0 '
.$!-* Z ¥ .VO+' V0 ' K ! z& v &U z<! K+ h,# M

8Z ' Ó> 8 ¿ .+x# >'! h,' VH F .G: !
L! K+ h,# $-O Z .G! &' Ò* Z E K+2 OK \<Ç
(aqua ' K+ +0º h,# O G-c .$!-* ( ' K +2 ( hi v
,ci& "DM: GD<Z ' : ;6O CxZ ( hi .VO+'! VU stat)
.85 – p 2 (
: .' K+2 OK
OK Z G: h ' c .steam pipes K $!-! ac 2 ( #1
Í ` 2 Z VU <0 uf EN KË Z C i ¿ .102 K+2
&U zc ( .$!-* V0 K K `º &H h, .!+# H !/CK1

Z VO1 3# 5 " F D# ac $!-1 : .. .6Z K C0! z& v
3# ac ( G&7 t^:
B VO+' Z /+01 +# K W: 3
»: '
K} * "+,- .E V0 ac -|
,
.. O
3R .6# +M =:!! +> F v +#* .^ OK ! "07 $!-
.">1 !+ hM: ( K VO+# 3# <78
-
t .ac =H ! s +%M! 2 $!-1 C&7 "R F q' F ..
3
5" >c .6# K+ 9xZ u "+,- .¶< f 6
$!-*
H ! l +%M! $!-1 C&7 Z ^: F .6#> "+,- . : ! H
.K H ! j,wp – j,lw +%M! .30 &
ac =O2 E&
Z E ac $!-* 3# ;5 C % + M: 3R
:qY $!-* 3# ` F V * .
( -% K+ = 2 3#
# 7
.H ! l +%M! $!-* 2 (
7 /-%+! K+2 2 jyp
.82 G:K+2
7
.H ! j j +%M! $!-* 2 (
7 /-%+! K+2 2 ljp
l .102 G:K+2 KË
7
.H ! j j +%M! $!-* 2 (
7 /-%+! K+2 2 jp
s .102 G:K+2 KË
fin h7 G
L% ^ @OK0 z%7 $!-* 3# O 9 - 7 F
V&: ;K MF+ - ' z%7* 3# 1 8Z .
$!-1 @ .pipes
uJ Z K+ 9xZ ( 6c ; `! .@OK? 6i%# ;
$!-* bf1 w – s C m K+ 9xZ

K M' $!-* t .ª
.
C 5m )< jC

+# Circulating Warm Air Äc =K: ,! ac ( :
V&: ac : = 2 ! 1 D!+6 Äc m #Z GO-Z h v +i D!+6
T+2 h 6c .D!+6 Äc ' C&7 3# Q0K1 -W M+% .;! 1 u<!
K: qc &! .@OK? e! T+28 »: - L%: 2 .E AK0 ; 1 u<
75! $!-1 ( D!+6 +# %7 ! F T+2 2 ! uJ Äc
-
q{ ( -# K U! 9; 2 .E C %! =: / #
1 ¹ MW#
.E ¢1
<IH C. -
3 .ac T+ V671 ,-1 Electric Heaters D!+6 Äc ' :
%7 ! 1 .Y# $!-1 C50 3# 6# K+ L%: F .6<: 9<:K 6

.+'
qC1 % q$H C 4

@ .h Û = ( 8Z cK 1 7^ Äc # : 8
h,m 6Y: u!K 3R 8 G-1 6
3 .C&78 67 F
1 Á¡ ;_ :VW# .=:! +>: # =; ! 6# L%: & .K+i
q# . O
- F 6Y: ( V& 1
+ t (5 .E
Z VH : $ .. # =; T5%- 3# VM: &7 K U! 6Y:
&! .6& * Z AN * "+,- .E AK0 Z ¹ H0 ! -! c '
y,lw) !+# H ! : ..#

M .L &® "_ 75 = :
.(But) -%+! K+2 2 lppp V 6 H ' ! -* q%M# 3# (lh7
VY lh7 rpp ¢ 6 H ' ! -* q%M# 2# : 1 $ ..G

.-%+! K+2 2 jppppp ¶ F c #
PM ,@ < jC D

K+ 3 § 1 #
Solar Heating &Y F%! ac ,- V&
G# 7
B =- 0 ( G,<2 ' : %7 ! "K &Y x1 3# |
.5
" ac (
--
7* ! %# H0 1 %7 ! &Y x1 3# K+ q&|
' 3# MFK M Z VH ! 6# VM: 1 : 8 K+ ±U#
¶K F
># %7 ! u! ª VU# 0 _ $!-1 3# ' K .60 ! +¹
x ( TK 30 ' qc ! /+01 ># M: .' 0 ( O : H0
.E ( ac $!-1
"^W <: . Y! +¡: ac ( M+% t < 1 Z KxB K |
F & @2 ac : ,! E 6| Z
v +#* . ! ' e (
.5
" W# 7^
h7 6
L% &J = 3# 9 - ac : ( &Y F% 3# < &

K °¿* 6m = t 3#
& C1 EaY-1 F .Solar Green House
M 3# 6<M71 : OO; = ! @ .-+<! Montfavet ( (NRA) Ê
EN x* QR ±0 9 - 3
K
< .v
AO; 6# :AO 3#
."K K+ ±U#! M ' 3# +&# K: < AO M
+R .+&
^: #
.E AK0 \K* EN ;· ( ' À<Ã ."5 ac (
"&
.H0 =&%! C! 8" 1 $i ( O m uÌ G-c .^ OK ! ' K+2
.15 – jl 3# "&D +: @fK* ' K+2 !
VM C UJ 3 . : 1 ac : 1 Z = t AN 8 M+% tª
.× x ª fB x > "+,- ."5F 6c
5= 0s n< jC R

