&835,16

ϭ͘Dh>f/D/

ϭ͘ϭ͘ĞƐĐƌŝĞƌĞ͘EŽƚĂƜŝŝ͘ZĞƉƌĞnjĞŶƚĉƌŝ͘ZĞůĂԑŝĂĚŝŶƚƌĞƵŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƕŝŽŵƵůƜŝŵĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϴ
ϭ͘ϮZĞůĂƜŝŝŠŶƚƌĞŵƵůƜŝŵŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭ
ϭ͘ϯ͘DƵůƜŝŵŝĨŝŶŝƚĞ͘DƵůƜŝŵŝŝŶĨŝŶŝƚĞ͘DƵůƜŝŵĞĂŶƵŵĞƌĞůŽƌŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϰ
ϭ͘ϰ͘KƉĞƌĂԑŝŝĐƵŵƵůԑŝŵŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϲ
ϭ͘ϱ͘ĞƐĐŽŵƉƵŶĞƌĞĂŶƵŵĞƌĞůŽƌŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŠŶƉƌŽĚƵƐĚĞƉƵƚĞƌŝĚĞŶƵŵĞƌĞƉƌŝŵĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϵ
ϭ͘ϲ͘ĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƌĞĂĐĞůƵŝŵĂŝŵĂƌĞĚŝǀŝnjŽƌĐŽŵƵŶƔŝĂĐĞůƵŝŵĂŝŵŝĐŵƵůƚŝƉůƵĐŽŵƵŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϮϮ
ϭ͘ϳ͘WƌŽƉƌŝĞƚĉԑŝĂůĞĚŝǀŝnjŝďŝůŝƚĉƜŝŝŠŶŵƵůƜŝŵĞĂŶƵŵĞƌĞůŽƌŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϲ

Ϯ͘ZWKZdc/WZKWKZf//

Ϯ͘ϭ͘ZĂƉŽĂƌƚĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϮ
Ϯ͘Ϯ͘WƌŽƉŽƌƜŝŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϳ
Ϯ͘ϯ͘cŝƌĚĞƌĂƉŽĂƌƚĞĞŐĂůĞ͘DĉƌŝŵŝƉƌŽƉŽƌƜŝŽŶĂůĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϭ
Ϯ͘ϰ͘ZĞŐƵůĂĚĞƚƌĞŝƐŝŵƉůĉ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϳ
Ϯ͘ϱ͘ůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƌĞĂĚĂƚĞůŽƌ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϬ
Ϯ͘ϲ͘ZĞƉƌĞnjĞŶƚĂƌĞĂĚĂƚĞůŽƌĐƵĂũƵƚŽƌƵůƵŶŽƌƐŽĨƚƵƌŝŵĂƚĞŵĂƚŝĐĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϯ
Ϯ͘ϳ͘WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚĉԑŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϱ

ϯ͘Dh>f/DEhDZ>KZ2EdZ'/

ϯ͘ϭ͘DƵůƜŝŵĞĂŶƵŵĞƌĞůŽƌŠŶƚƌĞŐŝ͘
KƉƵƐƵůƵŶƵŝŶƵŵĉƌŠŶƚƌĞŐ͘ZĞƉƌĞnjĞŶƚĂƌĞ͕ĐŽŵƉĂƌĂƌĞƕŝŽƌĚŽŶĂƌĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϲϮ
ϯ͘Ϯ͘ĚƵŶĂƌĞĂƕŝƐĐĉĚĞƌĞĂŶƵŵĞƌĞůŽƌŠŶƚƌĞŐŝ͘WƌŽƉƌŝĞƚĉƜŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϲϴ
ϯ͘ϯ͘2ŶŵƵůƜŝƌĞĂŶƵŵĞƌĞůŽƌŠŶƚƌĞŐŝ͘WƌŽƉƌŝĞƚĉƜŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϳϰ
ϯ͘ϰ͘2ŵƉĉƌƜŝƌĞĂŶƵŵĞƌĞůŽƌŠŶƚƌĞŐŝ͕ĐąŶĚĚĞŠŵƉĉƌƜŝƚƵůĞƐƚĞŵƵůƚŝƉůƵĂůŠŵƉĉƌƜŝƚŽƌƵůƵŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϳϴ
ϯ͘ϱ͘WƵƚĞƌĞĂĐƵĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚŶĂƚƵƌĂůĂƵŶƵŝŶƵŵĉƌŠŶƚƌĞŐŶĞŶƵů͘ZĞŐƵůŝĚĞĐĂůĐƵůĐƵƉƵƚĞƌŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϴϭ
ϯ͘ϲ͘KƌĚŝŶĞĂĞĨĞĐƚƵĉƌŝŝŽƉĞƌĂƜŝŝůŽƌƕŝĨŽůŽƐŝƌĞĂƉĂƌĂŶƚĞnjĞůŽƌ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϴϱ
ϯ͘ϳ͘ĐƵĂԑŝŝŠŶŵƵůƜŝŵĞĂŶƵŵĞƌĞůŽƌŠŶƚƌĞŐŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϴϳ
ϯ͘ϴ͘/ŶĞĐƵĂԑŝŝŠŶŵƵůƜŝŵĞĂŶƵŵĞƌĞůŽƌŠŶƚƌĞŐŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϵϬ
ϯ͘ϵ͘WƌŽďůĞŵĞĐĂƌĞƐĞƌĞnjŽůǀĉĐƵĂũƵƚŽƌƵůĞĐƵĂƜŝŝůŽƌƕŝŝŶĞĐƵĂƜŝŝůŽƌ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϵϯ

ϰ͘Dh>f/DEhDZ>KZZf/KE>

ϰ͘ϭ͘EŽƜŝƵŶŝƌĞĐĂƉŝƚƵůĂƚŝǀĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϵϴ
ϰ͘Ϯ͘EƵŵĉƌƌĂԑŝŽŶĂů͘DƵůƜŝŵĞĂŶƵŵĞƌĞůŽƌƌĂƜŝŽŶĂůĞ͘&ŽƌŵĞĚĞƐĐƌŝĞƌĞĂŶƵŵĞƌĞůŽƌƌĂƜŝŽŶĂůĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϬϬ
ϰ͘ϯ͘ZĞƉƌĞnjĞŶƚĂƌĞĂŶƵŵĞƌĞůŽƌƌĂԑŝŽŶĂůĞƉĞĂdžĂŶƵŵĞƌĞůŽƌ͘
KƉƵƐƵůƕŝŵŽĚƵůƵůƵŶƵŝŶƵŵĉƌƌĂƜŝŽŶĂů͘ŽŵƉĂƌĂƌĞĂƕŝŽƌĚŽŶĂƌĞĂŶƵŵĞƌĞůŽƌƌĂƜŝŽŶĂůĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϬϰ

ϯ



ϰ͘ϰ͘ĚƵŶĂƌĞĂƕŝƐĐĉĚĞƌĞĂŶƵŵĞƌĞůŽƌƌĂԑŝŽŶĂůĞ͘WƌŽƉƌŝĞƚĉƜŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϬϴ
ϰ͘ϱ͘2ŶŵƵůԑŝƌĞĂƕŝŠŵƉĉƌԑŝƌĞĂŶƵŵĞƌĞůŽƌƌĂԑŝŽŶĂůĞ͘WƌŽƉƌŝĞƚĉƜŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭϱ
ϰ͘ϲ͘WƵƚĞƌĞĂĐƵĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƚŶƵŵĉƌŠŶƚƌĞŐĂƵŶƵŝŶƵŵĉƌƌĂԑŝŽŶĂůŶĞŶƵů͘
ZĞŐƵůŝĚĞĐĂůĐƵůĐƵƉƵƚĞƌŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϮϭ
ϰ͘ϳ͘KƌĚŝŶĞĂĞĨĞĐƚƵĉƌŝŝŽƉĞƌĂԑŝŝůŽƌƔŝĨŽůŽƐŝƌĞĂƉĂƌĂŶƚĞnjĞůŽƌ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϮϱ
ϰ͘ϴ͘ĐƵĂƜŝŝ͘WƌŽďůĞŵĞĐĂƌĞƐĞƌĞnjŽůǀĉĐƵĂũƵƚŽƌƵůĞĐƵĂƜŝŝůŽƌ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϮϳ

ϱ͘EKf/hE/'KDdZ/&hEDEd>

ϱ͘ϭ͘ZĞĐĂƉŝƚƵůĂƌĞƕŝĐŽŵƉůĞƚĉƌŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϯϲ
ϱ͘Ϯ͘hŶŐŚŝƵƌŝŽƉƵƐĞůĂǀąƌĨ͘ŽŶŐƌƵĞŶƜĂůŽƌ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϰϬ
ϱ͘ϯ͘hŶŐŚŝƵƌŝŠŶũƵƌƵůƵŶƵŝƉƵŶĐƚ͘^ƵŵĂŵĉƐƵƌŝůŽƌůŽƌ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϰϯ
ϱ͘ϰ͘hŶŐŚŝƵƌŝƐƵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌĞ͘hŶŐŚŝƵƌŝĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌĞ͘hŶŐŚŝƵƌŝĂĚŝĂĐĞŶƚĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϰϴ
ϱ͘ϱ͘ŝƐĞĐƚŽĂƌĞĂƵŶƵŝƵŶŐŚŝ͘ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐԑŝĂďŝƐĞĐƚŽĂƌĞŝƵŶƵŝƵŶŐŚŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϱϭ
ϱ͘ϲ͘ƌĞƉƚĞƉĂƌĂůĞůĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϱϰ
ϱ͘ϳ͘hŶŐŚŝƵƌŝĨŽƌŵĂƚĞĚĞĚŽƵĉĚƌĞƉƚĞĐƵŽƐĞĐĂŶƚĉ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϱϴ
ϱ͘ϴ͘džŝŽŵĂƉĂƌĂůĞůĞůŽƌ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϲϬ
ϱ͘ϵ͘ƌŝƚĞƌŝŝĚĞƉĂƌĂůĞůŝƐŵ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϲϱ
ϱ͘ϭϬ͘ƉůŝĐĂԑŝŝƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĞŠŶƉŽůŝŐŽĂŶĞƕŝĐŽƌƉƵƌŝŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϳϬ
ϱ͘ϭϭ͘ƌĞƉƚĞƉĞƌƉĞŶĚŝĐƵůĂƌĞŠŶƉůĂŶ͘KďůŝĐĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϳϮ
ϱ͘ϭϮ͘ƉůŝĐĂԑŝŝƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĞŠŶƉŽůŝŐŽĂŶĞƕŝĐŽƌƉƵƌŝŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϳϲ
ϱ͘ϭϯ͘ŝƐƚĂŶԑĂĚĞůĂƵŶƉƵŶĐƚůĂŽĚƌĞĂƉƚĉ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϳϴ
ϱ͘ϭϰ͘DĞĚŝĂƚŽĂƌĞĂƵŶƵŝƐĞŐŵĞŶƚ͘^ŝŵĞƚƌŝĂĨĂԑĉĚĞŽĚƌĞĂƉƚĉ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϴϭ
ϱ͘ϭϱ͘ĞƌĐ͘ĞĨŝŶŝԑŝĞ͘ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐԑŝĞ͘ůĞŵĞŶƚĞŠŶĐĞƌĐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϴϳ
ϱ͘ϭϲ͘hŶŐŚŝůĂĐĞŶƚƌƵ͘DĉƐƵƌŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϵϮ
ϱ͘ϭϳ͘WŽnjŝƜŝŝůĞƵŶĞŝĚƌĞƉƚĞĨĂƜĉĚĞƵŶĐĞƌĐ͘WŽnjŝƜŝŝůĞƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞĂĚŽƵĉĐĞƌĐƵƌŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϵϱ

