840732 Beam Cross Section Properties Determined by AusTAACT A method 10 calculate team cross section properties fom only @ protle descripion of the beam cross section is descrbed. Cross section properties are formulated in terrs o| Tine integrals involving only boundary variables. The boundary lament method is then Introduced 19 solve Laplace's and Boisson's equations for nese boundary variables. Algorithms ‘are: propesoa which automatically create accuraio boundary floment modes irom the eross section profile BEAN MODELS are the worknorses of structural designess in many incusties. Because of thei reative simplcity, beam modes are cepecialy ueoful for analyeie early in a product ‘development cycle, Necessary pul to these odes are bean ‘ross section properties. Ease In obtaining these properties IS tntieal to patorming a tmaly analysis. "Many hancbooks nave equations or tables of properties for common sections. Howevel for abllary cross sectors, tMese properties have to be determined by other moans, It beam (s mags of thiywalled mambers, there ate zpproximate euatone which apply [1], or there are computer codes which automate the application ofthese equations (2, For tne mos. {General case, in order to calculate all re properties, one coule 2 domain based approach tke fini glamente or brite dit fetences. The finte element meinod requires the cross section tobe aroken up into discrte area eements connected at rode Points [3.4], Describing the coovdinatas of the node points ans Gefining ‘ine connectivity ct tre ‘elements, even wih mesh ‘generation progiamns, takes the additional time of 2 shied {rginger. This paper will spow how all the properties can be ‘celcviated from only an cutline ofthe Beam ctoss section using the Bounsory clement mathod BASIC PROPERTIES Modern CAD systems calculate the basic beam prop patties, lke area moments of ineria, and centécd Tocation, {roms pecilodesoripion of te boar erase sscion To eshow ths isaccomplisned, consider the cross section tobe toungee bya cues described intnexy alare as in Figure. where Ais ‘the unit normal at ar artery point on the curve Boundary Element Analysis Gorden H. Holze, C. Paul Pulver, and Yoseph Gebre-Giorgis ‘Caterpillar Tractor Co, Peeria, ntent Fig. 1 — Beam Gross Section ‘The basic propertis are defined in terms of area inve- 4rais evolving polysornials ot» ana, These area integra’s can be converted to line integrals using Green's lemma SI Toll lustrate, let atypical integral B be 2- Sf rca » Green's lemma states that fortwo furctions, U and ¥, an area integral ang a line tegral are related according 1: SS MW sacar Sve UHI gy IU s chosen to be ze10 and V is chosen such that: myn ax ” 3 te walter becomes: x41 9 ny a fe og ® Hence, the basic properties can be calculated by performing the integration of terms like Ea (4)elther sumarically or anal really around the boundary cure cone 1015 303-1m198 56 Coprright 1985 Socety of Automotive Enpinesre, Ines3.1020 ADVANCED PROPERTIES ‘The advanced properties, namely the torsional constant the shear cert location, the shear area coefficient, anc the warping conslant ore alto dolined by area integral, but the i {egtands Involve furetions which satisty Laplace’ equation Hence, methods based on the Tiite element technique solve {Leplate's equation tnroughaut ihe domain af ho beam eons Section and perform the area integration piecewise over each flament in Grde" 10 be able to calculate the advanced prop. fies from only profile description ofthe cress section. the ‘evanced pronerties must frst be recelined in terms of ineinte Grats. In O1Ger to simplty te derniions, the x and y coor Ginates for the remainder of the paper are assumed to be prin Cigal directions with the origin af the centroid ofthe cross sec tien TORSIONAL CONSTANT — When a beam is subjected to torsion, its cross section does not remain planar, out rather vwarpa outa the plare, Saint Vonant(6] was tne fel to esse that the displacements take the form: us-ezy wrod) 6 winere a is the angle of twist per unit of longtn and ¢ isa func tion of x andy, Equilbriam conditions requre that § salsies: =, ah a2 * a © Further, ifthe lateral surface of the beam is to be free of trac tons, the Boundary contation on the cutwe'S IS ‘The torsional constant for thebeam coss section can be shown 100 7h wy \ Sfitaer Bey Bong @ To tist tao terms ae the um of he xneipal moments ot in ri yy andi By