=: K+2 OK qcK Z ac ( +& EN x* 7 v¨
= O1 ! K+ OK ( =c50 +6,: 3 ."K! E M! q# .uMc
/+0* T+%! -KM'! .K! M: .x* 6U: 8 ,' O* * . 2
: .+!1 – +& EN x*! ac 2 ( – E c .ac
+& EN x* 7 ^¡: (jp) Challa ¯F- F .
1 G! K
-4
( =c508 6# .$- O
3# <' VHJ
&J = ac : (
.D' =F5 .= !+ K+2 =OK
-D
w >?
K 6x C50 =+>? A-B 6
¾_ 8 K+f ' &J = :
v+6Y C ' + »? C 6W#1 3# .~ C ! ( U
.&7 2 # 3# +< C50 40 3
6DOK1 h,# ( &, K+ OK
v +#* .50 – s Z U 1 ! ( &, K+ OK VU: F
! + \<Ç 3
5" >c .c Y' C M ( +>? VH® h,# A-Z G# Vi
@ .%jw 3
"_ VM: = # Z V2 3
0 L' (
C50 +>? A-Z 3R 2 K&W M
.zM .P & $7'
.15 K Mm K+ OK <0 G-c .L' t ( K+ Y +6x* t
q: .. V0 8Z : 8 .%p – np ¢ Z ! + qcK
=m .> 1 +! :I &J = : ( DK M+
9<:K8 "+,- .+> vK A-Î zU 5c . =<m #1 .
.& ° i UU' = ( F G .G<:
b1\ % rr < w

( h .misting "$>" h7! mist > 1 +! ,- b+
(lH ! /VK ypp) lh7 /h sl 3
VM 8 q<:+# uf ( ' Óf M+% t
Vx
H0 ^!Y! 3# ' A+Ì 2 .=: / #
1 EW: $!-1 (
& .K+ OK <: `! Æ 6! +c .> GY " O LF K
`? ' 3# ^ =& +c : 1 M+% t . ! + q<:+:
.5#* 3# "+M:
L' ( C & ."+<# >! ,- V& F ..
' L' @<c .K+ Y L' ( =m ,- q# 1 . '
: 8 2 ^6, ! K+ OK <0 E O %: ( > <
! + ;
>
& .E K+2 <? +<m c 6
-R
L' ( #1 .M VHJ ! K&W e M! z&: OK Z
ÆK+ OK ( 1 <0 ° 2Z ( =# q#
> c .K
G-1 3# < .K+ Y =+< ( +<m @<: 8 F =' * "+,-

K ' L' ( &J = q{ ( "$>" ,- $+! zU
. 7 2
t# 3# Ö =: : ( >! ,- 3# <78 3R
1 M+% t
3 .+! 8Z =: /+: 8 F .6# : v+
1 75! =+&' È+<! Y' t
$ 3R .2 # zU: E \K1
.´ >' ¯M =8! (
K !
5m )*w w

1 .v+iU h7 Air =m ,-
L%
Coolers
.Fan and Pad System 7 2+' ,-
L+ 3
# pads D7 3# ' +:
M+% t ( &
( O : ^ 2+m K+i h,# CUZ h .50 3# K+'! 3# K: KOZ
K+ OK C H
.+0 $-e ( D7 O : &! .E Â-O 21
># 2+# 3# V VY! h,' M G! &' UF* Z E V0
v¨ &! .&D <U! K 6e D7
1 ' 3# K: qc ! >' M: .#
D7 C50 3# 9c - G .E V0 Å+<: ° 2Z Z 2+' VY:
#1 ."K 1 "K! E V0 `! .' 3# O + 2 .'
. .../+01 +# Gf h 7 V<71 q& G-c .+ 8 v '
F% t 1 .F G# : ' +: 1 µ71
, ( h
Z V0 K+2 OK <: ..G
.ª uJ 1 7 3# 0¨:
7 Z V0 ! K+ OK ( T+< VU F .@OK? e 3
E
E C50 +R v K+2 OK q<:+: 3 .14 – y Z 6# AK?
-W
s – r i! 2+'
7
K+ OK ! T+< K M ."K :
. a# =OK
pads $
z%7 = & H# # ! © x µ1 3# qU: D7 E-
~
t 1 8Z . ' 3# G!x # 1 .$Y? "/+!" 1 .¯M VW# .^
." 7 ^: K+f .¶< > "+,- .+f EF ( ^ C&7
.D ^_ 5#! qY# .A+# v; 7 TK 3# : c .W D7 #1
t : .V

: ' ! q# TK !5H 3# : m
"&
.h7 rp – jp 3# + &! +c : @ .+W1 1 = 7 jp ' D7
LMi t+c : $ v 7 z%' QM- Ê: & ; !
'! ¹ D7 < 3
"^W D7 3#
t < : .;5
$# F jwp V
7 z%7 3# 2 q!+# F : G-1 ² &c .H'
h7 jp ] e D7 3# 2' <- 1 ² .MF ( 50 K' 3#
.MF ( 50 K' 3# $# F lwp V @<:
'! : < .7 $+ (jp – l) Vx zf ..
.¶Mi# 7 =- ' LF $+ c .(jj – l) Vx #1 . ;5
7
1 "Mc1 EW: ("_ 75!) ! -1 C50 3# 7 Z ' VU
¢ V M¡ 6<7! O : .6c+ 3# # ! -* t : #!
.+0º qF # v1 3# ' 6U 1 ; 8 .' K Um 6<U# 3# VU: .h7 jp
' q; ! -* V<71 <U# qf : ."+# ll 3
7 C #
H0
: 1 $ 3 .<U' t VW# O : 8 F .7
uM 1 VF -!
7
' q; : 3¿ z&: OK ! !KM# t ( ! -* M¡
V! i: 7 * "+,- .@71K qf ( <U' V<71 7 EW: .,-!
7 V<71 /+ O & .7 x V0 qf : c .b<e! ¯&:
v ./+} V<71 O & 0 Z ! VM v D ' @M
-a
1 G! q&: 8 2 /+} v z% % .7
1 Z ' Gc Ó>
.$D x 1 M!
$Y? "+!" 1 E #^< VW# . # 6c qf : Mc1 D7 O : &
ÀcÃ .50 3# K+m & q# + z%& V& 7 x
Mc* D7 3#
O F & ."$>" %7 ! K+]! K 7
.AK? 3# E $-O

