Electric Power Systems Research, 11 (1986) 129 - 137
An Algorithm for Optimum Control of Static VAR Compensators to Meet
Phase-wise Unbalanced Reactive Power Demands
D. THUKARAM, B. S. RAMAKRISHNA IYENGAR and K. PARTHASARATHY
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012 (India)
(Received July 18, 1986)
SUMMARY
The operation o f thyristor-controlled static
V A R compensators (SVCs) at various conduc-
tion angles can be used advantageously to
meet the unbalanced reactive power demands
in a system. However, such operation intro-
duces harmonic currents into the AC system.
This paper presents an algorithm to evaluate
an optimum combination o f the phase-wise
reactive power generations from SVC and
balanced reactive power supply from the
AC system, based on the defined perfor-
mance indices, namely, the telephone influ-
ence factor (TIF), the total harmonic current
factor (IT) and the distortion factor (D).
Results o f the studies conducted on a typical
distribution system are presented and dis-
cussed.
1. I N T R O D U C T I O N
Phase-wise unbalanced reactive power de-
mand in power systems is due to large single-
phase loads and also to the large and fluc-
tuating industrial loads such as electric arc
furnaces, rolling mills, etc. These loads un-
balance the system and lead to wide fluctua-
tions in the supply voltage and effects like
incandescent light flicker, television picture
distortion, disturbance in electric control
circuits and computer equipment, etc., which
are undesirable to consumers. These types
of heavy industrial loads are normally con-
centrated in one plant and are served from
one network terminal; they can therefore
be handled best b y a local compensator con-
nected to the same terminal. There are two
main reasons for compensating large fluc-
tuating loads: (1), the AC system is t o o
0378-7796/86/$3.50
129
weak to maintain the terminal voltage within
the acceptable variations, and (2) it is not
economical, or practical, to supply the reac-
tive power demand from the AC system.
Shunt compensators are generally used to
reduce or cancel the phase-wise unbalanced
reactive power (VAR) demand and to mini-
mize the reactive power drawn from the AC
supply lines. Static V A R compensators are
preferred over the traditional VAR com-
pensators such as saturable reactors and
switched capacitors owing to additional
advantages like fast response, high reliability,
flexibility and low maintenance cost. Several
types of SVCs with different operating fea-
tures can be realized b y using various power
conversion concepts and thyristor circuits.
The operation of thyristor-controlled com-
pensators at various conduction angles can
be used advantageously to meet the un-
balanced reactive power demands in a system.
However, such operation introduces harmonic
currents into the AC system. In such cases
it becomes necessary either to minimize
harmonic generation internally or provide
external harmonic filters.
Frank and Landstrom [1] have presented
a power factor correction method for bal-
anced and unbalanced loads. They advocated
the use of thyristor-controlled delta-con-
nected capacitors in series with reactors.
They also suggested that these reactors be
used as filters for the harmonic currents.
Barthold et al. [2] suggested a method of
determining the effect of harmonics in terms
of defined performance indices. Engberg et
al. [3] performed the harmonic analysis of
phase currents in a delta-connected phase-
controlled reactor. The magnitudes of various
order harmonics are plotted as functions
of the firing angle of the thyristors. Hammed
© Elsevier Sequoia/Printed in The Netherlands
130
and Mathur [4] proposed a new configura-
tion for the reactors to reduce the harmonic
generation. They suggested a parallel combi-
nation of two phase-controlled reactors in
series with a fixed reactor. It is shown that,
by using this arrangement for the reactors
in a static VAR compensator, magnitudes