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ϲ͘Ϯ͘^ƵŵĂŵĉƐƵƌŝůŽƌƵŶŐŚŝƵƌŝůŽƌƵŶƵŝƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝ͘hŶŐŚŝĞdžƚĞƌŝŽƌƵŶƵŝƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϮϬϵ
ϲ͘ϯŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƜŝĂƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝƵƌŝůŽƌ͘/ŶĞŐĂůŝƚĉƜŝŠŶƚƌĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĞůĞƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝƵůƵŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϭϯ
ϲ͘ϰ͘>ŝŶŝŝŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞŠŶƚƌͲƵŶƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝ͘ŝƐĞĐƚŽĂƌĞĂƵŶŐŚŝƵƌŝůŽƌƵŶƵŝƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϭϲ
ϲ͘ϱ͘>ŝŶŝŝŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞŠŶƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝ͘DĞĚŝĂƚŽĂƌĞůĞůĂƚƵƌŝůŽƌƵŶƵŝƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϮϮϬ
ϲ͘ϲ͘>ŝŶŝŝŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞŠŶƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝ͘2ŶĉůƜŝŵŝůĞƵŶƵŝƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϮϮϯ
ϲ͘ϳ͘>ŝŶŝŝŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞŠŶƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝ͘DĞĚŝĂŶĞůĞƵŶƵŝƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϮϮϲ
ϲ͘ϴ͘ŽŶŐƌƵĞŶƜĂƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝƵƌŝůŽƌ͘ƌŝƚĞƌŝŝĚĞĐŽŶŐƌƵĞŶƜĉ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϮϯϬ
ϲ͘ϵ͘ŽŶŐƌƵĞŶƜĂƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝƵƌŝůŽƌĚƌĞƉƚƵŶŐŚŝĐĞ͘ƌŝƚĞƌŝŝĚĞĐŽŶŐƌƵĞŶƜĉ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϯϱ
ϲ͘ϭϬ͘DĞƚŽĚĂƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝƵƌŝůŽƌĐŽŶŐƌƵĞŶƚĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϯϵ
ϲ͘ϭϭ͘WƌŽƉƌŝĞƚĉƜŝůĞƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝƵůƵŝŝƐŽƐĐĞů͘WƌŽƉƌŝĞƚĉƜŝůĞƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝƵůƵŝĞĐŚŝůĂƚĞƌĂů͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϰϯ
ϲ͘ϭϮ͘WƌŽƉƌŝĞƚĉƜŝůĞƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝƵƌŝůŽƌĚƌĞƉƚƵŶŐŚŝĐĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϰϴ

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Mulimea este o colecie de obiecte bine determinate i distincte numite elementele mulimii.
Mulimile se noteaz cu litere mari, iar elementele mulimilor se noteaz cu litere mici.

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Dac A este o mulime i x un element al su, atunci vom scrie x  A i vom citi „x aparine lui A”.
Dac x nu este un element al mulimii A, atunci vom scrie x  A i vom citi „x nu aparine lui A”.
O mulime poate fi dat în trei moduri:
1) explicit, numind fiecare element al mulimii; mulimea se scrie punând între acolade elementele
sale.
2) cu ajutorul diagramei Venn-Euler; mulimea poate fi ilustrat desenând o curb închis i
scriind în interiorul ei elementele corespunztoare.
3) implicit, enunând o proprietate caracteristic elementelor mulimii (pe care o are oricare element
al mulimii i nu o are niciun alt element care nu aparine mulimii).
O mulime numeric este o mulime ale crei elemente sunt numere.
O mulime nenumeric este o mulime care nu este mulime numeric.
Mulimea care nu are niciun element se noteaz cu simbolul ‫׎‬i se numete mulimea vid.


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3) inversarea rapoartelor.
‡Proporii derivate cu termeni schimbai se obin prin egalarea fiecrui raport cu
1) raportul dintre suma numrtorilor i suma numitorilor rapoartelor proporiei.
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• Pe mulimea ] a numerelor întregi, suma a dou numere întregi este:

suma modulelor celor dou numere întregi, precedat de semnul „+”, dac cele dou numere
întregi sunt pozitive;
suma modulelor celor dou numere întregi, precedat de semnul „–”, dac cele dou numere
întregi sunt negative;
diferena modulelor celor dou numere întregi precedat de semnul numrului cu modulul mai
mare, dac cele dou numere întregi sunt de semne diferite i module diferite;
numrul întreg , dac cele dou numere întregi sunt de semne diferite i module egale.
xAdunarea numerelor întregi este operaia prin care se obine suma a dou numere întregi.
xDiferena dintre un numr întreg a i un numr întreg b este suma numrului întreg a cu opusul
numrului întreg b.
xScderea numerelor întregi este operaia prin care se obine diferena a dou numere întregi.
Proprietile adunrii numerelor întregi. Oricare ar fi numerele întregi a, b i c:
1) (a+b)+c = a+(b+c) (asociativitatea adunrii);
2)  + a = a + = a (numrul întreg  este element neutru la adunare);
3) a +(–a) = (–a)+a =  (a are un opus, notat cu –a, iar suma dintre un numr i opusul su e );
4) a+b = b+a (comutativitatea adunrii);
5) a < b Ÿ a+c < b+c (proprietatea de monotonie).
Sume algebrice. Deoarece în mulimea numerelor întregi, orice scdere poate fi înlocuit cu o
adunare, vom spune c o sum sau o diferen a dou numere întregi este o sum algebric.
Orice numr întreg dintr–o sum algebric poate fi la rândul lui o sum algebric.
Dac avem de calculat o sum algebric, este indicat urmtoarea ordine a operaiilor:
transformarea scderilor în adunri;
gruparea numerelor cu acelai semn;
stabilirea rezultatului final.
Dac n este un numr natural, atunci numrul întreg  n se identific cu n,(  n n ).
xMulimea numerelor naturale este inclus în mulimea numerelor întregi: `  ] .
xReguli de simplificare a scrierii numerelor întregi precum i a scrierii sumelor algebrice
„minus” în faa unei paranteze schimb semnul termenilor;
„plus” în faa unei paranteze nu schimb semnul termenilor.


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‡Pe mulimea numerelor întregi ]  se definete operaia de înmulire a numerelor întregi.

Produsul a dou numere întregi nenule este un numr întreg care este egal cu:
9 produsul modulelor celor dou numere întregi, precedat de semnul + dac cele dou numere
întregi au acelai semn;
9 produsul modulelor celor dou numere întregi, precedat de semnul – dac cele dou numere
întregi au semne diferite;
9 produsul oricrui numr întreg cu 0 i produsul lui 0 cu orice numr întreg este egal cu 0.
xÎnmulirea numerelor întregi este operaia prin care se obine produsul a dou numere întregi.
xÎnmulirea numerelor are urmtoarele proprieti: este asociativ, numrul întreg +1 = 1 este
element neutru la înmuire, este comutativ, este distributiv fa de adunarea i scderea
numerelor întregi.
xProprietile înmulirii. Dac a, b i c sunt numere întregi, aceste proprieti se reformuleaz
astfel:
1) (aÂb)˜c = a˜(b˜c) (asociativitate);
2) ˜a= a˜ (numrul  este element neutru la înmulire);
3) a˜b = b˜a (comutativitate);
4) a˜(b+c) = a˜b+b˜c; a˜(b–c) =a˜b–b˜c (distributivitate fa de adunare i scdere).
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Într-un exerciiu de calcul cu mai multe operaii se efectueaz mai întâi ridicrile la putere, apoi
înmulirile i împririle, în ordinea în care apar, i apoi adunrile i scderile

Exemplu&DOFXOD‫܊‬L       ˜       


Rezolvare
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Într-un exerciiu de calcul cu paranteze se efectueaz mai întâi calculele din parantezele rotunde,
apoi din cele drepte i apoi din acolade.

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v ª¬   ˜    º¼  ª¬ ˜    ˜   º¼ 


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 4.1. Noțiuni recapitulative

m
1. Orice fracţie ordinară se scrie sub forma , unde m, n  şi n z 0 . Numărul n este numitorul fracţiei
n
şi arată că întregul a fost împărţit în n părţi egale. O parte din cele n părţi egale se numeşte unitate
fracţionară. Numărul m este numărătorul fracţiei şi arată câte unităţi fracţionare s-au luat în considerare.

Exemplu: Câteva batoane identice de ciocolată urmează să fie împărțite în mod egal unor copii. Se știe că,
dacă fiecare baton este împărțit în trei părți egale, atunci fiecărui copil îi revin 7 părți (bucăți) de
ciocolată. În această situație:
- întregul este batonul de ciocolată;
- unitatea fracționară este o parte din cele trei părți egale, adică o
1
treime, ceea ce se reprezintă cu ajutorul fracţiei ordinare . Prin
3
7
fracția ordinară se arătă că fiecărui copil îi revin 7 unități fracționare de ciocolată. Rezultă:
3
7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7˜       2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1
2. Orice fracţie ordinară poate fi transformată în fracţie zecimală, prin împărţirea numărătorului la numitor.
O fracție zecimală poate fi: Exemple:
- fracție zecimală finită: 2,04; 7,0; 7,32073;
- fracție zecimală periodică simplă: 1,(23); 14,(201); 34,(2);
- fracție zecimală periodică mixtă: 7,2(4); 21,31(5); 4,3(12);
Fracția zecimală rezultată prin împărțirea numărătorului unei fracții ordinare la numitorul acesteia
nu poate avea perioada 9.
3. Orice fracție zecimală poate fi transformată în fracţie ordinară.
Exemple:
3(3 1 4 13  1 12(3 4
1, (3) 1 1 1, (3)
9 3 3 9 9 3
(3
12 2 ˜ 33  4 70 sau 212  2 210(3 70
2, (12) 2 2, (12)
99 33 33 99 99 33
213  2 3 ˜ 990  211 3181 3213  32 3181
3, 2(13) 3 3, 2(13)
990 990 990 990 990
4. Operațiile cu fracții ordinare și cele cu fracții zecimale sunt: adunarea, scăderea, înmulțirea, împărțirea
și ridicarea la putere.
Operația de adunare a fracțiilor ordinare presupune aducerea fracțiilor la același numitor. Dacă fracțiile
ordinare nu au același numitor se procedează astfel:
a) determinăm cel mai mic multiplu comun al numitorilor fracțiilor date, care va deveni numitorul
comun;
b) amplificăm fiecare fracție cu câtul dintre numitorul comun găsit și numitorul fracției respective.

98
 7 1
Exemplu: Pentru a calcula  procedăm astfel: 1) cum 12 22 ˜ 2 și 15 3 ˜ 5 numitorul comun este
12 15
5)
>12,15@ 22 ˜ 3 ˜ 5 60 ; 2) amplificăm fracția 7 cu câtul dintre 60 și 12 adică cu 5 și obținem 7 35 ;
12 12 60
4)
1 1 4
3) amplificăm fracția cu câtul dintre 60 și 15 adică cu 4 și obținem . Deci suma numerelor
15 15 60
(3
7 1 35 4 39 13
și este  .
12 15 60 60 60 60

5. Foarte importante sunt regulile de calcul și ordinea efectuării operațiilor.

­ 2 4 5½ 1
Exemplu: Calculați: 7  ®32 ˜ > 0, (3) @ :  ¾ ˜ .
¯ 9 2 ¿ 0,5
Rezolvare: Deoarece exercițiul conține fracții zecimale periodice, vom transforma fracția zeci-
10)
1 1 10
mală periodică în fracție ordinară: 0, (3) , calculăm și 2 . Înlocuind, rezultă:
3 0,5 5
ª § 1 ·2 4 5 º § 1 4 5· § 32 4 5 ·
7  «32 ˜ ¨ ¸ :  » ˜ 2 7  ¨ 32 ˜ :  ¸ ˜ 2 7  ¨ :  ¸ ˜ 2
«¬ © 3 ¹ 9 2 »¼ © 9 9 2¹ © 9 9 2¹
§ 32 9 5 · § 5· 11
7  ¨ ˜  ¸ ˜ 2 7  ¨ 8  ¸ ˜ 2 7  ˜ 2 18 .
© 9 4 2 ¹ © 2 ¹ 2

15 1023 24 127
1. Transformaţi fracţiile ordinare în fracţii zecimale finite: a) ; b) ; c) ; d) .
10 100 1000 8
83 17 56
2. Transformaţi fracţiile ordinare în fracţii zecimale periodice simple: a) ; b) ; c) .
3 9 27
35 137 7
3. Transformaţi fracţiile ordinare în fracţii zecimale periodice mixte: a) ; b) ; c) .
18 72 12
4. Transformaţi fracţiile zecimale în fracții ordinare: a) 24,3; b) 2, (12) ; c) 7,5(3) ; d) 0,1(15).

