VAV Course PDF

VAV Systems
Jeff Wotnosky
Trane Sales Engineer
Raleigh, North Carolina
American Standard, Inc. 2000 - All Rights Reserved File Name - Page 1
Version: 9/00
VAV systems
Agenda
• What is Variable Air Volume (VAV)

• Why(/Not) design VAV systems
• What buildings utilize VAV
• VAV system types and their components
• Changeover Bypass ( Varitrac)

• True VAV ( Varitrane)
• Single Zone VAV
• System control considerations

• Leed and VAV
• Questions?
Version: 9/00
What is Variable Air Volume(VAV)
?
Version: 9/00
VAV System
Air handler/Packaged Unit
supply-air
supply diffusers
ductwork
return
ductwork
VAV building
terminal automation
units system (BAS)
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Characterstics of VAV systems
Constant air temperature off AC Unit
Vary the air volume as load requires
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Why use VAV?
• Provides multiple zones of comfort
• Life cycle cost will be less than other HVAC Systems trying
to accomplish similar comfort levels
• Load diversity
• Smaller equipment ( lower AC unit first cost compared to
Constant Volume)
• Less supply air ( less energy consumption)
• Able to adapt to changes in building use
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Why Not ??
• Higher first cost than comparable single zone

• Controls, equipment, commissioning
• Increased maintenance cost

• More pieces to look after
• Terminal units might be located in occupied space
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Common places to use VAV systems
Commercial/Medical Office buildings

Schools ( all levels)
Houses of worship
Conference Centers
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VAV System Types
Changeover Bypass (Varitrac)

“True VAV” (Varitrane)
Single Zone VAV
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VariTrac Changeover / Bypass System
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What is VariTrac?
• Cost Effective way to zone Standard packaged
Rooftop units or Split Systems
• Often Driven by Light Commercial contractors:
• Used to “Package Rooftop Equipment”
• Desire somewhat simple installations and want to get on
and off the job quickly.
• Want to get a little more flexibility than their typical
applications
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Changeover/Bypass VAV
System Layout
RA
EA
bypass damper
PA
OA
VariTrac
Constant volume damper
Supply fan
SA VAV to space
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Where would you use VariTrac?
• Ideal candidates for VariTrac Systems
are:
• one-story office buildings, clinics, movie
theaters, strip malls, light manufacturing
centers.
• Examples are offices within a church, school,
or manufacturing facility seeking individual
(zoned) temperature control.
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Light Commerical RTU
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Light Commercial Split System
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VariTrac Changeover Bypass
System
Main unit options:
-Voyager or Precedent RTU (ReliaTel)
-Odyssey Split System (ReliaTel)
-Existing Non-DDC w/opt. relay board (CCP)
VaiTrac or VariTrane
Units with reheat
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VariTrac Dampers
• Cooling only standard

• Trane Controller
• Factory-installed, downloaded, and
tested controller
• Remote reheat control
• Round or Rectangular
• Airside
• Pressure Dependent System
(damper position control- no direct
CFM measurement)
• Up to 1.75” system pressure
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Central Control Panel
• “Self-Configuring”
• High Quality Installation
• Repeatable Performance
• Up to 24 Zones
• Optional touch screen user interface
• PC-Free Setup for basic functions
• Simple PC interface with Windows™ based
software
• Interfaces with Main AHU via 2H/2C Control
• Scheduling
• 2 Start/Stop Times
• Schedule 4 Groups of Zones
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How is changeover achieved?
• Voting
• CCP polls UCM’s
• On a minimum calls for changeover the

CCP will disable heat or cool and enable
heat or cool
• CCP then communicates to UCM’s new

control mode and UCM’s control to
different setpoints
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True VAV System – (Varitrane)
Air handler/Packaged Unit
supply-air
supply diffusers
ductwork
return
ductwork
VAV building
terminal automation
units system (BAS)
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True Variable-Air-Volume System
RA
EA
supply PA
fan
OA VAV
cooling box
coil
variable-
speed drive
SA
thermostat
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VAV Terminal Units
Fan-powered
VAV terminal unit
Single-duct, cooling- Dual-duct

only VAV terminal unit
VAV terminal unit
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VCCF
• Single duct
• Cooling only
• No auxiliary heat
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VCCF
primary
air
supply
air
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VCWF
• Single Duct w/hot water

reheat
• Hot Water Coils
• 1 & 2 row coils
• Built in access panel for
cleaning
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VCWF
supply
air
primary
air
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VCEF
• Single duct w/electric