6>! T c EW:
Fan f.
: 2 ( .+ GO 8 v E $-O ( 2+' EW: 1 $
E .2+' V&
# + : 2 .+ GO ' $-e ( 7
O Z #1 .%jp K Mm 2+' < ; 3# !5c . K: Z . #
: # K M! 8Z "&6# 5 " #
8 + t| c .K' = 3#
Z v¨ * .K}

&} D7 !M# ^_ =
& / 2Z +#
t ( 3Ã .K} = ( V0 *
&} 3# 30 +
c' ! "K : VM: Y' t 3 .!M# =
& D7 : 1
.+W1 1 "+# lp &6! c' : #
"#¹ : 2 .=
!
*w. 5m P

.
K ´ %? "; # .E \+
t|! ' K# 1 V><

1 1 =: / # ( D7 qf $ LMi .P & / # (
K: * "+,- 3 .=: C50 3# K K+# H+c : 2 .5
" F
C m v1) =OK n !
* G K# 1 ² -c .=: 3# #M#
.P & / # ( # ^_ "! O "K: (K#1 -Ù V +#
&F 3# : b<Y W 3# zD+x EW! qf ziU: 3R
.=: ! "<7 "K# 1
t| 2 . K#
" &
E
-g
3
"c " ! " ! ` ' 6c+ 1 $ .K#1 +Y
V zD+Y t EW:
. +2 T : 8 2 .=: &F
w Y5( E'

Yh. ^
#

7 2+' ,! 6MMN 3R OK F :
:I DK
.E 3# Äc $i7 C # kj
. D7 z%7 2# kl
3# V
(M! # =¡
) M+% tª < F :
e ( ! + G! fB x (+i z%7 3
G
<:K) E #
2
K
8 ( 0¨ 8 G-c .Gc hi 3R 8 ^0* V# .@OK?
tª 6
C U 3R : OK UF1 1 +- 1 $ 3 . =O2
.+ ( V' be 3+# #+ P+F ! T+< 3# %p ` 2 Å: M+%
=; & v1 .:+M ! T+< ; & GMMN 3&' !
t c zU: . ! + E><Ç & v1 .' ^:
K M#
.%p ` 2 Z ! + VU: #
"+M: # # ( M+%
.G:K+2 OK E<:K & ! + V[
K M# : ..
z%7 3
F jppp 3
E # 9<:K 8 #
..#

M
C # c . – F wppp 3
E V0 fB x : 8 #
.\K*
3# q!+# F V MF ( r F 2 ( 1 $ E 3# $i7
=OK q!K1 ` 2) G+6c =OK q7 T+<! zR G-1 \+c q# .E 2#
"# F jpp 3
: D7 +' ! c' 1 .7 2+' ! ( a#
±0 V## C&7 \+< ´+Y t 3# v! V01 c .("+# rr ` 2)
/MF /r F K ' C ' 3
E 3# ' $i ;5 C ' ziU
4k

^¡: < .\+< ´+Y t \+
@ &c .E 2# 3# l F
. &
(1 @$ `

) 01 bP6
3
G! # 9<:K
E 3# $i7 C # ; vK+> 3#

G-;
&:
K M# * .+i z%7 3
F jppp
C&7 $ .. .+i z%7 3
<:K & VM: cW ! "&
.G&2
1 .(Felev) #+! G #+ E 3# $i ;5 C ' ziU ±0 V##
.+i z%7 3
9<:K8 1 '! ±? ziU V##
. yz $ ` CP.

<' uD 7 F .!M# +' D7 : 1 $
rr 2 ( : 1 $ 2+' 7 ! c' * .E !1
\+
EUM- Z .&f +# Z +#* AÃ 3
c' =; c ."+# sw –
K# ¢ G+2 ( VR V! .E OK1 V ( ' +Y 8 rr 3
c'
E 3# $i7
+7 ; t ( : .2+' Z 7 3# Lf
.(Fvel) #+! G #+ ziU ±0 V## .qf ziU
.2+' Z 7 3# c'! ±? ziU V## 1
01 ^/* Y5! Yn -

E V0 fB Y! ±0 ¡ ziU: V## Z +#* AÃ
.(Flight) #+! #+ – F wppp 3
6c50
4
f. Y*$ q< Y= S* " < P. > 4
! K+ OK ( G! z& v T+< q!K ziU: V## Z +#* AÃ
3# l F /MF /r F – $i @7M C ' * .2+' 7
(+6c =OK n 1) a# =OK s tK F T+c K
8 ( 0¨ – E 2#
K+2 OK 7
tK+# ! E Z V0 K+2 OK !
G #+ ±0 V## 7! ziU: 3R .2+'
E 3# AK?
OK ( G! &' T+<! ±? ziU V## h7! b+ .(Ftemp) #+!
.2+' 7 ! K+
Y5! " [H D

x 3# V ( hi C50 3# &J = ( fB ( hi 3R
.UM! 1 ! 7 .D > +< fB
Y5! Yn " [H

Y5! Yn /
:@ H0 =82 ( fB x <0 +#* $%
OK ! fB x : 2 .K L'! iU e ( U VUc C50 kj
OK ! q<:+c ÆK+2 F Z @&Y 9xB 3# ^ $-O C i .^
.= V0 "^W K+
.(V, =:-) =:- ! A-Z
kl
75 V, 4x C&7! O K U! fB x ( hi h
3R & .O $2 %p – jp 3# +: =OK ! 5 " ,: ° N 7'
$7K 4+ 1 8Z .ê! AK? 3# E %_ È+! fB x <0
.Y VUc C 2
6# Q $U
4
Y5! Yn Y*Z
C50 \K* z%7
uM: &Y x1 1 K &Y L' ( ²
q .K6 =
7 h,# ! # & : & .^H ! Y VUc
(
U fB ! ^c : © .L' t ( <f : fB 1
L' t ( "UF "+#1 t cfB fB VO

