Foundation of Psyhometri In Counseling AZO amelie tpmupsledumy 1) Assessment = “Any systematic method of obtaining information from tests and other sources, used to draw inferences abut characteristics of people, objects, or programs.” (The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (American Educational Research [AERA], American Psychological Association [APA], & National Council on Measurement in Education [NCME], 1999; p. 172). : * “abroader term than test, commonly referring to a process that integrates test information with information from other sources’ (NCME, 2014) = The assessment process is synonymous with counseling process * Before begin the assessment process - counselor needs to: "Determine the client’s readiness for change = Establish counseling relationship 2) Instrument Always involves the appraisal of some aspect of a person’s cognitive functioning, knowledge, skills, or abilities ~a tool to elicit information of person (Urbina, 2017) Includes test, scales, checklist, and inventories (Whiston, 2017) 3) Psychological Test © Term TEST: a) Reserved for individual instrument in which the focus is on evaluation b) Many instruments that counselors use, such as scales, checklist, and inventories, are designed to provide information and not evaluative '* Psychological testis a systematic procedure for obtaining samples of behavior. Relevant to cognitive, affective, or interpersonal functioning, and for scoring and evaluating those sample according to standard (Urbina, 2014) ‘= Asystematic and often standardized process for sampling and describing a behavior of, interest or individuals or groups (Hays, 2013). 4) Measurement = Traditionally, measurement deals with quantitative units. = Insocial sciences, S. 5. Stevens (1946), defined measurement as the assignment of numerals to objects or events according to some rule.Foundation ofPsyhometi in Coursing ~ A201 amela@tpm.upsedmy 5) Construct ‘© Concept/ variable that can take on more than one value. Values can be qualitative or ‘quantitative (Hays, 2013), Difficult to measure directly (Whiston, 2017), 6) Psychometric * Psychometric is the field of psychological measurement (Urbina, 2014) ‘+ The study of measurement and theory (Hays, 2013) Educational * Research * Personnel ‘© Employment setting © Clinical (© Professional helping profession * Counseling setting: > Mental health counseling > School counseling > Career counseling > Counseling research ‘Some people view assessment as using only formal instruments and as distinct activity from the counseling process © Assessment is an integral part of counseling in 4 ways: (©. Assessing the client problem(s) © Conceptualizing and defining the client problem(s) © Selecting and implementing effective treatment(s) © Evaluating the counselingFoundation of Psyhometc in Counseling ~ A201 ‘amela@tpm.upsteduy Purpose of sessment coupe Sh nee eee a 1) Problem orientation > stimulate counselors and clients to consider various issues 2), Problem identification ~ clarify the nature of a problem or issue 3) Generation of alternatives > suggest alternative and solutions 4) Decision making > determine appropriate treatment for the client 5) Verification > evaluate the effectiveness of a particular solution '* 4:major types of assessment categories: intelligence, ability, career, and personality assessment ‘¢ Standardized versus non-standardized ‘¢ Individual versus group * Objective versus subjective © Verbal versus nonverbal © Speed versus power © Cognitive versus affectiveFoundation of Psyhometi in Counsling~ A201 ‘smelis@fpm.vpsedmy © Gspecific assessment types: (1) Rating scales = Issue: Hallo effect and leniency error (2) Projective assessments (3) Behavioral observations (4) Interviews = Structured ~ unstructured ~ semi-structured (5) Biographical measures (6) Physiological measures 4 crucial assumptions: (© People differ in important traits © Wecan quantify these traits ©. Thetraits are reasonably stable (© Measures of the traits relate to actual behavior ‘Fundamental questions about psychological tests © Reliability © Validity © Norms © Test development © Practical issues ~ how much the test cost? How long does it take? Itis easily obtained? It is available in language other than English?Foundation ofPsyhometi in Counseling A201 ‘amelia@tpmupsledumy Historical perspective concerning the nature and meaning of assessment Basic concepts of standardized and non-standardized testing and other assessment techniques Statistical concepts Reliability Validity Social and cultural factors related to the assessment and evaluation of individuals, groups, and specific populations ; Ethical strategies for selecting, administering, and interpreting assessment and evaluation instruments and techniques in counseling 2.common problems requiring information about tests: 1) How do | get information about a particular test? 2) What tests are available for a particular purpose? Many sources in print or online format 1) Mental Measurements Yearbook (MMY) series 2), Test in Print by Buros Institutes of Mental Measurement 3) Test and Test Critique 4) ETSTestLink 5) Buros Test Reviews Online 6) Directory of Unpublished Experimental Mental Measures 7) Journals Sources of the test information: 1) A test's inductor kit — includes > technical manual, test booklet, answer form, administration and scoring manual, report profile etc HOMEWORK : | ‘of major assessment developments