­ ª 5 § 6 ·º ½
5. Calculați : 1,5 ˜ ®3  3, 2 ˜ «100 ˜ 0, 01  ˜ ¨14  : 0,1 ¸ » ¾  1, (3) : 0, (1) .
¯ ¬ 2 © 5 ¹¼ ¿

1. a) 1,5; b) 10,23; c) 0,024; d) 15,875; 2. a) 27,(6); b) 1,(8); c) 2,(074). 3. a) 1,9(4); b) 1,902(7)

c) 0,58(3)
115  1 114(2 57 (3 19
4. d) .
990 990 495 165

99
 § 6 · 6 ª 5 § 6 ·º
5. Succesiv, rezultă: ¨14  : 0,1¸ 14  ˜10 14  12 2 ; «100 ˜ 0, 01  ˜ ¨14  : 0,1¸ » =
© 5 ¹ 5 ¬ 2 © 5 ¹¼
5 1
100 ˜ 0, 01  ˜ 2 100 ˜  5 1 5 6 ;
2 100
­ ª 1 § 6 ·º ½ 32 96 111
®3  3, 2 ˜ «100 ˜ 0, 01  ˜ ¨14  : 0,1 ¸ » ¾ 3  3, 2 ˜ 6 3  ˜ 6 3  ;
¯ ¬ 5 © 5 ¹¼ ¿ 10 5 5
­ ª 5 § 6 ·º ½ 3 111 12 1
1,5 ˜ ®3  3, 2 ˜ «100 ˜ 0, 01  ˜ ¨14  : 0,1 ¸ » ¾  1, (3) : 0, (1) = ˜  : 33,3  12 21,3 .
¯ ¬ 2 © 5 ¹¼ ¿ 2 5 9 9

4.2. Număr rațional. Mulțimea numerelor raționale.

Forme de scriere a numerelor raționale

௠
1. Orice pereche de numere întregi m şi n, unde n z 0 , scrisă , se numește număr raţional. Mulţimea
௡
­m ½
numerelor raţionale se notează cu  și ® m  , n  şii n z 0 ¾
¯n ¿
3 1
a) Justificaţi de ce este număr raţional și de ce nu este număr raţional.
2 0
b) Stabiliţi valoarea de adevăr a propoziţiilor:
3 1 5 0 4 6 2
1)  ; 2)  ; 3)  ; 4)  ; 5)  ; 6)  ; 7)  .
2 2 0 5 3 3 1
m
2. a) Pe mulțimea , a numerelor raţionale, se definește egalitatea a două numere raţionale: , n z 0 și
n
p m p 2 6
, q z 0 , astfel, dacă m ˜ q n ˜ p . Pe baza acestei definiții, justificați egalitățile: 1) ;
q n q 4 12
3 3 5 5 1 4
2) ; 3) ; 4) .
2 2 6 6 2 8
m m m m
b) Dacă m şi n sunt două numere naturale și n z 0 , arătați că și .
n n n n
m m m
3. Numerele raţionale și fiind egale, vor fi notate cu  . Prin urmare, orice număr raţional se
n n n
m m m m
poate scrie sub forma , sau  unde, m , n  și n z 0 . În fiecare din scrierile și  ,
n n n n
m
fracția este o fracţie ordinară care, prin algoritmul de împărţire, poate fi transformată într-o fracţie
n
zecimală (finită sau periodică). Această observaţie este foarte importantă deoarece toate cunoştinţele
învăţate despre fracţii (amplificarea, simplificarea, aducerea la acelaşi numitor şi toate celelalte) rămân
valabile.
a) Arătaţi că următoarele fracţii reprezintă acelaşi număr raţional:
1 3 7 3 6 21
1)  ; ; –0,5; ; 2) ; ; 1,5; .
2 6 14 2 4 14

100
 1 17 5 3
b) Scrieţi numerele raţionale:  ; ; şi sub formă de fracţii zecimale.
6 3 12 4
c) Scrieţi numerele raţionale: –1,(3); 2,(12); –0,25 şi 2,1(3) sub formă de fracţii ordinare.
m 5 3 3
4. Pentru orice număr întreg m, = m. De exemplu: 5 , deoarece 5 :1 5 și  3 , deoarece
1 1 1 1
3 m
3 . Egalitatea m arată că orice număr întreg m este raţional, adică mulţimea numerelor întregi
1 1
este o submulţime a mulţimii numerelor raţionale  .
Cum orice număr natural este întreg, adic㠍 rezultă incluziunile   .
a) Stabiliţi valoarea de adevăr a propoziţiilor:
2 2 2
1) 2 ; 2) 2 ; 3) 2  ; 4) 3  ; 5) 3  ; 6)   ; 7)   ; 8)   .
3 3 3
b) Daţi trei exemple de numere întregi, care nu sunt naturale.
c) Daţi trei exemple de numere raţionale, care nu sunt întregi.

m
x Un număr rațional este o pereche de numere întregi m şi n, n z 0 , scrisă sub forma .
n
­m ½
x Mulțimea numerelor raționale se notează cu și ® m ,n şii n z 0 ¾ .
¯n ¿
m p
x Două numere raționale, și , sunt egale, prin definiție, dacă mq np .
n q
m p
œ mq np .
n q
m m m m m m
x Numerele raţionale , și  sunt egale:  .
n n n n n n
m m
x Orice număr raţional se poate scrie sub forma sau  , unde m , n  și n z 0 .
n n
m m m
În fiecare dintre scrierile și  , fracția este o fracţie ordinară care, prin algoritmul de împărţire,
n n n
poate fi transformată într-o fracţie zecimală (finită sau periodică).
x Orice număr natural este întreg și orice număr întreg este număr rațional:  

5. Se consideră mulţimile A = {–1, 2, –3} şi B = {2, –4, 1}. Scrieţi elementele mulţimii:
­ m ½
C ®x x , m  A şi n  B ¾ .
¯ n ¿
7 2 4 5 3 25
6. Scrieţi următoarele numere raţionale sub formă zecimală: ; ; ; ; ; .
10 5 3 6 2 12
7. Scrieţi următoarele numere raţionale, sub formă de fracţii ordinare: –2,7; 1,(12); –0,(23); 2,1(3); –
3,2(4).

101
 3 1
1. a) este număr raţional pentru că +3 și 2 sunt numere întregi cu 2 z 0 , și nu este număr raţional
2 0
3 1 5 0
pentru că numitorul este zero. b) 1)  , (F); 2)  , (A); 3)  , (F); 4)  , (A); 5)
2 2 0 5
4 6 2 2 6 3 3
 (F); 6)  , (F); 7)  , (F). 2. a) 1) , pentru că 2 ˜12 4 ˜ 6 ; 2) , pentru
3 3 1 4 12 2 2
5 5 1 4
că  3 ˜  2  2 ˜ 3 ; 3) pentru că  5  ˜ 6 5 ˜  6  ; 4) pentru că  1 ˜ 8  2  ˜ 4 ; b)
6 6 2 8
m m m m
pentru că  m  ˜ n m ˜ n n ˜ m   n  ˜ m și pentru că  m  ˜  n   m ˜ n m ˜ n n ˜ m
n n n n
1 3 7 1
. 3. 1) a) Fracțiile  ; ; –0,5 și reprezintă același număr rațional  deoarece: într-adevăr
2 6 14 2
7 7
(3 (5 (7
3 3 1 5 1 7 1 1 3 3
  ; 0,5   și   . Deci  0,5 b) Fracțiile ;
6 6 2 10 2 14 14 2 2 6 14 2
6 21 3 6 21 3 13  1 4
; 1,5; reprezintă numărul rațional deoarece 1,5 . c) –1,  3   ;
4 14 2 4 14 2 9 3
212  2 210 213  21 192
(3 (25 (6
70 4 25 1 2
2, 12  2 ; –0, 25   ; 2,1(3) 2
99 99 33 33 100 4 90 90 15
2 2
4. a) 1) 2 (A); 2) 2 (A); 3) 2  (A); 4) 3  (F); 5) 3  (A); 6)   (F); 7)  
3 3
2 1 2 7 ­ 1 1 3 3 ½ ଵ
(F); 8)   (A). b) -3, -4, -1; c) ,  ,  . 5. C ® ; ;1; 2;  ; ; 3¾ ;  1= ଵ
3 2 3 9 ¯ 2 4 2 4 ¿
7 2 4 5 3 25
6. 0, 7 ; 0, 4 ; 1,  3 ; 0,8  3 ; 1,5 ;  2, 08  3 .
10 5 3 6 2 12
112  1 111
(3
7 37 7 23
7. –2, 7 2 ; 1, 12  1 ; –0,  23 
10 99 99 33 33 99
213  21 192 324  32
(6 (2
32 2 292 146 11
; 2,1 3 2 ; –3, 2  4     3 .
90 90 15 15 90 90 45 45

1. Scrieți câte trei reprezentanți (fracții), pentru fiecare dintre numerele raționale:
3 2
a) ; b)  ; c) 1 ; d) 3 .
4 3
2. Completați în căsuța alăturată litera A , dacă afirmația este adevărată și litera F , dacă afirmația este
falsă:
1 1 5 5 9 9
a)
3 3
; b)
7

7
; c)
8

8
;
0 0 6 6 7 7
d)
8 5
; e)
11 11
; f)
10 10
.

102


   
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2. Luând ca unitate de măsură un segment cu lungimea de 4 cm reprezentaţi pe axă numerele: ; ;–
8 8
1 1 3
0,75; +0,25;  ; ; ; – 0,125.
4 2 4
3 5 2 7 1
3. a) Scrieţi modulul următoarelor numerele raţionale:  ; ; ; ; ; -3,1(3).
4 13 17 19 5
2 1 5
b) Scrieţi opusul următoarelor numerele raţionale: –0,1(3); ; ; ; 3,(6); 0,75; –1,7.
7 3 11

m m
Cum orice număr raţional se poate scrie sub forma sau  , unde m , n  și n z 0 , definim
n n
mulţimea numerelor raţionale negative, notată cu și mulţimea numerelor raţionale pozitive, notată
­ m ½ ­m ½
cu  . Vom scrie:  ® | m  * , n  * ¾ ;  ® | m  * , n  * ¾ . Deci:  ‰ ^0` ‰ .
¯ n ¿ ¯n ¿

x Opusul unui număr rațional x, este numărul rațional –x. Opusul numărului rațional –x este numărul
rațional x, adică, ( x) x .
x Numerele raționale se pot reprezenta pe axa
numerelor.
- pe axa numerelor, oricărui număr rațional x i se asociază un punct P. Spunem că punctul P are
coordonata x și scriem P(x);
- distanța de la punctul P la originea axei se numește modulul numărului rațional sau valoarea absolută
a numărului rațional x și notăm x OP , respectiv, distanța de la punctul Pc la originea axei se
numește modulul numărului rațional –x sau valoarea absolută a numărului rațional –x și notăm
 x OPc . Cum OP OPc , rezultă x  x
x Mulţimea numerelor raţionale negative se notează cu  , iar mulţimea numerelor raţionale pozitive
se notează cu  .
­ m *½ ­m *½
® | m  , n  ¾ ;  ® | m  , n  ¾ ;  ‰ ^0` ‰
* *
 .
¯ n ¿ ¯n ¿
x Pe mulțimea numerelor raționale se definesc relațiile < , >, d , t care permit compararea și ordonarea
acestor numere:

dintre două numere raționale cel mai mic este reprezentat pe axa numerelor în stânga;

două numere raționale, pozitive, x și y, se compară după regulile învățate în clasa a V-a;

pentru două numere raționale negative, x și y, x  y , dacă și numai dacă x ! y ;
oricare ar fi două numere raționale, x și y, avem: x  y sau x y sau x ! y .
x Prin relația de ordine x d y înțelegem x  y sau x y și are următoarele proprietăți:

este reflexivă: oricare ar fi x  , x d x ;

este tranzitivă: oricare ar fi x, y, z  , dacă x d y și y d z atunci x d z ;

este antisimetrică: oricare ar fi x, y  , dacă x d y și y d x atunci x y .