using Greer lemma and eting vexe veaye o ‘The last two terms become: SS By Breas Shane -a97189 gp Therefore by sutstituting Eo, (10) nto Ea, the trsional som stant becomes: Sahocthy - S42 as oy SHEAR CENTER LOCATION — The x coordinate o! the shear Genter ‘eave 10 the cenvold of the cross section 1s (3) f Sipaxdy fa ‘This atea integral can be converted to a line intogal by using Gieor's theorem when statag thal lor hwo functions, U ard V {an area integal and a line integral are related according to: WOLZE, BT AL. SS 120 e007 SU VBL oy By letting Ube ¢, the area integral in Ea (12) will be inthis form ‘ eye 9 A function Y wich satistes a.) 1 vty 9 Hence, Ea (12) becomes: 1 12 wer Spy gr Bs Ge) The y coordinate of the shear center i 8} ocr fy SSa toed on By selecting U again to be and by ehooting: «ay Eq, (17) becomes: wor iy Sg Mb G8 HIS 09) ‘SHEAR AREA COEFFICIENTS — When a beam is sub- lected toa shear force in the x direction, the sheat stassos on ‘he erose section are detined in tors of a junction x, which Hse satsties tapleces equaton 0 wo wits tne boundary conton Bo Leaning - 244 Bom S ferPea Ping 24019 ay ‘here vis Poisson's ratio forthe beam material ‘The shear atea coeflicient inthe x dlvection is shown to be 18} 21th Kee tly Free gy A SfinseiPorar 0 where Als the cross sectional area The second tom inthe area, ‘stagral fits the form of €q, (1). The eet term can be Randled ike they cootinale of the sheat cantar by Telling U be 3, and chogsing ¥ ab in £9, (18). Theretore, Eq 22) Boceme. Taw 2 hip tun fo porais Poa eS tome SS Pema 6 ‘Similary, the stear area cceticient in the y direction is: Pre fd Fan gh tee ga RmIs eM %BOUDARY ELEMENT ANALYSIS. where x, must also satisty Laplace's equation we 25) with ihe noundary contton: Bie aes mn yag- Fwy eemrtin Gerace ym FOP reMAIy og WARPING CONSTANT — For beam magels where the ceri! the beam is restrained against warping, the warping con Slants needed. Reference [10] defines the warping constant for '3 doubly symmoinio ores eaction. For an artirary crane #0 tion the warping constant is re SS oro relu-eey- 4 an ox SSvaxay a Converting © to a line integral can be accomplished by applying Green's theorem with U equal to 4 and 1 ve de eo, Inthis case © becomes: on [ixtre- 3 2 Bas eo In order to conver the frst atea integral in he warning constant toa ling integral, Green's theorem can again be ap plea with equa’ 10 pan by Invoducing a new funeticn ye tha Salisfes Poissons equation unt an ‘The boundary condition on w js arbitrary, 29 lati be 3 1 S428 8-52 Ye? by salSiin 22 ye]? 6s Now tna the advanced properties have ali been redelined in| forme of ling integrals nsolving bourdaty variables it fe natura to consider solving tor inese doundary variables using the Deuncary elemert frethod or. 8 iis sometimes called, the bauncary intagrel equation metned. The boundary integra ‘equation for ¢ 2quWalent to £q 6) 18 (11) 4S 2 oareaes- Soa) 2 tn 1.0938 - ~ S282 voor @ayes on where P is any point on §, Q vares over all points en Sane ris the distance betwear P snd Q. The boundary integral equstion| is constain! equation which relates the boundary variable at a point to ie boundary variable ana its normal derwatwe at al father poiets on the Boundary S 3.102 By intoducing some assumptions about how the bound ay variable anaits formal derivate vary around te boundary ‘20 by writing Eq” 4) Tor varius pomnts on the boundary, & System of smultanoous linear equations can be developed Patewence ('2] test applied this method 10 solve the TosIon problem. Reference [13] recognized that this methed could also be used to solve the shear problem. In both these relerences, the boundary wae approximated by ettaignt ine element ard ‘he boundary valables were assumed tobe constant over ac line element in the present work, the ‘soparametic quacratic formulation described im Referance [11] 6 apatios. That is say, the boundary must be defined by piecewise paraboll: segirents or elements. Over each element the. boundary arial and its normal derivative are assumed to vary in a ‘quadratic fashion. The advantages of a quadratic formulation fe the geomety of the beam cross section can be mor ak Curalely approximaiad and fewer elements are needed to get eauialent accuracy ‘All tho odvanced properties requre the soution of Laplace's equation, but as-can be seen by comparing Eqs. (7. (21), ana 26) the Douncary conditions are