of certain order harmonics can be reduced,
thereby eliminating the need of filters.
Gyugyi et al. [5] examined the theoretical
foundations of thyristor-controlled shunt
compensation. They established conditions
for unbalanced load compensation and volt-
age stabilization with the use of symmetrical
components, and suggested a scheme which
employs a fixed capacitor in parallel with a
thyristor-controlled inductor for the real-
ization of variable susceptances. The harmon-
ics generated by controlling the thyristor
switches were kept out of the line currents
by placing the fixed capacitor in series with a
filter network that draws the same funda-
mental current at the system frequency and
provides low impedance shunt paths at the
harmonic frequencies. Further, Gyugyi and
Taylor [6] suggested two methods for mini-
mizing the harmonics generated internally by
the thyristor-controlled reactors. One m e t h o d
uses n reactor banks, each with 1In of the
total rating, the reactor banks being con-
trolled sequentially, that is, only one of the
n reactors is delay-angie controlled and each
of the remaining n -- 1 reactors is either fully
ON or fully OFF. The other m e t h o d uses two
identical delta-connected thyristor-controlled
reactor banks, one operated from the wye-
connected secondary windings, the other
from the delta-connected windings of a sup-
ply transformer. They also reported t h a t the
harmonic cancellation is theoretically possible
by operating three, four, or more delta-
connected thyristor-controlled reactor banks
with appropriately phase-shifted voltages.
This paper presents an algorithm to evalu-
ate an optimum combination of the phase-
wise reactive power generations from SVC
and balanced reactive power supply from the
AC system based on the defined performance
indices TIF (telephone influence factor), IT
{total harmonic current factor) and D (distor-
tion factor). The approach results in mini-
mization of the effect of harmonics in the
AC system, thereby reducing the burden on
the external harmonic filter. Results of the
studies conducted on a typical distribution
system for different loading and compensa-
tion conditions are presented to illustrate the
algorithm.
2. MATHEMATICALMODEL
2.1. Compensator requirements
Two types of static VAR compensa-
tors, namely, the fixed capacitor-thyristor-
controlled reactor (FC-TCR) and the thy-
istor-switched capacitor-thyristor-controlled
reactor (TSC-TCR) are considered for the
analysis. The block schematic arrangement
of a typical SVC is shown in Fig. 1. The
compensator essentially functions as a vari-
able reactance {capacitive and inductive
impedances). In order to establish the basic
compensation requirements it is assumed
that the phase-wise load demands are un-
balanced and time invariant. A series of such
steady-state loads at discrete time instants,
appropriately close to each other, can also
be employed to represent time-varying loads.
With this assumption, the compensator
requirement is to generate/absorb unbalanced
reactive power which, when combined with
the load demand, will represent balanced
load to the supply system. Consider a system
as shown in Fig. 2, where bus 1 represents
the AC system source node and bus 2 repre-
sents the load bus, with a static VAR com-
pensator connected at that bus. Let the
phase-wise load demand be PLa + j Q L a ,
PLb +jQLb and PLc +jQLc. Assuming the
phase-wise load seen by the source (bus 1)
after compensation to be PLa + jQS~, PLb +
jQSb and PLc + jQSc, the phase-wise voltages
Va/6a, Vb/6 b and Vc/5e at the load bus (bus
2) are given by
[EL] ~bc = [ES] abc -- [ZS]~bc[I] abc (1)
where
I a = (PLa -- jQSa)/V~/--6~
Ib = (PLb -- jQSb )/VbL--6b
I c = (PL¢ -- jQSc)/Vd--6~
The nonlinear complex set of eqns. (1) can
be solved for load bus voltages using a proce-
dure similar to three-phase load flow analysis.
The phase-wise reactive power balance equa-
tions at the load bus are
 131

