INDTT/SPEC/RTIL IIN/2 1.1 Weld type to be tested ) Circumferential butt joint in piles , process piping , jacket legs and other tubulars. b) Longitudinal butt welds in base for piles and legs and wherever required. ©) Plate to plate butt welds 4) Web to web butts in case of splices in I beams. 1.2 Material and thickness range. Process piping : Thickness ASTM ~ A106 Grade B Plates 5.0 mm to 25.4 mm 6.0mm to12.0mm — IS: 226 Tubular : 16mm ormore ASTM 436/IS 2062/ API2H 1.3 Code for procedure and inspection Base on AWS D1.1 and ANSI B.31 3 (Process piping) 1.4 Rai tion source 1.4.1 Gamma rays: IR 192 for thickness 6.0 mm to 63.0 mm Co 60 for thickness greater than 63.0 mm The source size shall be lesser than 2 mm square to minimize un-sharpness. 1.4.2 X-rays: Wherever placement and adjustment of x-ray equipment is possible , X-ray at a suitable KV rating shall be used for thinner sections less than 8.0 mm thick.1.5 Film selection . Radiographs shall be made using a suitable film ,so that the minimum radiographic quality required is obtained . The selection is to be based upon the type of source used and the material thickness . General guideline for selection of film is given below Material Radiation Film Trade name/ Brand Thickness Source Speed name available commercially < 12mm X-ray 120KV High Agfa Gevert DIO or equivalent X-ray 150KV Medium D7 or Cronexn NDT 65 or equivalent Gamma ray Low D4 or Cronex NDT 55 or equivalent 12 to25mm X-ray High D7, NDT 65 or equivalent Medium D4, NDT 55 or equivalent Gamma-ray Medium D7, NDT 65 or equivalent > 25mm Gamma-ray Medium D7, NDT 65 or equivalent. 1.6 Techniques 1.6.1 Panoramic Circumferential butt weld in tubular > 10” shall be allowed to be radiographed by this technique whenever possible .In this technique the radiographic source is kept in the center of the tubular . The entire weld length shall be divided in to equal segments depending upon the standard size of film cassette or “ READY-PACK * available.Film shall be adjusted to have at least 1” overlap on each side. In a full panoramic exposure at least 3 penetrameters shall be used . spaced at roughly 1/3 of the circumference apart. In case the panoramic exposure does not cover the entire weld , then at least one penetrameter shall be used for each quadrant of weld being radiograph. Penetrameter shall be placed on the side nearest to the source ( whenever possible ) 1.6.1.2 b) Directional Exposure This technique is applied for longitudinal butt welds in plates , It involves radiographing a certain length of weld at one time directing the penetrating radiation toward it . This may be done with collimator wherever possible to minimize interference by scattered radiation . This also reduces the physiological risk to the operatives involved in radiography. ‘The length of the film exposed in any single exposure thus , depends upon distance (S.F.D. ) and standard cassette film lengths/ cassettes available. ‘The basic idea is that the distance transversed by the penetrating radiation through the medium being subjected to radiography at the edge of the segment should not be greater than 1.1 times that at the center of the segment. ‘Two penetrameter shall be used one at cach end of the exposed length of the film placed to the side nearest to the source of radiation . Normal $.F.D. for 25 mm thick plate and 300 mm of length is 350 mm. 1.6.2.1 b) Double wall exposure-Single image viewing This technique may be followed for tubular with outside diameter greater than 2 ‘4 (75 mm ). The radiographic examination shall be done by viewing single image only . The source shall be located touching outer side of the weld on side opposite to the location of the film. By this method only one image is obtained on the film . The number of exposures required may be as per the chart given belowSize of Tubular Min. number of Exposures (Double Wall ) 2” Sch. 80 2” sch. 160 3” sch. 80 3” sch. 160 or XXS. 4” sch. 40 6” sch. 40 6” sch. 80 , 120 , 160 8° sch. 20 8” sch, 120 10” sch 120 All piping with wall thickness less than or equal to schedule 80 may be radiographed in 3 segments. In any case there shall be at least one penetrameter kept at each end of any individual exposure. In case of 2 “ inside diameter lines , only one penetrameter may be allowed (If DIN type is used ) because of the fact that the area covered by film is very small . For structural joints radiograph may be taken by dividing the joint into 3 equal segments , each to be radiographed with a separate exposure . 1.6.2.2 Double wall - Double image ( Non ~ overlapping image ) Bee ELEY Piping with normal inside diameter 3 “ may be radiographed by this technique . In this technique , The radiation passes through two walls and the weld in both walls is viewed for acceptance in single exposure. The radiation beam shall be offset from the plane of weld at an angle (15° to 20°) sufficient to separate the images of the source side and the film side portion of the weld, so that there is no overlap of the areas to be interpreted. For such radiography the full radiographic inspection may be done in 2 exposure taken 90 degrees apart . 