differen. These OF: fecant boundary consitions lead to multiple right hand sidos i the system ol simultaneous equations. Eg. 91) shows tat after solving for ¢ from Laplace's equation, whe warping cons ‘uites tho additiona solution of Poss [Ti] alse desenbas now the boundary Used to solve Poisson's equation. Basically the solution fs the Same as Laplace's equation, except additional terms are ade to the ight hand sige AUTOMATIC DIVISION OF THE BOUNDARY Let us assume tat the boundary is described by a series of salon tines and clreular ares. Since the goal was to deter. mine ll he Deam cioss section properiestrom orly the outline cl the crass section a metod must be developed to break the ‘boundary into a suticient rumber of parabolic elements fo gst 2 good Solution to Laplace's and Poisson's equation without ‘wasting computer resources. The argumarts for the algorthme ‘described below are Reurisic end were developed by empirical stuges Let us assume, at least fora fs! pass, tat the boundary {s to be broken up into’ elements of aporoximately uritorm length. The numberof basic lines and ates fs ingcatve of the complexity of the cross ssction. For exemple, a rectangular (ross Section wil require fewer elomients (9 deserbe and sole than an ibeam. A muliplying factor of three is chosen. Ths means that the number of elements created should be three ‘mes the number of basic lines ara aes, For feng and thin sections tho estimate above docs not produce good results. However, when the nunber of elements '5 increesec, te accuracy improves. Accurate resul's can be btainec when the average element length Is no greater than twice the cross section thickness. For lorg and thn sections, the orea is opprovimalely ast wine ithe nominal length of the section, and ti the ron he ccumeranea Cs approximately cna » ‘Therefore, the nominal thickness can be estimates from:3.2022 It the average element length is tobe twice this thickness, the fhumber of elements N. can be approximates rom: a ee For simple soid sections nether of the above two est mates preducee vory mary clement, Therelore @ minimum o! thity elements 's always created. The tinal suggestion for rhumber oF elements becomes: Ne maximum (3p. 22,30) a 69, where Ng is the number of basis lines and arcs usod to define ‘the sestlen. The target oloment longih for automatic division 19. 6 rey 40, Each basic tne and arc is divided inte an integer number of f’lernents such that no element is forgerthan ths targt length Further, considering the potential rapid change in boundary conditions given by Eqs. (7), 21), an (20) a an arf traversed, ‘no element Is allowed to cure around more tnan a 22.5 degree arg Properties forthe beam c1oes sactions given below were calculated using this algorithm. Consideration is being given to Using these tet pass results to rafne of mcrease tha Rumber o} laments In loeaizes areas, BAMPLES Figure 2 shows the cross section of an open thin-walled beam orove section. Fig. 2 — Semicircular Tube Gross Section Because this isa thinwalled section the numberof ele- ‘ments is contol by tha roqulroment for eiemont songth to Be loss than wice the cross section thickness. Figure isa plot of the boundary element medel wth 3 elements used calculate the crocs section proportion These properties are compared in Table 1 with those given by formulas in Reference 1) Fig. | — Boundary Fiement Model of Senicitcular Tube Gross Section G. H. MouZe, EP AL. Table 1 Properties of Semicteolar Tube Cross Section Boundary Element ThinWalled Percent Property Method Equations Diference 4 0.0604 emt age7s.on# Yee 12620 om 2earem = -03. ti 113 ome 1.166m" 13 ‘The :beam cross section shown in Figure 4 was also used to tat tne method ! idem = 109 em Fig. 4 — Beam Cross Section While the beam is a moderately thinwalled section, the umber of claments generates Is governed by thvee times the ‘amber 3f basic lines needed to define the action (N26). In actually 42 elements were created due tothe need tocreate an integer tumber t ements from each ine. Figure is a plot ot ‘he Eourdary elament modal, and Table 2 compares the proper ‘ves using the thin-walled equat ons from References [1] and (9), ‘value of 03 was used fo! Possan's ratio. Fig. 5 — Boundary Element Model of eam Cress SectionBOUNDARY ELIMEN? ANALYSIS: ‘Table 2 — Properties for b Beam Cross Section Boundary Element ThinWalled Percent Property Method Equations