-~'-w .],/ PHASE A

"1~ ~ PHASE B

.jj PHASE C
QRb' ORo' QRc
QCb~ QCQ aCc'

Fixed Capacitorsl
Thyristor Switched Capacitors Thyristor Controlled Reactors

Fig. 1. Block schematic arrangement of an SVC for phase-wise reactive compensation.

BUS BUS
(!) ® QRa

>-
•~ IIII I
PI.a+jQi. a i I
ta
Rb q~Pt.b+JQs b PL b+JQLb i.a

&o xa

0 r, u

co
TCR
Fig. 3. Delta~onnected reactances of the thyristor-
Fig. 2. Line diagram of the system. controlled reactor.

[QS] abe + [QC] ab~ = [QR] abc+ [QL] ~bc
For a given phase-wise unbalanced reactive
power d e m a n d [QL] abe , setting balanced
values for [QC] ~bc o f the FC-TSC and
[QS] ~bc of the source, the unbalanced reac-
tive power [QR] abe absorptions of the TCR
can be obtained from the set of eqns. (2).
Considering the compensator as variable
delta-connected reactances as shown in Fig.
3, QRa, QRb and QRc are absorbed in the
unsymmetrical reactances Xab, Xbc and xca
of the TCR. Referring to Fig. 3, the fol-
lowing relation can be obtained:
[QR] abe = [AI[B]
(2) where
[B] = [Bab , Bbc , Boa] t
with Bah = 1/Xab, Bbc = 1/Xbc, Bc~ = 1/Xc~
and [A ] is a 3 × 3 matrix with
A(1, 1 ) = V a V a - VaVb COS(6a- 65)
A(1, 3) = Va V a - - Va V c cos(6 a -- 6c)
A(2, 1) = Vb Vb -- Vb Va COS(6b -- 6a)
A(2, 2) = Vb Vb -- Vb Vc COS(6b -- 6¢)
A(3, 2) = VcV¢ - - V c V b COS(6¢ -- 6b)
A(3, 3) = V¢V¢ - - VcV~ cos(6c -- 6~)
(3) A(1, 2) = A(2, 3) = A(3, 1) = 0.0
132

F o r t h e possible voltage c o n d i t i o n s at where

the supply bus and for given u n b a l a n c e d
(TIF)h = (Ih/If)Wh
reactive p o w e r absorptions, the values o f the
delta-connected reactances of the compen- (IT)h = I h Wh
sator can be o b t a i n e d f r o m the solution of
The f u n d a m e n t a l and harmonic compo-
eqns. (3).
nents of the line currents are obtained as a
difference of the corresponding branch
2.2. Realization of variable reactances
currents; It and I h are given by
The variable reactances of the compen-
sator are achieved by delaying the closure Ym
If - - - (G~ 2 + Hf2) 1/2 sin(cot -- ¢ -- 0~)
of the t h y r i s t o r switch by an angle a (0 < 21rwL
a < 7r/2). The u n s y m m e t r i c a l firing of thy-
ristors can be used advantageously to o b t a i n
I h -- - - ( G h 2 + H h 2 ) 1/2 sin[h(cot -- 4) -- Oh]
the u n s y m m e t r i c a l d e l t a - c o n n e c t e d reac- ncaL
tances. Considering o n l y the f u n d a m e n t a l
where
c o m p o n e n t , the u n s y m m e t r i c a l firing angles
a l , ~2 and a3 corresponding to the delta G f = 3 ~ - - 43" - - 2 s i n ( 2 3 ' ) - - 2 ~ - - s i n ( 2 / ~ )
r e a c t a n c e s Xab , Xbc and Xca can be o b t a i n e d
H t = V ~ [ I r - - 2¢ - - s i n ( 2 ~ ) ]
by solving the equations
Xab = X0b/[1 -- 2al/lr -- sin(2oq)/rr] (4a) sin[(h + 1)3'I sin[(h - - 1)3"]
Vh =
Xbc ---- X°c/[1 -- 2a2/zr -- sin(2a2)/n ] (4b) h+l h--1

Xca = Xc0a/[1 -- 2aa/Tr -- sin(2ola)/Tr] (4c) 2 sin 3' cos(h3") I tsin[(__h+ _1)~]
where X°b, Xb0c and Xc°a are the reactances for h 2 t h+l
full c o n d u c t i o n of thyristors corresponding
_ sin[(h -- 1)/3] _ 2 sin/3 cos(hfl) t
to zero firing angles, t h a t is, ~1 = a2 = a3 =
0.0. h--1 h
-
+ X/~ t s i n [ ( h _ - - l ) ~ ] _ sin[(h -- 1)~3]
2.3. Measurement of harmonic effects 2 ~ -#+1 h--1
The effect of h a r m o n i c s in the system is
generally measured b y t h e calculation of _ 2 sin fi cos(hfi) t
d e f i n e d p e r f o r m a n c e indices. The present h
state of the art suggests t h e investigation of
the three factors [2] TIF, IT and D. T I F Of = tan-l(H~/Gf)
provides a measure o f t e l e p h o n e interference
t h a t m a y result f r o m the presence of har-
Oh = tan-l(Hh/Gh)
monic voltages adjacent to the point of h = h a r m o n i c order, (6k -+ 1), k = 1, 2, 3 . . . . ;
c o n n e c t i o n of the SVC. IT provides a mea- the + sign is for h a r m o n i c s of order 6k + 1,
sure of t h e T I F t h a t m a y result f r o m har- the -- sign for h a r m o n i c s of order ( 6 k - 1);
monic currents injected into the AC system = 0, 3" = a l , ~ = a3 for line current ia; ~ =
by the c o m p e n s a t o r , and D is a measure of 2~r/3, 3' = a2, ~ = a l for line current ib ; ¢ =
AC sinusoidal voltage distortion. The per- 47r/3, 3' = a3, ~ = a2 for line current ic.
f o r m a n c e indices T I F , IT and D are com- For triple h a r m o n i c s (3rd, 9th, ...)
p u t e d by the equations sin[(h + 1)3"/] sin[(h -- 1)3']
Gh ~
h+l h--1
T I F = [ ~=1 (TIF)h2]
2 sin 7 cos(h3") sin[(h + 1)/}]
+
1/2
h h+l

