ANSWER TEST 2 KOLOID

S50362

1. C 11. B 21. A
2. D 12. C 22. D
3. A 13. A 23. D
4. A 14. A 24. A
5. C 15. C 25. C
6. A 16. A 26. A
7. C 17. D 27. D
8. D 18. B 28. C
9. C 19. A 29. C
10.A 20. B 30. B

ESSAY

1. According to the DVLO Theory, the stability of a colloidal system depends on the
sum of electrical double layer repulsion and the attraction van-der waals forces.
The theory stated that an energy barrier resulting from repulsion force prevents
particles to adhere together. If the particles collide with enough energy to
overcome the barrier , Van-der Waals attractive forces will irreversibly push
particles to adhere together.
Coagulants such as Al 3+ can be used to coagulated gold nanoparticles colloids.
They reduce the electrostatic forces of repulsion between colloid particles.
Therefore, Van-Der waals forces of attraction becomes dominants allowing
colloid particles to adhere together and start to coagulate. When colloidal gold
nanoparticles are suspended in water, they will interact according to the energy
profiles discussed above. When this profile is strongly repulsive, the particles will
repel each other, and form a stable suspension. When this profile is attractive, the
particles will approach all the way into contact and stick to each other. Initially,
particle dimers and trimers will form. As the aggregation proceeds, the particles
form larger and larger flocs (or clusters, aggregates). As these flocs grow larger,
they sediment, and the suspension clarifies. Under these conditions, one says that
one has an unstable suspension. When particles aggregate, they are in contact in
the deep primary energy minimum. Under some conditions, the particles can be
resuspended again. One refers to this reverse process as peptization. But this
process hardly occurs spontaneously.

When particles are dispersed, sizes range between 1 nm and 1 μm in a continuous

medium. Above this size range, particles begin to sediment out of suspension.
Several theories to explain aggregation of submicrometer spherical particles have
been developed and experimentally studied for decades, the most common being
 DLVO. . By definition, the size range of colloidal particles overlaps the size range
of manufactured nanomaterials (i.e., <100 nm).

2.
 Electrostatic repulsion is the repelling force between similarly charged colloid
particles. Steric repulsion occurs due to the adsorption of molecules onto surface
of colloid particles often macromolecules. These 2 factors along with
concentration of solution will influence the interaction energies of colloid
systems.
 The interaction that contribute to the stability of a dispersion are electrostatic
repulsion and steric repulsion that also depends on the solute concentration.
During low concentration the electrostatic repulsion occur and overall interaction
energy become positively charge. There is no coagulation occur since particles are
repel to each order hence the system achieved colloid stability.
 The concentration of solute is increasing from graph 1 to graph 5. During graph 1
shown the concentration is very low so the overall interaction become positively
charge since electrostatic repulsion occur and the potential energy barrier against
coagulation is very high and the system achieved colloid stability.
 At graph 2, the concentration slightly increasing than at graph 1. The potential
energy barrier still high and colloid is kinetically stable. The coagulation still
difficult to occur.
 At graph 3, the colloid system become less stable due to the high energy than
during at graph 2. The potential energy barrier become lower.
 During graph 4, the potential energy barrier become zero due to the higher
concentration compared to graph 3. The coagulation may occur in a shorter time
and spontaneously, The colloid system becomes unstable.
 At graph 5, the concentration of solute is the highest and there is a high van der
waals force which there is no potential energy barrier, leading to an overall
attractive interaction. At this point very fast coagulation will occur due to the very
unstable colloid system.
 The higher the concentration of the solute, the lower the stability of the colloid
system.