Introduction

Duzce Province - It is located in the northern part of Turkey, which is one of the provinces of the Black
Sea Region, at 40.84 latitude and 31.16 longitude and 153 meters above sea level and the number of its
population. With a population of 387,844 people, according to the 2018 statistics, it is one of the cities
of North Anatolia, which is located on the western coast of the Black Sea, and is distinguished by its
central location between the capital, Ankara, the province of Istanbul.

Administrative division of Duzce Prefecture

There are a number of cities in Duzce district, and Duzce is considered the capital of the province, while
the others are: Akakuka, Selimli, Kumayayi, Kumusova, Jelka, Juliaca, and Kinasli.

Geographical nature of Duzce Prefecture

Duzce Prefecture is distinguished by its picturesque nature and the diversity of its terrain, which is a
major reason for attracting tourists to it, including:

.Plains: It is distinguished by its greenness, including the plains of Tabuk and the plains of Burnley.

Waterfalls that descend from the mountains, such as: Gossal Dara Waterfall, Aden Pinar Waterfall and
Samandra Waterfall.

.Caves: Includes Aksu Cave, Vakili Cave, and Sari Kaya Cave.

.Plateaus: The most famous of which are the Purnale, Snakley and Cardos Plateau plateau - covered with
snow throughout the year.

.Lakes and rivers such as: Lake Effenty, Lake Zsd Hasanlar, and the Mileen River.

The mountains are covered with various trees.

.Coastal nature with distinctive beaches.

Duzce Prefecture economically

Agriculture and tourism are the most important economic factors in Duzce province:

Agriculture: Where many types of grains and vegetables are grown, in addition to fruit trees, corn,
tobacco, wheat, hazelnuts, and nuts.

Tourism: Tourism is active in Duzce Governorate, as hotels are spread throughout the governorate;
With the aim of providing various services to its guests and providing them with modern amenities and
recreation.
The first topic: Floods and torrents and their risks

Disasters, especially natural ones, of various and varied types, represent a daily or seasonal
phenomenon in many cases Parts of the world, which made the countries of the world tend to face
disasters in varying degrees and according to capabilities Collaboration is available and limited

A disaster is defined as a natural or man-made event, sudden or anticipated, with a significant impact

It causes a large number of deaths, injuries and damages as a result of the normal course of life

Associations must take exceptional measures to counter them by their own capabilities or with outside
assistance, And you know Disasters Naturalism as an abnormal and unregulated force majeure that
occurs by the action of nature that causes or threatens death or Injuries to a number of people or
extensive damage to property, severely affecting the national economy and life Social disasters, which
are caused by human income, are sudden and rapid-impact, and are the result of climatic and geological
events. The most important types of natural disasters and their source are clear from the picture (1).

Picture (1): a representative chart that concerns the types of natural disasters that cause human and
material losses

Source: UNESCO Regional Office, Natural phenomena - Towards building a culture of disaster prevention
in Arab countries, Cairo Office - United Nations Organization

For Education, Science and Culture, Cairo, 3112, p. 8

1.1 Floods and their damages

A flood is defined as a hydrological phenomenon that occurs as a result of the accumulation or increase
of the water that is flowing The land is submerged, or as a result of heavy rain or an increase in the
volume of water in a watercourse, causing (4) Water transgresses its natural limits Floods cause many
damage to lives and property The lands inhabited by mankind, as a result of the difficulty of controlling
it, the most prominent of which is damage to facilities and means Transport, buildings, industrial
facilities, agriculture, livestock, public facilities, and population, in addition to (5) Many economic
difficulties.

1.2 Causes of floods

Flooding occurs when the soil and plants become saturated with water and are unable to absorb all the
water, forming (6) Thus, the flood plain, which arises naturally from periodic floods Floods are caused by
several The causes include heavy rains for a long period of time, high levels of rivers and lakes, and
melting snow On the mountains, and the waves of seas and oceans sweeping the beaches by hurricanes
and tsunamis, and the collapse of (7) Dams.

1.3 Types of floods.

1) Flash floods (torrential torrents): floods that occur in a small area within hours Due to the heavy
rainfall in depressions and deserts, these floods are a frequent phenomenon Low water.

2) Regional floods: floods that occur along large rivers and last for several weeks.

The water in it is relatively high, which causes large areas to submerge.

3) Floods caused by the collapse of dams.

4) Coastal floods: caused by hurricanes and tsunamis.

1.4 The causes leading to flood and flash flood disasters in cities

1- Local causes: represented by the city’s location in valleys and on the slopes of mountains and places
where valleys gather.