© .&J =
: @
© . e +! $! Y VUc C50 M# V,: &J = 1
=: <7 1 =7K 3# ( O F . !+ 1 Á¡ ;! =
.fB x ; q# : b>' !+ 1 Á¡ ;_ 3#
E7K < =' . ='
U fB KU# h1 3#
.&6# V 3# : D > =O ' q; : ( "^W <§ I .( )
1 : x1 5" 7+# .^ OK ! 3 v V< 3# >! : =&c
+& EN x* 2 +&: .(+# @# rwp) TK;* % 3#
EN x* 3# t ® ( "_ =' f .(+# @# nwp)
`{Z 3# uMc %w / 7 f Z C i 8 .K+2 K H ( M<: +&
( < F : =&c .. . =' 3# KU 9xB
( .=: ac : ; ( <: 1 8Z .@D > & #;5 fB x ;
.K;Z ( D > +<! +¡: =: K;Z ( hi
v Ã 8 .+& x* ( <# >! : c .E7K < =' #1
=' f v Ã .K! : =& 1 ² .+[ EN x1 1
.&Y x1 ( O ' : 3# +F K U! % 1 @F!

E7K <
=' 3# V C&7 @
U >! ¸ V>c1 LMi @ $ G-c $
3# +F1 x1 A-B 6>! V&: 2 ."# E7K <
.+<# &6# v 3# +W1 &Y x1
# G| E VY VW#* K08 c .
U fB $-O Z
.E V0 Z > <- ;

%
4-
I
: ' LMN * &J = ( 6 ,- ¢ ^
GO :
! VMc Æ&J = V0 "+7 K+ OK <0
6 V&: kj
3
78 6 O ,- 9:
3R & . =O2
.K L' ( Y VUc C50 . ' L' ( U VUc C50
; @% +
,cJ ! 3&c .E | Z 6 v¨: kl
t<78 6 e ^_ = ( "+7 VM ; +: * . !+ 1 Á¡
.@D > =&
( =: VF 3#
EN .qY OK Z L &J = V0 ! + VU: # "_ kr
0 K e
' =+%F W: & .\+#* KY- b+, t
! + ( µ &# <0 ° 2B c 7 O : 8 .K e ( E
3# Q Z v¨: Æ\+#* KY- H+c 3# VM: c ! Æ e 6! 8Z
.=:
6 M7 ' =+%F W: +
$ J " }/ C6 U9/ ` I

= M71 1 K O ( H0 =ic V& @ 6 T+ u!1 :
Äc @0 A+Ì 2 . M+%! E ^: 50 3# h &J
3# K @OK? G® Vi =i< 3# E M7 +F q& v
.=i< 9: & G-1 6 M+% t (
M .-e =i<
$7' C} ( 6
,cJ 3#1 .E V0 K+ OK <0
+7 =;
2# 3# %jn 3
6 =ic 2# VM: 81 $ LMi .P &
.E
75 zD+x ! # ¹ . 6 =ic q: 1 $ ' L' @<c
( 9; : 6
: 1 $ 6 =ic c .K L' ( #1 .E <'
44
9 3# OO = 6c +Y: K L' ( #1 .M7* E $- O
E &F ( "_ O : 6 =ic c .E Â-O
K ¢8 + ' Á &e

6M_ $ G-c . 6 =ic 9: qf # "1 . &e Â-O
° 2 6
$:+ F E V0 x D =K: ° N 8 2 .+ x
$-O ( 6 =ic VY: 3R G-c .<<? + 2 ( #1 .K+f* !
.+ GO ' ^_ E
: >@ _f< I )C 'B C " [H [
.^ 6 =ic 1 !* L_ 1 z<! " kj
.457! 6 =ic q# VU: H0
K! " kl
c# ;6O VY:
V& v K+ h,m 6 ic VH : h 2 "º kr
.G! &' UF* Z E V0 K+ OK 9<:K
6
. C6. :F6< I

6 c# 6# <: 8 ^ = ( 6 +' c' ,- q
+
V&: ^ +# VO* : .K e ( H0 .
O : c' 3# K! @OK0 G® Vi -e 21 3# E AK0 Äc
+' VH : h &! .K e ( EF C 2 <# c' V,: .+0 $-e (
Z E V0 K+ OK C H
6Y: ( hi v K+ h,m
.G! &' UF*
H$91 <1 :F6<
z& (5 . 6 =ic 3# +M =:! +>: F OK ! "K! @OK?
q{ ( »K ! 6# 9; 2 ."81 75 ! -* Z C 0 !
.E OK1
&! .E 3# $-O ( 6 27 ^ 2+# EW: , V&
Z 2+' VY: v¨ .+0º $-O ( i<! 75 ! -* (+ 21 VH

%' i< C50 E AK0 3# `! qc c ÆE V0 Å+<: :
=i< C50 3# A+Ì v K @OK? ! ! -* Ó< 75 ! -*
.E OK1 q{ ( »K ! 9; Û
01 ^/* Y= S* 3 E'

FC & I
K+ OK -|
,cJ ( 75 $!-* ,- 7 3R
2 2+' EW: .. LMi .K e ( 6 +OZ q# E V0
V! .E K Ö <' 6c+ CUZ 3 . 75 ! -* 6
<' b+%
EW: .K e! O ' i< 3# h7 jlp – yp !
V,
. ! © "&D ! -* V,c ÆK+&7! V&: 6 c 2+# ! -
@D O Å+<: ° 2Z Z 6 2 2+' VY: v¨ 6 2 @<c
%# : ) E K O ( O : i< C50 3# qc c .E (
b+ ( W' +M 2+' G<M (50 3# 9c -
z<: H0 ¯+!
: 1 $ .E OK1 q{ ( 9; ! -* V0 Gc : .75 ! -*
3# 6 2 2+' K M # ! -* V0 Z 6 c 2+' K F
4R
.=: ¢ V<71 Z E Z V0 K @OK? 3# O Lc : 8Z .E
.75 ! -* V0 Z Gi7 3# 8" !
: 8 #
v1) E V0 3# 6 2 2+' V&: 8 #
#1
) 75 ! -* V0 Z 6 c 2+' c .( 6 O2 4
: ' MM® .K+&7! E +N Z v¨: (K+&7! V&:
q# .E
1 q& Äc +i! E V0 K+ OK -| kj
.=: C 2 K V:
.= C 2 t +: VM v !+ 1 Á¡ ;_ +N kl
.TK* C 2 ! + VM! \+#*! !HB H+c VM: kr
‫ا ا ا
دا ا
ت ا‬
k: @ # (fK* 6# e) a V# h1 3#
. K+ OK kj
. ! + kl
. fB x kr
. !+ 1 Á¡ ;_ - ks
.( 6}
U =a !+) Ke ¸ a! kw
. fK* ! + ky
. D +H kn
: K+
k: ( K+ CM- T+ 7K <:
4W
<78 q# . GOK0 E V0 3# K+ VM! ac &
< ; kj
5
" E V0 U O* 3# KU K+ "K &Y F% 3#