1.6.2.3 Double wall -Double image ( Overlapping image ) This technique may be used as an alternative to 1.6.2.2 In this case the ‘beam is in the same plane as the weld ( i.e. X=0 ). The shadow of the source side weld overlaps that of the film side . When such a technique is used at least 3 exposure shall be made at 60 degrees to each other to cover the full weld joint...2.1 PENETRAMETERS The radiography shall be performed with a technique of sufficient sensitivity to display the penetrameter image and specified hole or wire which are essential indication of image quality . The radiograph shall display the identifying number of the penetrameters. DIN penetrameters should be place with wire covering the weld and the ASME / ASTM should be kept on the parent plate parallel to the weld edge I case the weld width is more than the length of wires and while placing the penetrameter the numbers cover a portion of the weld , the upper portion of the penetameter visible viz" DIN 6-12 FE “may be removed from the penetrameter concerned to avoid interference . However . this may not be done for the lower identification number which indicates the size range (i.g. 6 ISO 12 , 10 ISO 16, ect. ). For single wall exposure , The penetrameter shall be placed on the source side whenever accessible For double wall single image a film a film side penetrameter is to be used For double wall doubl is to be used ‘When the film density of two adjacent regions varies more than - 15 % or + 30 % from the side on which the penetrameter is kept additional penetrameter shall be used in the other region . Thus , the sensitivity in both the regions shall be obtained . age technique a source side penetrameter Select of penetrameter Wherever ASME penetrameter will be used table T-276 of ASME section V will be used as guideline for the selection. Whenever DIN penetrameter are to be used the following, shall apply for the thickness range being inspected Single Wall Thickness , mm % Sensitivity Required <8 3% 8-33 2% 33-50 15% > 50 1% For the lowest range a default in terms of the sensitivity (for gamma radiography ) may be waived or the discretion of the inspector in case the‘weld image appears clear enough . This waiver clause is added after considering the fact that due to the limited radiation spectrum of the radioactive isotope the sensitivity obtained is inherently lower than that by wide range X-ray spectrum . 2.2 Identification numbers Every radiograph shall have unmistakable identification number which shali be unique for the particular job being tested . Such information to be provided should include weld joint numbers , welder’s identification (for quality control purpose ), and should have an indication of sequential number of the radiograph ( so that they may be arranged chronologically ) ‘These may appear as radiographic image on the screen in which case lead numbers and /or letters may be placed between the film cassette and the work piece . If for some reason this is not done ,, then the number may be inscribed on to the film by using sharp edge/ point . In any case the information desired shall not obscure the area of interest which may include the entire weld and at least one centimeter on either edge of the weld . 2.3 Location Marker Location marker shall be used on the specimen for demonstrating that the whole area requiring inspection has been covered . The image of these location marker for the co — ordination of the part with film shall appear on the film without interfering with the interpretation with such an arrangement that it is evident that the complete coverage is obtained . These marker position shall be marked on the part and the position shall be maintained on the part during the radiography . ‘At least two location markers shall be visible on each radiograph to identify the area or part being examined . For consecutive radiographs , one marker must be common to the adjacent radiographs , so that itis evident that requisite coverage has been given .2.4 Radiographic density The transmitted film density at the area of interest shall be ( 1.8 min .) for single film viewing for radiograph taken by X-ray source and ( 2.0 min. ) for radiograph made by gamma ~ ray source . The maximum density shall be 3.0 ( This is subject to the illuminator which is being used ) However the maximum density is able to be viewed shall not to exceed 4.0 . 2.5 Measuring fil density ‘This may be done by (1) Method of comparison (2) Usage of densitometer In (1) the density of the area of interest is matched or compared with that of a density strip (provided by established film manufacturers ) which shows films of different densities In (2) the densitometer is first set to zero at the illuminator intensity at the viewing point . The density reading is read off by keeping the photo cell linked sensor behind the film which is kept on the illuminator . Once the densitometer’s original reading is set the intensity of the light in the illuminator must not be changed . 