sin[(h -- 1)j3] 2 sin f~ cos(hi3)

h--1 h
D = (Ih/If)
h=2 Hh=O

3. COMPUTATIONALPROCEDURE
For a given unbalanced reactive power
load demand [QL] abe it is possible to obtain
multiple combinations of balanced values
for [QC] ~bc and [QS] abc, and the unbalanced
reactive power [QR] abe absorptions of TCR.
Different combinations o f firing angles of
the TCR and voltage conditions give different
sets of performance indices TIF, IT and D.
The particular combination which gives
minimum TIF, IT and D is selected as the
optimum. A computer program has been
developed for the purpose. The proposed
algorithm is flexible enough to be imple-
mented using microprocessor-based hard-
ware. The following is a summary of the
steps involved in the program.
Step 1. Read the system data related to
(a) the source bus (bus 1) voltage, (b) the
line impedance between the source bus and
load bus, (c) the unbalanced load demand
at the load bus, (d) the rated capacity of
the SVC, that is, (i) capacitive range, (ii)
inductive range.
Step 2. Initially assume the load reactive
power demand is met completely b y the
compensator only, that is, unit power factor
load is seen by the source. Set QS~ = QSb =
QSc = 0.0.
Step 3. Set the FC-TSC values close to the
maximum of phase-wise load reactive power
demands, that is, set QC~ = QCb = QC~ =
close to maximum of QLa, QLb and QLc.
Step 4. C o m p u t e the voltages at the load
bus (bus 2) assuming the phase-wise load
seen b y the source a s PLa + jQSa, PLb + jQSb
and PLc + jQSc.
Step 5. Compute the phase-wise reactive
powers QRa, QRb and QRc to be absorbed
by the TCR.
Step 6. Compute the corresponding values
of delta-connected reactances Xab, Xbc and
XCa of the TCR to meet the phase-wise volt-
age and reactive power absorption conditions
at the TCR.
Step 7. Check for the design limitations
of the delta-connected reactances of the
TCR. If unsatisfactory, go to step 11.
Step 8. Compute the unsymmetrical
firing angles c~1, a2 and c~3 of the TCR cor-
responding to the reactances.
S t e p 9. Obtain the values for the perfor-
mance indices TIF, IT and D by performing
133
the harmonic analysis of the three AC line
currents. Pick the set having a maximum
value for TIF, IT and D.
Step 10. Check whether the performance
indices TIF, IT and D are within the satisfac-
tory limits or the latest computed values for
TIF, IT and D are greater than the previously
computed values. If they are within the satis-
factory limits or they are increasing com-
pared with the previously c o m p u t e d values,
go to step 13.
Step 11. Increase the values of QC~ =
QCb = QCc to the next higher setting pos-
sible, or assume an increased balanced reac-
tive power supply QSa = QSb = QSo by the
source.
Step 12. Advance the iteration and go to
step 4.
Step 13. Print the optimum settings of the
compensator and the corresponding values
of the performance indices TIF, IT and D.
4. TYPICAL SYSTEM STUDIES AND RESULTS
The system used in the studies is shown in
Fig. 2. The unbalanced load was considered
to be fed from a substation. The parameters
of the line between the source bus and
the load bus were taken as R~ = R b = R c =
0.008 55 p.u. per phase, and Xa = Xb = Xc =
0.080 30 p.u. per phase.
4.1. Case 1
The phase-wise load conditions considered
were PLa = 30.0, PLb = 29.0, PLc = 28.0 MW,
and QL a = 2 0 . 0 , QL b = 1 8 . 0 , QL c = 1 6 . 0
MVAR. The rated values of the SVC were
20.0 MVAR for the F C - T S C and 10.0 MVAR
for the TCR.
The various possible combinations of SVC
to meet the unbalanced load demands and
the corresponding effects of harmonics mea-
sured by the performance indices are given
in Table 1. The o p t i m u m settings corre-
sponding to the minimum values of the per-
formance indices TIF, IT and D are QSa =
QSb = QSc = 4.0 MVAR, and QCa = QCb =
QCc = 20.0 MVAR.
The phase-wise unbalanced reactive power
absorption and the corresponding firing angles
of the TCR are QRa = 4.0, QRb = 6.0, QRc =
8.0 MVAR, and czI = 58.3, a2 = 33.3, c~3 =
43.2 deg.
134