+7 q# @OK? e 3# K+i E VM! &
< ; kl
. C! 8" 1 K+ t 3# Q
: K+
EF ( 6 &J = V0 ª hi 3R 0' V# 21 K+
. F 3# "^ "K F $%: G<-
: 6# ^W K #1 ( &J = K+2 =OK ( hi <
! 2 ( & z!K
1 LMi T 7* @D6 C UJ C H EF : kj
. H0 =7# ( : =:
.( .... &F* .v+>? & Z) T =%' "&D5# C UJ VO kl
. Co2 =& F fB F VW# & &D5# ^ C 2*
$ kr
. $7# ^ & 1 \+#*
3
3R 2 # hO +! 1 - 7 / # : K+ OK 5%H8! UM
K M' K+ OK Ê: +W1 1 &O ! - x 1 K M# 3
^ 6M+
: K08 M'! 6
^ 3R .+!1 hO - VM-
degree Celsius C a# OK •

degree Fehernheit F E+6c OK •
degree Kelvin K 3< OK •
"- " &! Heat ³! 6
^ 3R Calaries (cal). British
thermal Units BTU, Or Joulas J.
w
rl+ × =b × (rl – b) = Ú
w
4a
: K+ CM- T+
k: 6I1 ^W K #1 ( K+ CM- T+ 7K <:
. ac &
< N kj
. &
< N kl
k: @ DK T+ q!K! K+ VM:
9xB kjRadiation :
F 9xB C .>< ( VM: #+6 =O # Vx (
. z%7 v1 q# G#5# +m K+2
C i: Ý% C50 c @&Y 9xB q# "K K+ $: &J = c
E V0 ac O* c V!M'! = !+ 6#5#
K+2 F
(+& EN) O ' x1 K H ( AK? 9xB! K+ 6# L%:
. E AK0 V0 K+ =OK ( TKc 46# ' "K 5 "
k: @ &c 3# <

3© K F ! @&Y 9xB 3# <78 : K v e ( .1
+& EN x <' ^ % V>< .7' t|8 h&U K0!
. "K 5 E V0 ª ´<25
3i @&Y 9xÎ E %_ ;<F À<2 &Y' K e ( .
C! 8" 1 ' K+ 3# Q +& Ei x "<# % 1
.
<# ^_ E %_ 1 V><c 5 " VD' . "K C ' e ( .A
K+ OK qcK ( 5 " x* t 3# <78 3R 2 +& EN x
:
U ac O E V0
AO PVC . <' ^_ +# rlw
. ^ ! . µ5O cPVC . < VF +# nw
4g
VH kl Transmission:
.K! /+01 ac %M 3# VH u7 C50 VH ! K+ VM:
+ krInfiltration :
GcW VM- G:K+2 q<:+c 4+i' ' 1 qY# z%7 3# K+ VM:
. qY' u7 3# K+2 Y +!1 # 1 G® Vi
* 4+i
.&J = ( ac T+ 6
: K+ CM- H0 @ t
µ-8 ks Reflection :
. MU' - ' z%7* 3# K+ : k > 2 ( &k
: OO = K+2

21 10 K+2 OK ! ! U V0 =: $_1 &:
VU F 6 .r ! + @OK? u7 ! U V0 K+ OK ! T+<
M' ! U K+2 OK VU: F .¹M * ( 5 1 15 &Y' * (
. 45 ¢
kK L' ( 1 Y h7 # ( "H U0 k ! U V0 = ¸ +¡c
( ! U V0 ½ K C U® ! # =c50 = O Mc ! U ( F m
. -e D ' ( C UJ ! %7 D '
. "! U K+2 OK" VW¹ 2 K+2 OK O : 8
: Gc +¡¨' V# ! U V0 vK+ ;

. q' v+ ,- .j
. 6 ,- .l
Dk
. K+ > G<- OK ! U %_ 9 - .r
.ac VD7 ! 6 ^ U ( @&Y 9xB .s
: =: ¸
+¡¨' a V#
: ³³U
#;5 D & »' qU' : @D > VW& &
° >
= &
CO2 + H2O + >

C6H12O6 +
O2
VcK
: K #*! =: +¡:

. fB x . D > +< C . fB
-
: D > O ' C kj

1 K Mm =O ' i #+6 =O # ( > ^
)=&O 3
K
photons. (
+&# wppp – lp ! \K* z%7 VU: #+6 =O ' C
. (D+' ^_ . D+') x* 3#
- @&Y % 3&>
C – > 9 - $ (- ') <' =O ' C 1 ! > 9 - 2- 3#
b+% ( ÛM x* 3# V Q¸ 2 @D > VW& ( "&6# "K – O '
npp – ywp +[* T % ( % x* – +&# spp – rwp) TK;*
F% K U# : x* 3# 9 -* t6c .E75!K %7 ! +&#
<: 1 +>? D > x* : =: 1 2 ( @D > VW& ( @D+
. ? VW# VHJ K! ! =-Z ( "&6# "K +& x* $:
D
C 1 @ TK;* +[* > M%# ( ° Ã @D > & C #
1
&
( 77* VcK H 3# ±U# UF1
° Ã =O '
. @D >
. K;*
+¡¨ D > O ' C ">1
. 8 1 + 7 =: E- Z # N