105
 1 1 1
4. a) Reprezentaţi pe o axă a numerelor, numerele raţionale: 1; –1,5; ;  ; –0,(6);  .
3 2 6
b) Scrieți numerele de la subpunctul a) în ordine crescătoare.
5. Copiați, înlocuind caseta alăturată cu (A) dacă afirmația este adevărată și cu (F) dacă afirmația este falsă:

a) 2  * b) 0  * c) 0  * d) 7  *
1 7 9 3
e)  * f)  *

g)  * h)  *
2 3 7 4
i) 1,7  * j) 1,(3)  *
 k) 2,1(2)  * e) 1,(4)  *

2. Segmentul cu lungimea de 4 cm, care este unitatea de măsură, îl împărțim în 8 păți egale. Prin urmare
1 3 3 5 5 75 3 6
unitatea fracționară este . Deoarece:  ; ; –0,75    ; +0,25
8 8 8 8 8 100 4 8
25 1 2 1 2 1 4 3 6 125 1
;   ; ; ; –0,125 , rezultă următoarea reprezentare grafică :
100 4 8 4 8 2 8 4 8 1000 8

3 3 5 5 5 2 2 7 7 7 1 1
3. a)  ;  ; ; ; ; –3,1(3) 3,1(3)
4 4 13 13 13 17 17 19 19 19 5 5

b) 2 1 5
Numărul –0,1(3) 3,(6); 0,75 –1,7.
7 3 11
2 1 5
Opusul numărului 0,1(3)  –3,(6); –0,75 1,7.
7 3 11
5 6 1 3 1 2 1 3 2 4 8
4. Deoarece 0,8(3) ; 1 ; 0,5   ; ; ; 0, (6)   și 1, (3) vom
6 6 2 6 3 6 2 6 3 6 6
alege ca unitate de măsură un segment cu lungimea de 3 cm pe care îl împărțim în șase părți egale. Prin
1
urmare unitatea fracționară este . Rezultă următoarea reprezentare grafică :
6

5. a) 2   (A) b) 0   (F) c) 0   (F) d) 7   (A)

106
 1 7 9 3
e)   (A) f)   (A) g)  
(F) h)  
(F) i) 1,7   (A) j) 1,(3)   (A)
2 3 7 4
k) 2,1(2)   (A) l) 1,(4)   (F) .

1. Se consideră mulțimile A ^4, 0, 2` și B ^2,  1, 0, 4` .

­a ½
a) Determinați mulțimea C ® | a  A si b  B ¾ .
¯b ¿
b) Determinați numărul elementelor mulțimilor C ˆ  și C ˆ  .
2. Reprezentați pe axa numerelor punctele care au coordonatele:
7
a) 2; 0,5;  ,  1, 25;  1,  3 ; c) 10;  20;  5;  7,5 .
4
b) 0,1;  0, 2;  0,  3 ;  1,1;  1; 0 ;
3. Precizați coordonatele punctelor B, C , D, P , din figura alăturată, știind că punctul O este originea axei
de coordonate iar punctul A are abscisa 1 .

4. Reprezentați pe axa numerelor, cu unitatea de măsură 1cm , punctele A( 1) și B ( 3) . Pe segmentul
AB , reprezentați punctele M , N , P , astfel ca AM { MN { NP { PB . Scrieți apoi, coordonatele
punctelor M , N respectiv P .
5. Enumerați numerele întregi care au proprietatea:
a) Au valoarea absolută egală cu 2 .
b) Au modulul mai mic decât 3 .
c) Au valoarea absolută cuprinsă între 2 și 5 .
6. Completați spațiile libere astfel încât să aibă loc egalitățile:
a) 7 ... ; b) 1, 76 ... ; c) 2, 0  4  ... ;
1 8 0 ...
d) 3 ... ; e) ... ; f) ;
5 4
g) a  b ... cu a, b ; h) a  1 ... cu a  ; i)  a ... cu a  .
7. Comparați numerele și completați spațiile libere cu unul dintre simbolurile , !, , astfel ca afirmațiile
să fie adevărate.
1 3 4 7 1
a) ... ; b) ... ; c)  ...0 ;
6 19 9 6 8
8 11 9 18 4
d) ...  ; e) ... ; f)  ...  6 ;
3 4 2 4 2
4 5
g)  ... ;
1 1
h) 2 ...  3 ;
i) 0...  22 .
3 4 3 2
1 100
8. a) Scrieți în ordine crescătoare numerele: 2, 4;  3, 2;  3,8;  1,  3 ; 0; 4 ;  .
2 20

107
 b)Scrieți în ordine descrescătoare numerele: 2,13;  2,31;  3,12; 1, 32; 3, 21; 1, 23 .
9. Determinați numerele întregi n pentru care au loc inegalitățile:
1 1 1 7 n 22
a)   ; b)   ;
5 n 2 2 2 4
1 n2 3 8 2 ˜ n 1
c)    ; d)    1,  6  .
3 6 2 9 18
10. Comparați numerele raționale și completați spațiile libere cu unul dintre simbolurile , !, , astfel
ca afirmațiile să fie adevărate.
a) 8,12...8, 21 ; b) 2, 73...  2, 7 ; c) 6, 7...6, 71 ;
59 61
d) 1, 2  5  ...  1,  25  ; e) 2, 4344...2,  43  ; f)  ...  .
17 19
11. Scrieți trei numere raționale cuprinse între 7, 7 și 7,  7  .
12. Pentru fiecare dintre numerele raționale următoare, găsiți două numere întregi consecutive, unul mai
mic și altul mai mare decât numărul dat.
1 2
a) 2 ; b) 3 ; c) 101,  02  ;
7 5
707 63  62  61  60
d) 13,14 ; e) ; f)  .
31 36
2˜n  7
13. Se consideră numărul rațional a , n .
6
69
a) Determinați cel mai mic număr natural n pentru care a ! .
18
b) Determinați cel mai mare număr natural n pentru care a  2 .
14. Se consideră numerele întregi a și b , cu proprietățile a d 2 și b 6.
a) Determinați toate valorile numerelor întregi a și b , descrise mai sus.
a
b) Scrieți toate numerele raționale de forma , apoi ordonați-le crescător.
b
1
15. Stabiliți care dintre numerele x respectiv este mai mare, pentru fiecare din situațiile:
x
a) x  ; b) x   .

4.4. Adunarea și scăderea numerelor raționale. Proprietăți

1. Adunarea numerelor raționale reprezentate sub formă de fracții ordinare, se reduce la operații cu numere
întregi. Astfel:
m p
Suma a două numere raţionale și , unde m, n, p, q sunt numere întregi n z 0 și , este un
n q pz0
m p m p mq  np
număr raţional, notat + , care se poate obţine astfel: + = . Este evident, că mq + np și
n q n q nq
nq sunt numere întregi și nq z 0 .

108


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c) 1  «¨  ¸  ¨  ¸  ¨  ¸ » 6  ¨  ¸  ¨  ¸   1 .
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11. Determinați cel mai mic număr natural nenul a , pentru care suma
§ a· a § a· a
S a ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ este număr natural.
© 2 ¹ 3 © 5 ¹ 2 ˜ 3˜5
12. Efectuați calculele:
1 ª 1 § 1 ·º 5 § 7 · ª§ 10 11 2 · § 13 10 1 · º
a)  «  ¨  ¸ » ; b)  ¨  ¸  «¨    ¸  ¨    ¸ » ;
2 ¬ 4 © 8 ¹¼ 6 © 2 ¹ ¬© 3 6 5 ¹ © 5 3 2 ¹ ¼
1 ª 1 § 1 ·º 19 ­ ª § 37 · º § 5 · ½
c)   «   ¨  ¸ » ; d)  ® «0,  4   ¨  ¸ »  ¨  ¸ ¾ .
3 ¬ 6 © 9 ¹¼ 36 ¯ ¬ © 24 ¹ ¼ © 18 ¹ ¿
13. Efectuați calculele:
§ 5· 11 § 37 · § 112 · § 346 ·
a) 1,8  3  ¨ 5, 2  ¸  ¬ª 0, 41 6    2  ¼º ; c)  ¨ ¸¨ ¸¨ ¸;
© 6¹ 101 © 110 ¹ © 101 ¹ © 220 ¹
13 ª§ 11 · § 1 · º 7 ª§ 24 · § 3 · º ª § 16 · 189 º
b)   «¨  ¸  ¨  ¸ »  ; d) «¨  ¸  ¨ 1 ¸ »  « 1  ¨  ¸  ».
24 ¬© 36 ¹ © 48 ¹ ¼ 40 ¬© 35 ¹ © 14 ¹ ¼ ¬ © 15 ¹ 45 ¼
14. Determinați cea mai mică valoare a numărului natural n , pentru care suma
1 1 1 n
S   ...   este un număr prim.
1˜ 2 2 ˜ 3 9 ˜10 10
15. Efectuați calculele:
2 § 5· 4 § 70 · 9 § 3·
a)   ¨  ¸ ; b)   ¨  ¸ ; c)  ¨  ¸ ;
7 © 7¹ 3 © 3 ¹ 4 © 4¹

1 § 1· 2 § 7· 5 § 1·
d)   ¨  ¸ ; e)   ¨  ¸ ; f) ¨ ¸;
3 © 6¹ 5 © 10 ¹ 12 © 6 ¹

g) 
1 § 9·
¨ ¸ ;
h) 4,5   4,5  3 ; i) 7, 7   2,8   9 .
24 © 8 ¹

16. Calculați diferența dintre numărul x și opusul numărului y , pentru fiecare din situațiile:
7 2 2
a) x și y 1, 2 ; b) x și y este opusul numărului  ;
5 3 3
1 2 3 5 2 § 1 ·
c) x   și y   ; d) x și y  ¨ ¸ .
2 3 4 6 3 © 3 ¹
17. Determinați numărul rațional care corespunde descrierii, pentru fiecare situație:
7 7 § 5 ·
a) este cu 3 mai mic decât  ; b) este opusul numărului   ¨ ¸ ;
2 3 © 3 ¹
11 4 7
c) este cu mai mic decât 2 ; d) adunat cu  dă suma  .
3 15 30
18. Efectuați calculele următoare și enumerați literele care le identifică pe cele la care ați obținut ca
rezultat un număr rațional negativ.
1 § 1· § 1· 5 § 11 3 ·
a)   ¨  ¸  ¨  ¸ ; b) 1  ¨  ¸ ;
2 © 4¹ © 8¹ 7 © 14 28 ¹

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26. Efectuați calculele:
3 4 3 1 § 1 7·
a)   ; b) 1  ¨ 2  ¸  1, 0  6  ;
4 3 20 6 © 8 2¹
6 §1 1 · 7 ª 1 § 1 ·º
c)   ¨  ¸ ; d)   « 2  ¨ 3  4 ¸ » ;
5 © 2 10 ¹ 8 ¬ 9 © 2 ¹¼
18 § 8 3 · ª 19 º ª 27 º
e)  ¨  ¸; f) «   0, 2  5  »  «   0,3 1 » .
35 © 15 14 ¹ ¬ 30 ¼ ¬ 5 ¼

4.5. Înmulțirea și împărțirea numerelor raționale.