TABLE 1
Summary of the results of harmonic analysis for case 1 ; performance indices for various SVC combinations
Rated value of FC-TSC = 20.0 MVAR; rated value of TCR = 10.0 MVAR; PLa = 30.0, PL b = 29.0, PL c = 28.0
MW; QL a = 20.0, QL b = 18.0, QL c = 16.0 MVAR.

FC-TSC Source Phase-wise MVAR absorptions of TCR and Maximum of three-phase

settings settings corresponding firing angles (deg) performance indices
QCa, QCB QS~, QSb
and QC c and QS c QRa QRb QRc ~1 ~: ~3 TIF IT D
(MVAR) (MVAR)
20.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 - - - Not feasible
20.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 -- -- -- Not feasible
20.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 87.4 38.0 49.6 571.9 0.241 0.373
20.0 3.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 65.0 35.6 46.2 325.0 0.251 0.208
20.0 4.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 58.3 33.3 43.2 184.0 0.190 0.144
(Optimum)
20.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 53.4 31.1 40.4 326.0 0.259 0.244
20.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 . . . . Not feasible

The minimum values of the performance t h e p e r f o r m a n c e i n d i c e s a r e g i v e n in T a b l e 2.

indices for this case are TIF = 184.0, IT = The optimum settings corresponding to the
0.190, D = 0.144. minimum values of the performance indices
a r e Q S a = Q S b = QSc = 3 . 0 M V A R , a n d QCa =
4.2. Case 2 QCb = QCc = 2 0 . 0 M V A R .
The phase-wise load conditions considered The phase-wise balanced reactive power
in t h i s c a s e w e r e t h e s a m e as in c a s e 1. T h e absorptions and the corresponding firing
rated values of the SVC were 20.0 MVAR angles of the TCR are QRa = QRb = QRc =
for the FC-TSC and 15.0 MVAR for the 8 . 0 M V A R , a n d a 1 = (~: = ~3 = 4 5 . 0 d e g .
TCR. The minimum values of the performance
The optimum settings corresponding to i n d i c e s o b t a i n e d in t h i s c a s e a r e T I F = 4 7 . 2 ,
the minimum values of the performance IT = 0.058, D = 0.123.
i n d i c e s a r e QSa = QSb = QSc = 8 . 0 M V A R ,
a n d QCa = QCb = QCc = 2 0 . 0 M V A R . 4.4. Case 4
The phase-wise unbalanced reactive power This case study was carried out to find
absorptions and the corresponding firing the effect of SVC rating to meet a certain
angles of the TCR are QRa = 8.0, QRb = 10.0, load demand. In this case the load conditions
Q R c = 1 2 . 0 M V A R , a n d ~1 = 4 9 . 4 , (~: = 3 4 . 6 , c o n s i d e r e d w e r e t h e s a m e as in c a s e 1. F o r
~3 = 4 1 . 2 d e g . the different rated SVCs, the optimum com-
The minimum values of the performance binations of SVC corresponding to the mini-
indices are TIF = 276.8, IT = 0.342, D = mum values of the performance indices are
0.224. g i v e n in T a b l e 3.