The site is relative to the topography of the city, and is related to the city’s location from the mouths of
torrents.

2 - Climatic causes: represented by the flow of rain in large quantities due to weather fluctuations that
cause disasters.

3- Planning reasons: represented by poor planning inside and outside cities and random construction in
regions

4- Hazardous, in addition to the deficiencies of studies related to rainwater drainage.

5- Spatial economic causes: represented by population growth and immigration to unplanned areas with
the increase Housing crisis, which forces some people to live in dangerous areas with low prices.

The second topic: landslides

They are sudden collapses represented in the movement and sliding of part of the soil or loose rocks
that make up the inclined surfaces in Mountainous regions or industrial earthen slopes that are human
actions for many purposes, such as pit slopes Which are used to reach the occasion of establishing the
establishment of various types, or the inclinations of filling to reach Levels of road construction and
other purposes. Landslides when they occur cause many disasters, including human losses, damage and
destruction For various structures and facilities such as bridges, roads, buildings, railways, pipelines, etc.
Despite the occurrence of landslides of various kinds on the roads and the foothills of the mountains,
but The number of cases that are counted and studied is calculated to determine their engineering and
economic causes and impacts.

2.1 Influencing factors: -

In most cases rocks and soil are balanced and stable unless there are external factors such as
Precipitation or change in groundwater flow, earthquakes, or drilling and cutting operations Engineering,
which leads to the collapse of these materials and the instability and stability of tendencies. Landslides
are a phenomenon of concern to those working in design, implementation and security engineering And
safety in all engineering projects, especially in mountainous regions such as Turkey and Iraq Switzerland,
Japan, Italy and other countries have the same surface appearance.

2.2 Landslides are divided into: -

1. (Landslides)

2.( Soil Expansion)

3.(Land Subsidence)

First: - Landslides

Landslides

. Slides occur in parts of slopes, regardless of soil or rocks. Slipping occurs when the auxiliary factors are
available for this, when a large part of the soil or Rocks from the main body and moving away from it.

. And this collapse may happen suddenly and without indications, and it may take place for long periods
and at constant rates.

. We can attribute the occurrence of landslides to several reasons, including the occurrence of
earthquakes, volcanoes or Flooding, or human activity in the area.
 Slope stability

Rocks the soil

. Slope blocks are moved by the effect of gravity.

. Its degree of stability is determined by the size of the block and the severity of the topographical slope.

. As well as the amount of water that will facilitate the sliding process.

Types of rock slides: -

Rock slides occur for (1) slope rocks and (2) separated blocks on the slopes of mountains.

1.Sliding along a plane

2.Sliding along intersection of two planes

3.Toppling

4.Rotation

Types of dirt slides: -

1.Sliding along a plane

2.Rotational Failure

Stability Forces: -
In order to gain more knowledge of the process of stabilizing the slopes, it must be noted that there are
two main forces: -

A( Driving force): This force is the main reason the block moves to Down the slope, because the greater
the weight of the rock mass the greater the potential for slipping

B (Resisting force): Where this force acts in an opposite direction to the moving force. And this

The force arises mainly from the force of holding the moving block and its friction with the rest of the
ramp body.

Slope Stability Coefficient: -

The slope stability safety factor can be calculated

Factor of Safety (FOS)= Resisting Force/Driving Force

Force analysis for massifs over slopes: -

F1= W * Cos (β)

F2= W * Sin (β)

Slope stability coefficient classification: -

Safety factor = 1 proven force = motive force (critical condition)

Safety factor> 1 proven force> motive force (steady state)

Safety factor <1 proven force> motive force (unstable condition)

Methods of fixing rock slopes: -

depends on:-

1. The size of the rocks.

2. The amount of slope of the slope.

3. The amount of soil in mountain valleys.

4. The presence of water.

5. The purpose of the installation (permanent or temporary).

And rocky slopes are installed in the following ways:

1.With spikes and nails. 

2.With ribbed iron grid. 

3.With the concrete spray. 

4.Make terraces. 

5. Install in more than one way.

. Rock bolts Polygon and Wire mesh Wire Riveting Operations

 . Shotcrete concrete workshop anchors

Installation with nails and piles Rockbolts Terracotta installations Bearm Mountainous and

Installing separate rock blocks on the slopes of slopes: -

1 Retaining wall (with concrete or gabion stones).

2 Cleaning and transfer of rock masses.

3 Raysal stones with concrete mortar (Rabrab).

4 Make terraces.

5 Opening the mountain water drainage canals.

6 Install in more than one way.

Fixations using gabions