Proprietăți

1. La fel ca adunarea numerelor raționale, înmulțirea numerelor raționale, reprezentate sub formă de
fracții ordinare, se reduce la operații cu numere întregi. Astfel:
m p
Produsul a două numere raţionale și , unde m, n, p, q sun numere întregi n z 0 și p z 0 , este un
n q
m p m p m˜ p
număr raţional, notat ˜ , care se obţine astfel: ˜ . Este evident că mp și nq sunt numere
n q n q n˜q
întregi și nq z 0
Exemple:

§ 7· 4 7 4 (7) ˜ 4 28 14
˜ = = ; ¨ ¸˜ ˜  ;
© 2¹ 5 2 5 2˜5 10 5
9 § 5· 9 5 1 5 5 5
˜ = = = ; ˜¨ ¸ ˜ ˜  ;
4 © 18 ¹ 4 18 4 2 8 8

˜ = ˜ = = ; ˜ = = = ;

˜ = ˜ = = = ; ˜ = = = .

Operaţia prin care se obţine produsul a două numere raţionale se numeşte înmulţirea numerelor raţionale.
Cele două numere raţionale care se înmulţesc se numesc factorii produsului.
B. Din definiţia produsului a două numere raţionale rezultă următoarele reguli de calcul:
1) a ˜ 0 = 0 ˜ a = 0, oricare ar fi numărul raţional a.
Exemple:

˜ 0; ˜0 = 0; 0˜ = 0; 0˜ = 0.

2) a ˜ (–1) = (–1) ˜ a = –a, oricare ar fi numărul raţional a.

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1 ouă drepte paralele formează
f ccu o secantă perechi de unghiu uri
a
alterne interrne congruente.
2 Dacă două drepte formează
2) f c o secanntă o perecche de ungh
cu hiuri altern
ne
in
nterne cong gruente, atu
unci dreptele sunt paraalele.
A
Afirmația 1)
1 este adev vărată. Con nstatarea adevărului este fundameentată pentrru rezolvareea problemeei 2.
A
Această rezzolvare estee una empiirică, bazattă pe experiiență, pe coonstrucții cu
c instrumeente geomettrice
concrete șii pe măsurrare. Constatarea adeevărului see poate facce și prin demonstrațție, adică prin
argumente și raționammente logicee. Aceleași mențiuni su unt valabilee și pentru afirmația 2).
F
Folosind deesenul și no
otațiile matematice, reformulăm cele
c două aafirmații asttfel:
1  2  a  b

a  b  1  2

Prin urmaree:
P
- în figura 5 unghiurile 1 și 2 fiin
nd congruen nte, conform
m afirmațieei 1) va rezu ptele a și b sunt
ulta că drep
p
paralele (daacă 1   2 , rezultă a  b );
- în figura 6 dreptele a și b fiind d paralele, conform affirmației 2)) va rezultaa că unghiu urile 1 și 2 sunt
congruentee (dacă a  b , rezultă 1   2 ).
A spus că
Am c în matem matică o affirmație dem monstrabilăă ca fiind adevărată ses numeștee teoremă și ș se
scrie sub foorma „p  q” unde p este ipotezza teoremeei, iar q estee concluzia a teoremei. Dacă „q  p”
este teoremmă, atunci despre aceeasta se spu une că estee reciprocaa teoremei „p  q”,, iar cele două d
t
teoreme po
ot fi formulaate împreunnă astfel: „p
p  q”.
Simbolul,, ”, care se citește ,,echivalen nt”sau,,dacăă și numaii dacă”,
p
pune în evvidență dedductibilitateea logică a concluzieei din ipoteeză și a
ipotezei dinn concluziee pe bază dee raționameente sau juddecăți logicee.
E
Exemplu: Afirmațiile
A 1 și 2 de mai
m sus se pot formulla împreunăă și sunt
cunoscute subs denumiirea de teorrema unghiurilor alterrne interne::
F
Fiind date două dreptte a și b și o secantă d (figura7), atunci drepptele a și
b sunt para alele, dacă
ă și numai dacă,
d unghhiurile 1 și 2 sunt conngruente,
adică: a  b  1   2 .

Axioma pa aralelelor: Printr-un punct

p exterrior unei drrepte date sse poate du
uce o singurră paralelă
ă la
aceasta.
Teorema unghiurilo or alterne: Orice dou uă drepte paralele
p fo
formează cu u o secanttă perechi de
unghiuri alterne interrne congrueente.
Reciproc: Dacă dou uă drepte formează
f cu o seca antă o perreche de unghiuri
u allterne interrne
congruentee, atunci drreptele suntt paralele.
Teoremă: Două drep pte paralele cu a treia dreaptă sun nt paralele..

4. ÎÎn figura 8,
8 se consid deră că dreeptele a șii b sunt paaralele și m
măsura
°
u
unghiului 4 este de 52
2.
a) Calculați măsura un
nghiului 5;

162
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ime.
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este c produsull dintre lun ngimea i limea drep ptunghiului.
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Orice triungghi care arre un unghi drept este numit triun nghi dreptunghic.
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c
cercului. Ceele dou fig
guri simetriice fa de axa de simeetrie a cerccului se num mesc semiceercuri.
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Cercul de centru
c O ii de raz r este
e mulim mea tuturor punctelor
p pplanului, sittuate
la distana r fa de punctul
p O ii se noteaz
 cu C (O; r)
r
E
Elementele unui cerc sunt:
s centruul, raza, co
oarda, diam
metrul, puncctele
d
diametral op
puse i semmicercurile..
)LJ

arc mic IJJK

raza OA
O coarda BC
C diam
metrul DE semicerrc FGH
arc mare ILK
I
ÎÎntr-un cercc:
o raz estte segmentu ul determiinat de cen ntrul cercu ului i un punct de pe cerc sau s lungim
mea
s
segmentuluui determina at de centruul cercului i
 un punctt de pe cercc;
o coard esste segmenttul determin nat de dou puncte alee cercului;
u diametru
un u este o coaard care trece
t prin centrul cerccului sau duublul lungim
mii razei cercului;
p
puncte metral opusse sunt cap
diam petele unui diametru;
d
c
centrul cercului este mijlocul
m oriicrui diam
metru;
o
orice dreappt determin nat de un diametru esste ax de simetrie
s a ccercului.
U arc de cerc
Un c este o poriune
p a cercului cuuprins întrre dou punncte ale cerrcului.
U semicerrc este un arc
Un a de cerc cuprins întrre dou pun ncte diametral opuse.
D
Dou puncte ale unuii cerc deterrmin o perreche de arrce de cerc (dou sem micercuri sa
au un arc mic
m
d cerc i un
de u arc maree de cerc).




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WULXQJKL REWX]XQJKLF" 6XPD FHORUODOWH GRXă
XQJKLXUL DOH XQXL WULXQJKL REWX]XQJKLF HVWH PDL
PLFăGHqSULQXUPDUHILHFDUHVHSDUDWDUHPDL
SX‫܊‬LQ GH q DGLFă FHOHODOWH GRXă XQJKLXUL DOH
XQXLWULXQJKLREWX]XQJKLFVXQWDVFX‫܊‬LWHÌQILJXUD
DOăWXUDWă VXQW UHSUH]HQWDWH GRXă WLSXUL GH WULXQ
JKLXULREWX]XQJKLFH



Triunghiul determinat de punctele necoliniare A, B, C, este figura geometric format de cele trei
puncte, împreun cu mulimea tuturor punctelor segmentelor AB, BC‫܈‬LCA
6XPDOXQJLPLORUODWXULORUWULXQJKLXOXLABCHVWHperimetrul triunghiul ABC
3XQFWXO LQWHULRU ILHFăUXL XQJKL DO WULXQJKLXOXL HVWH punct interior triunghiului ‫܈‬L SXQFWHOH FDUH QX
DSDU‫܊‬LQQLFLWULXQJKLXOXL‫܈‬LQLFLLQWHULRUXOXLDFHVWXLDVXQWexterioare triunghiului
Triunghiul scalenHVWHWULXQJKLXOFDUHDUHODWXULOHGHOXQJLPLGLIHULWH
Triunghiul isoscelHVWHWULXQJKLXOFDUHDUHGRXăODWXULFRQJUXHQWH
Triunghiul echilateralHVWHWULXQJKLXOFDUHDUHFHOHWUHLODWXULFRQJUXHQWH
Triunghiul ascuitunghicHVWHWULXQJKLXOFDUHDUHFHOHWUHLXQJKLXULDVFX‫܊‬LWH
Triunghiul dreptunghicHVWHWULXQJKLXOFDUHDUHXQXQJKLGUHSW
Triunghiul obtuzunghicHVWHWULXQJKLXOFDUHDUHXQXQJKLREWX]





6WDELOL‫܊‬LQDWXUDXQXLWULXQJKLMNP‫܈‬WLLQGFă
D MÖ q MN MP FP  E MÖ q MN MP FP  
F MÖ q NÖ q PÖ q G MN NP MP 
Rezolvare
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F 7ULXQJKLXOMNPHVWHDVFX‫܊‬LWXQJKLFWRDWHXQJKLXULOHWULXQJKLXOXLVXQWDVFX‫܊‬LWH
G 7ULXQJKLXOMNPHVWHHFKLODWHUDOWRDWHODWXULOHWULXQJKLXOXLVXQWFRQJUXHQWH
 3HULPHWUXOXQXLWULXQJKLHVWHGHFP'HWHUPLQD‫܊‬LOXQJLPLOHODWXULORUWULXQJKLXOXL‫܈‬WLLQGFăDFHVWHD
VHH[SULPăSULQWUHLQXPHUHSDUHFRQVHFXWLYH
Rezolvare: )LHxx‫܈‬LxFHOHWUHLQXPHUHSDUHFRQVHFXWLYHSULQFDUHVHH[SULPăOXQJLPLOH
ODWXULORU WULXQJKLXOXL 2E‫܊‬LQHP xx+ x + =  (IHFWXkQG FDOFXOHOH UH]XOWă x =  LDU
OXQJLPLOHODWXULORUWULXQJKLXOXLVXQWFPFP‫܈‬LFP
2EVHUYD‫܊‬LILJXUDDOăWXUDWă‫܈‬LVWDELOL‫܊‬LYDORDUHDGHDGHYăUDSURSR]L‫܊‬LLORU
D 8QJKLXULOH TÖ úLVÖ VXQWXQJKLXULDOăWXUDWHODWXULLUV
E 8QJKLXO TÖ HVWHXQJKLRSXVODWXULLUV
F 3XQFWHOHA‫܈‬LCVXQWSXQFWHLQWHULRDUHWULXQJKLXOXL
G 3XQFWHOHA‫܈‬LDVXQWSXQFWHLQWHULRDUHWULXQJKLXOXL
H 3XQFWHOHC‫܈‬LFVXQWSXQFWHH[WHULRDUHWULXQJKLXOXL
I 3XQFWHOHB‫܈‬LEDSDU‫܊‬LQWULXQJKLXOXL
Rezolvare: )XQJKLXULOH VXQWDOăWXUDWHODWXULLTVE$F)AHVWH
SXQFWLQWHULRUWULXQJKLXOXLCQXHVWHSXQFWLQWHULRUWULXQJKLXOXLG$H$I$