reheat
• 8 different voltages
• Up to 3 stages of heat
• Interlocking door
disconnect
• Heater line fuse
• Magnetic or mercury
contactors
• Element removal
through control
enclosure
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Terminal Reheat System
RA
EA
PA
OA reheat
cooling supply coil
coil fan
SA
thermostat
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Fan-Powered VAV
parallel,
fan-powered VAV
terminal unit
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Parallel, Fan-Powered
plenum
air terminal
mixing fan
primary
air
supply
air
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Parallel Fan-Powered VAV
heating coil
(second stage of heat)
cool primary air

from rooftop unit
warm air recirculated

from ceiling plenum
(first stage of heat)
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Series, Fan-Powered
(Electrically Commutated Motors – ECM’s )
primary terminal
air mixing fan
supply
air
plenum
air
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Parallel vs. Series
• Intermittent fan • Continuous fan

• Fan only runs in the • Fan runs continuously
heat mode (Variable in the occupied mode
Volume to the space) (constant volume to the
• Fan is the first stage of space)
heat • Fan CFM = Max Cooling
• Fan CFM < Max Cooling • Less energy efficient
• Most energy efficient system design
design • Smaller main supply
• Sound in space will vary fan?
• ECM Motors
• Sound remains same
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fan-powered VAV
Series Versus Parallel
140
HVAC energy consumption,
120
% of base
100
80
60
40
Atlanta Los Angeles Minneapolis
VAV reheat parallel FPVAV series FPVAV with ECM
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Fan Powered Units: Cooling
Only
• Plenum Air provides

“free” reheat from
lights, etc.
• Parallel units (only
when fan energized)
• Series (increases as air
valve closes)
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with Hot Water Reheat
• Model VPWF/LPWF (Parallel)

• Reheat coil mounted on plenum
inlet (optional discharge)
• Model VSWF, LSWF (Series)
• Reheat coil mounted on
discharge
• Coil Offerings
• 1 Row
• 2 Row
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with Electric Reheat
• Model VPEF / LPEF(Parallel)
• Discharge mounted
• UL listed
• Model VSEF/ LSEF (Series)

• Discharge mounted
• UL listed
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Fan Powered Units: Electric
Heater Options
• 8 different voltages
• 2 stages of heat (plus the
fan as stage 1)
• Interlocking door
disconnect
• Heater line fuse
• Air flow switch
• Magnetic or mercury
contactors
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Differences between VariTrac
and VariTrane
• VariTrac
• Used in Smaller buildings seeking cost-effective zone control
• Simpler System Control
• Less expensive than VariTrane
• Smaller Constant Volume AHU/RTU (Typically 15 tons or less)
• Up to 24 zones
• Pressure Dependent
• VariTrane
• Used in Larger Buildings seeking ideal occupant comfort
• Very Flexible System Control (more complex sequences)
• Larger Variable Volume AHU/RTU equipment (up to 130 Tons)
• Up to 120+ zones
• 30% fan energy savings over CV
• Pressure Independent
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VAV System Types
Single Zone VAV
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Single Zone VAV
AHU is your VAV Box !!
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Application for Single Zone VAV
Large areas ( conference rooms, assembly halls…)
Control air flow off room sensor
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Controls
Unit controls
System controls
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Unit Controls
• Pneumatic Controls - about 5%

(PN**)
• No- controls- field installation of others controllers-
about 5% (ENON)
• Factory Installation of others Controls- about 20%
(FM0*)
• DDC Controls - around 70% (DD**)
• Trane DDC (Communicates to a Trane-Trane-Trane
System)
• Trane LonTalk DDC (designed to talk a language which is
not proprietary to Trane)
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VAV systems
Optimized System Controls
• Optimal start
• Optimal stop
• Fan-pressure optimization
• Supply-air-temperature reset
• Ventilation optimization
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Optimal Start
system system
on off
optimal
start
occupied
heating
setpoint
unoccupied occupied hours

heating
setpoint
mid 6 AM noon 6 PM mid
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Optimal Stop
system system
on off
optimal
stop
occupied
heating
setpoint
unoccupied occupied hours drift below