: +& x*
H O \+c! (P) phytochrome . :K H
I 21Pr +& x* ±U#! M: Pf r +& EN x* ±U#! M:

%Y-1)
(O c
ÛM K6 =:- +&# yyp +[ x1 ÛM K6 =:-
+>0 M: Pf r Pr K; 6:
V % K6 =:- +&# nrp +& EN x1 K6 =:-
V %
K; 6: +>0 M:
5, (
: (K;* #+) '

=<H Gc # : K; 7' f* +< = \+:
h7 6
L1 #+ Florigen 2 &7+' L' TK* 3# VM:
. +; = ¸ +>? & V N ( ^¡:
D > +< ^¡: photoperiod:

&
^¡ `! =: \+: > &
^¡ kj
C ( U ( +W1
C UJ C UJ & 6}
( "+M:
7 jn K6) &Y
D
VW# photoperiodism @D > EF) =: K %: ¸
+x' ^¡ kl
UM $ ( K % & =&
3# =-K CU!* K;* 3 :
. K;*
^¡: D > +< ^¡:
: D > +< 6!7 $2 =: hM:
V C ; Z + : Short – Day ÛM K6 =:- .1
QM E- C < VW# # 2
. (ÛF K)
V % K6 =:- .Long – Day # 2
V C +UF Z + :
Ó- +7 . - &! (V K)
® =:- .A Day – neutral . h&% D > +<! K;1 ( +¡: 8
. #
. 3# Ec \+ b50! D > +< C R
fB x kr Light intensity :
K+&78 F – jlpp – pp 3# fB x Ò1 " 2 =: AN
3# <' TK* z%71
fB x q; : Ì ¸ . @D > VW& &
. ( TK* qF # .´ M ; $2) =

.(@D > qY %M-) # 2 fB x ! @D > VW& &
:
: : 2 . V# ! fB x +¡:
. %M +F G
. 78 u0 +F kj
. ! ' O* ( G
.ce iU O* ( kl
. +i z%7 3# +M! G
.<:+' 3#* ( kr
.x G
"<H ks
. "2H 1 # G
^6, EF kw
fB 7 $2 =: hM:

. V# &Y f ( 3R# 321 &: : > =:- kj
D-
. +>? VH® h,# VW#
f 3# % jp ` 2 Å: fZ x ( 3R # 321 &: : V, =:- kl
=:- 3# ^
VW# &Y
: fB x =^¡:
. C UJ @D > K C #
^¡ kj
. » C #
^¡ kl
. ' ( 1 hD_ O ( VY +OZ V><
. TK @Ã+Y $+
^¡
. # 50 +>0 = 75! ª 5? 3# rkl : > x
. 7 2
+&W 1 +>? = & &Y i<! !HB -#Z ks
:=;
O+ ;_ =; h1 3# KË a
# =;_ 3#
be ( D+ ; = +: ^_ !+ 1 Á¡ *
. @%
+ ;
'! O v a# -
nppp n, N2 O+-
spp lp,s O2 1
rpp p,ps A OK1
rpp p,pr CO2 !+ 1 Á¡
jpp p,pj
# =;_
D4
: I*
: O+
& . ;5! : ( @77* $+' v $+: ( O+ V0
! ( \[* ! – 1 VcK =R -B $+: ( V0
. v+>? & ;
O+ qY =- #+
: *
=D < C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O +
E
: !+ 1 Á¡

;_ CO2 * !+ 3# V 2 K U' v e
=:CO2 .@D > =
CO2 + H2O + E >

C6H12O6 +
O2
VcK
- :CO2 & c 3# h_+! % p,r ><# - e! CO2
# np ¢ =: 6# V&: 3 ! ypp i! K M: v e b5! O '
. " 7 3
-CO2. =D <: > ' T+2 - !¡ e
; 3# =: <:CO2 " ® +0º V#
zU 1 =! U O ( "
H
. K+ OK 1 fB x VW# &
- ( hiCO2: E (
DD
=&
( G567 - ; +: VM M' &J = (
C # 1 O F ^ OK ! @D > &
C # VM: v¨ © . @D >
O jyp ; +: \<Ç
%wp VU C m QM F @D >
. (%p,jy) '!
3# ; +: ;
%wp K Mm & : Mc

+: ; ^¡: q>Ì ( '! O jppp) %p,j %p,r %CO2
J V# -M @D >
Law of Limiting Factor klj Vx
.ry
;! 6c / | =8CO2

¼<i) M# : &J = 35 \+
u0 ß ' K L' kj
C57 v¨: © (K+ OK CO2. @D > ( E V0 O '
. @D > VW& ( 6# <78 R 8 K6 =
7 C50 kl
. K+ =OK \<Ç
kr
: ; 3# E A2

+¡¨' V#
. E ª ^:
+ .j
.
7 V +# Gc ^ @OO E u7 ' (
l j

7 V +# . L hJ @75 u7 ' (
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: ; cfZ M+ .l
( Mc E K+ "+M: # G:K+2 : <- K H ( b>' ;
. =! %J M%'
: ; =: <7
+7 kr
M<' & +: . fB x K+ OK P & h2 $2
.
7 / c / VK jw k +<H 3#
. > ' VN MF =D <: ks

K ( ´ >' ¯M =8! 7
° Ã &
;_ KU#CO2: &J = ( '

: 1 $ cK Propan ! ;_ VW# =F+J 9 -1 ! kj
. ª E 3# - O "+,- M 3#
OK
;_ +W* ;_ G
» : ^ T+28 * "#: T+28 1 $CO
. ( +c : = : T+2 -Î 7 ÁW =:! Kf I5
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. VD CO2 ;_ +: kr
. V#
; +: ;
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;! VHJ ! !7CO2
: h&% kj
»>! + K&U h2 C UJ : + ;
3 CO2 +: O !7 ° K+f E fB
. " ® 5
" #
E- K+
: K? kl
+c : ´+Y! &J = ( CO2 +: K? =:- $:
. 7' K+ fB
. @ +' C UJ ce ' Ñ;* q+< & ;
: ? kr
k: v¨: @% + bH1 ykr ; +: ; 1 O
<- ( (fZ C U®
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. ce ' - ; kr
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+7
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@<c <' & V2+# C UJ 9 - $2 ! % = A2 F
V2+' q# -KM'! "
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+c ac +c : / # !+ # ' > '
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Mist System Shading
. 6 c - T5_Z ks
: ! + VM: T+
. ! + q&|
&> V C50 +' C&7 kj
. 6 =# ; kl
! +! ` &i kr Humidistat Humidifier
! + # ! + h,#
+>? =5x A-Z Vegrtable Transplanting