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MNPÖ  MPNÖ  PMNÖ ‫܈‬LODWXULOHMN, NP, PM
E 0LKDL DUH GUHSWDWH GRDU XQJKLXULOH ‫܈‬L ODWXULOH VXQW PăVXUDELOH
YkUIXULOHWULXQJKLXOXLVXQWWUHLSXQFWHFDUHQXVXQWPăVXUDELOH
F/DWXUDRSXVăXQJKLXOXL MÖ HVWHNPODWXUDRSXVăXQJKLXOXL NÖ HVWHMP
ODWXUDRSXVăXQJKLXOXL PÖ HVWHMN8QJKLXULOHDOăWXUDWHODWXULLMNVXQW MÖ úLNÖ 
XQJKLXULOHDOăWXUDWHODWXULLMPVXQW MÖ úLPÖ , XQJKLXULOHDOăWXUDWHODWXULLNPVXQW NÖ i PÖ . 
G&XPMN = FP, MP = FP‫܈‬LNP =FP, DYHPFă 5 = FP ‫܈‬Lp FP.
H3XQFWHOHA‫܈‬LDVXQWSXQFWHLQWHULRDUHWULXQJKLXOXLMNPLDUSXQFWHOHB‫܈‬LCVXQWSXQFWHH[WHULRDUH
WULXQJKLXOXLMNP
I 6RQLD DUH GUHSWDWH FkQG VSXQH Fă SXQFWXO B HVWH LQWHULRU XQJKLXOXL MNPÖ   GDU SUREDELO QX D IRVW
VXILFLHQW GH DWHQWă 3HQWUX FD SXQFWXO B Vă ILH LQWHULRU WULXQJKLXOXL WUHEXLH Vă ILH LQWHULRU WXWXURU
XQJKLXULORUWULXQJKLXOXLFDXUPDUHDUHGUHSWDWH0LKDLFDUHDREVHUYDWFăSXQFWXOBQXHVWHLQWHULRU
XQJKLXOXL PMN Ö .
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XQJKLDVFX‫܊‬LWH8QJKLXOFXPăVXUDPDLPDUHGHqVHQXPH‫܈‬WHXQJKLREWX]
I&HOHODOWHGRXăXQJKLXULDOHXQXLWULXQJKLREWX]XQJKLFVXQWDVFX‫܊‬LWH



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WRDWHDFHVWHWULXQJKLXUL
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D WULXQJKLXULOHSHQWUXFDUH AB HVWHXQDGLQWUHODWXUL
E WULXQJKLXULOHFDUHDXXQJKLXOFRPXQ )FBD 
)LJ
F QXPăUXOWULXQJKLXULORUGLQILJXUă 
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GDFăDILUPD‫܊‬LDHVWHIDOVă
D P  'ABC  ,  G M  Ext  'ABC   , 
E Q  'ABC  ,  H B  Ext  'ABC   , 
F N  Int  'ABC   ,  I MQ  Int  'ABC   , 
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F AB   FP BC ˜ AB  LDU OXQJLPHD ODWXULL AC  HVWH PHGLD DULWPHWLFă D OXQJLPLORU ODWXULORU

AB ‫܈‬L BC 
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DFHOD‫܈‬L SHULPHWUX )LJXUD  0XWD‫܊‬L   EH‫܊‬L‫܈‬RDUH DVWIHO vQFkW Vă VH IRUPH]H WUHL 
WULXQJKLXUL&DOFXOD‫܊‬LSHULPHWUXOILHFăUXLDGLQWUHFHOHWUHLWULXQJKLXULGLQQRXDILJXUă
‫܈‬WLLQGFăOXQJLPHDXQXLEH‫܊‬L‫܈‬RUHVWH a XQLWă‫܊‬LGHPăVXUă



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 011330 FP


 7ULXQJKLXO 1DWXUDWULXQJKLXOXL -XVWLILFDUH
 'ABC   
 'DEF   

 'GHI   
 'JKL   
 'MNP   

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ACD ‫܈‬L ABC VXQWHJDOHFXFPFPUHVSHFWLYFP&DOFXOD‫܊‬LOXQJLPHDVHJPHQWXOXLAD
 6H FRQVLGHUă  SXQFWH GLVWLQFWH vQWUH FDUH RULFDUH WUHL VXQW QHFROLQLDUH 6H GHVHQHD]ă WRDWH
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'HPRQVWUD‫܊‬L Fă RULFXP DP FRORUD DFHVWH VHJPHQWH HOH GHWHUPLQă FHO SX‫܊‬LQ XQ WULXQJKL FX WRDWH
ODWXULOHGHDFHHD‫܈‬LFXORDUH
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‫܊‬LLOH  ˜ a  ˜ b  ˜ c ‫܈‬L b  c  FP 
6WDELOL‫܊‬LQDWXUDWULXQJKLXOXL ABC GDFă
D )A q  E AB  FP BC  FP )ABC q 
F AB   FP BC  PP PABC  GP 

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hŶŐŚŝĞdžƚĞƌŝŽƌƵŶƵŝƚƌŝƵŶŐŚŝ



ÌQVHPHVWUXO,ODFDSLWROXOÄ3DUDOHOLVP´DPGLVFXWDWGHVSUHGUHSWHSDUDOHOHFULWHULLGHSDUDOHOLVP‫܈‬L
DPvQYă‫܊‬DWD[LRPDOXL(XFOLG
 &HWHRUHPăFXQRD‫܈‬WH‫܊‬LGHVSUHGUHSWHSDUDOHOHLQWHUVHFWDWHGHRVHFDQWă"



 'HVHQD‫܊‬L XQ WULXQJKL ABC PăVXUD‫܊‬L XQJKLXULOH WULXQJKLXOXL ‫܈‬L
FDOFXOD‫܊‬L VXPD PăVXULORU DFHVWRU XQJKLXUL 6RQLD D GHVHQDW
WULXQJKLXO D PăVXUDW FX UDSRUWRUXO XQJKLXULOH ‫܈‬L D JăVLW AÖ q 
BÖ q CÖ qúLAÖ  BÖ  CÖ q  0LKDL FROHJXO HL D GHVHQDW
WULXQJKLXO D PăVXUDW XQJKLXULOH ‫܈‬L D JăVLW AÖ q BÖ q 
CÖ qúLAÖ  BÖ  CÖ q 'XSăFXPREVHUYD‫܊‬LDWkW6RQLDFkW‫܈‬L
0LKDLDXJăVLWFăsuma msurilor unghiurilor triunghiurilor, desenate de ei, este q.
1HSURSXQHPVăGHPRQVWUăPWHRUHPD
În orice triunghi, suma msurilor unghiurilor este egal cu q
3HQWUX GHPRQVWUD‫܊‬LH FRQVWUXLP SULQ YkUIXO A DO WULXQJKLXOXL SDUDOHOD OD ODWXUD BC 'LQ IDSWXO Fă
EF BC UH]XOWă FAB Ö { CBA Ö ;  XQJKLXUL DOWHUQH LQWHUQH IRUPDWH GH GUHSWHOH SDUDOHOH EF ‫܈‬L BC FX

VHFDQWD AB 'LQ IDSWXO Fă EF BC UH]XOWă EAC Ö { BCA Ö ;  XQJKLXUL DOWHUQH LQWHUQH IRUPDWH GH GUHS
Ö  BAC
Ö  ACB
WHOH SDUDOHOH EF ‫܈‬L BC FX VHFDQWD AC )RORVLQG UHOD‫܊‬LLOH  ‫܈‬L  FDOFXOăP ABC Ö
FABÖ  EAC Ö  BAC Ö Ö . &XP FAE
FAE Ö  HVWH XQ XQJKL DOXQJLW DP GHPRQVWUDW Fă ABC Ö 
Ö  CAB
Ö
 BAC q .
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DEFÖ  DFE Ö &HREVHUYD‫܊‬L"
Rezolvare: 'LQIDSWXOFă DÖ  EÖ  FÖ q UH]XOWă q  EÖ  FÖ q DGLFă
EÖ  FÖ q  'HGXFHP Fă VXPD PăVXULORU FHORU GRXă XQJKLXUL DVFX‫܊‬LWH DOH
XQXL WULXQJKL GUHSWXQJKLF HVWH q  DGLFă unghiurile ascuite ale unui
triunghi dreptunghic sunt complementare
 &RQVLGHUăP XQ WULXQJKL HFKLODWHUDO ABC  'LQ IDSWXO Fă VXPD PăVXULORU
XQJKLXULORU XQXL WULXQJKL HVWH q LDU FHOH WUHL XQJKLXUL VXQW FRQJUXHQWH
UH]XOWăFăPăVXUDXQXLXQJKLHVWHHJDOăFX q   q GHFLILHFDUHXQJKL
DOXQXLWULXQJKLHFKLODWHUDODUHPăVXUDGHq
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ACDÖ  PDUFDW SH ILJXUă HVWH unghi exterior al triunghiului 6H REVHUYă Fă
BCAÖ  DCA Ö BCDÖ Ö HVWH XQJKL DOXQJLW ‫܈‬L Fă ACD
q BCD Ö ‫܈‬L BCA Ö 
VXQWXQJKLXULDGLDFHQWH
8QXQJKLVHQXPH‫܈‬WHunghi exterior al unui triunghidaceste adiacent i suplementar cu un unghi al
triunghiului.

ϮϬϵ



&XP AÖ  BÖ  ACB
Ö Ö  ACB
q  ‫܈‬L ACD Ö q  SXQFWHOH B, C ‫܈‬L D VXQW FROLQLDUH UH]XOWă Fă
ÖA  BÖ ACD
Ö , DGLFă XQ unghi exterior al unui triunghi are ca msur suma msurilor unghiurilor
interioare, neadiacente cu el.$VWIHODPGHPRQVWUDWteorema unghiul exterior.
 0LKDLDILUPăFăXQWULXQJKLDUHWUHLXQJKLXULH[WHULRDUH6RQLDFROHJDOXLDILUPăFăRULFHWULXQJKLDUH
‫܈‬DVHXQJKLXULH[WHULRDUH&LQHDUHGUHSWDWH"
 9ODG FRQVLGHUă Fă VXPD PăVXULORU XQJKLXULORU H[WHULRDUH DOH XQXL WULXQJKL HVWH HJDOă FX q  $UH
9ODGGUHSWDWH"-XVWLILFD‫܊‬L



Suma msurilor unghiurilor unui triunghi este q.
&RQVHFLQ‫܊‬HUnghiurile ascuite ale unui triunghi dreptunghic isoscel au q fiecare;
Toate unghiurile triunghiului echilateral au q.
6HQXPH‫܈‬WHunghi exterior unui triunghiXQXQJKLDGLDFHQW‫܈‬LVXSOHPHQWDUFXXQXQJKLDOWULXQJKLXOXL
‫܈‬LDUHFDmsur suma msurilor unghiurilor interioare neadiacente cu el
2ULFHWULXQJKLDUH‫܈‬DVHXQJKLXULH[WHULRDUHFkWHGRXăSHQWUXILHFDUHXQJKLDOWULXQJKLXOXL
Suma msurilor unghiurilor exterioare ale unui triunghi este egal cu q






'HWHUPLQD‫܊‬LPăVXUDFHOXLGHDOWUHLOHDXQJKLDOWULXQJKLXOXLABC‫܈‬WLLQGFă
D AÖ qúLBÖ q ; E AÖ qúLCÖ q ; D BÖ qcúLCÖ q .
Rezolvare: D &XP AÖ  BÖ  CÖ q UH]XOWă CÖ q . E BÖ q . F AÖ qc .
&DOFXOD‫܊‬LPăVXULOHXQJKLXULORUWULXQJKLXOXLABC‫܈‬WLLQGFăVXQWGLUHFWSURSRU‫܊‬LRQDOHFXQXPHUHOH‫܈‬L
&HIHOGHWULXQJKLHVWHWULXQJKLXOABC"
x y z x yz
Rezolvare: NRWăP PăVXULOH XQJKLXULORU WULXQJKLXOXL FX x, y ‫܈‬L z ‫܈‬L VFULHP 
   
q x y z
q 2E‫܊‬LQHP q Ÿ x q  q Ÿ y q  q Ÿ z q . 7ULXQJKLXOABC
   
HVWHGUHSWXQJKLFGHRDUHFHDUHXQXQJKLGHq.
Ö DX
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PăVXULOH q‫܈‬LUHVSHFWLYq. 'HWHUPLQD‫܊‬LPăVXUDXQJKLXOXL AÖ 
Rezolvare: 'LQ WHRUHPD XQJKLXOXL H[WHULRU AÖ  CÖ q ‫܈‬L
AÖ  BÖ q . $GXQkQG UHOD‫܊‬LLOH VH RE‫܊‬LQH  AÖ  BÖ  CÖ q 
&XP VXPD PăVXULORU XQJKLXULORU HVWH q UH]XOWă
AÖ  BÖ  CÖ q Ÿ AÖ q  q q  GHFL AÖ q 




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FRQJUXHQWHDOWHUQHH[WHUQHFRQJUXHQWHFRUHVSRQGHQWHFRQJUXHQWHLQWHUQHGHDFHHD‫܈‬LSDUWHDVHFDQWHL
VXSOHPHQWDUHH[WHUQHGHDFHHD‫܈‬LSDUWHDVHFDQWHLVXSOHPHQWDUH
 3HQWUX D YHGHD FLQH DUH GUHSWDWH GHVHQăP XQ WULXQJKL ABC ‫܈‬L
Ö 
QRWăPFX  Ö Ö 
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FD vQ ILJXUD DOăWXUDWă 6RQLD D DYXW GUHSWDWH VXQW ‫܈‬DVH XQJKLXUL
H[WHULRDUH XQXL WULXQJKL FkWH GRXă FRQJUXHQWH vQ ILHFDUH YkUI
VXQWXQJKLXULRSXVHODYkUI

ϮϭϬ



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VXPD PăVXULORU XQJKLXULORU XQXL WULXQJKL ‫܈‬L GH WHRUHPD XQJKLXOXL H[WHULRU 9RP QRWD FX AÖ  BÖ  CÖ 
XQJKLXULOHLQWHULRDUHWULXQJKLXOXLABC
&DOFXOăP Ö  Ö  Ö  Ö  Ö  Ö           
BÖ  CÖ  BÖ  CÖ  AÖ  CÖ  AÖ  CÖ  AÖ  BÖ  AÖ  BÖ 
 AÖ   BÖ  CÖ 
 ˜ AÖ  BÖ  CÖ   ˜q q .




