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● Anterior tilt occurs
when the pelvis tilts
forward, moving the
ASIS anterior to the
pubic symphysis

● Posterior tilt occurs

when the pelvis tilts
backward, moving the
ASIS posterior to the
pubic symphysis.
● The acetabular labrum is a flexible ring of primary
fibrocartilage that surrounds the outer circumference
(rim) of the acetabulum
● The acetabular labrum provides significant stability to
the hip by “gripping” the femoral head and by
deepening the volume of the socket by approximately
30%.
● Graph shows a computer model’s estimate
of the hip joint compression force as a
multiple of body weight during the gait
cycle.
● The stance phase is between 0% and 60%
of the gait cycle, and the swing phase is
between 60% and 100% of the gait cycle
(vertical stippled line separates these
major divisions of the gait cycle).
● The images above the graph indicate the
approximate area of acetabular contact at
three selected magnitudes of hip joint
force, estimated by data published in the
literature.
● The area of joint contact increases from
about 20% of the lunate surface during the
swing phase to about 98% during mid
stance phase.
● Femoral-on-pelvic and
pelvic-on-femoral rotations occur
in three planes.
● The axis of rotation for each plane
of movement is shown as a
colored dot, located at the center
of the femoral head.
● A, Side view shows sagittal plane
rotations around a medial-lateral
axis of rotation.
● B, Front view shows frontal plane
rotations around an
anterior-posterior axis of rotation.
● C, Top view shows horizontal
plane rotations around a
longitudinal, or vertical, axis of
rotation.
Hip Flexion
● On average, with the knee
flexed, the hip flexes to
about 120 degrees
● With the knee fully
extended,
hip flexion is typically limited
to 70 to 80 degrees by
increased tension in the
hamstring muscles.
Hip Extension
● The hip normally extends
about 20 degrees beyond
the neutral position
● When the knee is fully
flexed during hip extension,
passive tension in the
stretched rectus femoris,
reduces hip extension to
about the neutral position.
Hip Abduction
● The hip abducts on
average about 40
degrees
● Limited primarily by the
pubofemoral ligament
and the adductor
muscles
Hip Adduction
● The hip adducts about
25 degrees beyond the
neutral position.
The magnitude of internal
and external rotation of the
hip is particularly variable
among subjects.

Hip Internal Rotation

● On average, the hip
internally rotates about
35 degrees from the
neutral position
Hip External Rotation
● The extended hip
externally rotates on
average about 45
degrees.
● The direction of the
tilt either anterior or
posterior is based on
the direction of
rotation of a point on
the iliac crest.
● While sitting with 90
degrees of hip
flexion, the normal
adult can perform
about 30 degrees
● The hips can be
extended about 10
to 20 degrees from
the 90-degree sitting
posture via a
posterior tilt of the
pelvis.
● Pelvic-on-femoral
rotation in the frontal
and horizontal
planes is best
described assuming
a person is standing
on one limb.
● The weight-bearing
extremity is referred
to as the support
hip.
● Pelvic-on-femoral hip
abduction is
restricted to about 30
degrees
● Pelvic-on-femoral
rotation occurs in the
horizontal plane about a
longitudinal axis of
rotation
● Internal rotation of the
support hip occurs as
the iliac crest on the
side of the nonsupport
hip rotates forward in
the horizontal plane.
● During external rotation,
in contrast, the iliac
crest on the side of the
nonsupport hip rotates
backward in the
horizontal plane.
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● Hip motion is essential to many daily activities, including rising from a chair or
toilet, picking up something from the floor, walking, and climbing stairs.
● Normal walking utilizes approximately 20–30º of flexion, reaching a maximum at
about initial contact.
● Stair climbing utilizes more, approximately 45–65º and slightly less for stair
descent.
● Rising from a chair typically requires more than 100º of hip flexion, usually less
than the amount of flexion used when bending to tie a shoe or squatting to pick
up something from the floor
● Reduced hip motion may be an early indicator of disease or trauma, either at
the hip or elsewhere in the body.
● Limited hip motion can impose significant functional limitations in activities.
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