4.3. Case 3 4.5. Case 5

This case was studied with balanced load The purpose of this case study was the
conditions for comparison and to confirm s a m e as f o r c a s e 4, t h a t is, t o f i n d t h e e f f e c t
c e r t a i n o b s e r v a t i o n s m a d e in t h e p r e v i o u s of SVC rating to meet a certain load demand.
case studies. The balanced load conditions In this case the load conditions considered
considered were PLa = PLb = PLc = 30.0 MW, were different from the case 4 conditions.
and QL a = QLb = QLe = 20.0 MVAR. The The load conditions considered were PLa =
rated values of the SVC were 20.0 MVAR 6 0 . 0 , P L b = 5 8 . 0 , P L e = 5 6 . 0 MW, a n d Q L a =
for the FC-TSC and 15.0 MVAR for the 4 0 . 0 , Q L b = 3 6 . 0 , QL¢ = 3 2 . 0 M V A R .
TCR. For the different rated SVCs, the optimum
The various balanced combinations of combinations of SVC corresponding to the
SVC to meet the balanced load reactive pow- minimum values of the performance indices
er d e m a n d s a n d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g v a l u e s o f a r e g i v e n in T a b l e 4.
 135

TABLE 2
S u m m a r y o f t h e results o f h a r m o n i c analysis for case 3 ; p e r f o r m a n c e indices for various SVC c o m b i n a t i o n s
R a t e d value o f F C - T S C = 20.0 M V A R ; r a t e d value o f T C R = 15.0 M V A R ; PLa = PLb = PLc = 30.0 MW; Q L a =
Q L b = Q L c = 20.0 M V A R .

FC-TSC Source Balanced M V A R absorptions of T C R P e r f o r m a n c e indices

settings settings and corresponding firingangles (deg)
QCa, QCb QSa, QSb
a n d QCc a n d QS c QRa = Q R b = QRc ~1 = ~2 = ~3 TIF IT D
(MVAR) (MVAR)

20.0 1.0 1.0 68.3 906.0 0.437 0.598

20.0 2.0 2.0 62.5 323.8 0.207 0.346
20.0 3.0 3.0 58.3 235.2 0.180 0.282
20.0 4.0 4.0 55.0 460.7 0.403 0.349
20.0 5.0 5.0 52.1 458.8 0.447 0.325
20.0 6.0 6.0 49.5 331.3 0.353 0.268
20.0 7.0 7.0 47.2 159.0 0.184 0.186
20.0 8.0 8.0 45.0 47.2 0.058 0.123
(Optimum)
20.0 9.0 9.0 43.0 163.1 0.215 0.166
20.0 10.0 10.0 41.1 253.0 0.354 0.192
20.0 11.0 11.0 39.4 296.9 0.438 0.195
20.0 12.0 12.0 37.7 298.9 0.463 0.181
20.0 13.0 13.0 36.0 267.4 0.434 0.176
20.0 14.0 14.0 34.4 211.7 0.359 0.157
20.0 15.0 15.0 32.9 141.7 0.251 0.130

TABLE 3
S u m m a r y o f t h e results o f h a r m o n i c analysis for case 4; m i n i m u m p e r f o r m a n c e indices for various ratings o f SVC
FC-TSC r a t i n g --- 20.0 M V A R ; P L a = 30.0, PLb = 29.0, P L c = 28.0 MW; Q L a = 20.0, Q L b = 18.0, QLc = 16.0
MVAR.

TCR Phase-wise Optimum combination of MVAR absorptions of Minimum performance

rating balanced T C R a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g firing angles (deg) indices
(MVAR) MVAR from
source QRa QRb QRc ~1 0~2 C~3 TIF IT D

10.0 4.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 58.3 33.3 43.2 184.0 0.190 0.144
15.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 49.4 34.6 41.2 276.8 0.342 0.224
20.0 16.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 40.0 30.7 35.2 258.4 0.538 0.172
25.0 20.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 39.4 31.8 35.5 266.7 0.714 0.178
30.0 26.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 37.2 31.0 34.0 266.2 0.910 0.183
40.0 19.0 19.0 21.0 23.0 48.3 42.0 45.0 224.0 0.771 0.201
50.0 24.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 47.6 42.6 45.0 192.5 0.816 0.184
60.0 29.0 29.0 31.0 33.0 47.2 42.9 45.0 172.1 0.868 0.176