oiffererce J TE67 em Tete 43 cs Gao1s 0.3580 8 ° 1934, cent 1958, emt “24 The largest dilference in predicted propertis was inthe ‘shear area fatlo. This section could have beer stetening the Uvnewaltes theory essumnplions, and the boundary elenent value could be more acuta, ‘This hypothesis Is supported when the results for the sclid rectangle orose section shown in Figure 6 are considered ‘agen ;—— com Fig. 6 — Rectangle Cross Section Because this is 2 simple cross section, the minimum umber of 30 boundary elements were used. Ths Modal i Shown in Figure 7A valve 010.3 wae again used for Poisson's fatlo. By itegrating closed lorm sclutions for x, and jy. equa- tions in Peference 8] predict a shear area rato o! 084967 int \deperdent of the aspec! rao of the rectangle. The boundary flement mocel orecicted aimest the exact same values of ‘124064 inthe x direction and OB4055 Inthe y dracon Fig. 7 — Boundary Element Mocel of Rectangle Cross Section While tne examples above demonstrate the ‘tha mothe, thoy do no illustrate the inherent advan boundary element ‘methos lo chavactarze complicate (geomsiies. The rectangular bar with two crcuar Roles Srown InFigute’ isa slighty more complicated crass saction but one for which an independent determination ofthe torsional cons. tant is avaiable 3.2023, Fig. 8 — Rectangular Bar with Two Circular Holes Desciing this cross section with finite elements would require transitioning for the linear outer boundary to the ct ‘ular interior Boundaries. With the boundary element methed, {reation of aloments on ozch part of the boundary te incopen ent of the other parte of the boundary. Figure 9 shows the ourdary element lode! Used to solve this problem, Note that the outer boundary was divides hased on goal of 0 total slements, However the 225 degree ac criterion caused each ‘tcl tobe divided no 16 eements Ths resulted in 8 fotal of 58 flements in the model OO Fig. 9 — Boundary Element Node! of Rectangular Bar with Circular Holes This modol predicted @ ‘orsionsl constant of 243 cmt ushicn agreet withthe value of 2437 emt reported in Reference, ay SUMMARY The specitic neod to easily calculate all the beam cross section progertias from ony a prolle description of the cross, Section was met by. ". redefining the eroee eaction preperty dotintions in twrms of ine Integral, 2 introducing the Boundary element metnod to Sole for the tors appearing in the integrand, and '3 pronding & means to automaticaly dvide the profile ‘sescripion into boundary elements, Finally, afew examples illustrating the use of the method were presented,3.2024 REFERENCES 1. Roark and WC. Young. “Formulas for Stress. and Sirain,” MeGraw-Hii Book Co, New York 1975, ep. 00-30. SPOTS, General Electie CAE international, Inc SASA, Gereral Electric CAE intematonal, ino. ISOCROS, Engineering Mechanics Research Corporati GN. Folia, “Contour integration for Caleualion of Proper ties of Sections", The lastitution of Engineers, Australia, {Clu Engineering Transactions, Apri, 197%, pp. 352 6..B, Saint'Venant."Mamoiies da | academia des sciences ‘des savants etrangers,” Vol. 14, 1855, pp. 250560 7.15. Sokolikelt, “Mathematical ‘Theoy of elastic,’ McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York. 1956, 9p, 61.248, he Canter of Shea’ ard the Center of Twist Mathomatice, Vel. 1017, pp. 0709 "The Shear Costlicient ‘of Timosrenko's Beam Theory" Joutnal of Apoiied Mechanics, ASME Tan factions, Vol 2, No.2, 166 pp. 218440 10. E-Reissner, “On Non Jnitorm Torsion of Cylindrical Rods,” Journal of Matnenaves and Prysies, VOL. 31, 1952, Bp. razon 11. G Fairweather, FJ. Alzo,D.J Shippy, and ¥.S. Wu, “On the Numerical Solution of Two Dimensional Potentia Problems: by an Improved Boundary integral Equation Method,” Jour Ral of Computational Prysieg, Vol" 31, Not, 4979, pp. 96112, 12. MS. daswon and AA. Panter, “An Integral Equation Solu tion Of the Torsion Problem Proceesngs of he Ry Society of London. Vo. 273A. 1963, po. 237-266. 13, E-Sauer and G Mehlhorn,"Applicaien ofthe Boundary Ele- ment Method to Shear and Torsion Problems in Elastic Prismatic Members,” in Innovative Numerical Analysis for ‘the Applied Engineering Sciences, edtedby A. Shaw, etal, Univerelty Brass of Virgina, 1980, pp. 655.66, 14, AK Naghdi, "Torsion of Rectangular Bar with Two Gicular Hows,” ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 108, No 2. 1888 pp. 63.638, GH. HOLE, BT AL.