: '
C U ! 3R 2 VY +>? VHJ 3# ^W AN
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6# > 7 f+' =!HB 3# ? h =: =!-Z .l
.
. <:+' tK71 3# <78 +' A-B .r
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VY V&i: =: .1 . =U ? h&%
V&i %7 # =:- . . VU VMM ²
VY V&i: 8 =: .A . =
+M = M
"+# 6
K ><' T<-B 1 75 = EN =5Y A-Z h
&J
K M: .75 = 1 T<-8 EN 6
K c Y' \K* (
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K 1 &® =
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M+ hD5' U e K K0
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. ^c .^¡ . ! +%< = ' W#1
Rk
MM' K +: 1 : V® 1 (30 – lw) Äc # ( #1 K qM: .‫ب‬
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= ® b5 2
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=# (
K kAPeat mos pot q+ A-B Á1 1 Speedling
tray FK QH* 3# 2 1 Bandolier System .
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K k Siffy – 7.
: =5Y vK A-B

& =5Y 3# ^
1 A-Z 3R e b+, =-#B +c :
+>? =5x 3# 5' =a# ! e =8 »: 2 i' =8 (

F q!+ ! ( e b+, 3N +m &Y =8 (
K <U
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# ^ =+Y E6|
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K; -Z 1 rpp – jpp KM #
K;
R
: &J = ( # ?
K =&
: \K*
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c Y'
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K \K*
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. &J
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+ h b 7
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k: ´M
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.
K ´ %0 #FZ VF °+ !
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1 =
K ! " 7 :+# 1 +# !+ hM: #Z vK+> 3#
> ]* VW#
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C 1
. =8% LU =: ¸
1
b+, EN 625H / # .ª h: =& < ( hM T+ §
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k: @ # <' hM T+ 3#
@&Y 9xB! (+) hM .1 Solar Pasteurization of Sun @F
. K e = L'
yks ' c<x 75! zD+Y! %: 6c<O ! '! " O /+: \K* °+N
. q!71
v¨ +&' ¯DY =c ! 3# Q M+% tª 3R
. K>? 3# C UJ ;
K! hM . Steam
. &J = ( "KY- T+% +W1 3#
R-
3M h) 85k p K+ OK VU: 2 MF rp ' K! !+ LMN
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. »D V>c1
,ci&
.=+%c) f+&' =D ¯DY K! 3# Q M+% t v¨:
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M!B 3R .=+Y (=7^c . :&c . +!
. MF rp ' 70kyp K+2
hM V><
: = '! hM kA
# >! hM .j FormalNehyde u· hM C J :
. 6| ! VM !+: hM: =: ¸
1 !+
VW' #+! ³! hM klMetly Bromide uf EN D7 2 (
. 6&M: +' =* 1 !+ 75! h+0
VM ^H =
(

K; 3R : VF # 1 ' %_ !+ ´ · 4+ #' !
. O 6 3# 1 r ! K
3R 2 %! ! +!K ! uÌ iD+ ½
& x ;_
. G!+: 2 ( ; iDK
=+Y + =+%< h,# :& ¯DY K! VF hM v¨
. !+ ( O :
: /+01 = # kr
+!K Chloropocrin
7 Sistan
c Vapqm
: v+ ks
R4
v+ 3 &J =
K ( "
x v+ T+ +W1 uM! v+
K) $>! mist 1 VM-
H0 ! + qcK K+ %! ( < (
#Z v+ c QH1 ( # =: 2 ( ! U W 2 =5x
K;
2 @i% EN v+ M+ q: F 2
QH1 V ( uM! 1 È+!
( .z%' v+ M+ q: F .+Y H?! =: ' VU
l V # + y C m =:
¯% K ! =+6 & v+ +OZ t
M# =- 0 Y-Z
K ´ · 3# "M&
h7w V
K <# z%7 3#
. v+ \+_* +!
: & kw
uM! v+ # q# =: VU: !# K H ( #Z ]* b>: F
F 1 @i% v+ 2 ( cO K H ( b>: F 1 .(#+ @fK* ( H0)
. È+! & M+ q:
K <7 < ]* b>: . & O / # N ( : ]* VN <:
3# i% M% ( %§ C UJ =O2 $2
K \K* 6| ¡1
u0 3
h7jw ` 2 : h7 jp ` 2 L

´ %0 ( b>: 1 !+
/ # C UJ 9 - $2 7: 3# 7' =& b>: & .
K
A-Z
C U &> v -W & +OZ $ cfB!. G O
` 2 ! .(K&W ¸ . M) = 2 3# # V2+' ( H0 q<:+#
. =: Vx 3# rpklp
=c ic# kyFest Control :

.@&J E 1 ^_ =c ic# ( # 7* <- q: # "_
( # T+ 9: $O 3# V| K #1 2' 2 O-B < ;
k: @# T+% t 3# .&J = ( ic'
RD
01 K H ( = # C&7 k1Smokes t+Ë1 1 aerosol :
$2 ic' EF : $ .$ +Y =c
>M :
e ( 1 r 3
: 8 F / ' 3 1 nkw ` 2 Å: $ +Y 2 K
\<Ç q# +Y 2 K C %: .> !! +[* = ( & K
. K+
: #M' C H1
h%! =c ic# k
1 !+ =cº ! #M# ^_ 6 O-B
K| bH1 +c :
7 h6' 3# zU: G-c # iU