heating occupied
setpoint setpoint
mid 6 AM noon 6 PM mid
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Fan-Pressure Optimization
static
pressure
sensor
supply P
fan
VAV boxes
communicating BAS
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fan-pressure optimization
Part-Load Energy Savings
surge
static pressure
duct static
pressure control
fan-pressure
optimization
airflow
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ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004
Dynamic Reset of OA
• May reset OA intake flow (or zone OA flow)

in response to:
• Variations in zone population
(demand-controlled ventilation, or DCV)
• Variations in ventilation efficiency
due to changes in airflow
(ventilation reset)
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ventilation optimization
Zone Level: DCV
BAS
lounge rest mech storage office

room room
CO2 AHU OCC
vestibule corridor
TOD TOD
elevators
OCC CO2
reception area office conference rm computer room
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ventilation optimization
System Level: Ventilation Reset
rooftop unit
with controls
OA • Reset outdoor airflow (Traq™ damper)
SA RA
CO2 TOD CO2 OCC TOD OCC
communicating BAS DDC/VAV terminals

• New OA setpoint • Required ventilation (TOD, OCC, CO2)
…per ASHRAE 62 • Actual primary airflow (flow sensor)
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rooftop VAV system
HVAC Energy Savings
100
HVAC energy consumption,
80
% of base
60
40
20
0
Atlanta Los Angeles Minneapolis
conventional system optimized controls
Version: 9/00
Trane Control Systems Architecture
Tracer™ Summit
(Workstation Software)
Tracker™
Building AH541
Control Unit MP580/1 Central
Control Panel 3
ReliaTel™
ZN517
ReliaTel™ VV550 ZN510/1
ZN524
ZN5XX
MP501/3 MP503
Central
Control Panel 2
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VAV systems
Sustaining Performance
• Centralized alarming, diagnostics, trending
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VAV systems

• Building operations, energy management,
commissioning, validation
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VAV systems

• Facility management services
• Periodic commissioning and calibration
parallel, fan-powered
VAV terminal unit
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VAV systems

• Facility management services
• Periodic commissioning and calibration
• Wireless zone sensors
for flexibility
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• EA credit 1: Optimize • TRACE 700
Energy Performance (90.1-2004, App G)
• EQ credit 1: Outdoor-Air • Ventilation optimization

Delivery Monitoring in Tracer Summit
• CO2 sensors only in
densely-occupied zones
• Traq dampers in IntelliPak
rooftop unit
Version: 9/00
Summary
• What is Variable Air Volume (VAV)

• Why(/Not) design VAV systems
• What buildings utilize VAV
• VAV system types and their components
• Changeover Bypass ( Varitrac)
• True VAV ( Varitrane)
• Single Zone VAV
• System control considerations

• Leed and VAV
Version: 9/00
QUESTIONS ??
Version: 9/00
THANK YOU
• Jeff Wotnosky – Trane Company
• 919-781-0458
Version: 9/00

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VAV Systems

• What is Variable Air Volume (VAV)

• Changeover Bypass ( Varitrac)

• System control considerations

Vary the air volume as load requires

• Provides multiple zones of comfort

• Able to adapt to changes in building use

• Higher first cost than comparable single zone

• Increased maintenance cost

Commercial/Medical Office buildings

Changeover Bypass (Varitrac)

• Cooling only standard

• On a minimum calls for changeover the

• CCP then communicates to UCM’s new

Single-duct, cooling- Dual-duct

• Single Duct w/hot water

• Single duct w/electric

cool primary air

warm air recirculated

• Intermittent fan • Continuous fan

VAV reheat parallel FPVAV series FPVAV with ECM

• Plenum Air provides

• Model VPWF/LPWF (Parallel)

• Model VSEF/ LSEF (Series)

Single Zone VAV

AHU is your VAV Box !!

Large areas ( conference rooms, assembly halls…)

Control air flow off room sensor

• Pneumatic Controls - about 5%

unoccupied occupied hours

mid 6 AM noon 6 PM mid

unoccupied occupied hours drift below

mid 6 AM noon 6 PM mid

• May reset OA intake flow (or zone OA flow)

lounge rest mech storage office

CO2 AHU OCC

CO2 TOD CO2 OCC TOD OCC

communicating BAS DDC/VAV terminals

• Centralized alarming, diagnostics, trending

• Centralized alarming, diagnostics, trending

• Centralized alarming, diagnostics, trending

• Centralized alarming, diagnostics, trending

• EQ credit 1: Outdoor-Air • Ventilation optimization

• What is Variable Air Volume (VAV)

• System control considerations

• Jeff Wotnosky – Trane Company

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