2.6 Geometric un — sharpness The geometrical un — sharpness shall not exceed 0.5 mm for material thickness up to 2 inches 2.7 Weld preparation Weld surface irregularities shall be removed to such an extent that the resulting radiographic image due to such irregularities cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity . All radiographs shall be free from fogging (In the area of interest ) 2.8 Processing mark Processing defects , water marks , scratches , finger prints , ete . shall be controlled to a minimum and only such film defect which are readily visible on the surface of the film may be condoned2.9 Screens Lead intensifying screens shall be used in direct contact with both sides of the film . These screens shall be at least 0.1mm thick . The front and back sereens may be of the same thickness , But if loss of details due to back scattered radiation is to be avoided a higher thickness back screen is to be used (alternatively lead sheet may be used to cover such back side which are likely to be affected ). In such case the two different screens shall be indicated by printing “ Front and“ Back“ on each respectively . The screens shall be free from wrinkles , dirt, grease and scratches . 3.0 Film processing Manual processing is done with the following : (1) Developing tank (2) Stop bath (3) Fixer (4) Running water tank (5) Wetting agent pan / tank The film is observed under a safe light which will not photographically affect the film while developing is in progress . After visually verifying that the film is adequately developed ( which essentially requires some experience in the field ) which should take normally between 3% and 5% minutes at a temperature 23 to 25 degree centigrade the film is transferred to the stop bath to halt the developing action and later to the fixer , so that the image is fixed . After holding for about 5 minutes it may be kept in running water bath for about 5— 10 minutes then taken out and rinsed under running water . It is then kept in the wetting agent pan or bath to ensure that water will not stick to it while drying Use of film drying cabinet may be done or the use of a roller type dryer in urgent cases .This may be resorted to only if parameters do not change in large volume of work . 4.0 Personnel evaluating the film The personnel employed for interpretation of radiograph shall be certified to at least level II as per ASNT document SNT-TC-1A (1984 ) . They should have adequate knowledge of welding process and welding related defects .5.0 Acceptance criteria 5.1 Crack and lack of fusion =: Not permitted 5.2 Lackof penetration None permitted in process piping for structural members , this, condition may be permitted provided that through thickness density in the questionable area does not exceed the density in the parent plate . 5.3 Linear discontinuities permissible: Thickness Maximum length ‘Cumulative length in area 6 times of single discontinuity length of weld inspected <6mm 2mm 6mm 6 to 28 mm 2,8 thickness 2 thickness >28 mm 19 mm 38 mm ‘The minimum separation required for two discontinuities to be classified as separate shall be equal to twice the largest dimension of the larger of the discontinuities 5.4 Rounded indication Length <3 times the width Thickness | Maximum dimension (Length ) Cumulative length in any 6 times length of weld inspected <6mm 2mm 6mm 6 0.25 mm thickness / 4 thickness > 25 mm 6mm 25 mm The minimum separation required for two rounded indications to be classified as separate shall be the largest dimension of the larger of the two indications.T-275.3 1998 SECTION V T2771 ‘Ao TABLE T-276 1QI SELECTION Tat Source Side Film Side Nominal Single-Wall Material Thickness Hole-Type Wire-Type Hole-Type Wire-Type Range, in. Designation __Essential Wire Designation Essential Wire Up to 0.25, incl. 12 5 10 4 Over 0.25 through 0.375 15, 6 12 5 Over 0.375 through 0.50 Wv 7 15 6 Over 0.50 through 0.75 20 8 Ww 7 Over 0.75 through 1.00 25 9 20 8 Over 1.00 through 1.50 30 10 25 9 Over 1.50 through 2.00 35 n 30 10 Over 2.00 through 2.50 40 12 35 u Over 2.50 through 4.00 50 3 40 12 Over 4.00 through 6.00 60 14 50 3 Over 6.00 through 8.00 80 16. 60 14 Over 8.00 through 10.00 100 vv 80 16 Over 10.00 through 12.00 120 18 100 wv Over 12.00 through 16.00 160 20 120 18 Over 16.00 through 20.00 200 2 160 20GIVEN : A carbon steel (ASTM A-106 Gr. B ) pipe of 10 “ diameter is to be radio graphed for the butt weld inspection . The wall thickness = 15 mm Q.1 What process is to be used ? a) X-ray 150 KV, D7 film ») Gamma-ray , D2 film ©) X-ray , D7 film 4) X-ray , 120 KV, AG D10 film Q.2 Technique should be ? a) Directional b) DWDI c) Panoramic 4) None of the above Q.3 Sensitivity required is? a) 3% b) 2% ) 15% 1% Q.4 The penetrameter should be place on ? a) Source side b) Film side c) Either side 4) One on source side , one on film side Q5 Oneach radiograph at least location marker should be visible ? a) one b) two cc) three 4) four Q.6 The radiographic density should be between ? a) 1803 b) 1.8t04 ©) 2t03 4) 2104 Q.7 The geometric un-sharpness should be ? a) Les than 0.5 mm.b) Up to maximum 0.5 mm ©) Less than 0.2 mm 4) None of the above Q8__ The front and the back screens thickness should be ? a) 0.1 mm front , 0.1 mm back b) 0.1 mm front , 0.2 mm back c) 0.2 mm front , 0.1 mm back 4) 0.1 mm front, any thickness more than 0.1 mm back 9 Onone radiograph following indication were seen , Linear indication A-6mm length B-8mm length C- 10 mm length ‘What can you said about these indication ? a) Accept all b) Reject all ©) Reject C 4) Cannot be decided on the information given Q10 In another radiograph following indication were seen A B C D 3mm 4mm 5mm 2mm Imm Which of these indication shall cause rejection ? a) All of them b) A& Conly c) A,B,C & D only 4) A& Bonly e) AB.&C