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D 'DFăSXQFWHOH A B C VXQWFROLQLDUHDWXQFL )ABC  q VDX )ABC  q 
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ILHFDUHGLQWUHVHWXULOHGHYDORULDOHPăVXULORUXQJKLXULORUWULXQJKLXOXL MNP 
)NMP  )MNP  )MPN  )M  )N  )P 
q q  
 q q 
q  qc  
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D'DFă )A  )B ! q DWXQFL )C  q  F'DFă )A  )B q DWXQFL )C q 
E'DFă )A  )B  q DWXQFL )C ! q 
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VH[DJHVLPDOHSULQ
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 ÌQfigura 1 AB A BD ‫܈‬L CD A BD 'HPRQVWUD‫܊‬LFă
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Punctul de intersecie a mediatoarelor triunghiului obtuzunghic se afl în exteriorul triunghiului.
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Centrul cercului circumscris unui triunghi dreptunghic este mijlocul ipotenuzei.
Centrul cercului circumscris unui triunghi obtuzunghic se afl în exteriorul triunghiului.





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Prin înlimea unui triunghi înelegem segmentul determinat de
un vârf al triunghiului i piciorul perpendicularei, din acel vârf, pe
latura opus.
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Punctul lor de concuren se noteaz cu H i se numete ortocentru al triunghiului.
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Numim înlime în triunghi, segmentul determinat de un vârf al triunghiului i piciorul perpen-
dicularei, din acel vârf, pe latura opus sau lungimea acestui segment.
Dreptele determinate de înlimile unui triunghi sunt concurente. Punctul de concuren al
înlimilor se noteaz cu H i se numete ortocentrul triunghiului.
În triunghiul ascuitunghic, ortocentrul este în interiorul triunghiului, în triunghiul obtuzunghic,
ortocentrul este în exteriorul triunghiului, iar în triunghiul dreptunghic, ortocentrul triunghiului
este vârful unghiului drept.
Aria unui triunghi este semiprodusul dintre lungimea bazei i înlimea corespunztoare.




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Se numete median a unui triunghi, segmentul determinat de un vârf al triunghiului i mijlocul
laturii opuse
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Medianele sunt concurente într-un punct, care se noteaz cu G i se numete centrul de greutate al
triunghiului.

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Mediana unui triunghi este segmentul determinat de un vârf al triunghiului i mijlocul laturii opuse.
ÌQWUXQ WULXQJKL medianele sunt concurente într-un punct G, numit centru de greutate al
triunghiului.
Punctul de intersecie a medianelor unui triunghi se afl, pe fiecare median, la dou treimi de vârf
i o treime de baz.
ÌQWUXQ WULXQJKL orice median determin GRXă WULXQJKLXUL GH DULL HJDOH QXPLWH triunghiuri
echivalente.



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Dou segmente sunt congruente dac au aceeai lungime.
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Dou unghiuri sunt congruente dac au aceeai msur.
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dou triunghiuri au o latur i unghiurile alturate ei respectiv congru-
ente, atunci triunghiurile sunt congruente.

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WULXQJKLXUL VXQW FRQJUXHQWH /LSL‫܊‬L FHOH GRXă WULXQJKLXUL FRQJUXHQWH ‫܈‬L
GH FXORUL GLIHULWH vQ FDLHWH FD vQ ILJXUD DOăWXUDWă ‫܈‬L QRWD‫܊‬L vQ GUHSWXO ORU
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Dac în triunghiurile 'ABC úi 'AcBcC c au loc relaiile AB { AcBc
AC { AcC c BC { BcC c atunci, 'ABC { 'AcBcC c .
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Dac dou triunghiuri au toate laturile respectiv congruente, atunci ele
sunt congruente.





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E 'HVHQD‫܊‬LXQWULXQJKLABC. &RQVWUXL‫܊‬LXQWULXQJKLFRQJUXHQWFXDFHVWDIRORVLQGFD]XOGHFRQJUXHQ‫܊‬ă
LLL
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FRQJUXHQ‫܊‬ăLUL Omoloage = dou elemente apar-
inând unor figuri geometrice
7ULXQJKLXULOH GLQ SUREOHPD DQWHULRDUă DX IRVW FRQVWUXLWH IRORVLQG
între care exist o coresponden
FD]XULOH GH FRQJUXHQ‫܊‬ă LLL, LUL. 3HQWUX ILHFDUH DX SXWXW IL determinat, care se afl în cores-
PăVXUDWH GHFL FXQRVFXWH PăVXULOH XQJKLXULORU ‫܈‬L OXQJLPLOH ponden (laturi omoloage,
ODWXULORU 7ULXQJKLXO ABC  D IRVW ÄFRSLDW´ VDX UHDOL]DW FRSLL DOH unghiuri omoloage).
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SRVLELOH
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D 'DFăAB = FP AÖ q , NP = FP‫܈‬L PÖ q , FDOFXOD‫܊‬LOXQJLPHDODWXULLBC‫܈‬LPăVXUD CÖ 
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xDou triunghiuri sunt congruente dac au laturile i

unghiurile respectiv congruente.
6HVFULH 'ABC { 'AcBcCc ‫܈‬LVHFLWH‫܈‬WHÄWULXQJKLXO ABC HVWH
FRQJUXHQWFXWULXQJKLXO AcBcCc 

xCriterii de congruen:
Criteriul LUL.'DFăGRXăWULXQJKLXULDXGRXăODWXUL‫܈‬LXQJKLXO
GHWHUPLQDWGHHOHUHVSHFWLYFRQJUXHQWHDWXQFLWULXQJKLXULOHVXQW
FRQJUXHQWH

Criteriul ULU'DFăGRXăWULXQJKLXULDXRODWXUă‫܈‬LXQJKLXULOH
DOăWXUDWH HL UHVSHFWLY FRQJUXHQWH DWXQFL WULXQJKLXULOH VXQW
FRQJUXHQWH

Criteriul LLL'DFăGRXăWULXQJKLXULDXWRDWHODWXULOHUHVSHFWLY
FRQJUXHQWHDWXQFLWULXQJKLXULOHVXQWFRQJUXHQWH







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FHORUGRXăWULXQJKLXUL
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Rezolvare:
FRQVWUXLPXQXQJKL XAY Ö FXPăVXUDGHq
SHVHPLGUHDSWDAXOXăPXQSXQFWBDVWIHOvQFkWAB = FP
SHVHPLGUHDSWDAYOXăPXQSXQFWCDVWIHOvQFkWAC = FP
SXQHPvQHYLGHQ‫܊‬ăVHJPHQWXOBC, 'ABC HVWHWULXQJKLXOFăXWDW
Observm: 7ULXQJKLXO ABC DIRVWFRQVWUXLWFRQIRUPcriteriului de con-
strucie /8/ ‫܇‬WLLQG Fă AÖ q  SUREOHPD SRDWH IL UHIRUPXODWă DVWIHO
FRQVWUXL‫܊‬LXQWULXQJKLGUHSWXQJKL ABC  AÖ q FXQRVFkQGAB =FP
‫܈‬L AC =  FP &ULWHULXO /8/ VH WUDQVIRUPă vQ criteriul de construcie
CCFDWHWă±FDWHWă
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FRQVWUXLPVHJPHQWXOAB =FP
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PăVXUăPFXUDSRUWRUXOXQXQJKL ABC Ö q  'ABC HVWHWULXQJKLXOFăXWDW
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Fă AÖ q  SUREOHPD SRDWH IL UHIRUPXODWă DVWIHO FRQVWUXL‫܊‬L XQ WULXQJKL GUHSWXQJKL ABC AÖ q 
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WUDQVIRUPăDVWIHOvQcriteriul de construcie CUFDWHWă±XQJKL
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GUHSWXQJKLF VXQW FRPSOHPHQWDUH SXWHP FDOFXOD XQJKLXO DOăWXUDW FDWHWHL FRPSOHPHQWXO XQJKLXOXL
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SHVHPLGUHDSWDAXOXăPXQSXQFWBDVWIHOvQFkWAB =FP
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SXQFWXOGHLQWHUVHF‫܊‬LHGLQWUHFHUF‫܈‬LVHPLGUHDSWDAY
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1. Cazul CC 2. Cazul CU 3. Cazul CI 4. Cazul IU
(catet – catet) (catet – unghi) (catet – ipotenuz) (ipotenuz – unghi)



Criteriile de congruen pentru triunghiurile dreptunghice

xCriteriul CC (catet – catet)

'DFă GRXă WULXQJKLXUL GUHSWXQJKLFH DX FDWHWHOH UHVSHFWLY FRQJUXHQWH
DWXQFLWULXQJKLXULOHVXQWFRQJUXHQWH



xCriteriul CU (catet – unghi)
'DFă GRXă WULXQJKLXUL GUHSWXQJKLFH DX R SHUHFKH GH FDWHWH UHVSHFWLY
FRQJUXHQWH‫܈‬LRSHUHFKHGHXQJKLXULDVFX‫܊‬LWHUHVSHFWLYFRQJUXHQWHDWXQFL
WULXQJKLXULOHVXQWFRQJUXHQWH


xCriteriul CI (catet – ipotenuz)
'DFă GRXă WULXQJKLXUL GUHSWXQJKLFH DX LSRWHQX]HOH ‫܈‬L FkWH R FDWHWă
UHVSHFWLYFRQJUXHQWHDWXQFLWULXQJKLXULOHVXQWFRQJUXHQWH



xCriteriul IU (ipotenuz – unghi)
'DFă GRXă WULXQJKLXUL GUHSWXQJKLFH DX LSRWHQX]HOH UHVSHFWLY FRQJUXHQWH
‫܈‬L R SHUHFKH GH XQJKLXUL DVFX‫܊‬LWH UHVSHFWLY FRQJUXHQWH DWXQFL WULXQ
JKLXULOHVXQWFRQJUXHQWH






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GRXăILJXULVXQWFRQJUXHQWHGHPRQVWUD‫܊‬LFăFHOHGRXăWULXQJKLXULVXQWFRQJUXHQWHvQILHFDUHFD]VWDELOLQG
PDLvQWkLSHUHFKLOHGHHOHPHQWHFRQJUXHQWHDOHFHORUGRXăWULXQJKLXUL‫܈‬LDSRLFD]XOGHFRQJUXHQ‫܊‬ă
D E F G
   