= ' 7 +%0 +W #
. 6
K 9 #* h% #M# C H1
! ( ) !+ !K1 C ( K? h&% q# M+% t E# 7
. (#M# bH1
K; ">1)
: MH8 =+Yi !O - # =2 C&7 kA

> !! : 5 " W&c ^_
* ! =+Y ! V><:
. "^W # .iO- M+ t . MH5 +? VH® A-Z

C U 3R . ! 6
K; 3R +>? VH® 3,# 4
# VHJ : h1 3# .&J =
K O : 7! 6# O v# D
k: @
. ? . +< . ² . V<< . K? . h&%
RR
:h&%
: &J = bH1 ( +c : $O ´+Y
. (2' 2 ( A-B : <?) O-B .j
.+ U / J T 7* ( 6' / M' e
.l
. (71+ !+ ) . & ® ^_ : 1 .r
&J =
K ( +Y' # \+#* #M# ^_ 1 .s
@#K; < C ! . Ke M: :&- VW# A-B
+¡¨'
. TMV 0 K ¯c: µ^c
= ) ' L' ( x ><' K+ =OK ( M -#Z .w
. c ' = ( F% ^c : (c # ^
: &J =
K ( h&% bH1 h1 3#
[ #+ – # – # – #]
:
K
# . a =O28
."K 23kj . 5 " 18kjw h&% =- & $7' vK+ C}
. "K rpkl 5 " jwkjr < M & $7' vK+ C}
=:- Vx ä Z . VY 3# "# np ¢ ! $7' C UJ
C U h
2) +! 1 – 3# ' C50 C UJ +c . - – V+!Z C50 h&%
C50 VY ä Z ("<H K+ x L' ( c Y' C M 3# A-B
+<) # – µK# 3# ' C50 C UJ ^c : v¨ 6c . +c – &
. "x K L' ( c Y' C M 3# A-B 6c VM:
:
K
RW
9K : ljppp
K @<: =5x A-B K ! hO jj,w ¸
FK
( 1 ª H0 -0 ( K! VSpeedling trays , puperots
. 3&W 9<:K 2 3 bH* ( H0
´ %0 ( 9K : K
K; 3# "# rp,lw ! =: VY: <<? \K* (
l ¢
K cW 1 v1 . =: ! h7 ypkwp . ´ %? ! h7p =cm
.l/=- l,w –
: hM !+
=: u!+: 2 T7
"x# = å+ 2 71+ !+ ,- q
!Y# ( =: u:+: .
K ´ %0
1 ¹ Mc1 4571 3# : ´ 0 (
-e 9+c* q{ ;Z vK+> 3# +x# TK* T
1 EN qf : H0
. (+ &
)
M N <' = ¸ V2+# ( c fB #: h &
b ¶
.
K&W M
VM (x K L') K+ OK fB x \<Ç q#
t ! M N 3R .M 2 VM-

: + +c :
$!
:6# T+
. ª =; ° 28 ' 3# +! "# :+# =: ÈK kj
. "# :+# 457* kl
. mech Vibrator ^H º 7! + F ÈK kr
Para chluro VW# & =&,# 3# K =^>i 2! K;* ÈK ks
. Acetic Aid phenvxy
v+ M kw
K? Cucumber
Ra
: F . 6O-8 "+,- &J =
K ( bH* "_ V&:
"<1 E!"
& 3# ÛF KÙ 1 KÙ = bH* "Beit Aipha"
&: &J
K ( # ' bH* $_1 . ! _+' 6 e h% =
M
KF 1 .FK / +; skl C m . uMc W# "K;1 V&N !
(zM O `
C U®) v+
:&J = ( K? bH1 h1 3#
% K&W = 3# EK .K -7
ÛM K&W = 3# . 7# . V!K1
: a =O28
=OK V>c1 30klw =: ¸ K =-8 Äc O K
3# EF v1 ( K?
K; 3R "K lsklj . 5 " 20kj P & K+
. $7' vK+ C} ^c : 3#1 Z &J = (
:
K
( H0) =5Y A-B 1 (Äc e () E ( +x#
K 3R

K @<: =5x A-B K! lppklspp ` 2 .(K e
.l ` 2 9<:K! ´ ?
"71K K? =:- å+: .ljppp
: K?
bH* t : F . 6O-B "+,- bH* "_ V&:
<1 E!
& 3# ÛM K&W = 1 % K&W = 3#Beic Alpha
! &: &J
K # ' bH* $_1 .! _+' 6 e h% =
K&W v+ M
KF 1 FK /K;1 skl C m .uMc W-¨# "K;1 V&N
. zM: O2 `
` U®)
: bH* h1 3#
Rg
KÙ EK . K -7
ÛF KÙ 7# .V!K1 K
:
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K+? =OK V>c1 30klw =: ¸ K =-B Äc e
3# EF v1 ( K>?
K; 3R . "K lsklj 5 " lpkj P &
3# +< C50
K V><: .$7' vK+ C} ^c : 3#1 Z ' = (
(&7 – #) "<H <:+' K+ =+c ( A-B 3i 2 – V+!Z
. c Y' C M ( K? A-Z /+ 2
:
K
=5Y A-Z 3R 1 (Äc e () E \K1 ( +x#
K 3R
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u? ( =: ! h7pkp ´ %? ! c' + .ljppp
K
. l/ =- r,w – l,w !
K cW : h7swkrw
: hM !+
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K&W #5# q' \K* z%7 3# h7 sw 9<:K 2 W-¨' K;* -e

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: K&W M
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50 ^c : .K- . v+ M
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50 ^c : . K- . v+ M
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KF ^_ .uMc W-¨# "K;1 » v 9 3# U 1 .l
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. & =8 # QM- .w
. 7' K U! hM +OZ
.y
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:
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.
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. &<. : < 01 5@B fP : A1
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w) Y= ^} (5@A B) 01 S Y* : R
01 S I6 &6+ | Y*. KPf R , (5@A Y* " Y= ^}<
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q< Y= S* " &, >C w(% KPf 5@A' x= ^} ' : G
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K'@ % ~z Z9 = )Sf~ " <P *. ,* [B<
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