4.6. DISCUSSION O F T H E C A S E STUDIES higher or lower values of the delta reactances

From the results of the above case studies,
the following observations may be made.
(i) The AC system line current harmonic
magnitudes vary depending upon the firing
angles of the TCR.
(ii) The effect of the harmonics is consid-
erable if the firing angles are either too low
or too high, that is, corresponding to either
of the TCR.
(iii) The effect of harmonics is a minimum
for a particular combination of reactive
power absorptions which is around half the
rated value of the TCR, that is, for firing
angle combinations around 45 ° .
(iv) The combination of a low rated F C -
T S C and a higher rated T C R gives rise to
higher magnitudes of harmonic effects. To
 136

TABLE 4
S u m m a r y o f t h e results o f h a r m o n i c analysis for case 5 ; m i n i m u m p e r f o r m a n c e indices for various ratings of SVC
F C - T S C rating = 40.0 M V A R ; P L a = 60.0, P L b = 58.0, P L c = 56.0 MW; Q L a = 40.0, Q L b = 36.0, Q L c = 32.0
MVAR.

TCR Phase-wise Optimum combination of MVAR absorptions of Minimum performance

rating balanced T C R a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g firing angles (deg) indices
(MVAR) MVAR from
source QRa QRb QRc Ctl ~2 C/3 TIF IT D

15.0 4.0 4.0 8.0 12.0 86.2 31.7 45.1 287.0 0.311 0.195
20.0 8.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 58.1 33.0 43.0 196.9 0.347 0.197
25.0 10.0 10.0 14.0 18.0 56.0 35.6 44.1 288.5 0.702 0.196
30.0 22.0 22.0 26.0 30.0 42.5 29.6 35.6 282.1 0.833 0.189
40.0 31.0 31.0 34.0 38.0 40.1 30.5 35.1 255.8 1.054 0.171
50.0 39.0 39.0 43.0 47.0 39.2 31.4 35.2 262.9 1.425 0.179
60.0 27.0 27.0 31.0 35.0 49.5 40.9 45.0 285.5 1.428 0.227

minimize the effect of harmonics, the TCR NOMENCLATURE

has to be controlled to absorb more reactive
power, which has to be drawn from the AC [EL] a b c = [ELa, ELb, ELc] t
system. Hence, the TCR has to be properly = [Va/Sa, Vb/Sb, Vc/_~] t, phase-
rated so as to demand minimum VARs from wise complex voltages at load bus
the source t h r o u g h o u t its control range. This [ES] abc = [ESa, ESb, ESc] t, phase-wise com-
implies that the size of SVC is to be based plex voltages at source bus
upon the load requirements. [QS] abc = [QS~, QSb, QSc] t, phase-wise
reactive power supplied b y source
[ Q C ] abc = [QCa, QCb, QCc] t, phase-wise
reactive power supplied by F C -
5. C O N C L U S I O N S TSC
[QR] abe= [QRa, QRb, QRc] t, phase-wise
An algorithm for evaluating the o p t i m u m reactive power absorbed by TCR
combination of phase-wise reactive power [QL]abc=[QLa, QLb, QLc] t, phase-wise
generations/absorptions from static V A R reactive power load demand
compensators to meet unbalanced reactive [ZS] ab~ 3 × 3 matrix representing source
p o w e r load demands based on the perfor- impedance
mance indices TIF, IT and D has been pre-
sented. The model developed provides the h harmonic order
compensator requirements in terms of the It RMS values of fundamental line
measurable quantities of load reactive power currents
demands. The approach results in minimiza-
Ih RMS values of harmonic line cur-
tion of the effect of harmonics injected by rents
L inductance of each reactor, H
the unsymmetrical operation of the com-
Vm maximum value of line-to-line volt-
pensator into the AC system and thereby
reduces the burden on the external harmonic age
filters. A computer program based on the Wh weighting factor for harmonic of
proposed algorithm has been developed and order h
implemented in a few typical distribution c~ fundamental frequency, rad s-1
systems. The results obtained for one typical
system for different load conditions and
REFERENCES
SVC ratings have been presented. The pro-
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(1977) 45 - 74.
3 K. Engberg and S. Torseng, Reactors and capaci-
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25, 1978.
4 A. E. Hammed and R. M. Mathur, A new gen-
eralized concept for the design of thyristor
137
phase-controlled V A R compensators. Part I:
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L. Gyugyi, R. A. Otto and T. H. Putman, Princi-
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trolled shunt compensators, IEEE Trans., PAS-
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L. Gyugyi and E. R. Taylor, Jr,, Characteristic
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