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 Axioma lui Euclid VDX D[LRPD SDUDOHOHORU printr-un punct exterior unei drepte se poate construi o
singur paralel la acea dreapt
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 Bisectoarea unui unghi este semidreapta interioar unghiului, care determin cu laturile acestuia
dou unghiuri congruente
 Dou unghiuri se numescunghiuri complementare,dac suma msurilor lor este egal cu q .
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Ö  AOC
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AOC


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DQWHULRUestefals‫܈‬LFDXUPDUHnu este o teorem
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VXQWFRQJUXHQWH3HQWUXDGHPRQVWUDVHXWLOL]HD]ămetoda triunghiurilor congruente
$‫܈‬D FXP DP vQYă‫܊‬DW OD FD]XULOH GH FRQJUXHQ‫܊‬ă DOH WULXQJKLXULORU SHQWUX D GHPRQVWUD FRQJUXHQ‫܊‬D D
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ULU, LUL, LLL 'DFă dou triunghiuri sunt congruente conform definiiei congruenei triun-
ghiurilor, rezult c toate elementele celor dou triunghiuri sunt congruente, dou câte dou, deci
mai gsim înc trei perechi de elemente congruente.
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FRQJUXHQWHVHSDUFXUJXUPăWRULLSD‫܈‬L 9RFDEXODU
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ϮϰϬ




Orice teorem cuprinde trei pri: ipotez, concluzie i demonstraie. Ipoteza reprezint ceea ce
se consider adevrat. Concluzia reprezint ceea ce trebuie demonstrat. Demonstraia reprezint
rezolvarea problemei, adic un ir de raionamente logice prin care se ajunge de la ipotez la
concluzie.
Pentru a demonstra c dou segmente sau dou unghiuri sunt congruente, se folosete metoda
triunghiurilor congruente, care presupune urmtorul raionament:
 identificarea a dou triunghiuri care conin ca elemente laturile sau unghiurile cutate;
 încadrarea într-un caz de congruen (LUL, ULU, LLL);
 folosind definiia triunghiurilor congruente, rezult c toate elementele sunt congruente dou câte
dou.



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Ö ‫܈‬L ACB
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D AM { BN  E AN { BM   F 'AMN { ' BNM 
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AD { BO AO { BC ‫܈‬L AD & BC 
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Ö { ACB
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'LQ Ÿ 'ABC { 'ACO Ÿ AB AC 
E7ULXQJKLXO 'ABC HVWHLVRVFHO
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 IpotezaILJXUDDOăWXUDWă AO { BO MO { NO 
ConcluziaD AM { BN 
Demonstraie&RPSDU 'AMO FX'BNO 
AO { BO LSRWH]ă MO { NO LSRWH]ă
Ö { BON
AOM Ö XQJKLXULRSXVHODYkUI
LUL def
'LQ Ÿ 'AMO { 'BNO Ÿ AM { BN 
ConcluziaE AN { BM 
Demonstraie&RPSDU 'ANO FX'BMO  AO { BO LSRWH]ă NO { MO LSRWH]ă
ULU def
Ö { BOM
AON Ö XQJKLXULRSXVHODYkUI'LQ Ÿ 'ANO { 'BMO Ÿ AN { BM 
ConcluziaF 'AMN { 'BNM 

Ϯϰϭ



Demonstraie&RPSDU 'AMN FX'BNM  AM { BN GHPRQVWUDWODD AN { BM GHPRQVWUDW

LLL
ODE MN { NM ODWXUăFRPXQă'LQ Ÿ 'AMN { 'BNM 
 IpotezaILJXUD AD { BO AO { BC  AD & BC 
Concluzia DO { CO 
Demonstraie &RPSDU 'ADO FX'BOC  AD { BO  LSRWH]ă  AO { BC  LSRWH]ă 
Ö { OBC
DAO Ö XQJKLXULDOWHUQHLQWHUQH
LUL def
'LQ Ÿ 'ADO { 'BOC Ÿ DO OC 



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IDOVă
D 'DFă AB { DE  BC { EF ‫܈‬L CA { FD DWXQFL
a  )A { )D  ,   a  )A { )E  ,  a  )A { )F  , 
E 'DFă AB { DE  )B { )E  BC { EF DWXQFL
b  AC { EF  ,  b  AC { DF  ,   b  AC { DE  , 
F 'DFă CA { FE  )A { )E  )C { )F DWXQFL
c  AB { DF  ,  c  AB { DE  ,  c  AB { EF  , 
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D 'HPRQVWUD‫܊‬LFă 'ABC { 'CDA 
E &RPSOHWD‫܊‬LVSD‫܊‬LLOHOLEHUHDVWIHOvQFkWFRQJUXHQ‫܊‬HOHVăILH
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cele opuse unghiurilor congruente.
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unghiului opus bazei, determin segmente identice(se suprapun).
x Dac într-un triunghi, o linie important are dou caliti, atunci triunghiul este isoscel, laturile
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x Într-un triunghi echilateral, toate unghiurile sunt congruente, fiecare unghi având msura de q .
x Dac într-un triunghi toate unghiurile sunt congruente, atunci triunghiul este echilateral.
x Un triunghi isoscel cu un unghi de q este echilateral.
x Într-un triunghi echilateral, bisectoarea oricrui unghi, înlimea, mediatoarea i mediana
corespunztoare laturii opuse acelui unghi, coincid.
x Într-un triunghi echilateral, centrul cercului înscris, ortocentrul, centrul cercului circumscris i
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Ϯϰϴ



Teorema direct. Dac un triunghi dreptunghic are un unghi ascuit cu msura de q, atunci
lungimea catetei opuse acestui unghi este egal cu jumtate din lungimea
ipotenuzei.9RPVFULHWHRUHPDVXEIRUPD
BC
Ipotez'ABC AÖ q BÖ q    Concluzia AC 

Demonstraie 5HDOL]D R FRQVWUXF‫܊‬LH DMXWăWRDUH VXJHUDWă GH DFWLYLWDWHD
SUDFWLFă9RPQRWDFXDVLPHWULFXOSXQFWXOXLC ID‫܊‬ăGHSXQFWXO A A  DC 
‫܈‬LAD = AC‫܈‬LYRPFRPSDUD'ADBFX'ACB
AD = ACGHILQL‫܊‬LDVLPHWULFXOXL AB = ABODWXUăFRPXQă
Ö
DAB Ö
CAB Ö  q
q  D A C FROLQLDUHúL&$%
C C def
'LQ‫܈‬L Ÿ 'ADB{'ACB Ÿ BD BC i DBA Ö Ö
CBA q
Ö Ö Ö
'DU DBC DBA  CBA qq q&XPWULXQJKLXO DCBHVWHLVRVFHOFXPăVXUDXQJKLXOXL
Ö DC
DBC q UH]XOWă FD WULXQJKLXO DCB HVWH HFKLODWHUDO DGLFă DC = BD = BC &XP AC  ‫܈‬L

BC
DC = BCUH]XOWă AC 

Teorema reciproc. Dac într-un triunghi dreptunghic, lungimea unei catete este jumtate din
lungimea ipotenuzei, atunci msura unghiului opus acestei catete este egal cu q 9RP VFULH
WHRUHPDVXEIRUPD
BC
Ipotez 'ABC  AÖ q AC     Concluzia CBA Ö q 

Demonstraie 5HDOL]ăP R FRQVWUXF‫܊‬LH DMXWăWRDUH FD vQ ILJXUD DOăWXUDWă
9RPQRWDFX C c VLPHWULFXOSXQFWXOXLC ID‫܊‬ăGHSXQFWXO A A  CC c ‫܈‬LA C c
= AC‫܈‬LYRPFRPSDUD'ACBFX'ACcB
A C c = ACGHILQL‫܊‬LDVLPHWULFXOXL
Ö
C cAB CABÖ Ö
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AB = ABODWXUăFRPXQă
C C def
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Ö 
BC CC c
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Ö
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Ö q Ö
C cBA q DGLFă CBA q 

$FWLYLWDWHSUDFWLFă
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 Teorem direct: În orice triunghi dreptunghic, lungimea medianei corespunztoare ipotenuzei este
egal cu jumtate din lungimea acesteia9RPVFULHWHRUHPDVXEIRUPD
BC
Ipotez'ABCSA qO  BC  OB OC   Concluzia AO 

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SXQFWXOXLA ID‫܊‬ăGHSXQFWXO O O  AAc ‫܈‬L Ac O = AO.

Ϯϰϵ



D &RPSDUăP'AcBOFX'ACO
AcO AO GLQFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LH
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AAc BC AAc BC
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Teorema reciproc. Dac mediana unui triunghi are lungimea egal cu jumtate din lungimea laturii
corespunztore, atunci triunghiul este dreptunghic, unghiul drept fiind unghiul opus laturii creia i
s-a considerat mediana.9RPVFULHWHRUHPDVXEIRUPD
BC
Ipotez'ABC M  BC  MB MC  AM  Concluzie AÖ q 

BC
Demonstraie'LQ AM ‫܈‬L MB MC UH]XOWăAM = MC = MB

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LSRWHQX]DGHFP0LKDLREVHUYăFă     
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FXQRVFXWăFDTeorema lui PitagoraPDWHPDWLFLDQJUHF
Teorema direct: Dac un triunghi este dreptunghic, atunci suma ptratelor lungimilor catetelor este
egal cu ptratul lungimii ipotenuzei.
9RPVFULHWHRUHPDVXEIRUPD
Ipotez'ABC AÖ q    Concluzia AB   AC  BC  

ϮϱϬ



'DFăQRWăPAB = c, AC = b‫܈‬LBC = aWHRUHPDVHYDVFULH b   c  a  

Teorema reciprocDac într-un triunghi, suma ptratelor lungimilor a dou dintre laturi este egal
cu ptratul lungimii celei de-a treia, atunci triunghiul este dreptunghic, unghiul drept, fiind opus
laturii a treia.
9RPVFULHWHRUHPDVXEIRUPD
Ipotez + ABC  AB   AC  BC     Concluzia AÖ q 
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OXQJLPHDLSRWHQX]HLBC
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BC       'HFLBC = FP
 ÌQ WULXQJKLXO ABC FX AÖ q OXQJLPHD FDWHWHL AB = FP ‫܈‬L OXQJLPHD LSRWHQX]HLBC =  FP. 
&DOFXOD‫܊‬LOXQJLPHDFDWHWHLAC
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  AC    AC       GHFLAC =FP
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DWUHLD        LDU   GHFL MN   NP  MP  ‫܈‬LWULXQJKLXOMNPHVWH
GUHSWXQJKLFFXXQJKLXOGUHSWvQSXQFWXON


x Într-un triunghi dreptunghic fiecare catet este mai mic decât ipotenuza, iar unghiurile ascuite
sunt complementare.
x Într-un triunghi dreptunghic lungimea catetei opuse unghiului cu msura de q, este egal cu
jumtate din lungimea ipotenuzei.
x Dac într-un triunghi dreptunghic, lungimea unei catete este jumtate din lungimea ipotenuzei,
atunci msura unghiului opus acestei catete este egal cu q.
x În orice triunghi dreptunghic, lungimea medianei corespunztoare ipotenuzei este egal cu
jumtate din lungimea acesteia.
x Dac mediana unui triunghi are lungimea egal cu jumtate din lungimea laturii
corespunztore, atunci triunghiul este dreptunghic, unghiul drept fiind unghiul opus acestei laturi.
x Dac un triunghi este dreptunghic, atunci suma ptratelor lungimilor catetelor este egal cu
ptratul lungimii ipotenuzei (teorema lui Pitagora).
x Dac într-un triunghi, suma ptratelor lungimilor a dou dintre laturi este egal cu ptratul
lungimii celei de-a treia, atunci triunghiul este dreptunghic, unghiul drept fiind opus laturii a treia
(reciproca teoremei lui Pitagora).


 )LHWULXQJKLXOABCFX AÖ q 
D 'DFăAB FPAC FPFDOFXOD‫܊‬LBC
E 'DFăAB FP, AC = FP,FDOFXOD‫܊‬LAC
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D VL =FP, DL = FP‫܈‬LVD FP
E VL =FP, DL =FP‫܈‬LVD =FP

Ϯϱϭ




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